2018 3rd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT-2018), MAY 18th

& 19th 2018

Contingency Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System

Mende Chandra Shekar N Aarthi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering,
Coimbatore Coimbatore
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
India India
chandrashekarmende@gmail.com n_aarthi@cb.amrita.edu

Abstract— Contingency analysis is important for power system analysis is redefined by taking circuit breakers into
security assessment & market operations. In this paper, initially consideration & contingency analysis is done. Transmission
IEEE 9 bus system with conventional synchronous generator line planning contingencies are presented in [4]. Contingency
is taken for study and contingency analysis is done by disconnecting analysis using voltage performance index is presented in [5].
transformer, transmission line and generator, one at a time and
voltages performance indices are found out. Same procedure is DFIG is the most widely preferred wind generator due to
repeated for IEEE 9 bus system replacing one conventional its ability to control active power and exchange of reactive
generator with DFIG based wind farm of same rating. Comparison power with the grid. DFIG’s can be utilized to provide
is done between these two cases and results are presented.
ancillary services like improving voltage stability in the event
Simulation is done using Digsilent power factory and the voltage
performance index is used to identify and rank the severity of of disturbance.
outages. Results show that severity still persists even with DFIG, but It is found that penetration of wind electric generators
if DFIG is optimally placed, the system shows better significantly affects the voltage profile [9]. Although several
performance in case of contingency, because of its reduction in
inertia, increase in synchronizing torque and its placement close to
techniques are proposed on stability analysis of wind farms,
load. less work has been found in literature on voltage stability
analysis [10].
Keywords—Contingency analysis, performance index
transmission line outage, severity index. This work compares the voltage stability issues of
conventional generators & DFIG. Optimal location of DFIG is
I. INTRODUCTION identified with the aid of performance indices in case of
Penetration of renewable energy in grid may have contingency.
significant impact on power system stability. Reliability & In this work, contingency of 9 bus system with
security are significant features of power system, contingency synchronous generators & DFIG wind farm of same capacity
analysis helps to identify the operating states of power system as the synchronous generator is carried out & comparison
under different conditions. between the two systems is done. Paper organization is as
Contingency analysis is one of the security tool used in follows Section II describes the 9 bus system, Section III deals
power system to identify overloads & other problems that can with the system under steady state conditions, contingency
occur due to faults like generator outage, transmission line analysis & discussion is done in Section IV, Section V
outage etc. Contingency is a failure or loss of equipment or a elaborates on optimal placement of DFIG wind farm and
change in operating state of an equipment. Contingency is Section VI provides the conclusion.
performed by changing the operating state of the system. II. 9 BUS SYSTEM
Three types of problems arises in case of contingency. IEEE 9 bus system consists of 3 synchronous generators,
1. Normal – In this type, it is possible to operate the nine buses, six transmission lines, three transformers & three
power system without overloading other elements. P-Q loads. The interconnection of these devices is depicted in
fig.1. Generator, load and transmission line data is given in the
2. Severe – In this type, due to overload, the Table I, Table II and Table III respectively.
elements of the power system can be damaged.
TABLE I. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS DATA
3. Critical – There is a possibility of power system
collapse & the operating point can shift to Generator Rotor Active Reactive Voltage
unstable condition in this case. Type Power power
G1 Salient 71.6 MW 27 Mvar 16.5 kV
Contingency results are compared with safe operating pole
limits of equipment & a ranking based on severity is obtained. rotor
This ranking can be used by power system network planners, G2 Wound 163 MW 6.7 Mvar 18 kV
rotor
operators to develop remedial actions & envisage the effects of
possible outage events. G3 Wound 85 MW -10.9 Mvar 13.8 kV
rotor
In papers [1] and [2] transmission line contingency of 6
bus system & 9 bus system is done. In paper [3] contingency

978-1-5386-2440-1/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

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 TABLE II. LOAD DATA IV. CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION
Load Active power Reactive power IEEE 9 bus system is subjected to various contingency
A 125 MW 50 Mvar analysis like transformer outage, generator outage etc.
B 90 MW 30 Mvar Severity index factor (1) is used to evaluate the effect of
C 100 MW 35 Mvar outage of each component on the power system the system is
said to be safe it the severity index value is less than 1.
TABLE III. TRANSFORMER DATA
ΔP
Transformer LV HV
di = 
P
T1 16.5 kV 230 kV
Where, di is severity index factor, ΔP is change in power
T2 18 kV 230 kV
flow before and after contingency, P refers to power flow
T3 13.8 kV 230 kV before contingency.
Voltage performance index is given in (2).

