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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY

SECOND EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY

SECOND EDITION

EDITOR IN CHIEF
Audrey Kobayashi
Department of Geography
Queen’s University
Kingston, ON, Canada

VOLUME 1
Elsevier
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EDITOR IN CHIEF

Audrey Kobayashi is Professor of Geography and a Queen’s Research Chair at Queen’s University. A
native of British Columbia, she completed a B.A. (1976) and M.A. (1978) at the University of British
Columbia, and a PhD (1983) at UCLA. She taught in Geography and East Asian Studies at McGill
University from 1983 to 1994, then moved to Queen’s, initially as Director of the Institute of
Women’s Studies (1994 to 1999) and thereafter as Professor of Geography. Other positions include
President of the Canadian Association of Geographers (1999-2001), and President of the Association
of American Geographers (2011-2012). In 2011 she was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada,
and in 2018 was appointed a Fellow of the Association of American Geographers. Her scholarship
has always been strongly focused on issues of human rights. She has published widely on topics,
such as anti-racism, citizenship, immigration policy, employment equity, and disability studies.
Her publications are always matched, however, by participation in communities as a scholar activist.
She is currently involved in several research projects that address the “Landscapes of Injustice” of the
Japanese-Canadian uprooting, and the “Right to Remain” of people currently living in precarious
housing in the downtown East Side of Vancouver. Her most recent project is to study the role of
protest music in activism for the rights of homeless people in Dublin, Ireland and Vancouver. Major
publications include Rethinking the Great White North: Race, Nature, and the Historical Geographies of
Whiteness in Canada (co-edited with Andrew Baldwin and Laura Cameron, UBC Press, 2011), Immigrant Geographies of North American Cities
(co-edited with Carlos Teixeira and Wei Li, Oxford University Press, 2012), and Geographies of Peace and Armed Conflict (Routledge, 2012),
Racialization, Indigeneity, and Racism in Canadian Universities (UBC Press 2017), and The International Encyclopedia of Geography (editor 2017).
She has received major awards from the Canadian Association of Geographers, the American Association of Geographers, the Canadian
Association of University Teachers, as well as the Barnes teaching award from the Faculty of Arts and Science Undergraduate Society, and
the Queen’s Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching.

v
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EDITORIAL BOARD

Mark Boyle
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, United Kingdom

Noel Castree
Department of Geography
Manchester University
Manchester, United Kingdom

Francis L. Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis
University of Waikato
Hamilton, New Zealand

Jeremy W. Crampton
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University
Newcastle, United Kingdom

Sarah de Leeuw
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, BC, Canada

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Isaac Luginaah
Department of Geography
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON, Canada

Brij Maharaj
Geography Discipline, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Durban, South Africa

vii
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SECTION EDITORS

Mark Boyle
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mark Boyle worked from 2003 to 2007 at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow as Lecturer and
then Senior Lecturer in Geography and from 2007 to December 2017 as Professor/Chair of Geog-
raphy at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. From 2007 to 2012, he served as head of the
Department of Geography at Maynooth and from 2013 to 2016 as Director of the Interdisciplinary
National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analyses (NIRSA) at Maynooth. From January 2018 he
serves as Chair or Urban Studies and Director of the Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice
and Place, at the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. He has authored two books, edited
a book, edited nine special editions/sections of international peer reviewed journals and published
over 90 scholarly papers and reports (including 44 in international peer reviewed journals).

ix
x Section Editors

Noel Castree
Department of Geography
Manchester University
Manchester, United Kingdom

Noel Castree is a Professor of Geography at Manchester University, United Kingdom, and an

Honorary Professorial Research Fellow at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He edits the jour-
nal Progress in Human Geography and is author of the book Making Sense of Nature (2014).
 Section Editors xi

Francis L. Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis
University of Waikato
Hamilton, New Zealand

Francis L. Collins is Professor of Geography and Director of the National Institute of Demographic
and Economic Analysis at the University of Waikato. His research has explored international migra-
tion focusing on the experiences, mobility patterns and regulation of temporary migrants. Francis’
research includes work exploring: international students and urban transformation, higher educa-
tion and the globalization of cities, labor migration, marginalization and exploitation, time and
youth migration, and the role of aspirations and desires as driving forces for migration. Francis is
the author of Global Asian City: migration, desire and the politics of encounter in 21st century Seoul (Wiley,
2018) and co-editor of Intersections of Inequality, Migration and Diversification (Palgrave, 2019), and
Aspiration, Desire and the Drivers of Migration (Routledge, 2019).
xii Section Editors

Jeremy W. Crampton
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University
Newcastle, United Kingdom

Jeremy W. Crampton’s interests are in how and why geolocational technology affects urban and
everyday experience and wellbeing. In particular, he studies the effects of surveillance on privacy,
spatial Big Data and algorithmic decision-making. To address these questions, he analyzes how
digital landscapes of algorithms and data are planned, mapped, and produced. He also has a recent
interest in the geolocational implications of biometric platforms such as facial and emotional recog-
nition technologies. Jeremy is an Editor of the journal Dialogues in Human Geography, and the author
of Mapping: A Critical Introduction to Cartography and GIS (Wiley).
 Section Editors xiii

Sarah de Leeuw
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, BC, Canada

Sarah de Leeuw, a Professor in Canada with the University of Northern British Columbia’s
Northern Medical Program, the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia, is
a cultural–historical geographer and creative writer (poetry and literary non-fiction). Her research,
writing, teaching, and activism focus on feminist anti-colonial social justice, especially in rural,
northern, and marginalized places. She holds a Canada Research Chair in Humanities and Health
Inequities and, in 2017, was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada as a member of the College
of New Scholars, Artists, and Scientists.
xiv Section Editors

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho is Associate Professor at the Department of Geography and Senior Research
Fellow at the Asia Research Institute (ARI), National University of Singapore. Her research addresses
how citizenship is changing as a result of multi-directional migration flows in the Asia-Pacific. She is
author of Citizens in Motion: Emigration, Immigration and Re-migration Across China’s Borders (Stanford
University Press), which received the American Sociological Association’s (ASA) award for “Best
Book in Global and Transnational Sociology by an International Scholar” in 2019. Elaine is Editor
of the journal Social and Cultural Geography, and serves on the journal editorial boards of Citizenship
Studies; Emotions, Society and Space; and the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography.
 Section Editors xv

Isaac Luginaah
Department of Geography
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON, Canada

Isaac Luginaah is a Professor and was a Canada Research Chair in Health Geography (200-2017) at
the Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. He is a graduate of
the University of Cape Coast, Ghana (BSc. Hons), Queen’s University of Belfast, UK (MSc), York
University (MES), and McMaster University (PhD), Canada. His research addresses how emerging
epidemics are radically changing health landscapes in the face of increased burdens from environ-
mental exposure in both developed and developing countries. He has led several projects on pop-
ulation, environment, and health. His work in Africa and North America has made strong
theoretical and methodological contributions, addressing environmental hazards and deficiencies
in health service provision.
xvi Section Editors

