Phonétique L2S4

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➢ Symboles utilisés pour noter les règles

ˈ accent primaire

V̆ voyelle relâchée

V̅ voyelle tendue

C consonne

S ou - syllabe

| changement de syllabe

<> orthographe

[] prononciation

➢ Voyelles tendues / relâchées : réalisations majoritaires

Relâchée Tendue
<a> [æ] [eɪ]
<e> [e] [iː]
<i> [ɪ] [aɪ]
<o> [ɒ] [əʊ]
<u> [ʌ] [(j)uː]

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 A. Double voyelle : digraphe sous l’accent

<ai> <ee> <oa> <eu> <oo> <ou> <oi> <au>

<ea> <ui>
<ei> <ie>
<eo>
<oe>
<ae>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

[eɪ] [iː] [əʊ] [(j)uː] [uː] [aʊ] [ɔɪ] [ɔː]

bait see boat feud boo count boil caution

rain tea coal feudal cool poison auction
straight eld coat queue food bough jaundice
available Diesel foal beauty maroon plough boy staunch
foam moon slough caught
rein people goal bruise noodle drought taught
veil amoeba load fruit proof daughter
vein foetid loaf recruit roof naughty
weigh foetus loathe sluice school bow Maugham
neighbour Oedipus moan suit shoot cow slaughter
Phoenix oat spoon drown Vaughan
pray road chew tooth drowsy Waugh
Ceasar crew fowl
they Jew row draw
new rowdy law
gnaw
straw
awe/awful

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 EXCEPTIONS

<ai> <ee> <oa> <eu> <oo> <ou> <oi> <au>

<ea> <ui>
<ei> <ie>
<oe>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

-3-
 [æ ] [ɪ] [ɔː] [əʊ] [ʌ ] [əʊ] Ø [ɑː]
plaid breeches abroad sew blood below aunt
plait Greenwich broad ood bestow
broaden [iː] blow [eɪ]
[aɪ] [e] suite [əʊ] boulder gauge
aisle already brooch bow
bread [aɪ] Roosevelt bowl [ɒ]
[iː] breadth buy bowler because
quay breakfast guide [ʊ ] bowling cauli ower
breast guise foot crow laurel
[e] breath good disown Maurice
said cleanly guy gooseberry glow sausage
says cleanse hood grow
again dead [ɪ ] soot know [əʊ]
against deaf build/t stood low mauve
dealt guild wood mould
[iː] death wool moulder [ɑː(f)]
ceiling dread moult draught
conceit dreadful (<ook>) mow laugh
conceive dreamt book owe laughter
deceit endeavour brook own
deceive feather cook poulterer
geyser head crook(-ed) poultice
Keith health hook poultry
key heather look row
Neil heaven nook shoulder
perceive heavy shook show
receipt instead took slow
receive jealous smoulder
seize lead réguliers: snow
seizure leant snook(er) soul
leapt spook(y) sow
[e] leather stow
heifer meadow throw
leisure meant tow
Leicester measure
Reynolds peasant [ɒ]
pheasant knowledge
pleasant acknowledge
[aɪ]
read
eiderdown
Reading [ʌ ]
(n)either
ready country
eye
realm couple
height
spread couplet
kaleidoscope
stead courage
seismic
steadfast cousin
seismograph
steady double
stealth Douglas
sweat ourish
sweater nourish
thread southern
threat(en) touch
treacherous trouble
tread young
treadle
treasure [ʊ ]
wealthy could
weapon should
weather would
zealot
zealous
[uː]
coup(on)
[eɪ]
group
break
rouge
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-5-
 B. Double voyelle : autre cas

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
[eɪ] [iː] [aɪ] [əʊ] [(j)uː]

archaic vehicle bias poet [juː] / [jʊ]

algebraic giant poetry Buick
Hebraic [iː] / [ɪ] lion dual
idea via heroic uent
Jamaica Leo
museum de ant stoic ruin
neo denial vacuity
real pliable
theory society
anxiety
variety

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 C. Voyelle simple : <a> précédée de [w]

