HAZRAT UMAR FAROOQ (R.

A)
(13-23A.H/634-644A.D)
ELECTION:
On his death bed, Abu Bakr appointed Umar as the next Caliph. Talha and some other
companions objected to this decision due to Hazrat Umar’s harshness. To this Abu Bakr
replied,”responsibility will make him mild”. After Hazrat Abu Bakr’s death, Hazrat Umar was
elected as the next Caliph, all companions and people swore allegiance to him

EXPANSION OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE

Battle of Namarraq (634A.D)

After Khalid Bin Walid left for Syria, the Persians increased their attacks on Muslim commander
Muthanna who asked Abu Bakr for assistance. Abu Bakr allowed Umar to issue orders. After
Abu Bakr’s death Umar motivated Muslims for Jihad and made Abu Ubaidah Bin Taqafi their
leader. Muslims met the Persians at Namaraq in which the Persians suffered defeat yet again

Battle of Marwa /Jasr /Bridge 634 A.D

This battle was led by Abu Ubaidah bin Taqafi accompanied by Muthanna. Persians were led
by Rustom. This battle was fought on the banks of Euphrates, Muslims made a bridge of boats
to cross the river, hence this battle is also known as Battle of Bridge. The Persians asked
Muslims whether they should cross the river or Muslims, Abu Ubaidah decided to cross the river
(though many of his companions were not in favor of it). A deadly battle was fought in which
elephants were brought by Bahman Jadawah from Madain, the sight of the elephants
frightened the Muslim’s horses that later became difficult to manage, so Abu Ubaidah decided to
let go of horses and fight on foot. Many Muslims were crushed under the elephant’s feet, Abu
Ubaidah was also martyred. Seeing this as defeat, the Muslims tried to turn back, however they
were trapped as a Muslim cut the bridge to encourage them to fight but it had the opposite effect.
Muthanna, who was now the leader of Muslim army saved the remaining Muslims by ordering to
reconstruct the bridge and so the remaining Muslims were brought back safely. 4000 Muslims
died, 4000 reached back and almost 6000 Persians were killed. This was the only battle during
Umar’s Caliphate in which the Muslims were defeated

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 Battle of Buwaib 635 A.D
One year after Muslims’s defeat at Jasr (Bridge), Umar encouraged Muslims to stand against
Persians, he called for Jihad. This time, Umar asked the Christians to join Muslims, appointed
Muthanna their leader, Muslims were around 20,000. This time, Persians were made to cross
the river with 200,000 men under the leadership of Mehran. After a fierce battle, Mehran was
killed by a young man of Banu Taghlib, leaving Persians chaotic and demoralized, Persians
were defeated. The bridge was blocked by Muthanna which made it difficult for Persians to go
back. As a result of this win, the Muslims were able to conquer western part of Persian Empire
(Iraq)

Battle of Qadsiya 637 A.D

The importance of this battle can be judged by the fact that Umar wanted to lead in it with 70
companions of Badr, 300 companions of Bait e Rizwan and 700 other companions participated
in this battle. After the loss at Buwaib, Persian emperor Yazdgird insulted the Persians soldiers
in his court. Persians were now thirsty for revenge and collected 60,000 soldiers under the
leadership of Rustom. This time again, the Persians brought 30 war elephants. Umar raised his
army to 30,000 Muslims. This time Saad Bin Abi Waqas was sent to lead the Muslims as
Khalid bin Walid and Abu Ubaidah were fighting the Syrians. Saad sent a delegation to the
Persians giving them three options, to accept Islam, to pay Jizya or to fight. In reply, Yazdgird
gushed about his power and of Arabs poverty and lack of soldiers. He chose to fight. This battle
lasted for four days. Saad was ill at the time and directed the operations from the sick bed.

