Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
LECTURE 6
SUSTAINALBLE
AGRICULTURE
• Definition
• Goals
• Action taken to achieve the goals
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
• DEFINITION:
• ‘farming systems that are capable of
maintaining their productivity to society
indefinitely without causing irreversible
damage to ecosystem health’
• 1) economic development
• 2) environmental conservation
– 1) Energy flow
– 2) water cycles
– 3) mineral cycles
– 4) ecosystem dynamics
• 3) socio-political benefits
Environmental Conservation
(http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-4051899-environmental-conservation.php)
Economic Development
(http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2010/06/usa-eu-and-japan-
alone-give-massive-219-billion-dollar-farm-subsidies-to-their-farmers/)
Socio-political benefits
(http://ediz11.wordpress.com/category/ilmu-sosial-dasar/)
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• Farming that make profit (keuntungan)
Characteristics involved are:
– Net financial worth of the family increase
consistently through savings.
– Family debt (hutang) decreases.
– Less reliance on government subsidies.
– Farm enterprise reaps profits (dapat keuntungan) year
after year.
– External purchase of feed (makanan haiwan) and fertilizer
decreases.
How to do so?
• i) selecting profitable enterprises
• Alternative crops like herbs or mushrooms
• Mixed cropping
• Integrating plant and animal production
• contract farming of seeds of vegetables, rice
(involve small hecterage)
• organic farming
• ii) good financial planning (perancangan
kewangan yg baik)
• iii) marketing plan
– Direct selling, passive marketing etc
• iv) market research
– analyzing competition
– consumer trends
– prices.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
• involves keeping the four ecosystem processes
in good condition:
– 1) Energy flow,
– 2) water cycles
– 3) mineral cycles
– 4) ecosystem dynamics
• if these processes functioning properly, will
conserve soil and water resources and
eventually reduce the overall operating costs.
1) ENERGY FLOW
• non-cyclical path of solar energy (sunlight)
• What to manage? how much sunlight
captured and put to good use on farm
One way
energy flow
• HOW TO CAPTURE MORE SOLAR ENERGY??
– growing off-season cover crops
– growing perennial vegetation
– intercropping.
Soil-plant-animal
mineral cycle
(http://accessscience.com/overflow.aspx?searchStr=Soil+c
hemistry&stype=10&term=Soil+chemistry&rootID=797086)
4) Ecosystem Dynamics
• Effective ecosystem dynamics:
–high diversity of plants and animals
both above and below ground.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plodozmian.jpg
COVER CROPS, COMPOST AND FERTILIZERS
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/perrywinkle3.html
http://www.justmeans.com/Local-Compost-for-Local-Sustainable-
Agriculture/35945.html
BENEFIT
• Destroys weed seeds and pathogens.
• Lighter (ringan) compared raw manure (estimated
volume reduction of 50 – 70 per cent).
• consistent soil-like quality, easier to handle and apply.
• Stabilizes nutrients as organic compounds.
• Stable organic nutrients release more slowly, providing
plants with a more sustained source of nutrients for
growth.
• Odourless (tak berbau), potentially marketable product.
TILLAGE
• DEF: preparation of the soil by digging it
up.
• The moldboard plough brings subsoil to
the surface and buries the crop residue
layer so deep it is unable to decay
properly.
• exposing the soil to erosion
• impairing the water and mineral cycles.
Tillage: preparation of
soil by mechanical
agitation
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage)
Deep ploughing
using a tractor
(http://www.avanzi.unipi.it/ricerca/quadro_gen_ric/so
lil_tillage/Soil_tillage_ENG.htm)
Zero Burning
• currently implemented in oil palm and rubber
plantations
• old oil palm and rubber trunks are not burned,
but sliced thin and left to decompose.
• Nutrients such as N,P,K and Mg are recycled
• 50% reduction in fertilizer cost
• trunk can be marketed for furniture industry.
Zero Burning
(http://asiacleantech.wordpress.com/2007/11/08/ind
onesia-slash-and-burn-deforestation-may-trigger-
climate-bomb-greenpeace-says/)
Examples of eco-friendly
pesticides
(http://www.biotech-
weblog.com/50226711/ecofriendly_pesticides_derived_from_herbal_essentail_oil
s.php)
How to manage weed
http://www.bestapples.com/varieties/varieties_ipm.aspx
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/pests/pp863w.htm
SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS
• Social benefits are provided for the farm family and
the community
• Keep the money circulating in the community
• Eg: buying supplies locally rather than ordering from
out of state, networking with local consumers
• Marketing strategies involving direct marketing
through farmers markets or road side stalls have a
positive impact on the local community.
• choose to support local producers or their
neighbours by paying a little more
(http://www.ediblesadvocatealliance.org/sustainable-
learning-journey-blog/?Tag=local%20food%20web)
http://pertanianselangor.wordpress.com/tag/padi-selangor-2/
Thank You