2
Vo nom
i +ΔVi −Vi
PIv = ∑i=1 [ max min ] 
N
V −V i i
2

Where PIv denotes voltage performance index , 𝑉𝑖𝑜 is the

steady state voltage, Δ𝑉𝑖 is the post contingency change in bus
voltage, 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚 is the average of 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 & 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛
are maximum & minimum steady state voltage limits.
A. Transformer outage
a) Case 1: Transformer outage is performed by
disconnecting one transformer at a time. Transformer 1 is
disconnected at the 10th second & the voltages at buses is
Fig. 1. IEEE 9 Bus system. tabulated in the Table VI. Similarly it is performed to both
transformer 2 & 3. As the transformers are connected to the
Fig.1 shows IEEE 9 bus system with 3 synchronous generators, transformer outage leads to load generation
generators, transmission lines & 3 loads. mismatch & hence the reduction in the bus voltage.
III. SYSTEM UNDER STEADY STATE TABLE VI. BUS VOLTAGES FOR TRANSFORMER OUTAGE WITH
The nine bus system with all synchronous generators is SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
simulated and the steady state bus voltages are tabulated in Voltage at Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Transformer 3
Table IV (all the parameters are in p.u system). Bus
Bus 1 3.41 0.82 0.90
TABLE IV. STEADY STATE VOLTAGE WITH SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR Bus 2 0.94 3.20 0.85
Bus 3 0.92 0.87 3.60
Bus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bus 4 0.87 0.82 0.88
V in 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.03 1 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.03 Bus 5 0.86 0.80 0.85
p.u Bus 6 0.87 0.82 0.87
Bus 7 0.92 0.83 0.86
Bus 8 0.91 0.83 0.85
In the 9 bus system, the synchronous generator 2 is Bus 9 0.92 0.86 0.88
replaced with a DFIG wind farm of same capacity and its
steady state bus voltages are tabulated in Table V. From Table VI for transformer 1 outage event, buses 2, 3,
7, 8 & 9 are within limits but buses 1, 4, 5, 6 are violating the
TABLE V. STEADY STATE VOLTAGE WITH DFIG WIND FARM limits of steady state voltage. For transformer 2 & 3 all the bus
voltages are out of steady state voltage limits. Hence it is
Bus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
V in p.u 1.04 1 1 1.02 0.98 1 1 0.99 1.01
inferred that outages of transformer 2 & 3 are the most severe
events.

From Table IV & Table V it is observed that though there b) Case 2: Transformer outage is carried out by
is a slight variation in voltages of buses 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, they are replacing synchronous generator 2 by DFIG wind farm.
within the steady state limits.

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 TABLE VIII. BUS VOLTAGES FOR TRANSMISSION LINE OUTAGE DFIG
WIND FARM
Transmission line removal between bus X & bus Y
Voltage at Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus
Bus 4-5 5-7 7-8 8-9 9-6 4-6
Bus 1 1.14 0.96 1.03 1.03 0.99 1.08
Bus 2 0.93 1.05 1.04 0.93 0.98 0.99
Bus 3 1.01 0.98 0.95 1.02 0.96 0.97
Bus 4 1.12 0.93 1 1 0.95 1.05
Bus 5 0.84 0.88 0.97 0.95 0.92 1
Bus 6 1.07 0.93 0.97 0.99 0.92 0.91
Fig. 2. Comparison between synchronous generator 9 bus system & DFIG 9 Bus 7 0.94 1.03 1.03 0.93 0.97 0.99
bus system in case of transformer 2 outage. Bus 8 0.96 1 0.92 0.90 0.95 0.97
Bus 9 1.02 0.99 0.96 1.03 0.96 0.97
From Fig.2 it can be observed that voltage at bus 2 is
deviating the steady state maximum voltage limit by 200 %. It
is also observed that the difference in bus voltage with & From Table VII & Table VIII bus voltage of bus 6 is
without DFIG is 0.18 p.u. within limits in Table VIII but it is out of steady state voltage
limits in Table VII.
B. Transmission line outage
a) Case 1: Transmission line contingency is performed
on 9 bus system with all synchronous generators & resulting
bus voltages are tabulated in Table VII.