Day of Armath: Rustom ordered the first batch of soldiers to attack first at Bajila. From
Muslim’s side Banu Asad came to defend Bajila. However the elephants had now begun creating
serious problems for Muslims. Banu Tamim pricked the eyes of elephants with spears and
archers to push them back. This worked and Saad then ordered all archers to do the same. This
strategy worked for Muslims and the Persian’s first attack stopped at night.

Day of Aghwath: Khalid Bin Walid sent 6000 men from Syria. This day no elephants
showed up, Muslims fought bravely and pushed the Persian army back and reached near
Rustom’ hold. However the fight continued till night.

Day of Umas: On third day, elephants appeared again. Banu Tamim used the same strategy
and targeted their eyes. This time they also cut the elephants trunks. The fighting continued the
whole day, after sunset the fighting stopped. However after sometime, Muslims began the fight
again at night. That night trough out the fighting continued. This night is also known as Laila tul
Hareer the night of fight.

Day of Qadsiya: On this day, Rustom was killed as he tried to swim to safety and the
Persians also retreated. 6000 Muslims were martyred and 60,000 Persians were killed. Saad

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chased them to Babal and meanwhile he wrote to Umar informing him of victory. This battle
completely broke the strength of Persians and proved to be beneficial in the Iraq campaign.
After Qadisiya, Saad, with the permission of the Khalifa, occupied Madain Yazdgird’s capital,
bringing the whole territory from the Euphrates to the Tigris under the banner of Islam.

Battle of Jalula 637A.D

Yazdgird took shelter at Hulwan and started preparations to crush Muslims. Saad took
permission from Umar and decided to attack Jalula. Muslims laid siege to Jalula for seven
months. A fierce battle was fought in which the Persians were defeated and the people of Jalula
surrendered on Jizya. Yazdgird fled from Hulwan where he was staying. He fled from there and
finally settled at Merv.

Battle of Nawahand 642A.D

After the surrender of Jalula, there was peace for some time but then the Persians united against
the Muslims. They were 60000 in number and the Muslim forces were 30000. Both armies met
at Nahawand and there was a fierce battle for two days. On the third day, the Persians took
refuge in the forts but by using a clever strategy the Muslims got them out and defeated them in
hand to hand fight. Thus, in 642 the Persians were completely defeated at Nahawand. This was
the last major battle fought between Persians and Muslims. After this the whole Persia came
under Muslim rule and Islam rose to power. Yazdgird fled again, later he was tracked down and
killed in Uthman’s caliphate.

THE SYRIAN CAMPAIGN

Battle of Fihl and Baisan(635A.D)
Byzantine emperor Heraclius ordered a large to gather at Baisan , west of Jordan. His objective
was to cut off Muslim communication with Arabia. When Abu Ubaidah heard about the
advancement at Baisan, he quickly held a meeting and decided to dispatch an army to Fihl which
was at some distance to Baisan. When the Byzantine heard about Muslims plan, the dammed the
river Jordan and flooded the countryside around Fihl. On reaching there, the Muslims gave their
usual three alternatives to the Romans, after which the Muslims wanted to advance towards
Baisan, however they could not due to marsh caused by the flood and they returned to Fihl and
decided to wait. Meanwhile the Romans marched towards Fihl and launched an attack on
Muslims. The Muslims stepped back until they reached the ground which was steady and not
muddy and from there the Muslims took charge. The Byzantines were caught on trap which they
themselves made for the Muslims, they perished in the marsh and because of the mud this battle
is also known as battle of mud. The Muslims crossed the river and captured Baisan and hence
the whole Jordan came under Muslim rule

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Fall of Damascus (635A.D)
Khalid bin Walid laid siege to Damascus few days before Abu Bakr’s death. During Umar’s
caliphate Khalid added Damascus, Jordan to Muslims empire. Damascus had five gated which
were all besieged by Khalid bin Walid, Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah, Yazid bin Abu Sufyan and
Shurbeel bin Hasan. Syrians were expecting forces from Heraclius, however it never came.
Muslims tried to enter using ladders and ropes. Looking at this, the Syrians got confused and
opened the gates to escape, the Muslims immediately rushed in. They had already heard a lot
about Khalid’s strategies that they asked Abu Ubaidah to save them from him. As a result peace
was granted to Syrians and no slaves were taken and very peacefully Damascus came under
Muslim rule. After Damascus, Muslims turned their focus towards Hims. They laid siege to
Hims. Due to extreme cold the Romans thought that the weather will slow the Muslims, however
the Muslims remained firm and just like the People of Damascus, the people of Hims also made
a peace treaty