Brij Maharaj
Geography Discipline, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Durban, South Africa

Brij Maharaj is a senior professor in geography who has received widespread recognition for his
research on urban politics, segregation, displacement, local economic development, xenophobia,
and human rights, migration and diasporas, religion, philanthropy, and development. He has pub-
lished over 150 scholarly papers in renowned journals, such as Urban Studies, International Journal of
Urban and Regional Studies, Political Geography, Urban Geography, Antipode, Polity and Space, Geoforum,
Local Economy, and GeoJournal, as well as five co-edited book collections. He is co-editor of the South
African Geographical Journal (Routledge), and serves on several international editorial boards. He is
a B-Rated NRF researcher. He is a regular media commentator on topical issues as part of his
commitment to public intellectualism.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Manuel B Aalbers
KU Leuven, The University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Gunn Marit Aasvang
Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division for
Infection Control and Environmental Health,
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
M Abreu
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Patrick Adler
School of Cities, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Adrian Guillermo Aguilar
Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University
of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
J Agyeman
Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
Ola Ahlqvist
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States
L Albrechts
University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Derek H Alderman
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN,
United States
Fiona Allon
Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, The
University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Luis F Alvarez Leon
Department of Geography, Dartmouth College,
Hanover, NH, United States
Claes G Alvstam
School of Business, Economics and Law, University of
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Jon Anderson
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
GJ Andrews
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Gavin J Andrews
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Roger Antabe
Department of Geography, Social Science Centre,
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Constantinos Antonopoulos
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
Management, University of Patras, Patras,
Greece
Neil Argent
Geography and Planning, University of New England,
Armidale, NSW, Australia
Godwin Arku
The University of Western Ontario, London, ON,
Canada
Frederick Ato Armah
Department of Environmental Science, School of
Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural
Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
C Arun-Pina
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
James Ash
School of Arts and Cultures, Newcastle University,
Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Sheena Asthana
School of Law, Criminology and Government, University
of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
xvii
xviii List of Contributors

Jennifer Atchison Holly Barcus

Australian Centre for Culture, Environment, Society and Department of Geography, Macalester College, Saint
Space (ACCESS), School of Geography and Sustainable Paul, MN, United States
Communities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,
Trevor J Barnes
NSW, Australia
Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
PJ Atkins
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Clive Barnett
University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Rowland Atkinson
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University Jon Barnett
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom School of Geography, The University of Melbourne,
Parkville, VIC, Australia
Maoz Azaryahu
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, Timothy Barney
United States; and University of Haifa, Haifa, Department of Rhetoric and Communication Studies,
Israel University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
Iwan J Azis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States Chris Barrett
English Department, Louisiana State University, Baton
Jørgen Ole Bærenholdt Rouge, LA, United States
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
University, Roskilde, Denmark Leigh Barrick
Geography Department, University of British Columbia,
Jen Bagelman
Vancouver, BC, Canada
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United kingdom
Tanja Bastia
Elena Baglioni Global Development Institute, The University of
School of Business and Management, Queen Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Mary University of London, London, United
Ranu Basu
Kingdom
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
AL Bain
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, Jane Battersby
ON, Canada African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town,
Cape Town, South Africa
W Andrew Baldwin
Department of Geography, Durham University, Michael Batty
Durham, United Kingdom Faculty of the Built Environment, University College
London, London, United Kingdom
Matthew D Balentine
Jamie Baxter
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro,
Department of Geography, University of Western
NC, United States
Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Clare Bambra Trycia Bazinet
Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Carleton University, North Bay, ON, Canada
Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,
David Bell
United Kingdom
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Kingdom
Brandon Barclay Derman
University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, IL, Scott Bell
United States University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
 List of Contributors xix

David Bennett Adam Bledsoe

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada States

Aimee Benoit S Bodden

School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh,
Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Lethbridge, AB, Canada

Vincent Berdoulay JS Boggs

Brock University, St. Catharines, ON,
Laboratoire Passages (UMR 5319), CNRS; and
Canada
University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
JD Bohland
Christin Bernhold
Global Politics and Societies Department, Hollins
Department of Geography, University of Hamburg,
University, Roanoke, VA, United States
Hamburg, Germany
Sophie Bond
Kathryn Besio
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin,
Geography and Environmental Studies, University of
New Zealand
Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hilo, HI, United States
David Bonilla
Ling Bian Institute of Economic Research, National Autonomous
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Amherst, NY, United States
Marco Bontje
Marcy Bidney University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
American Geographical Society Library, University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States Gary Bosworth
School of Geography, University of Lincoln, Lincoln,
Roland Billen United Kingdom
University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
William M Bowen
Mark Birkin Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs,
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United
Kingdom States

Bradley Wade Bishop Sophie Bowlby

School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Knoxville, TN, United States
Mark Boyle
Elijah Bisung
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
M Jean Blair Paul Boyle
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jordan P Brasher
Ismael Blanco
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN,
The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
United States
Spain
Mark Brayshay
Sarah Blandy
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United
University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Kingdom
Daniel Brendle-Moczuk
Joe Blankenship
McPherson Library, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Canada
xx List of Contributors

S Brentjes RA Butlin
Univeristy of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Gary Bridge Michael Buzzelli
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON,
Cardiff, United Kingdom Canada
Gavin Bridge Jason A Byrne
Department of Geography, Durham University, Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences,
Durham, United Kingdom University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
John Briggs Jake Rom D Cadag
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City,
Kingdom Philippines
James MR Brock Catherine A Calder
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
Auckland, New Zealand States
Marc Brosseau
Sydney Calkin
Department of Geography, University of Ottawa,
Department of Geography, Durham University,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Durham, United Kingdom; and School of Geography,
Aleid E Brouwer Queen Mary University of London, London, United
Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen, Kingdom
Groningen, The Netherlands; and Academy of
International Business Administration, NHL Stenden Liam Campling
University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The School of Business and Management,
Netherlands Queen Mary University of London, London,
United Kingdom
Kath Browne
Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Sébastien Caquard
Christopher R Bryant Department of Geography, Planning and
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Environment, Concordia University, Montreal, QC,
Canada
John R Bryson
City-Region Economic Development Institute, Jordan Carlson
Department of Strategy and International Business, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Birmingham Business School, University of University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Jordan T Carlson
Dirk Burghardt Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's
Institute of Cartography, Dresden University of University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Pádraig Carmody
Ryan Burns
Department of Geography, Trinity College, Dublin,
Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Ireland; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg,
Richard Bustin South Africa; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin,
Lancing College, Lancing, United Kingdom Ireland
Colin D Butler Juliet Carpenter
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United
Australia; and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Kingdom
Australia
Ricardo Carreon Sosa
Tim Butler Posgraduate School of Engineering, National
Department of Geography, King’s College London, Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City,
London, United Kingdom Mexico