Lorsque EXCEPTIONS

[w] <a> C#
[w] <a> C(C) -
alors <a> →[ɒ]

wad swallow [æ] [w]<a> + <ll>

waddle swamp swam [w]<a> + <l> + C
Waddington swan → [ɔː]
Wadsworth Swansea [ɔː] Walcot
waf e swap squaw Walden
wallaby swash water Waldo
wallah Waldorf
wallet squabble [w] <a> + [g] / [k] / walk
Wallington squad(ron) [ŋ] walnut
Wallis squalid →[æ] Walpole
wallop squander wacky walrus
walloping squash wag Walsh
wallow squat wagon Walt(er)
wally wangle waltz
(∆ pas wall) quad wax qualm
Wal-Mart quadrangle whack
wan quadrant whacking wall (et ses
wand quadriceps quack composes)
wander quadruped quacking walleye
‘wanna’ qualify quango
want qualitative [w]<a> + <ft>
wanton quality [w] <a> + <r> → →[ɔː]
(was) quantic [ɔː] waft
Wapping quanti able (voir règle <r>)
warrant quantify war
wash(…) quantitative warm / warn
Washington quantity wharf / warp
wasp / Wasp quantum Wharton
watch quarantine quart-
Watford quarrel award
watt / Watt quarry swarthy
Watteau quatrain etc.
wattle SAUF
what Warwick [ɒ]
et <rr>

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 D. Voyelle simple : règle de relâchement 1
<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ [e] [ɪ] [ɒ]
[æ]

sanity serenity divinity modify Ne s’applique pas

supremacy derivative provocative
severity authority

Canada America cinema dominant

family pelican citizen policy
majesty recipe cylinder prodigy
Italy prominent

EXCEPTIONS

obesity [iː] primary [aɪ] notify [əʊ]

privacy

E. Voyelle simple : règle de tension 1

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
exceptionnellement [iː] [aɪ] [əʊ] [(j)uː]
[ɑː]

Papa (he I go blue

spa me hi- no due
she oh fuel
we) by so true
my
try doe
foe
die goes
lie hoe
toe
dye

EXCEPTIONS

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 [uː]
canoe
do
shoe
(who)

-9-
 F. Comparaison : contextes de relâchement / tension

Règles de relâchement Règles de tension

mad made
pan pane
plan plane
matter mate
[æ] [eɪ]
hatted hated
the latter the latest
matting mating

leg legal
let lethal
pet Pete
[e] [iː]
pen penal(ize)
vet veto

bit bite
spit spite
bitten bite
[ɪ] dinner dine / dining [aɪ]
lled led
pipping piping

hop hope
pop pope
rob robe
rot rote
robber / robbing robing (room)
[ɒ] [əʊ]
hopped hoped
hopping hoping
holly holy
motto motor

cut cute
pub cube
lucky Luke
[ʌ] [(j)uː]
Duchess Duke
supper super
puppy pupil

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 G. Règle de relâchement 2

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ [e] [ɪ] [ɒ] [ʌ]
[æ]

mat beg hit dog but

pad set pig lot club
hotel
bank lm pond just
tramp help mist song luck
mend

H. Règle de tension 1

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
[eɪ] [iː] [aɪ] [əʊ] [(j)uː]

cave Eve / eve drive bone ute

Dane scene mine choke include
make theme rise code acute
mane these dole rebuke
complete dote etc. tune

<o> : drone, hole, home, lone, nose, note, ode, phone, rope, scone, spoke, stole, stone, throne, tone, (w)hole.

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 I. Règle de relâchement 3

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ [e] [ɪ] [ɒ] [ʌ]
[æ]

attraction better kitchen collar grumble

happen gender silly donkey introduction
ankle sensible often tunnel
propaganda millennium mystify funnel
Calcutta

Barrière (ou agrégat) consonantique Pas considéré comme barrière

2 consonnes, même identiques ( < -ll- >, …) y compris C + <r>

< -rr- > <ch> = [ʃ] [ʒ] [k]
<r>+C <gh> <kh> <ph> <th> <qu>
<sh>
<x> = [ks]

J. Règles de tension 2 & 3

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
[eɪ] [iː] [aɪ] [əʊ] [(j)uː]

lady veto china holy puma

lazy tiny soda tuba
solo

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 basin cedar rival motor useful
Danish decent sliding notice using
(M) Damon Eden writer smoking tuner
Jason (B) Egypt cyberspace woven
naval themes
pathos thesis
Rachel completed

