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Abstract—In this paper, transmission through large intelligent belong to the vast IM family [7], use the variations in the
surfaces (LIS) that intentionally modify the phases of incident signatures of received signals by exploiting reconfigurable
waves to improve the signal quality at the receiver, is put forward antennas or scatterers to transmit additional information bits
as a promising candidate for future wireless communication
in rich scattering environments. On the other hand, large
arXiv:1902.08463v1 [eess.SP] 22 Feb 2019
BER
N=16
10-8
10-4
10-10
10-5
10-12 N=32
10-14 10-6
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
SNR(dB) SNR(dB)
Fig. 2. Theoretical average BEP of the LIS-based scheme for N = 16 and Fig. 3. BER performance of the LIS-based scheme with varying number of
N = 32 with BPSK. reflecting elements for BPSK.
constellations as [18]
N = 32 with respect to Es /N0 . As seen from Fig. 2, the LIS- Z π/2
based scheme achieves significantly better BEP performance 4 1 −3
Pe = 1− √ Mγ dη
compared to the classical BPSK scheme operating over the π M 0 2(M − 1) sin2 η
pure AWGN channel. In other words, a LIS can convert a 4
1
2 Z π/4
−3
hostile wireless fading environment into a super communica- − 1− √ Mγ dη. (10)
π M 0 2(M − 1) sin2 η
tion channel that provides very low BEP at extremely low
SNR values through the smart adjustment of reflector phases. Removing the integrals by letting η = π/2 and η = π/4
The following remark explains this phenomenon. in the first and second terms of (10), we can obtain a tight
Remark: As seen from Fig. 2, the average BEP curves have upper-bound on the average SEP. Under the assumption of
N Es
a waterfall region and a saturation region. We observe that for N0 10 (at the SNR region of interest), the average SEP
N Es can be expressed as
N0 10, from (7), Pe becomes proportional to
3N 2 π 2 Es
Pe ∝ exp − (11)
N 2 π 2 Es 32(M − 1)N0
Pe ∝ exp − (8)
16N0 where we ignored the second exponential term coming from
(10) due to its relatively larger exponent. Since M appears in
which explains the superior BEP performance of the LIS-based the exponent of (11), the LIS-based scheme also suffers from
scheme. In this region, although the SNR (Es /N0 ) is relatively a degradation in error performance with increasing modulation
low, due to the N 2 term in the exponent, considerably low orders although benefiting from the N 2 term.
BEP values are possible, particularly with increasing N . On
B. Blind Transmission Through LIS
the other hand, for NNE0s 1, (7) can be approximated as
In this case, the LIS given in Fig. 1 does not have the
− 12 information of channel phases θi and ψi , and consequently,
N (16 − π 2 )Es N π2
Pe ∝ exp − (9) cannot eliminate these phase terms to maximize the received
8N0 2(16 − π 2 ) SNR. Without loss of generality, assuming φi = 0 for i =
1, 2, . . . , N , the received signal becomes1
which explains the saturated BEP performance for high SNR "N #
values due to − 12 exponent of the SNR. However, the average r=
X
hi gi x + n = Hx + n. (12)
BEP still decays exponentially with respect to N and signifi- i=1
cant reductions are possible in Pe by increasing N .
For this blind scheme, the CLT can be also applied for large
In Fig. 3, we show the bit error rate (BER) performance N , and considering H ∼ CN (0, N ), the MGF of the received
of the LIS-based scheme for different number of reflecting SNR is obtained as Mγ (s) = (1 − sNNE s −1
) . Following the
0
elements (N ) and BPSK signaling. As seen from Fig. 3, our same steps above, BEP of the blind LIS-based scheme can be
theoretical approximation in (6) using the CLT is considerably expressed for binary signaling as
accurate for increasing N values. Furthermore, we observe that v
Z π/2 ! u N Es
doubling N provides approximately 6 dB improvement (four- 1 1 1 u
fold decrease) in the required SNR at the waterfall region to Pe = dη = 1− t NN0 Es (13)
π 0 1+ sinN2EηN
s 2 1+ N0
achieve a target BER, which can be easily verified from (8). 0
Using the MGF of the received instantaneous SNR (Mγ (s)), 1 It is worth noting that the case of N = 1 is equivalent to the well-known
we can also obtain the average SEP for square M -QAM cascaded Rayleigh fading.
LIS adjusting reflector phases as φi = ψi + wm , where wm , m ∈
{1, 2, . . . , M } is the common additional phase term induced
by the LIS to carry the information of the mth message. In
gi light of this, the received signal can be expressed as
"N #
p X p
r = Es βi ejwm + n = Es Bejwm + n. (15)
i=1
BER
10-4 10-4
10-5 10-5
10-6 10-6
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
SNR(dB) SNR(dB)
Fig. 5. BER performance of LIS-DH and LIS-AP schemes with varying Fig. 7. BER performance of LIS-DH and LIS-AP schemes with blind
number of reflectors for BPSK. transmission and varying number of reflectors for BPSK.
10-1
LIS-DH,M=4
LIS-DH,M=16
[4] E. Basar, “Media-based modulation for future wireless systems: A
LIS-DH,M=64 tutorial,” IEEE Wireless Commun. (under revision), Nov. 2018. [Online].
10-2 LIS-DH,Theo. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08730
LIS-AP,M=4 [5] Y. Ding, K. J. Kim, T. Koike-Akino, M. Pajovic, P. Wang, and P. Orlik,
LIS-AP,M=16
LIS-AP,M=64
“Spatial scattering modulation for uplink millimeter-wave systems,”
10-3 LIS-AP,Theo. IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1493–1496, July 2017.
[6] Y. Ding, V. Fusco, A. Shitvov, Y. Xiao, and H. Li, “Beam index
SER