Richard Carter-White
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Denise M Carter
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Irene Casas
School of History and Social Sciences, Louisiana Tech
University, Ruston, LA, United States
Emilio Casetti
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
States
Heather Castleden
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George,
BC, Canada; and Department of Geography and
Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jose Esteban Castro
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom; and National Scientific and Technical
Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Filippo Celata
Department of Methods and Models for Economics,
Territory and Finance, Sapienza University of Rome,
Rome, Italy
Elizabeth Chacko
The George Washington University, Washington, DC,
United States
Chad Chambers
Department of Geography, Maxwell School of Syracuse
University, Syracuse, NY, United States
GU Chaolin
School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing,
China
Graham Chapman
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Eric Charmes
RIVES, UMR CNRS EVS, ENTPE, University of Lyon,
Lyon, France
Sutapa Chattopadhyay
Geography and Development Studies, St. Francis Xavier
University, Antigonish, NS Canada
Jingfu Chen
Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Zhangliang Chen
Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics
and Regional Economics Applications Laboratory,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
List of Contributors xxi
James Cheshire
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
Lynda Cheshire
School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St
Lucia, QLD, Australia
Simon Chilvers
Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Frangton Chiyemura
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Vera Chouinard
School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Nicholas R Chrisman
Bellingham, WA, United States
Brett Christophers
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
Jonathan Cinnamon
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Ryerson
University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Gordon L Clark
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, School
of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University
Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford,
Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Banking
and Finance, Monash Business School, Monash
University, Caulfield, VIC, Australia
Nigel Clark
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
David B Clarke
Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea
University, Swansea, United Kingdom
Keith C Clarke
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Nick Clarke
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
P Claval
Paris-Sorbonne University, Paris, France
John Clayton
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
xxii List of Contributors

Hugh Clout Ian Cook

University College London, London, United
Kingdom
Denise S Cloutier
Department of Geography, and Research Affiliate
Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Allan Cochrane
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social
Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United
Kingdom
Logan Cochrane
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and
Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Daniel Cockayne
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Chris Cocklin
James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Neil M Coe
Department of Geography, National University of
Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Amy Cohen
Department of Anthropology, Okanagan College,
Kelowna, BC, Canada
Peter Collier
Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth,
Southsea, United Kingdom; and University of
Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Damian Collins
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Francis L Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic
Analysis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand
Michael Collyer
University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Alex R Colucci
Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
Creighton Connolly
National University of Singapore, Singapore
David Conradson
School of Earth and Environment, University of
Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter,
United kingdom
Philip Cooke
Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Thomas J Cooke
Department of Geography, University of Connecticut,
Storrs, CT, United States
Meghan Cope
Department of Geography, University of Vermont,
Burlington, VT, United States
Jon Corbett
Community, Culture and Global Studies, University of
British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Jonathan Corcoran
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Helen Couclelis
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Rory Coulter
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
Pauline R Couper
Geography, School of Humanities, York St John
University, York, United Kingdom
Kevin R Cox
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States
Shaphan Cox
Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Sophie Cranston
Geography and Environment, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, United Kingdom
Thomas W Crawford
Department of Geography, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
VA, United States
Noel Cressie
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
States
Tim Cresswell
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
 List of Contributors xxiii

Verónica Crossa Wayne KD Davies

The College of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Department of Geography, University of Calgary,
Calgary, AB, Canada
David Crouch
University of Derby, Epperstone, United Kingdom Suzanne Davies Withers
Department of Geography, University of Washington,
Graham Crow
Seattle, WA, United States
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Simin Davoudi
Gregg Culver
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Institute of Geography, University of Heidelberg,
Kingdom
Heidelberg, Germany
Leith Deacon
Andrew Cumbers
School of Environmental Design and Rural
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow,
Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
Glasgow, United Kingdom
David Delaney
Nigel Curry
Amherst College, Amherst, MA, United States
Lincoln International Business School, University of
Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom C Delano-Smith
Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced
Michelle Daigle
Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vincent J Del Casino, Jr.
Caoilfhionn D’Arcy
California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach,
Maynooth University Department of Geography,
CA, United States
NUI Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Carolyn NM DeLoyde
Sandy Dall’erba
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's
Department of Agricultural and Consumer
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Economics and Regional Economics Applications
Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, Sarah de Leeuw
United States Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies and Department
of Geography, University of British Columbia (UBC),
Craig Dalton
Vancouver, BC, Canada; and Northern Medical
Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies and
Program, UNBC, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, University
Geography, Hempstead, NY, United States
of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC,
Canada
Frances Darlington-Pollock
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Eric M Delmelle
Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, and
Center for Applied Geographic Information Science,
Raju J Das University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte,
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada NC, United States

Ebenezer Dassah Carolyn NM DeLoyde

United Nations University - International Institute for Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Kuala Lumpur, University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Malaysia Jessica Dempsey
Mark Davidson University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States Mark Denil
Amanda Davies sui generis, Washington, DC, United States
Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia Steve DeRoy
Anna R Davies The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Ben Derudder
Dublin, Ireland Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
xxiv List of Contributors

Menusha De Silva Michelle Duffy

Singapore Management University, Singapore,
Singapore
Michael R Desjardins
Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, and
Center for Applied Geographic Information Science,
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte,
NC, United States
Pauline Deutz
Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Sarah Dickin
Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Catherine D’Ignazio
Department of Urban Studies and Planning,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
United States
Martin Dijst
LISER, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxemburg
Mahmoudi Dillon
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Alan V Di Vittorio
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA,
United States
Deborah P Dixon
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Iain Docherty
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Klaus Dodds
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United
Kingdom; and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK,
United States
Bolesław Doma nski
Jagiellonian Univeristy, Krakow, Poland
Betsy Donald
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Clemens Driessen
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Martine Drozdz
Technologies, Territories and Societies Laboratory,
CNRS, Paris, France
Jessica Dubow
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of
Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW,
Australia
Patrick J Duffy
National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth,
Ireland
Rae Dufty-Jones
Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Michael Dunford
Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
and University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Jim Dunn
Department of Health, Aging and Society, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
William Durkan
Department of Geography, The National University of
Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Andrew C Dwyer
University of Bristol Cyber Security Group, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United
Kingdom
Owen J Dwyer, III
Indiana University School of Liberal Arts at Indiana
University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI),
Indianapolis, IN, United States
R Earickson
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United
States
LaToya Eaves
Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN,
United States
Sally Eden
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
T Edensor
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester,
United Kingdom
David W Edgington
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
Charity Edwards
Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC,
Australia
 List of Contributors xxv