- 13 -
 K. Règle de tension 4

<a> <e> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓
↓ [iː] [əʊ] [(j)uː]
[eɪ]

nation region Sauf <i> → [ɪ] devotion Julius

maniac genius oblivion folio junior
racial helium of cial notion peculiar
senior religious social union
aqueous lenient civilian sodium
courageous pigeon erroneous
chameleon ocean

L. Spéci cité du <u>

<u>
↓
[(j)uː]

cube
Pluto
Mutant
Illumine
→ les règles de
relâchement ne
fonctionnent pas
pour <u>
cubic
music
lucid
stupid
unit
funeral
dutiful
Lutheran

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 M. Exceptions aux règles de relâchement

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓

[ɒ] [ɪ] [aɪ] [ʌ] [ʊ]

yatch England climb accompany bull
wrath English Christ accomplish bullet
pretty indict among bulletin
[ɑː] island comfort bullion
staff isle company bully
pint compass bush
[ɔː] conjurer bushel
Magdalen(e) constable butcher
College front
(Oxbridge) London cuckoo
Monday cushion
monger full
mongrel ful l
monk Muslim
pudding
once pull
son pulley
sponge pulpit
ton push
tongue pussy
tonnage put
twopence
won [uː]
wonder Truth
Ruth
[uː]
tomb
(whom)
womb

[ʊ]
wolf
Worcester(shire)

[əʊ]
both
comb
gross
wont

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N. Exceptions aux règles de tension

REGLE <a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

[æ] [e] [ɪ] [ɒ]

have allege live (v) gone
give shone
[e] [iː] [ʌ]
ate police above
Thames become
machine come
routine done
sardine dove
glove
intrigue love
none
antique one
oblique shove
technique some
unique
[uː]
lose
move
prove
whose

[e] [e] [ɪ] [ɒ] [ʌ]

any levy city body study
many pity copy
[eɪ] privy [e]
[ɑː] Sarajevo [ʌ] bury/burial
banana money
drama honey [ɪ]
busy
business

[ʌ]
brother
mother
other
cover
smother
plover
colour
covert
covet
oven
dozen
govern
shovel
slovenly
nothing

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 [æ] [e] [ʌ]
battalion precious onion
caviar discretion
chariot premier
companion requiem
Daniel special
fashion
Italian
manioc
national
patio
ration / -ing
rational
Spaniard
spaniel
valiant
Valium

canyon

cameo
pageant

[ɑː]
adagio
Yugoslavia

shadow [æ] bother [ɒ]

(Mc) Donald
Spanish honour
hovel
product
Raleigh [ɔː] promising
…

ever [e] bosom [ʊ]

legend woman
leper
metal women [ɪ]
present (N) …
seven
…

Britain [ɪ] sugar [ʊ]

British …
gure
prison
risen
river
swivel
…

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 O. Règle de relâchement 4

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓
↓ [e] [ɪ] [ɒ]
[æ]

static aesthetic mimic tonic Ne s’applique pas

phonetic
cubic
valid tepid insipid solid music
rigid lucid
unit
tacit credit spirit pro t

vanish relish nish polish (V)

damage image

EXCEPTIONS

[eɪ] [iː] [əʊ]

basic Hellenic xenophobic
phonemic
scenic
strategic

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 P. Transformation individuelle de voyelles

<i> <o>
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
[aɪ] [aɪ] [əʊ] [əʊ]

-ld # -gh(t) -l+d -st #

-gn # -l+t
-nd # - (l) + k
-l+l

child right cold ghost

mild sigh gold host
wild sight old most
soldier post
align (+ hostess
benign bolt postage
design colt mais pas
malign foster)
resign fo(l)k
sign yo(l)k

behind poll
bind / blind roll
nd / grind scroll
hind / kind toll
(to) wind
+
(mais : hindrance) Ho(l)born
Ho(l)mes

