Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE TRANSFORMATION
OF AGRICULTURE
Three-age System
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Hunter-Gatherer
Nomadic
Pre-historic era or Paleolithic.
> 1millions years ago.
Major climatic change occurred – affect the evolution
of humans – End of Ice Age
Human evolution spread from savanna of east africa
to the rest of the world.
Food source: Lots of protein, little dairy or
carbohydrates.
(Picture source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_
age_weapons_Romania.jpg) (Picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Ages)
1200-500BC
Development of steel tools and weapons whose main
ingredient was IRON (+ carbon)
Actually transition started middle bronze age
Iron cheaper, commonly found
Easy to sharpen and reforge
Technique of smelting iron: in Anatolia (turkey)
http://www.lessing-
photo.com/search.asp?a=1&kc=202020205
(Picture source: http://www.abc.se/~pa/publ/cosmology.htm) 2A2&kw=AGRICULTURE%3ACEREALS&p
=15&ipp=6
History began about 7000 years ago in the Tigris-
Euphrates valley
Gain crops : wild rye, barley, wheat, peas and beans
were cultivated
Western Asia- Turkey (Asia Minor), Iran, Iraq (Fertile
Crescent of Tigris-Euphrates), Israel, Jordan and Syria
The Nile Valley, Europe (Danube River & Macedonia),
Indus Valley, Yangtze & Yellow River valleys, Tehuacan
valley
Wheat was the first crop to be grown and harvested
using sickle on a big scale
Map of the Tigris-Euphrates drainage basin (left)
& the Euphrates river near Halabiye Syria (right)
(Picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates)
Information technology
Genetic engineering
Modern Agriculture systems developed with
two goals:
1. To obtain highest yields possible
2. To get the highest economic profit possible.
3rd world countries such as in Africa, Asia and Latin
America (PRACTICALLY BECOME NON-EXISTENCE)
Characters:
1. Agroecosystem fully utilised. Inputs are acquired in
production and processing, and wastes are recycled.
(Picture source:
(Picture source: http://depositphotos.com/5971163/stoc
http://www.flickr.com/photos/iied/5387902154/) k-photo-Business-and-agriculture.html)
GREEN REVOLUTION
Revolution vs Evolution
What caused Green Revolution?
Characteristics of GR
Agricultural Schemes & Enactments
Agricultural revolution began with the Green
Revolution.
Now, Blue Revolution is aims to provide enough
water for consumption and for agricultural
irrigation in the world.
What is Green Revolution ??
Green revolution: New varieties of
wheat were produced with a series of
research, development and
technology transfer initiatives
(Picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution/)
Population Increase.
Malaysia has 28.3 million (2010), world’s population 6.96
billion (2011).
World population expected to be 7.5-10.5 billion by 2050
This requires increase in world food supply.
Need for Diversity Of Products.
Different livestock must be raised and plants cultivated
for a sustainable agricultural system.
dietary preferences (baby food, fast food, health food,
vegetarian food, snacks).
Technological Advances.
Current technologies are needed to get quality and the
required quantity with minimum labour input.
Eliminate hunger
Increase global carrying capacity
Increase yields
Increase technological knowledge
Get the materials to rural farmers
High Yielding and Disease Resistant
Varieties
1) New crop cultivars.
Tissue culture (growth hormone + nutrient)
-This technique involves breeding
without seed to produce exact copies
in large numbers (eg: leaf,shoot)
-orchid,tongkat ali, pineapple
-disease free
-maturity time shorter
Advantages:
Pest and disease free seedlings.
Uniform growth, increases yield.
Early maturity of crop
Round the year planting
No staggered harvesting.
New varieties can be introduced and multiplied in a
short duration.
Orchid being grown from a tissue
culture in Asia
(Picture source: http://www.orchidsasia.com/flasking.htm /)
(Picture source:
http://ethiopia.ipm-
info.org/insect_pests_ethio
(Picture source: http://www.gmo-safety.eu/focus/1361.ploughing-chemicals-bt-maize.html) pia/Chilo_partellus.htm)
(Picture source:
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/resources/crops/ag546-1/
(Picture source:
http://dailyfitnessmagz.com/2011/11/papaya-health-benefit/)
3) Usage of Chemicals and Bioagents
improve yield and quality
Biocontrol (Parasitic insects and predators)
A worker sprays pesticide on plants When chemicals are used rates must
in a greenhouse be control to minimize pollution
(Picture source: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Ce- (Picture source: http://tinyfarmblog.com/category/pests-
Cr/Chemicals-from-Agriculture.html /) disease/page/3/ /)
Bioagents: The barn owl Bioagents: Beauveria is a pathogenic
controls rats in oil palm and fungi which kills insects pests and
paddy fields mites
Population increase
Why
Demand for food
?
Increase production rate
Efficiency
44
Power
source in the
farm
45
Discussion: What are the main differences between these
three type of power?
46
47
Raking
Plowing
48
Agricultural Tractors : 4 wheeled drive
49
Self Propelled Machines
E.g, Combine harvester
Transplanter
Transporter
50
51
an agricultural concept relying on the existence of in-
field variability.
new technologies, such as global positioning (GPS),
sensors, satellites or aerial images, and information
management tools (GIS) to assess and understand
variations.
(Picture source:
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6608881/n
s/technology_and_science-
tech_and_gadgets/t/gps-goes-down-
farm/)
(Picture source: http://www.cropster.org/a-revolution-in-
tropical-fruit-production-in-colombia/)
Precision agriculture involving the use of GPS, GIS, remote sensing,
satellite etc
Agricultural biotechnology
produced genetically modified
organisms
(Picture source:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/geneti
c/agricultural-biotechnology2.htm)
Encourages good practices to ensure
competitiveness in the global market.
Examples:
Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP),
Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM)
Malaysian Good Farm Practice Scheme (SALM).
The Department of Agriculture (left), and the Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-
based Industry Malaysia (right) , are agencies who responsible in managing
agriculture industries in Malaysia
(Picture source: http://www.doa.gov.my/web/guest/home)
THANK YOU