David C Eisenhauer David Fazzino

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
Stuart Elden
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; and
Politics and International Studies, University of
Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Kajsa Ellegård
Department of Thematic Studies, Linköping University,
Linköping, Sweden
Susan J Elliott
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Sarah Elwood
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Salvatore Engel-Di Mauro
Department of Geography, State University of New York
at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Catawissa, PA,
United States
Yongjiu Feng
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Zhiqiang Feng
Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
David A Fennell
Department of Tourism and Environment, Brock
University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
Md Azmeary Ferdoush
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United
States
Eduarda Ferreira
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA
University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Marta Bivand Erdal Federico Ferretti

Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Oslo, School of Geography, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Norway Ireland
Christina R Ergler
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Carolyn Fish
New Zealand Department of Geography, University of Oregon,
Eugene, OR, United States
Joshua Evans
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Robert Fish
University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Karen Falconer Al-Hindi
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United
Robert Flanagan
States
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
C Cindy Fan
Department of Geography, University of California Los Richard Florida
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States School of Cities, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Matthew Farish
Department of Geography and Program in Planning, Robin Flowerdew
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Geography and Sustainable
May Farrales Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews,
Northern Medical Program, University of Northern United Kingdom
British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; and Ronan Foley
Environment and Community Health Observatory The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Network, University of Northern British Columbia, Maynooth, Ireland
Prince George, BC, Canada
Ken E Foote
Victoria Fast University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO,
Department of Geography, University of Calgary, United States; and University of Haifa, Haifa,
Calgary, AB, Canada Israel
James R Faulconbridge Benjamin Forest
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
xxvi List of Contributors

Peter J Forman Nick Gallent

Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom University College London, London, United Kingdom
Kelleann Foster Juan Carlos García-Palomares
Penn State, University Park, PA, United Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and
States History, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid,
Spain
Coleen A Fox
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States Emma C Gardner
City-Region Economic Development Institute,
Urbano Fra Paleo
Department of Strategy and International Business,
University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
Birmingham Business School, University of
Derek France Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and International
Gioacchino Garofoli
Development, University of Chester, Chester, United
Department of Economics, Insubria University, Varese,
Kingdom
Italy
Claire Freeman
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Jay D Gatrell
New Zealand Office of Academic Affairs, Eastern Illinois University,
Charleston, IL, United States
Cordelia Freeman
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Franz W Gatzweiler
Nottingham, United Kingdom Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of
Christina Frendo Sciences, Xiamen, China
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada Raegan Gibbings
University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and
Scott M Freundschuh Tobago
National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, United
States David Gibbs
Wardlow Friesen Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom

Louis Kusi Frimpong Chris Gibson

Department of Geography and Resource Development,
University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Kurt Fuellhart
Geography-Earth Sciences, Shippensburg University,
Shippensburg, PA, United States
Simone Fullagar
Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
Lisa Funnell
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United
Kingdom; and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK,
United States
Levi Gahman
Power, Space, and Cultural Change Research Unit,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Carolyn Gallaher
School of International Service, American University,
Washington, DC, United States
School of Geography and Sustainable Communities,
University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Emily Gilbert
Canadian Studies Program, Department of Geography
and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada; and University College, Toronto, ON, Canada
Kathryn Gillespie
Seattle, WA, United States
Shea Ellen Gilliam
Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Menelaos Gkartzios
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
Brendan Gleeson
Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
 List of Contributors xxvii

Charmian Goh Martin Gren

Asia Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore Department of Cultural Sciences/Human Geography,
Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Linnaeus University,
John R Gold
Kalmar, Sweden
Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Amy L Griffin
Eric Goldfischer School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC,
University of Minnesota, Department of Geography, Australia
Environment, and Society, Minneapolis, MN, United
States Carl Griffin
Department of Geography, University of Sussex,
Ricard Gomà Brighton, United Kingdom
The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain Daniel A Griffith
Huiwen Gong School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences,
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United
States; and University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson,
Michael Frank Goodchild TX, United States
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States Leonard Guelke
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
D Goodman
University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, Javier Gutiérrez
United States Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and
History, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid,
MK Goodman Spain
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Robert N Gwynne
Sucharita Gopal University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Department of Earth and Environment, Center for Kingdom
Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, MA, United
States Jeff Hackett
Gernot Grabher The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
RR Hagelman, III
Richard Grant Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
Roy Haines-Young
Dustin W Gray University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Kingdom
Canada
Jouni Häkli
Neil Gray Space and Political Agency Research Group, Faculty of
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Management and Business, Tampere University,
Glasgow, United Kingdom Tampere, Finland

Andrew Greenhalgh-Cook Michael Haldrup

School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Department of Communication and Arts, Roskilde
Nottingham, United Kingdom University, Roskilde, Denmark

Adaeze Greenidge Keith Halfacree

University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Department of Geography, Swansea University,
Tobago Swansea, United Kingdom
xxviii List of Contributors

Edward Hall Matthew G Hatvany

Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Department of Geography, Laval University, Québec,
Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom QC, Canada

Peter Hall Eva Hauthal

Institute of Cartography, Dresden University of
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Sarah Hall
Harriet Hawkins
School of Geography, University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, United Kingdom Department of Geography, University of London,
Egham, United Kingdom
Tim Hall
Billy Tusker Haworth
Department of Applied Social Studies, University of
Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Trevor Hancock
Allison Hayes-Conroy
School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of
Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University,
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Philadelphia, PA, United States
Carolyn Hank
Jessica Hayes-Conroy
School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee,
Women’s Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges,
Knoxville, TN, United States
Geneva, NY, United States
Gentry Hanks
Christine Haylett
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Kingdom
Neil Hanlon
Kingsley E Haynes
Geography Program, University of Northern British
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
Roger Hayter
Torfinn Harding
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University,
NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
Burnaby, BC, Canada
Richard Harris
Stephen Healy
School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster
Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Stephan Harrison
Liam Heaphy
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University
School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental
of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Johannes Hartig Ireland
DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in
Katie Hemsworth
Education, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Geography, Nipissing University, North
Rudi Hartmann Bay, ON, Canada
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences,
Martin Henning
University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
School of Business, Economics and Law, University of
Francis Harvey Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Institute for
Matthew Henry
Geography, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
John Hasse University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
Brita Hermelin
Robert Hassink Centre for Municipality Studies (CKS), Linköping
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany University, Norrköping, Sweden
 List of Contributors xxix