EXCEPTION EXCEPTIONS

[ɪ] [ɒ] [ɒ]

wind doll cost
loll frost
lost

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 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
[ɔː] [ɑː] [ɑː] [eɪ] [eɪ] [ɒ]
[ɑː]
-l+l - [θ] / [ð] - nce - nge - ste [w] -
-l+m -l+C - ft / - st
-l+f - sp / - sk
- ss
(+ term)

balm all bath / path chance change chaste Règle de TIV

calm ball (father) dance range paste é t u d i é e
palm call (rather) France strange taste précédemment
psalm fall glance waste
qualm stall craft / daft advance angel
tall draft / after danger hasten
almond wall advantage granger Hastings
appall cast / fast answer manger
half (Bengal) mast / past branch ranger
halves caster can’t
calf bald castle chant ancient
calves command Cambridge
halt gasp demand chamber
staff salt grasp / rasp enchant
Walt(er) example
ask grant
false task plant
basket lancet
balk casket sample
chalk (+ rascal) shan’t
stalk slander
talk brass slant
walk class t r a n s -
glass (translate)
alder grass
almost
altar
always

falcon

EXCEPTIONS

* [æ] [æ] [æ]

ci-dessous mass land chastity
lass pant fasten
morass sand …
fathom expanse [ɑː]
gather nance (V) caste
romance

*[æ] : albatross, Albert, album, alcohol, Alfred, algebra, alphabet, altitude, alveolar, balcony, calcium, calculate,
galvanise, Malthus, Pall Mall, Ralph, salmon, scalp, shall, Trafalgar.

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 Q. Règle de tension 5

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
[eɪ] [iː] [aɪ] [əʊ] [(j)uː]

able title noble bugle

cradle ri e
bridle

acre metre bre ochre

fragrance library only

Gabriel micro programme
patron

EXCEPTIONS

[æ] [e] [ɪ] [ɒ] [ʌ]

acro metro triple pogrom butler
agro necro Scotland
Akron petro
macro petrol
sapling treble
establish sibling public

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 R. Transformation par le <r>

<a> <e> <i> <o> <u>

[æ] → [e] → [ɪ] → [ɒ] → [ʌ] →

[ɑː] /-r [ɜː] /-r [ɜː] /-r [ɔː] /-r [ɜː] /-r

far fern sir cork fur

arm herd stir ford curl
card jerk dirt fork hurt
harsh deter rm sword turn
snarl prefer mirth corpse
Guernsey organ occur
farce kernel orbit
tartan extraordinary

▲ <rr> = agrégat consonantique

[æ] [e] [ɒ] [ʌ]

carry ferry lorry occurrence
marry
marrow (sauf worry [ʌ])

CAS SPECIAUX

<er> →[ɑː] <wor> + C →[ɜː]

clerk word
derby work
sergeant world
Berkeley worm
Berkshire worse
Hertford worthy
+ attorney

Sauf :
sword
worn [ɔː]
worsted [ʊ]

EXCEPTIONS

scarce [eə]
[w] <a> <r> → [ɔː]
war / wharf
quarrel [ɒ]

- 22 -
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 [eɪ] [iː] [əʊ] [uː] [aɪ] [ɔɪ] [aʊ]
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ [ɪə] /-r [ɔː] /-r [(j)ʊə] /-r [aɪə] [ɔɪə] [aʊə] /-r
[eə] /-r

air near board boor admire

stair spear hoarse moor re
oar
their beer roar tyre
steer soar
pirate
erce
---- ---- ---- ----
care here adore pure ----
mare interfere more Moira
sincere sore sure ----
---- ---- ---- ---- our
Mary era / hero / zero story
Trocadero sour
vary / wary glory
---- ---- ---- ---- dowry
parent inherent curate Gower Street
Sarah serum rural
during
---- ---- ---- ----
Aquarius anterior memorial furious
Bavaria cereal tutorial spurious
area interior
(aerial) serious
(aeroplane) wisteria

CAS SPECIAUX

- 23 -
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 <ear> <our>
→ [ɜː] → [ɔː]
earl four
early course
earn court
earth mourn
earnest pour
heard source
hearse tour
learn your
pearl Bournemouth
rehearsal
search → [ʊə]
yearn bourgeois
dour
→ [ɑː] gourd
heart gourmet
hearken tour
hearth tourist

→ [eə] → [ɜː]
bear adjourn
pear bourbon
tear courteous
swear courtesy
wear journal
journey
scourge

→ [ʌ]
ourish
nourish

EXCEPTIONS

[ɪə] [e] [ɒ] [ɔː] [aɪə]

weird heron coral door choir
very
moral oor
[eə] foreign poor
there

- 24 -
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