TABLE VII. BUS VOLTAGES FOR TRANSMISSION LINE OUTAGE WITH

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
Transmission line removal between bus X & bus
Voltage at Y
Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus
4-5 5-7 7-8 8-9 9-6 4-6
Bus 1 1.15 1.02 1.06 1.06 1.03 1.08
Bus 2 1.02 1.09 1.07 1.01 1.06 1.04
Bus 3 1.07 1.06 1 1.07 1.05 1.01
Bus 4 1.14 0.99 1.04 1.04 1.01 1.06
Fig. 3. Comparison between synchronous generator 9 bus system & DFIG 9
Bus 5 0.91 0.94 1 1 0.98 1.03 bus system in case of transmission line outage between Bus 4 – Bus 5.
Bus 6 1.10 0.99 1.01 1.04 0.97 0.96
Bus 7 1.01 1.08 1.06 1.01 1.04 1.04 From Fig.3 it is observed that the voltages at bus 1 and 4
Bus 8 1.02 1.05 0.96 0.98 1.03 1.02
are out of steady state limits when connected either with
synchronous generators or DFIG wind farm.
Bus 9 1.07 1.06 1 1.07 1.05 1.02
C. Generator outage
Transmission line contingency is performed by a) Case 1: Generator outage is performed on 9 bus
disconnecting transmission line at 10th second & it is repeated system ,one at a time & resulting bus voltages are tabulated in
for all transmission lines. In case of a transmission line Table IX.
disconnection, the power flow through that line is interrupted.
But the power flow is diverted through all other transmission TABLE IX. BUS VOLTAGES FOR GENERATOR OUTAGE WITH
lines to feed the load. This sometimes causes overloading of SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
transmission lines & it is clearly seen in the Table VII when 4- Voltage at Bus Generator 1 Generator 2 Generator 3
5 line is disconnected, voltages at busses 1, 4 and 6 are Bus 1 0.87 0.82 0.90
exceeding the steady state maximum limits (0.9 p.u to 1.1 p.u)
Bus 2 0.94 0.83 0.85
by 0.1 %.
Bus 3 0.92 0.87 0.88
b) Case 2: Transmission line contingency is performed Bus 4 0.87 0.82 0.88
on 9 bus system with generator 2 is replaced by DFIG wind
Bus 5 0.86 0.80 0.85
farm & resulting bus voltages are tabulated in Table VIII (all
the parameters are in p.u system). Bus 6 0.87 0.82 0.87
Bus 7 0.92 0.83 0.86
Bus 8 0.91 0.83 0.85
Bus 9 0.92 0.86 0.88

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 Generator 1 is disconnected at 10th second & the voltages From Table X As the voltage at buses 1, 4 & 6 are within
at buses are tabulated in the Table IX, similarly it is performed the limits even under transmission line outage, therefore this
to both generator 2 & 3. In case of a generator outage, there is bus can be selected for optimal placement of DFIG wind farm.
a generation load mismatch and as a result, the load draws As these bus voltages occur at bus 5, it is selected as optimal
same current at low voltage. As shown in the Table IX for bus for DFIG windfarm connection.
generator 1 outage buses 2, 3, 7, 8 & 9 are within limits but
buses 1, 4, 5, 6 are dropped below steady state minimum
voltage limits (0.9 p.u to 1.1 p.u) by 0.1%. For generator 2 & 3
all bus voltages are out of limits as these two generators
contribute more power than generator 1.
b) Case 2: Generator outage is performed on 9 bus
system with generator 2 replaced by DFIG wind farm.