Battle of Yarmuk 636 A.D

When the report of the fall of Damascus, Fihl and Hims was given to Heraclius, he was
determined to regain Palestine for Christian rule. The Roman Emperor Heraclius gathered all his
forces from all corners and sent an army of 260,000 armed men, who encamped at the valley of
Yarmuk. Muslims were 40,000 on their way to Yarmuk under the leadership of Khalid Bin
Walid. The Romans who were Christians carried their cross while the Muslims recited Quran to
boost their courage. Umar was in contact with the army and sent them messages and
encouragement. The Romans tried to drive out the Muslims from Syria through negotiations and
bribery but Khalid refused and in turn elaborated upon the positive changes that Islam had
brought about in the Arabs and invited the Romans to accept Islam or pay jizya to which the
Romans refused. Khalid took half of his army behind right flank and one army on the left flank.
Abu Ubaidah stood behind the center and Saeed bin Zaid remained in the center of the
battlefield. After the battle began, Saeed’s army fought bravely till the Romans moved towards
Muslims encampment. Then Khalid and Qais broke out and killed 10000 and the rest fled from
the battlefield. Then Khalid and Qais marched towards the center of the battle, the Romans were
confused when they saw more than half of their cavalry left already. The war strategies of the
Muslim commanders paid off and the battle lasted 6 days. By the afternoon of the 6th day only
one third of the Byzantine army remained, the rest had either been killed or had fled. The
Muslim loss of life was 3000 men besides those who were grievously wounded. This battle was
by far the greatest battle ever fought by Muslims; Umar fell in gratitude when he received the
news of success. It was a major turning point for Romans. The Roman Emperor left Syria and
moved to Constantinople

Fall of Jerusalem 637A.D

Although the key cities and territories of Byzantine Empire were now under Muslim rule, still
the city of Jerusalem sieged by Amr Bin Aas since Yarmuk was still uncaptured. The Christians
thought that the cold winter will eventually force the Muslims to lift the siege but the arrival of

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Abu Ubaidah made them realize the weakness of their position. They agreed to surrender on a
condition that the caliph will come in person and sign a treaty. Umar agreed to this condition
and travelled to Jerusalem in the simplest manner. When he reached Jerusalem he came only
with one slave and one camel on which each of them rode by turn. He was wearing a shirt which
was patched from many sides and was greeted by Abu Ubaidah. Umar offered prayers at Masjid
e Aqsa at the same place where Prophet Dawood A.S used to pray. He also visited other
historical sites. He granted peace to all Christians and signed the treaty according to which the
people of Jerusalem will pay Jizya and will be granted complete security of their life and
property, freedom to practice their religion and safety of their places of worship. When the
nearby cities heard about the treaty, they also rushed and made similar treaties with Muslims and
now entire Palestine came under Muslim rule.

Conquest of Egypt 638 A.D

After Syria, Egypt was a great danger to the security of Arabia as it was a powerful Byzantine
province. Byzantine forces gathered up and decided to attack Muslims from Egypt. Amr bin
A’as realized the importance of this state and sought permission from Umar to invade which was
granted to, hence prepared an army of 4000 men to invade Egypt. The Muslims approached the
massive and well-defended fort of Fustat and after attacking small towns, laid siege to Fustat
and conquered it after some resistance. Amr asked Umar for assistance who sent 10,000 troops.
Amr handed the operations to Zubair who captured the fort after a long seven month long siege.
Zubair and his men climbed the walls and opened the gated of the fort and hence Fustat was
conquered. The leader of Romans Maqauqis requested for truce which was granted. After losing
Fustat, Byzantine grew furious and gathered forces at Alexandria which was a stronghold of
Romans. Muslims who were 12000 laid siege to Alexandria which had 50000 Christians. This
siege lasted for six months. Umar was displeased with the pace of events during that time and
hence after the Byzantine Emperor died, Muslims fought battle at Alexandria and took control of
Egypt