Andrew Herod Rory Horner

Department of Geography, University of Georgia,
Athens, GA, United States
Rachel V Herron
Department of Geography and Environment, Brandon
University, Brandon, MB, Canada
Martin Hess
Department of Geography, School of Environment,
Education and Development, University of Manchester,
Manchester, United Kingdom
John Hessler
Library of Congress, Washington, DC, United States
Geoffrey JD Hewings
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
Jennifer Hill
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, Faculty of Environment and Technology,
University of the West of England, Bristol, United
Kingdom
Sam Hind
University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
Julian Hine
University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, United
Kingdom
The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
Kingdom; and University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, South Africa
Myriam Houssay-Holzschuch
Sciences Po Grenoble, Pacte, University Grenoble Alpes,
CNRS, Grenoble, France
Donna Houston
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
Alice J Hovorka
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jeremy RL Howells
University of Kent, Cantenbury, United Kingdom
Richard Howitt
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Brian J Hracs
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Phil Hubbard
Leicestershire University, Leicester, United Kingdom

Elaine LE Ho Ray Hudson

Department of Geography, National University of Department of Geography, University of Durham,
Singapore, Singapore Durham, United Kingdom

Steven Hoelscher Rachel Hughes

Departments of American Studies and Geography, The School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Carlton,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States VIC, Australia

Adam Holden Sarah M Hughes

University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Peter Holland
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Louise Holt
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, Durham University,
Durham, United Kingdom
David W Hugill
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

P Hopkins PJ Hugill
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United
Kingdom States
Donagh Horgan
RP Huizinga
Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Glasgow, United Kingdom
Mark W Horner John S Humphreys
Department of Geography, The Florida State University, School of Rural Health, Monash University, Bendigo,
Tallahassee, FL, United States VIC, Australia
xxx List of Contributors

Sarah Hunt William Jenkins

Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies and Department of Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
Geography, University of British Columbia (UBC), ON, Canada
Vancouver, BC, Canada; and Northern Medical Program,
Ole Jensen
UNBC, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, University of
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
Bob Jessop
Margo Huxley
Department of Sociology, Lancaster University,
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Lancaster, United Kingdom
Andy Inch
Gunnar Thór Jóhannesson
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University
Department of Geography and Tourism, University of
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Saratchandra Indrakanti
Corey Johnson
Search Science, eBay Inc., San Jose, CA, United States
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro,
Lisa Ingwall-King NC, United States
UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring
Lynda Johnston
Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Geography Programme, University of Waikato,
Carlo Inverardi-Ferri Hamilton, New Zealand
University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Melissa NP Johnson
Randall W Jackson Department of English Language and Literature,
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
States
Nuala C Johnson
William A Jackson School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s
Department of Economics and Related Studies, University, Belfast, United Kingdom
University of York, York, United Kingdom
Peter A Johnson
Jane M Jacobs University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Yale-NUS College, National University Singapore,
Singapore Ron Johnston
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
Dan Jacobson
Bristol, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, University of Calgary,
Calgary, AB, Canada Andrew EG Jonas
Deirdre Jafferally Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
Georgetown, Guyana University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
J Jäger Andrew Jones
University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna, Vienna, School of Arts and Social Sciences, University of London,
Austria London, United Kingdom
M Jay John Paul Jones, III
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand School of Geography and Development, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Mark Jayne
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Martin Jones
Cardiff, United Kingdom Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United
Kingdom
Brian Jefferson
Department of Geography and Geographic Information Owain Jones
Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Bath Spa University, Bath, United Kingdom
Urbana, IL, United States; and Department of Rhys Jones
Geography and Geographic Information Science, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences,
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyt, United Kingdom
United States
 List of Contributors xxxi

Roy Jones Evangeline O Katigbak

Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built National Institute of Education e Nanyang
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Tod Jones Adrian Kavanagh
Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built Department of Geography, The National University of
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Australia
Aoife Kavanagh
H Jöns The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Maynooth, Ireland
Loughborough, United Kingdom
Daithí Kearney
David Jordhus-Lier Department of Creative Arts, Media and Music,
Department of Sociology and Human Geography,
Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk,
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ireland
Jin-Kyu Jung
University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United Gerry Kearns
States The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Maynooth, Ireland
K Kafkoula
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Gordon Kee
Roger JP Kain Research Centre for Urban and Regional
School of Advanced Study, University of London, Development, Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific
London, United Kingdom Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong, China
Athanasios Kalogeresis
School of Spatial Planning and Development, Faculty of PF Kelly
Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Thessaloniki, Greece
Therese Kenna
Md Kamruzzaman Department of Geography, University College Cork,
Monash Art Design & Architecture (MADA), Monash Cork, Ireland
University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
Judith Kenny
Juan Miguel Kanai University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Portland, OR,
Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, United States
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Andrew Kent
Joseph Kangmennaang The Antipode Foundation, Cardiff, United
Department of Geography and Environmental Kingdom
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada Sara Beth Keough
Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI,
David H Kaplan United States
Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
Fritz Connor Kessler
Emrah Karakaya Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of United States
Industrial Economics and Management, Stockholm,
Sweden Sun-Bae Kim
Department of Geography Education,
Rajesh Kasturirangan Korea National University of Education, Cheongju,
Azim Premji University, Bengaluru, India South Korea
xxxii List of Contributors
Anthony D King
State University of New York at Binghamton,
Binghamton, NY, United States
mrs c kinpaisby-hill
Scott Kirsch
Department of Geography, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, Unites States
Priya Kissoon
Department of Geography, The University of the West
Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Rob Kitchin
Department of Geography, Maynooth University Social
Sciences Institute, The National University of Ireland,
Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Jasper Knight
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental
Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
Richard D Knowles
School of Science, Engineering and Environment,
University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
Audrey Kobayashi
Department of Geography, Queen’s University,
Kingston, ON, Canada
BJ Köbben
Department of Geoinformation Processing, Faculty of
Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation,
University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Natalie Koch
The Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY,
United States
L Koefoed
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
University, Roskilde, Denmark
Sin Yee Koh
School of Arts and Social Sciences, Monash University
Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
Tristan Kohl
Faculty of Economics and Business, University of
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Carmen Köhler
DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in
Education, Frankfurt, Germany
Benedikt Korf
University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Zoltán Kovács
University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Menno-Jan Kraak
Department of Geoinformation Processing,
Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth
Observation, University of Twente, Enschede,
The Netherlands
Thomas Krafft
Metamedica, School for Public Health and Primary
Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
Frances Kremarik
School of Architecture and Cities, University of
Westminster, London, United Kingdom
Sneha Krishnan
School of Geography and the Environment, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
John Krygier
Raleigh, NC, United States; and Ohio Wesleyan
University, Delaware, OH, United States
M Satish Kumar
School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Matthew Kurtz
Department of Geography, Environment, and
Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Vincent Kuuire
Department of Geography, University of Toronto
Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; and Social and
Behavioural Health Science, Dalla Lana School of Public
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Alexey V Kuznetsov
Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of
the Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAN),
Moscow, Russia
Lois Labrianidis
Department of Economics, University of Macedonia,
Thessaloniki, Greece
Eric W LaFary
Peace Corps, Ghana
Suncana Laketa
Institute of Geography, University of Neuchâtel,
Neuchâtel, Switzerland
 List of Contributors xxxiii

