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3. Settlement of Muhajirin
Muslims in madinah were of two categories one who migrated from Makkah to madinah were known
as Muhajirin and second were Ansar who belonged to madinah and gave shelter to emigrants
(muhajirins).
Holy prophet established brotherhood between these two groups, he told ansar that muhajirins are
in need of help and they should help them, ansars accepted and gave muhajirins place to live in their
houses and treated them as brothers.
Importance
it was to help the people who had migrated
it was an attempt to increase unity among muslims
it was to avoid growth in ecnomic class system in Islamic state
it was also to set an example for the leaders that how they should rule their people
by binding then in bond of brotherhood
it was also to convey the universal concept of brother hood
4. Treaty with Jews
There were three major tribes of Jews: Banu Qainaiqa, Banu nazir and Banu Quraiza.
Holy prophet realized that foundation of Islamic empire would be very weak without the support of
all people of madinah. Particularly Muslims had threat from Quraish. Then holy prophet called
Muslims and Jewish tribes for a consultation. He invited them to consider any system for safety of
madinah. After exchange of views agreement reached equal rights. It stated that the Muslims and
Jews were allies and would help each other and in case of attack on madinah both would defend it.
Importance
the holy prophet was able to prevent the rise of hostility between Muslims and Jews
the way it had been in Makkah between Muslims and quraish.
this set an example for Muslims that how they can set peace between non muslims
under their rule
the treaty gave Muslims hope as both Muslims and Jews would defend madinah if
any attack was done on madinah
the status of holy prophet was raised quiet high as he was recognized as undispute
leader by the people of madinah
i. Fasting
Fasting in the month of Ramadan was made obligatory on all adult Muslims in second year of hijrat.
Words of Quran: "O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those
before you so that you may (learn) self-resistance" (2:183)
ii. Zakat
The payment of zakat was also made obligatory on all rich Muslims,
following words describe it "And spend of yoursubstance in the cause of Allah,... do good: for
Allah loveth those who do good." (2:195)
Uhad Jabal
Some of Quraish people had been killed in Battle of Badr, they wanted to avenge their deaths
They feared that might their economic and political status come to decline.
They did not want Muslims to get in majority
Finally fully armed force of three thousand men left Makkah for Madinah. Holy prophet and his
companions decided to meet enemies out of Madinah, three miles away from Madinah, Quraish they
camped at foot hills known as Uhad. Holy prophet advanced with one thousand companions. Abdullah bin
Ubbay with three hundred companions excused that holy prophet has turned down his decision of
fighting. Holy prophet left with seven hundred men. Later after the fight began when archers saw enemy
retreating they left their post for collecting the booty, Khalid bin Walid the head of enemies attacked from
behind and Muslims were in confusion. Enemies raised a cry that holy prophet was killed, Muslims left the
fight and then holy prophet called out companions to come back, now their support had increased and
were rallied.
Both parties were exhausted, soon each army prepared to leave and fight ended. Ladies went to give
water to wounded soldiers in battlefield.
Importance
Muslims realized that victory is not only their right.
Muslims realized they should not expect to win all battles
This battle showed that decision should be made when majority accepts certain decision, As
done by holy prophet, he wanted to fight inside Madinah but he agreed on what others agreed
This battle distinguished true believers from hypocrites
Fourth Year of Hijrat (627 AD)
1. Banu Nazir
1. Banu Nazir
Banu nazir tribe of Jews plotted to kill holy prophet. Holy prophet sent them massage to leave madinah in
ten days, they refused and shut them selves in fortresses. Holy prophet led and army against them and
laid siege to their forts. After siege of two weeks they surrendered and were exiled from Madinah.
An example of Trench
After battle of Uhad Muslims were able to regain their former position, Quraish were worried about
increasing power in Muslims was threat to their Political status.
Jewish tribe Banu Nazir kept plotting against Muslims they asked for help from Quraish and the agreed to
support them they also gain support of Ghatafan and some other tribes. With an army of ten thousand
men under the command of Abu Sufyan, the marched to Madinah. Holy prophet called companions,
Hazrat Salman Farsi (one of the companions) advised to dig a trench, three sides of Madinah were safe
because of population and oasis, the fourth side was unsafe it was syrian route. Holy prophet agreed to
dig a trench on the side it was open to attack. Banu Quraiza also broke treaty with Muslims and turned
against then, this battle is also called battle of Ahzab. The siege last for a month in which Muslims need
to face hunger, coldness and attacks by enemies. Allah is always there for believers, one night a blast of
cold wind came it blew enemies tents and their fire were extinguished. Sever sand and rain beat in their
faces, enemies withdrew in utter confusion. Muslims gained victory.
