THE OCCASION OF UHUD

Battle of Uhad took place in 625, 3rd year of Hijra. Since the day, the Quresh
faced defeat in Badr, they started a major preparation for another battle in
Makkah in which they invested a huge amount.
Pagans of Makkah came to Madina with three thousand well equipped men.
Muslims were only seven hundred in front of three thousand well equipped
Qurash.
The Prophet (saw) placed 50 archers at an opening which was dangerous. The
battle bagan and Allah fulfilled His promise and the Muslims won the battle.
When Muslims saw this defeat, they started looting booty without asking the
Prophet (saw). When the archers saw this, they left the opening and joined the
other Muslims.
In this panic the slave of Hinda got a chance and killed Hamza (ra), the uncle
of the Prophet (saw). The Prophet (saw) was also injured and lost his tooth
and seventy Muslims lost their lives. The Prophet (sw) was injured and the
Muslim army was demoralized, yet the Prophet (sw) chased Makkans. It meant
that the next battle was inevitable.
From this battle, Muslims got the lesson that they must not disobey the
Prophet (saw) and the Muslim commander. The Muslims lost the battle due to
their greed.

Battle of trench

Battle of Trench took place in 627, 5th year of Hijra. The pagans attacked Madina
because they wanted to eliminate Islam and to reopen the caravan route blocked by
the Muslims. This time they were not alone. The other pagan tribes like Banu Bakr and
the Jews of Khyber were also with them. A Meccan army of 3,000 men had defeated
the undisciplined Muslim forces at Uḥud near Medina in 625,
wounding Muhammad himself. In March 627, when they had persuaded a number of
Bedouin tribes to join their cause, the Meccans brought a force of 10,000 men against
Medina again

When the Prophet (sw) came to know about this plan, he took advice from his
companions. Salman Farsi (ra) advised the Prophet (saw) to dig a Trench around the
three openings of Madina. The trench was prepared within twenty days before the attack.
It was about five miles long, five meters wide and five meters deep.

The Pagans’ army could not cross the trench and stopped. They stayed outside Madina
for a month. During this time, they had internal differences. The expenditures were high
and Arabs were not used to fight this kind of war of trenches. Finally Allah sent a wind
storm and the united army of pagans and Jews ran away.

The last tribe of Jews in Madina Banu Quraiza deceived Muslims and attacked the house
in which Muslim women and children were staying but they could not succeed. Trench
was the final effort of the Quresh.

Battle of Khyber
 When after the Battle of the Ditch, the Jews of Banu Quraizah were executed, the
Jews of Khyber promised revenge, and they planned an invasion of Madinah on a
large scale

In the meantime by the treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Quraysh had made a truce with the
Muslims and were no longer free to join the Jews in an attack on Madinah.

Taking full advantage of this favorable situation, immediately on return from Makkah
after signing the Hudaibiyah pact, the Holy Prophet sallallahu 'alaihi wasallam led a
Muslim force to Khyber.

About a hundred miles from Madinah on the route to Syria was an important settlement
of the Jews called the Khyber.

After their expulsion from Madinah, most of the Jews of Banu Qainuqah and Banu
Nadhir took refuge in Khyber.

He handed him the standard, and after praying for the victory of the Muslims, the Holy
Prophet commanded the Muslims forces to attack the fort in the name of God.

The Holy Prophet sallallahu 'alaihi wasallam sent a force under the command of Abu
Bakr radhiyallahu ta'ala 'anh to overpower the Jews, but the mission did not succeed.

Victor of Khyber as Hadhrat Ali radhiyallahu ta'ala 'anh returned to the Muslim camp,
the Holy Prophet went forward to greet him, and praised him as the Victor of Khyber.

With the failure of successive missions, the Holy Prophet said that the following day he
would entrust the command to a person who was the beloved of Allah as well as His
Prophet, and who would conquer the fort.

Thereafter the Muslim force rushed inside the fort and massacred the Jews who
resisted them.

They agreed to execute a treaty of peace with the Muslims on the same terms as
had been agreed upon in the case of the Jews of Khyber. The Battle of Khyber was
another turning point in the history of Islam.

The Hudaibiyah pact which was apparently unfavorable to the Muslims paved the
way to the conquest of Khyber, and the conquest of Khyber paved the way to the
conquest of Makkah.

After the conquest of Khyber, the Muslims marched to Fidak, another Jewish
settlement, not far from Khyber

Battle of hunain
The Battle of Hunain occurred after the conquest of Mecca in 8/630 in the area of
Hunayn between Muslims under the commandership of the Prophet and the tribes of
Hawazin and Thaqif who resided in the area of Ta'if. This time Muhammad assembled
a force of twelve thousand warriors, which included two thousand non-Muslim
Meccans. Muhammad was forced to make necessary preparations for defence. ”He felt
the necessity of borrowing money for provisions and war supplies, "He took a loan of
30,000 dirhams from Abdullah bin Rabiah.

It must be known that the Muslims had counter-attacked with such reckless courage
that the enemy's ranks were broken and their forces split into two. One half fled widely
from the field and retreated to their homes, the other half took refuge in their fortress of
Taif. This is called the battle of Hunain, in which the enemies lost seventy of their
bravest. Six thousand captives including women and children, forty thousand sheeps
and goats, four thousand ounces of silver and twenty four thousand camels formed the
booty of Hunain.

Battle of moutah
Those tribes were Ghassanids which was the name of a group of Hellenized
Arabian Christian tribes that had emigrated in the early 3rd century from Yemen to
Southern Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and the Holy Land where they eventually merged
with Greek-speaking Early Christian communities.

It was a fierce battle which ended with a victory of the Byzantines, although Muslim
historians described it as a draw.

The Byzantines believed in the fictitious reinforcements and hesitated, thus allowing
the Muslim force to safely retreat to Medina.

He also ordered his cavalry to retreat behind a hill during the night, hiding their
movements, and then to return during daytime when the battle resumed, raising as
much dust as they could.

After the conversion to Islam of most parts of Arabia, Prophet Muhammad sent
emissaries to the nomadic Arabian tribes in the north.

In the night, he completely changed his troop positions and brought forth a
rearguard that he had equipped with new banners; all this was intended to give the
impression that reinforcements had arrived from Medina.

During the battle, all three Muslim leaders fell one after the other as they took
command of the force.

The leader of the Ghassanids had received word of the expedition and prepared his
forces; he also sent to the Byzantines for aid.