Nina SN Lam Charlotte Lemanski

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
States
Deborah Leslie
Bart Lambregts Department of Geography, University of Toronto,
Faculty of Architecture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Toronto, ON, Canada
Thailand
Agnieszka Leszczynski
Wendy Larner Department of Geography, Western University, London,
Office of the Provost, Victoria University of Wellington, ON, Canada
Wellington, New Zealand
Yee Leung
Soren C Larsen The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States China; and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, China
Alan Latham
Geography Department, University College London, Nathaniel M Lewis
London, United Kingdom School of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Mickey Lauria
Kingdom
Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
Nicolas Lewis
Tracey P Lauriault
School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of
Carleton University, Communication and Media
Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and School of
Studies, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
E Laurier Zealand
School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh,
R Lewis
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
David M Lawrence
Sophie A Lewis
Virginia State University and Virginia Union University,
Brooklyn Institute for Social Research, Philadelphia, PA,
Richmond, VA, United States
United States
Philip Lawton
W Li
Geography Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
Jennifer Lea
Johanna Lilius
Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United
Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
Kingdom
Shaun Lin
Philippe Le Billon
Department of Geography, National University of
Department of Geography, School of Public Policy and
Singapore, Singapore
Global Affairs, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada Weiqiang Lin
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Jay Lee
Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Peter Lindner
OH, United States Department of Human Geography, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Jiyeong Lee
The University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea Denis Linehan
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Sang-Il Lee
Department of Geography Education, Seoul National Jo Little
University, Seoul, South Korea University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Richard Le Heron David Littlewood
School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sheffield University Management School, The University
Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
xxxiv List of Contributors
Min Liu
Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science,
Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences,
East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
Yan Liu
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia
Sally Lloyd-Evans
Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Lucia Lo
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
Jed Long
Department of Geography, Western University, Social
Science Centre, London, ON, Canada
PA Longley
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom
Becky PY Loo
Department of Geography, The University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong
Flor M López Guerrero
Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University
of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Julia Lossau
Institute of Geography, University of Bremen, Bremen,
Germany
John Lovering
Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Murray Low
London School of Economics and Political Science,
London, United Kingdom
Mark Lucherini
School of Geography, Geology and the Environment,
Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
Timothy W Luke
Department of Political Science, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United
States
Chris Lukinbeal
School of Geography and Development, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Sophia Maalsen
School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Daniel L Mabazza
Department of Geography, University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Warren E Mabee
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Alan Mace
London School of Economics and Political Science,
London, United Kingdom
Key MacFarlane
History of Consciousness Department, University of
California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA,
United States
William A Mackaness
Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
Julie MacLeavy
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol, United Kingdom
Gordon MacLeod
University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Katherine Anne MacTavish
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
Avril Maddrell
Department of Geography and Environmental
Science, University of Reading, Reading,
United Kingdom
Eric Magrane
Department of Geography, New Mexico State
University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
Jacek Malczewski
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Anders Malmberg
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
V Mamadouh
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Steven M Manson
University of Minnesota, South Minneapolis, MN,
United States
Juliana Mansvelt
School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Carl Marklund
Institute of Contemporary History, Södertörn University,
Stockholm, Sweden
 List of Contributors xxxv

Terry Marsden John H McKendrick

School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Scottish Poverty and Inequality Research Unit, Glasgow
Cardiff, United Kingdom Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Alan Marshall Katharine McKinnon
School of Social and Political Science, University of Department of Social Inquiry and La Trobe Rural Health
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
David Martin Ethan McLean
School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George,
University of Southampton, Southampton, United BC, Canada
Kingdom
Heather McLean
Peter R Martin School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Jessica McLean
Liz Mason-Deese Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
Manassas, VA, United States University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Colin Mason Kate McLean
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury,
Glasgow, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Elizabeth Mavroudi Phil McManus
Geography and Environment, School of Social Sciences, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, NSW, Australia
United Kingdom
Kendra McSweeney
Department of Geography, Ohio State University,
Eugene McCann
Columbus, OH, United States
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, BC, Canada Kathleen J Mee
Discipline of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Andrew McCartan Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of
Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

J McCarthy Tom Mels

Critical Geography, King’s College London, London,
United Kingdom; and Bad Homburg, Germany
Andrew G McClelland
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Derek P McCormack
School of Geography and the Environment, University of
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
K McCracken
Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Pamela McElwee
Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United
States
Jennifer McGarrigle
Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning (IGOT),
University of Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala
University - Campus Gotland, Visby, Sweden
Sean Mendonca
Georgetown, Guyana
Jeremy Mennis
Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Peter Merriman
Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
Paula Meth
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
David R Meyer
Olin Business School, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Frank Meyer
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Leipzig,
Germany
xxxvi List of Contributors

William B Meyer BE Montz

Department of Geography, Colgate University, East Carolina University, Greenville, NY, United States
Hamilton, NY, United States
Graham Moon
Christiana Miewald School of Geography and Environmental Science,
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Burnaby, BC, Canada Kingdom
Judith Miggelbrink Katie Moon
Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany School of Business, University of New South Wales,
Canberra, ACT, Australia
Elisabeth Militz
Department of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Peter Mooney
Switzerland Department of Computer Science, The National
University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Tina Miller
Kelowna, BC, Canada M Morad
London South Bank University, London, United
Bruce V Millett
Kingdom
South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United
States KM Morin
Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, United States
Nate Millington
Department of Geography, The University of Bruno Moriset
Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom University Jean Moulin, Lyon, France
Claudio Minca Richard Morrill
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia States
Karyn Morrissey
Jayalaxshmi Mistry
European Centre for Environment and Human Health,
Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of
University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United
London, Egham, United Kingdom
Kingdom
Clare JA Mitchell Lan Mu
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States

Paul Mkandawire Sayani Mukhopadhyay

Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Human Rights
Program, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Nalini Mohabir
Department of Geography, Planning and Environment,
Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Giles Mohan
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United
Kingdom
Patricia L Mokhtarian
University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
Department of Geography, Asutosh College, Kolkata,
India
Darla K Munroe
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States
Alan T Murray
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Amber Murrey
Department of Geography and the Environment,
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Malene Monka D Mustafa

Center for Dialectology, Department of Nordic Studies
and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
Marius Monsrud
NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
Critical Geography, King’s College London, London,
United Kingdom; and Bad Homburg, Germany
Caroline Nagel
Department of Geography, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC, United States
 List of Contributors xxxvii