ADMINISTRATION
✓ As an administrator, Hazrat Umar remained a model for all great rulers who followed him.
Even non-muslims regarded his abilities and administrative strategies as an excellent ruler
and reformer. The systems he introduced are still being enforced with some modifications
✓ He established a Majlis-e-Shura consisting of prominent companions of the Prophet from
both Muhajareen and Ansars and carried out all affairs of the state after consulting with them.
He also introduced Majlis-e-Aam to find out public opinion
✓ For military, he did many reforms to strengthen Muslim forces, he appointed soldiers, trained
them on regular basis and gave them salaries and divided the forces into infantries (foot
soldiers) and cavalries (horse soldiers)
✓ It was due to these military reforms, he was able to conquer most of the Persian and Roman
empire (Syria, Jerusalem, Egypt)

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✓ After conquering most of the Persian and Roman Empire, he divided such a vast empire into
provinces and districts for better administration. He appointed Wali (governer), Sahib –ul
Bait ul Maal (the treasury officer) Amil (tax collector) and Qadi (judge) in all provinces.
The governors he chose were strictly told not to any favoritism or injustice
✓ Umar was known for justice, he made the judiciary (court of law) completely independent.
He expressed his displeasure when once the judge showed him respect when Umar walked in
the court as a defendant
✓ The judges appointed by Umar were given good salaries in order to stop bribery ✓ He
also established new departments e.g board of revenue, military department, police
department, public censor department etc
✓ He also established department of finance called Dewan. It was incharge of revenue and its
disbursement (payment from funds). After meeting all needs of the state, the remaining
surplus money was distributed amongst Muslims on a condition of closeness to the Prophet
e.g Prophet’s wives and those who fought in Battle of Badr, he also preferred those who went
on battles several times. The old age pension system was also introduced. The revenue was
generated from jizya, Zakat, Khiraj and Ushr
✓ He built a separate Bait-ul-Maal in every province and an honest person wade incharege of

it, the headquarters was in Madina and a ledger was maintained to keep a record ✓ Umar made
particular attention to expansion of cultivation and construction of irrigation. He implemented
the laws of Ushr and Khiraj (tax on agricultural land) which increased revenue for govt.
✓ He made basic education compulsory and sent teachers from Madina to the entire Muslim

empire, he also introduced many other departments like police dept, postal dept etc ✓ For the
newly conquered, he built around 4000 mosques, each mosque was granted an Imam and a
Muazzin. He also made extension to Sacred Mosque in Makkah and Majid e Nabwi ✓ He made

great contribution to town planning. He established new towns like Kufa, Basra. ✓ Arabs were
not used to of recording things year wise, so Umar introduced the Islamic calendar.
✓ He also made certain restriction on his officers. They were told not to wear silk garments, or
to eat bread made of refined flour etc
✓ He also gave special consideration to Dhimmies (non-Muslims living in Muslim states).
Their matters were settled after consulting their own representatives
✓ He is the founder of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). More than 1000 juristic pronouncements
of Umar are on record.