Importance
it was the last battle between Muslims and Quraish which resulted into the complete destruction
of Quraish as they were never able to recover from this defeat.
it exposed the Jewish tribe of Banu Quraiza which had openly joined Quraish
battle proved to be in favor of Muslims
the confidence of Muslims was regained as they saw the devine support given to them in form of
storm
many tribes saw growing power of Islam they either accepted Islam or offered alliance with the
Muslims
Quran contain number of references about this battle
2. Banu Quraiza
Banu Quraiza was a Jewish tribe, in violation of agreement signed with holy prophet, had helped the
enemies of Islam in battle of Ahzab. Holy prophet therefore advanced against their fortresses and
surrounded them. the siege continued for about a month after which Banu Quraiza surrender.
1. Battle of Mutah
The holy prophet sent and message with a letter to Roman Emperor who was Christian. Messenger
was killed at Mutah, place in Syria. Holy prophet sent and army of three thousand Muslims. One by
one different leaders were sent to due to deaths. Muslims army under command of Khalid bin Walid
defeated enemy.
2. Conquest of Makkah
After the treaty of Hudaibiya Khuza tribe joined Muslims, while Banu Bakr became ally of Quraish.
One of the terms of the treaty were that neither party would fight an ally of other party. Quraish
along Banu Bakr killed men of Banu Khuza. Deputation of Banu Khuza asked for the help from holy
prophet. Holy prophet sent message to Quraish offering them three alternatives:
1. To pay blood money for the men of Banu Khuza.
2. To dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr.
3. To declare that treaty of Hudaibiya stood dissolved.
Quraish chose third options. Muslims had no other option other than to fight. Holy prophet declared
order of jihad.
Holy prophet with and army of ten thousand reach Makkah on 10th of Ramazan. Holy prophet
divided his army in four groups and gave them instructions that don't attack unless they were
attacked. Unit under the command of Khalid bin walid was attacked by Banu Bakr and also by some
of hostile Quraish.
Before entering Makkah holy prophet announced a general pardon that people who laid down their
arms would be safe and that anyone who closed the door of his house will be safe. Entry of holy
prophet's army in Makkah was very peaceful. Holy prophet preformed Tawaf, after that Prophet
ordered destruction of idols placed in Ka'abah by non-believers. When holy prophet came out of
Ka'abah there was huge crowd of Quraish including holy prophets bitterest enemies.
Holy prophet asked them what treatment they could except at his hands. They cried out:
"You are our noble brother"
On this, the Holy prophet said, "there shall be no reproach against you this day, go, you are free!"
Importance
It opened a new era in Islam
It settled struggle for supremacy in Arabia
Prophet Muhammad's position was elevated to a paramount position.
Many people came in crowds to embrace Islam
Holy prophet stayed for fifteen days in which many tribes came to embrace Islam
3.Siege to Taif
After their defeat at Hunain, Some of enemies took refuge at Taif. The Holy Prophet deputed a small
army which defeated them and captured many of them. There after Holy Prophet proceeded with his
army and laid seige to the fortresses in which they had taken refuge. The seige continued for twenty
days after which it lifted. In 9 A.H., whole taif embraced Islam.
1. Tabuk Expedition
In 9th A.H. Holy Prophet recived information that the Roman Emperor had organised a huge army
which the Emperor himself was comanding and had arravied near the frontier. Holy Prophet ordered
for preprations to be made to meet his challange.
Problems were:
At that time famine in Hejaz
Scarcity of water in Madinah and surrounding areas
Intense Heat
It was the time of ripening of fruits and plucking of dates
Arms and equipments for fighting the large army of Roman Emperor was not available
For these reasons this is called Expedition of Straitness.
Holy Prophet made an appeal for donations. On which Hazrat Usaman gave one thousand gold
dinars and three hundred camels laden with grains. Hazrat Umar gave half of his cash, household
and cattle and Hazrat Abu Bakr donated everything that he had, Other Arabs made excuses to not to
accompanying the Muslim army.
Holy Prophet with army of thirty thousand men and encamped at Tabuk. The strength of army
demoralised the Romans who dispersed without any fighting. Holy Prophet remain at Tabuk for
twenty days in which number of tribes came to embrace Islam. Tabuk Expedition was last military
expedition in which Holy Prophet personally took part.
2. Reasons why the Holy Prophet had to fight against the Quraish
In 2nd year of Hijrat Muslims were given permission to fight (Jihad) by Allah. Holy Prophet thought
necessary to fight with Quraish in Battle of Badr if Muslims had not fought them in self-defence, the
small number of Muslims would have been killed and Islam would have been wiped out from the
earth forever. Quraish were the great ememies of Islam and it was necessary to put them down in
order to spread Islam.
1. Year of Deputations
10th year of Hijrat is called Year of Deputations because numerous tribes of Arabia came to Holy
Prophet to join Allahs faith.
2. Farewell Pilgrimage
This was the most important event of 10th year of Hijrat. Holy prophet sent his messengers to all
parts of Arabia to inform Muslims that holy prophet had invited them to accompany him to perform
Pilgrimage. Holy prophet left Madinah on the 25th of Ziqad, 10 A.H., in the company of one hundred
fourteen thousand of his followers; all his wives accompanied him.