Fig. 5. Comparison between Bus voltages when DFIG wind farm is placed at
bus 2 & bus 5

From Fig.5 when DFIG is placed at bus 5 there is

improvement in the bus 5 voltage by 2% compared to DFIG
located at bus 2. It is also observed that the voltage
performance index increased from 0.81 to 0.49 for the same.
Fig. 4. Comparison between synchronous generator 9 bus system & DFIG 9
bus system in case of generator 2 outage 2 outage. The steady state voltages with DFIG windfarm at bus 5 are
tabulated in Table XI.
In Fig.4 bus voltages for generator 2 outage is shown,
since generator 2 outage has the severe deviation from steady TABLE XI. STEADY STATE VOLTAGE
state voltage limits among all generator outages. Bus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
V in 1.04 1.01 1.02 1.03 1 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02
V. OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF WIND FARM
Unlike the conventional generators, renewable energy
sources like wind generators can be installed near load centers, Voltage performance index according to (2) is calculated
so DFIG wind farm is connected at load centers (bus 5) of this for transmission line outage in case of 9 bus system with
test system. synchronous generators & resulting PIv of buses are tabulated
in Table XII.
Transformer, Generator, Transmission line contingencies
are performed for this system but there is no change in bus TABLE XII. VOLTAGE PERFORMANCE INDEX OF IEEE 9 BUS SYSTEM
voltages for transformer & generator outages but a significant
Voltage Transmission line removal between bus X &
improvement of bus voltages in case of transmission line performance bus Y
outages is shown in Table X, all the bus voltages are within index of Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus
steady state voltage limits(0.9 p.u to 1.1 p.u). 4-5 5-7 7-8 8-9 9-6 4-6
Bus 1 2.25 0.04 0.36 0.36 0.09 0.64
TABLE X. BUS VOLTAGES FOR TRANSMISSION LINE OUTAGE DFIG Bus 2 0.04 0.81 0.49 0.01 0.36 0.16
WIND FARM AT BUS 5
Bus 3 0.49 0.36 0 0.49 0.25 0.01
Transmission line removal between bus X & bus Bus 4 1.96 0.01 0.16 0.16 0.01 0.36
Voltage at Y
Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus 5 0.81 0.36 0 0 0.04 0.09
4-5 5-7 7-8 8-9 9-6 4-6 Bus 6 1 0.01 0.01 0.16 0.09 0.16
Bus 1 1.08 1.01 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.06 Bus 7 0.01 0.64 0.36 0.01 0.16 0.16
Bus 2 0.97 0.96 1.05 0.90 0.98 0.98 Bus 8 0.04 0.25 0.16 0.04 0.09 0.04
Bus 3 1.01 0.98 0.98 1.04 0.98 0.97 Bus 9 0.49 0.36 0 0.49 0.09 0.04
Bus 4 1.07 1 1.04 1 0.99 1.04
Bus 5 0.93 0.96 1.02 0.96 0.98 1
Bus 6 1.04 0.98 1.01 1 0.96 0.91 From Table XII transmission line outage between bus 1 &
bus 4 have high PIv values therefore rankings for bus 4-5 line
Bus 7 0.97 0.96 1.05 0.90 0.98 0.98
outage is tabulated in Table XIII.
Bus 8 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.88 0.97 0.96
Bus 9 1.02 0.98 0.99 1.04 0.98 0.97

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 TABLE XIII. RANKING OF PIV FOR BUS 4-5 LINE OUTAGE VI. CONCLUSION
Bus 4-5 2.25 0.04 0.49 1.96 0.81 1 0.01 0.04 0.49 The single event contingency analysis is conducted on
Ranking 1 6 5 2 4 3 7 6 5 IEEE nine bus system and ranking is done with two metrics
namely, the performance index and severity index. It was
Voltage performance index according to (2) is calculated observed that transformer and generator outages are more
for transmission line outage in case of 9 bus system with severe than transmission line outages with synchronous
generator 2 replaced by DFIG wind farm & resulting PIv of generator and DFIG .It can be inferred that there is a scope for
buses are tabulated in Table XIV. improvement in the voltage profiles in the event of a
transmission line outage with DFIG placed in one of the load
From Table XIV transmission line outage between bus 8 & bus. An optimal location of renewables can improve the
bus 5 have high PIv values therefore rankings for bus 8-9 line voltage profile in the event of outage of equipment.
outage is tabulated in Table XV.
The future scope of this work can incorporate control
TABLE XIV. VOLTAGE PERFORMANCE INDEX OF IEEE 9 BUS SYSTEM strategies of renewable energy sources and FACT devices to
WITH DFIG WIND FARM PLACED AT LOAD BUS maintain the voltage stability.
Voltage Transmission line removal between bus X &
performance bus Y
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Bus 7-8 Line 4-6 1.87

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