Martydom
After the Persian Empire came under Muslim rule, many Persian men women and children were
taken as captives and were later sold as slaves. One of those slave was Firoz Nahavandi (Firoz
Lulu). He came to Umar with a complaint about the high tax which his master was charging
from him. Umar inquired and found out that the tax which was charged was according to Firoz’s
daily income hence Umar ignored him. Firoz planned to assassinate Umar while offering
prayers. His plan was to attack him when Umar will lead Fajr prayers at Masjid e Nabwi and
then either flee or join the congregation. Firoz attacked Umar six times in the belly and one time

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on the navel. While fleeing Firoz was caught by people from all sides. To save himself he even
tried to wound other people and then committed suicide with his own blade. Umar died of the
wounds after three days on 644 A.D, 23A.H

MOTHERS OF THE FAITHFUL

Ummahat ul Momineen

HAZRAT KHADIJA BINT KHUWALID (R.A) ✓

Khadija was the daughter of Khuwalid who belonged to a wealthy noble family of the
Quraish. Her father left her great fortune on his death
✓ She was known in Makkah by the names Tahira- the pious one , Khadija-al Kubra
Khadija the Great for her noble character
✓ She was twice married and twice widowed. She also had three children from previous
marriages
✓ She was a wealthy tradeswoman who used to send her goods for trading to other countries.
She was looking for someone to carry her goods to Syria. She hired Holy Prophet to carry
her merchandise to Syria as she had heard a lot about his honesty and trustworthiness. She
also sent her slave Maisara with him
✓ They both returned with huge profits and all dealings were carried out honestly ✓ On their
return , Maisara informed Khadija about the Prophet’s fair dealing at Syria and that he brought
twice the profit was expected
✓ Maisara also narrated some incidents that took place on their return. Muhammad has stopped
to rest under the tree, a monk Nestora who was passing by saw this and told Maisara that
only a Prophet has rested under this tree. Moreover when Maisara was lying next to
Muhammad, he saw a cloud on top of him to protect him from heat of sun
✓ Later Khadija told these incidents and also shared her dream which she had to Warqa Bin
Naufal. In her dream she saw the sun descended outside her house and light up. Warqa
concluded that it meant that a Prophet would grace her home
✓ She was so impressed by Prophet Muhammad’s honesty that she sent a marriage proposal to
Holy Prophet through her friend Nafeesa. The Prophet accepted the Prophet after consulting
with his uncle Abu Talib
✓ She was 40 years old, Muhammad pbuh was 25 years old when they got married ✓ The
Prophet became financially independent after this marriage as Khadija placed all her wealth
at his disposal , regarding this the Holy Quran says “ And He found you in need and He
made you independent”
✓ They had six children, two boys and four daughters. They were Qasim, Abdullah, Zainab,
Ruqayya, Umme Kulsoom and Fatima

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✓ Khadija was a very loving and supportive wife of the Prophet Muhammad. She is the only

wife of the Prophet during whose lifetime, he did not take anyone else as wife ✓ After the first
revelation incident when the Prophet returned home trembling, she comforted him by saying,”
Allah will never disgrace you as you keep good relations with people, speak the truth, help
the poor and the needy, serve your guests generously and assist the deserving”. She took
him to Warqa bin Naufal who further assured that Muhammad pbuh is Allah’s Messenger
✓ She gave moral support, and consoled the Prophet during his most difficult days in Makkah

✓ Many times when the Muslims of Makkah were tortured by Quraish it was khadija’s

encouragement which enabled Prophet to help them and financially support them ✓ Whenever

the Prophet returned home depressed, she was always by his side to comfort him ✓ Khadija
was the first person to accept Islam. She is the only wife of the Prophet who suffered
persecution of the early years of Islam and suffered severe hardships at the time of boycott for
three years and stayed with the Prophet in Shib Abi Talib
✓ She passed away in the 10th year of Prophet hood, she is laid to rest in Jannat ul Mala in
Makkah. Prophet named that year Am-ul Huzn, Year of Grief
✓ Aisha narrated that whenever the Prophet sacrificed a sheep he would send a portion of it to
Khadija’s friends
✓ One day, khadija’s sister Hala whose voice resembled Khadija came to the Prophet. As soon
as he heard the familiar voice, he said “it must be Hala, her voice is just like Khadija”.
Aisha, on hearing this said, “How that is you still remember that old woman who is no
more when Allah has given you much better wives.” On this the Prophet replied, “Never
better! She supported me at a time when everyone was against it and supported me
when there was hardly a believer”