Takashi Nakazawa Morton E O’Kelly

School of Business Administration, Meiji University,
Tokyo, Japan
David P Nally
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
AA Naseemullah
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Catherine J Nash
Department of Geography, Brock University, St.
Catharines, ON, Canada
Anoop Nayak
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University
of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
S Neal
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Roderick P Neumann
Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, Florida
International University, Miami, FL, United States
Andrea J Nightingale
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
P Nijkamp
Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Padini Nirmal
Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Becki Nookemis
Department of Psychology, Vancouver Island University,
Nanaimo, BC, Canada
Glen Norcliffe
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Patricia Noxolo
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
Neil Nunn
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Cian O’Callaghan
Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin,
Dublin, Ireland
Kevin O’Connor
Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Nathaniel O’Grady
Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
States
Shannon O’Lear
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
John O’Loughlin
Department of Geography, University of Colorado at
Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
Phillip O’Neill
School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western
Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
David O’Sullivan
Department of Geography, University of California
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Tor H Oiamo
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Jonathan Oldfield
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Rachel Olsen
The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Elizabeth Olson
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United
States
Kenneth R Olwig
Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and
Management, SLU-Alnarp, Alnarp, Sweden
Elizabeth Opiyo Onyango
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Joseph R Oppong
Department of Geography, University of North Texas,
Denton, TX, United States
Meghann Ormond
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The
Netherlands
Mark Ortiz
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United
States
David T Ory
Federal Transit Administration, Washington, DC,
United States
Evaristus Oshionebo
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
xxxviii List of Contributors

Ulrich Oslender Marianna Pavlovskaya

Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, School Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
of International and Public Affairs, Florida International Hunter College - CUNY, Ph.D. Program in Earth and
University, Miami, FL, United States Environmental Sciences, CUNY Graduate Center, New
York, NY, United States
Samuel M Otterstrom
Department of Geography, Brigham Young University,
Linda J Peake
Provo, UT, United States
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Samuel Owusu-Agyemang
Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, Jamie Pearce
Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
States
Deborah Peel
Francis Owusu University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
Department of Community and Regional Planning,
Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States J Richard Peet
George Owusu Graduate School of Geography, Clark University,
Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research Worcester, MA, United States
(ISSER), Centre for Urban Management Studies
Tiina Peil
(CUMS), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Institute for Culture and Learning, Södertörn University,
Anssi Paasi Stockholm, Sweden
Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu,
Finland Jan Penrose
Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences,
LC Pace
The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Department for the Study of Religions, Wake Forest
Kingdom
University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
Michael Pacione Chris Perkins
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of School of Environment, Education and Development,
Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Geography, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland Kingdom; and The University of Manchester,
Manchester, United Kingdom
Antonio Páez
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada George LW Perry
School of Environment, University of Auckland,
Ben Page
Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom Michael P Peterson
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United
Sam Page
States
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Aparna Phadke
K Parker
Department of Geography, University of Mumbai,
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, London,
Mumbai, India
United Kingdom
NA Phelps
Christof Parnreiter
University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC,
Department of Geography, University of Hamburg,
Australia
Hamburg, Germany
Catherine Phillips
Michael Parnwell
School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Carlton,
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
VIC, Australia
Jerry Patchell
DR Phillips
Division of Social Sciences, Hong Kong University of
Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
 List of Contributors xxxix

Martin Phillips Valerie Preston

School of Geography, Geology and Environment, Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom ON, Canada
Graham Pickren John Preston
Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, United States Transportation Group, University of Southampton,
Southampton, United Kingdom
Jan Nederveen Pieterse
University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Georges Prévélakis
CA, United States University of Pantheon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Paris,
France
Etienne Piguet
Institute of Geography, University of Neuchâtel, Linda Price
Neuchâtel, Switzerland Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Andy Pike Russell Prince
Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
(CURDS), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne,
B Pritchard
United Kingdom
School of Geosciences, University of Sydney,
Steven Pinch Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Carolyn Prouse
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
David Pinder University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
Samantha Punch
University, Roskilde, Denmark
University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
Iva Maria Miranda Pires
Gita Pupedis
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA
School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC,
University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Australia
Paul Plummer
Martin Purvis
Department of Geography, The University of Western
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Kingdom
Lucas Pohl
Junxi Qian
Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Geography, The University of Hong
Jane Pollard Kong, Hong Kong, China
Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies,
Mike Raco
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle
Bartlett School of Planning, University College London,
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Colin G Pooley
Pauliina Raento
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Ate Poorthuis
Saraswati Raju
Singapore University of Technology and Design,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Singapore, Singapore
B Ramírez
Clive Potter
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City,
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Mexico
Marcus Power
Maano Ramutsindela
University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Department of Environmental and Geographical
Andy C Pratt Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South
London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom Africa
xl List of Contributors

NM Rantisi Andrea Rishworth

Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Samuel J Ratick
Canada
Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
Paul Robbins
Laura T Raynolds
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Center for Fair and Alternative Trade, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO, United States Guy M Robinson
Department of Geography, Environment and
Jane M Read
Population, School of Social Sciences, University of
Department of Geography, Maxwell School of Syracuse
Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
University, Syracuse, NY, United States
Joseph S Robinson
Sertanya Reddy
Department of Geography, The National Univesity of
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United
Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
States
Scott Rodgers
Philip Rees
Department of Film, Media and Cultural Studies,
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Birkbeck, University of London, London, United
Kingdom
Kingdom
Ludovico Rella
Department of Geography, Durham University, Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Durham, United Kingdom Department of Global Studies and Geography, Hofstra
University, Hempstead, NY, United States
Johannah-Rae Reyes
University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Dallas Rogers
Tobago University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Mark Alan Rhodes, II
Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological Fernanda Rojas Marchini
University, Houghton, MI, United States University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Gareth Rice Reuben Rose-Redwood

School of Media, Culture and Society, University of West Department of Geography, University of Victoria,
of Scotland, Blantyre, United Kingdom Victoria, BC, Canada

Stian Rice Nancy A Ross

University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United
States
Pamela Richardson-Ngwenya
German Institute for Tropical and Subtropical
Agriculture, (DITSL GmbH), The Faculty of Organic
Agriculture, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen,
Germany
Lizzie Richardson
Department of Sociological Studies, University of
Sheffield, United Kingdom; and Durham University,
Durham, United Kingdom
Chantelle Richmond
Department of Geography, Western University, London,
ON, Canada
Britta Ricker
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development,
Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Jairus Rossi
Community and Economic Development Initiative of
Kentucky, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,
United States
Ugo Rossi
Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban
Studies and Planning, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
John Round
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
Parama Roy
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Stephen A Royle
Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Susan Ruddick
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
 List of Contributors xli