HAZRAT SAWDAH (R.A)

✓ She was an early convert to Islam. She and her first husband Sakran bin Amr migrated to
Abyssinia, and returned to Makkah at the time of Khadija’s death.
✓ Her husband passed away and she was shelterless as her family abandoned(left) her due to
her acceptance of Islam
✓ After Khadija’s death, the Prophet was having difficulty taking care of daughter and
preaching his mission and after carefully considering the circumstances Prophet decided to
marry Sawdah to grant her support and for her to take care of the household work
✓ She took utmost care of the Prophet’s daughters, she was known for her mild nature. She led
a very simple and a pious life
✓ She was older than the Prophet, she is known to have a pleasant personality and was very
humble
✓ She migrated to Madina one year after the Prophet’s migration

✓ When the Prophet divided his time equally all his wives as commanded by Allah, Sawdah
many times gave her turn to Aisha, regarding this Aisha said, “Sawdah gave her turn to me,
so the Prophet gave me both days, my day and Sawdah’s”
✓ She narrated 5 traditions

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✓ When the Prophet commanded his wives to remain indoors after his demise, she never left
her house not even for Hajj or Umrah
✓ She passed away in 22 A.H, laid to rest in Janat-ul-Baqi

HAZRAT AISHA (R.A)

DURING THE LIFETIME OF PROPHET (PBUH) ✓ She
was the daughter of Hazrat Abu Bakr
✓ She was born in 4th year of Prophethood

✓ She is the only virgin wife of the Prophet. She was very young when she got married to the

Prophet , wedding was solemnized in Madina in the second year of hijrat ✓ She was given in
marriage to Prophet on her father’s wish
✓ She began to live in the Prophet’s house, where he would sometimes give her company while
she was playing with her toys.
✓ The Prophet did justice among all his wives but he loved Aisha the most. After Khadija’s
 death, Aisha was the closest to the Prophet
✓ When the Prophet divided his time equally amongst his wives, many times Sawdah gave her
turn to Aisha. For this Aisha said, “Sawdah gave her turn to me, so the Prophet gave me
both days, my day and Sawdah’s”
✓ The verses of Tayamum were revealed when the Muslims were delayed on her account in
the desert. Aisha lost her necklace during a journey, the Messenger of Allah and the
companions stopped to look for it. During this the time of prayer was due and the
companions prayed without ablution. Later when they asked the Prophet if their prayers will
be accepted or not, at this point the verses of Tayamum were revealed incase water is not
available.
✓ In another occasion, Allah revealed her innocence. Aisha was on journey with the Prophet;
she went for the call of nature and got delayed. The people, who were carrying her hoodah,
put her curtained howdah on the back of the camel and left without noticing that she was not
on it. When Aisha came back they all had gone, she waited there in the hope that they would
come back for her. The next morning, a man who saw her sitting alone, made her sit on the
camel and travelled to Madina on foot and brought her back to Madina. This incident caused
a scandal. Allah revealed the verses of Surah Nur declaring her innocence. The Quran says,
“Verily those who brought forward a lie (against ‘Aisha) are a group among you.
Consider it not a thing. Consider it good for you. Every man among them will be paid
of the sin which they have earned, and as for him who had the greater share of the sin,
his will be a great suffering.
✓ She is known for her knowledge n sharp memory. She learned a great deal of teachings from
the Prophet. She has quoted 2210 traditions
✓ She has also bore hardships and hunger along with other wives of the Prophet as he lived a
life of sacrifice for others.
✓ After seeking permission from all his wives, the Prophet spent the last days of his life in
Aisha’s apartment