Derek Ruez Carolin Schurr

Space and Political Agency Research Group, Faculty of
Management and Business, Tampere University,
Tampere, Finland
Gerard Rushton
The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Jonathan Rutherford
LATTS (Laboratory Technology, Territories and
Societies), Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech, Marne la Vallée,
France
Tod D Rutherford
Department of Geography, Maxwell School of
Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University,
Syracuse, NY, United States
China Sajadian
CUNY Graduate Center, Department of Anthropology,
New York, NY, United States
Jennifer Salmond
School of Environment, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Nathan Salvidge
Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Heywood Sanders
University of Texas-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
United States
Rickie Sanders
Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
RB Sarma
Cotton College, Guwahati, India
VR Savage
RSIS, Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore
Nathan F Sayre
Department of Geography, University of California
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Joris Schapendonk
Geography, Planning and Environment, Radboud
University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Regina Scheyvens
School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Ted Schrecker
Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
Nadine Schuurman
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
Guido Schwarz
The National University of Colombia, Bogota, DC,
Colombia
Darren M Scott
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Mark Scott
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
David Seamon
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
Anna J Secor
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Gunhild Setten
Department of Geography, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
E Shantz
Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Elizabeth Shapiro-Garza
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University,
Durham, NC, United States
Joanne Sharp
Geography and Sustainable Development, University of
St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom
Jon Shaw
University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Kate Shaw
School of Geography, The University of Melbourne,
Parkville, VIC, Australia
Robert Shaw
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology,
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
Jianfa Shen
Department of Geography and Resource Management,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
China; and Research Centre for Urban and Regional
Development, Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific
Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, China
xlii List of Contributors

Eric Sheppard Mark W Skinner

Department of Geography, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Mor Shilon
TechniondIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
HaeRan Shin
Department of Geography, Seoul National University,
Seoul, South Korea
David Sibley
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Trent School of the Environment, Trent University,
Peterborough, ON, Canada
Astrid Ravn Skovse
Center for Dialectology, Department of Nordic Studies
and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
Terry R Slater
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom

James D Sidaway Tom Slater

Department of Geography, National University of Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University
Singapore, Singapore of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Julia Siemer Vanessa Sloan Morgan

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George,
University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada BC, Canada

Dragos Simandan Adrian Smith

Department of Geography and Tourism Studies, Brock School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London,
University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; and London, United Kingdom
Geography Department, Brock University, St. Christopher J Smith
Catharines, ON, Canada University at Albany, State University of New York,
Neil Simcock Albany, NY, United States
Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United JM Smith
Kingdom Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United
David Simon States
Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University Karly B Smith
of London, Egham, United Kingdom School of Rural Health, Monash University, Bendigo,
Paul Simpson VIC, Australia
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, RG Smith
University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
Alex Singleton Susan J Smith
Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Girton College and Department of Geography,
Liverpool, United Kingdom University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Srilata Sircar Kingdom
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom Chris Sneddon
Alistair Sisson Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia Edward W Soja
Victor FS Sit University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China United States; and London School of Economics and
Political Science, London, United Kingdom
Ronald Skeldon
University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; and Martin Sokol
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Queen Mary University of London, London, United
Kingdom
Tracey Skelton
Department of Geography, National University of Michael Sonis
Singapore, Singapore University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States; and
Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
 List of Contributors xliii

Matthew Sothern Fraser Sugden

School of Geography and Sustainable Development, The School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
Basil Southey
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s D Sui
University, Kingston, ON, Canada Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United
States
Jacob Sowers
Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United Juanita Sundberg
States University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
Hayley Sparks
School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Ekaterina Svetlova
Auckland, New Zealand University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Janet Speake John C Sweeney
Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, United Kingdom The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Maynooth, Ireland
Simon Springer
Erik Swyngedouw
Discipline of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Geography/School of Environment, Education and
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Development, The Manchester University, Manchester,
Krithika Srinivasan United Kingdom
Institute of Geography, University of Edinburgh, Ludek Sýkora
Edinburgh, United Kingdom Department of Social Geography and Regional
Pranpreya Sriwannawit Lundberg Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University,
Office of the National Higher Education, Science, Prague, Czech Republic
Research and Innovation Policy Council, Bangkok, Marc Tadaki
Thailand Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Sophie L Stadler LM Takahashi
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada University of Southern California, Sol Price School of
Jean-François Staszak Public Policy, Sacramento, CA, United States
Geography Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Minna Tanskanen
Switzerland University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland
Philip E Steinberg T Tasan-Kok
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Rolf Sternberg Adeline Tay
Institute of Economic and Cultural Geography, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
Liz Taylor
David Storey University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
Riki M Taylor
Elaine Stratford School of Environment, University of Auckland,
Institute for the Study of Social Change, College of Arts, Auckland, New Zealand
Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart,
TAS, Australia Kees Terlouw
Department of Human Geography and Spatial
Kendra Strauss Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University,
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Utrecht, The Netherlands
Samuel Strong Jim E Thatcher
Homerton College, University of Cambridge, Department of Urban Studies, University of Washington
Cambridge, United Kingdom Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, United States
xliv List of Contributors

Karl-Heinz Thielmann Marla Torrado

Long-Term Investing Research, AG, Karlsruhe, Germany Department of Geography, Maxwell School of Syracuse
University, Syracuse, NY, United States
Deborah Thien
California State University, Long Beach, CA, United Ivan J Townshend
States Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge,
Lethbridge, AB, Canada
Jean-Claude Thill
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, Charles Travis
NC, United States Department of History, University of Texas, Arlington,
TX, United States
Michael Thomas
Research Department, Statistics Norway (SSB), Oslo, Simone Tulumello
Norway Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal
C Thompson
Department of Geography and Environmental David Turnbull
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, ACSIS, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC,
Canada Australia
Daniel K Thompson BL Turner, II
Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning
California Merced, Merced, CA, United States and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University,
Tempe, AZ, United States
Matthew Thompson
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
Jennifer Turner
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Karen E Till
Department of Geography, The National University of Sarah Turner
Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal,
QC, Canada
Judit Timár
Center for Economic and Regional Studies, Békéscsaba, Markku Tykkyläinen
Hungary; Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
and Hungarian Acadey of Sciences, Békéscsaba, David J Unwin
Hungary Birkbeck College, University College London, London,
Jacqueline Tivers United Kingdom
Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Tim Unwin
Kingdom Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University
Chetan Tiwari of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and the Environment,
University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States Ebru Ustundag
Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
GA Tobin
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United Joni T Vainikka
States RELATE Centre of Excellence Geography Research Unit,
F Tödtling University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; and Department of
Institute for Multi-Level Governance and Development, Architecture, Design, and Media Technology, Aalborg
Vienna University of Economics and Business University, Aalborg, Denmark
Administration, Vienna, Austria
JD van der Ploeg
John Tomaney China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Bartlett School of Planning, University College London,
London, United Kingdom Nico Van de Weghe
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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