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✓ According to Aisha, the last act of the Prophet was cleaning his mouth with a brush
made up of branch of tree and his last words were ,” Now, none but He the Most High,
is needed “He passed away in her lap and is laid to rest in her room
✓ She was 18 years old when she when was widowed, however she spent 48 years of her life in
service of Islam
AFTER PROPHET’S DEMISE
✓ She became an authority on matters of Islamic legal thinking, especially those related to
women and purity.
✓ She was also an expert on Fiqh. Even the senior companions sought her permission in
matters related to Fiqh
✓ Due to the misunderstandings, she fought against Hazrat Ali in the battle of camel, she was
defeated and returned to Madina respectfully
✓ She was exceptionally good in Tafseer and Arabic language

✓ She never accepted any Hadith which contradicted the Quran

✓ She would often purchase slaves in order to free them

✓ She passed away in 58 A.H, and is laid to rest in Jannat ul Baqi

✓ In Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal collection of hadith, he devoted one section to Musnad of Aisha,

HAZRAT HAFSA (R.A)

✓ She was the daughter of Hazrat Umar. She was born five years before Prophethood. ✓
She was first married to Khunais bin Huzaifa. They migrated to Abyssinia and later to
Madina
✓ Her husband was martyred in the battle of Badr, she became a widow at the age of 18 ✓

After the waiting period (iddat) Prophet married her to give her support and respect ✓ She

alongside Hazrat Aisha is also known for her knowledge. She narrated 60 traditions ✓
Hafsa spent her time in prayers and fasting.
✓ After the martyrdom of Hazrat Umar she became the custodian of the original copy of the
Quran, i.e Mashaf al Hafsa
✓ During Hazrat Uthman’s caliphate when copies of the Quran had to be made in the dialect of
Quraish, she sent the original copy to Hazrat Zaid immediately
✓ She passed away in 45 A.H, at the age of 63 and is laid to rest in Jannat ul Baqi ✓ Her
brother Abdullah Bin Umar distributed all her property and wealth among the poor and needy

HAZRAT ZAINAB BINT JAHSH (R.A)

✓ She was the daughter of the Prophet’s aunt Umaimah Bin Abdul Mutalib, hence she was
the first cousin of the Prophet.

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✓ She was an early convert to Islam. She was first married to Zaid bin Harith, freed slave and
adopted son of the Prophet. Although she and her brother were not in favor of the match but
they agreed on the wishes of the Prophet. the marriage did not prove successful and hence
Zaid divorced her.
✓ After this, the Prophet married her as Allah commanded him to make it clear that marriage to
the wives of adopted sons is allowed in Islam unlike the Arabs who did not agree to this
custom, the Quran says, “Then when Zaid had divorced her, We gave her to you in
marriage in order that in future there may be no difficulty to the believers in the
matters of marriage with the wives of the adopted sons when the adopted sons have
dissolved the marriage”
✓ The Prophet had a valima reception at his this wedding.

✓ Zainab used to boost before other wives of the Prophet that their marriage was contracted by
their families but her marriage was contracted in heaven
✓ Once she cooked a dish which had a very strong smell, the Prophet like it. The other wives
found fault with its smell out of jealousy and the Prophet swore that he will not taste it again.
Just then, a revelation came forbidding him not to give up something which Allah has made
lawful to him to please his wives.
✓ Zainab was a very generous lady. She was the only wife of the Prophet who refused help

from quarter after the demise of Prophet. She used to do needle work to meet her expenses ✓
She was the first wife of Prophet who died after him, he said, “The longest handed of my
wife shall be the first to join me in Paradise” By long hand he meant the most generous. ✓
She passed away in 20 A.H, she is laid to rest in Jant ul Baqi

Compilation of Holy Quran.

The authentic compilation of the Holy Quran can be classified in three

stages ✓ During the Prophet’s lifetime

✓ During Hazrat Abu Bakr’s Caliphate

✓ During Hazrat Uthman’s caliphate

During the Prophet’s lifetime:

✓ The Holy Quran was revealed to the Prophet in a period of 23 years
✓ Whenever he received a revelation, he would learn it by heart

✓ He would dictate it to the Scribe and other companions memorized it

✓ Scribes were the people who were instructed by Muhammad (SAW) to write down the verses
revealed on him
✓ Zaid bin Thabit said “ whenever the Prophet dictated me the verses, I wrote them and
recited them before him and he made corrections if any”

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✓ The Quran was written in thin tablets of stone wood, branches of palm leaves, bones of
camel goats and pieces of leather
✓ However the placement of the verse in which chapter was always arranged by the Prophet ✓
So in this way the present order of the Quran is according to the Prophet’s instructions under
the divine guidance.
✓ Jibril used to recite the Quran with the Prophet once a year, but he recited it twice with him
the year the Prophet died.
✓ At the time of the Prophet’s demise, the Holy Quran was memorized by many companions,
though it was present in written form, yet there was no compiled book form.

During Hazrat Abu Bakr’s caliphate:

✓ During the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr many people emerged as false prophets. Among
them was Musailma
✓ Battle of Yamamah was waged against him in which 360 Huffaz were martyred ✓ This
aroused great concern to Hazrat Umar who was an advisor to Hazrat Abu Bakr. He pondered
that if Huffaz will pass away then the Muslims will be deprived of a considerable portion of
the Quran
✓ So suggestion was given by Hazrat Umar to compile the Quran by Umar to Abu Bakr the
caliph
✓ The suggestion was shunned (rejected) by Hazrat Abu Bakr by saying “why should a task
be done which was undone by the Prophet”
✓ However, Umar insisted on it by saying, “By Allah, this is good”, the task of Compiling the
Quran was given to Zaid bin Thabit
✓ Abu bakr called Zaid and said, “You are a wise man and we do not have any suspicion
about you, you used the Divine revelations for Prophet. So you should search for the
scripts of the Quran and collect it in One Book.”
✓ Zaid bin Thabit on hearing this replied “ if I would’ve been asked to lift the mountain on

my shoulders that would’ve been easy than to compile the Holy Book” ✓ He employed valid

and powerful techniques to ensure the originality of the Quran ✓ He made sure no verse was
accepted until two witnesses testified that those verses were written in the presence of Prophet
Muhammad (SAW). Furthermore, he confirmed it with the Huffaz of that time
✓ Hazrat Zaid traced out and collected chapters of the Quran from all people who had
possessed it
✓ However Hazrat Zaid wasn’t satisfied entirely on finding a written piece of the Quran. He

verified (double check) it with the people who had heard it from the Prophet ✓ In this way

Quran was compiled and was called Mashaf (Holy Book) ✓ The copy made was with the first
caliph HazratAbubakr, after his death it was transferred to Hazrat Umar. After his death it was
transferred to his daughter Hazrat Hafsa , hence it came to be known as Mashaf al Hafsa

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During Hazrat Uthman’s caliphate:
✓ During the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman, Islam expanded in the Arabian Peninsula ✓ The
companions recited the Quran in seven different dialects which was later taught to the newly
converts
✓ However due to difference in accents, differences arose in the newly converts in the
recitation of the Quran
✓ They considered their accents to be correct which led to disputes among the different groups
of people
✓ Anas bin malik reported that Huzaifa bin Yaman asked the caliph to take action against it
lest something should happen to the Quran what happened with the previous revealed books.
He said “O chief of all believers. Save this nation before they differ about the book just
like the Christians and Jews did before”
✓ Hazrat Uthman appointed Zaid Bin Thabit to a number of copies from the copy in the
custody of Hazrat Hafsa (Mashaf al Hafsa) in the local language of Quraish. Uthman said to
Hafsa, “send us the original Quran so that we may make perfect copies and return the
original book to you”
✓ Hence, Zaid bin Thabit was able to make several copies; one copy was sent to every Muslim
province namely Kufa, Syria Basra etc. Other unauthentic copies of the Quran were ordered
to be burnt
✓ Due to these immeasurable services in the preservation of Quran, Hazrat Uthman is known as
Jami ul Quran.

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