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1. The five components of a data communications system are: sender, receiver, transmission
medium, message, and protocol.
2. Distributed processing has several advantages such as increased performance, reliability,
and scalability.
3. The three criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network are performance,
reliability, and security.
4. A multipoint connection has the advantage of shared use of the link, which can be cost-
effective.
5. The two types of line configuration are point-to-point and multipoint.
6. The four basic topologies in terms of line configuration are: bus (multipoint), star (point-to-
point), ring (point-to-point), and mesh (point-to-point).
7. Half-duplex transmission mode allows data transmission in both directions, but not at the
same time. Full-duplex transmission mode allows data transmission in both directions
simultaneously.
8. The four basic network topologies are: bus (advantage - easy to install), star (advantage -
easy to troubleshoot), ring (advantage - equal access for all devices), and mesh (advantage -
high reliability).
9. For n devices in a network, the number of cable links required for a mesh topology is n(n-
1)/2, for a ring topology it’s n, for a bus topology it’s n-1, and for a star topology it’s n.
10. Factors that determine whether a communication system is a LAN or WAN include the
geographical area covered, ownership of the network, and the design and management of
the network.
11. An internet is a network of networks. The Internet is the global system of interconnected
computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate.
12. Protocols are needed to ensure standardized communication between devices, allowing
them to understand each other and exchange data correctly.
13. Standards are needed to ensure compatibility, interoperability, and safety in the
manufacture and use of devices and software.

Exercises: 14. Unicode can represent a maximum of 1,114,112 characters. 15. A color image that
uses 16 bits to represent a pixel can represent a maximum of 65,536 different colors. 16. In a
mesh topology with six devices, 15 cables are needed. Each device needs 5 ports. 17. If a
connection fails in a network: a. In a mesh topology, there is no impact as there are redundant
paths. b. In a star topology, only the device connected to the failed link is affected. c. In a bus
topology, the entire network goes down. d. In a ring topology, the entire network goes down.

Please note that these answers are based on general knowledge and understanding of data
communications and networking. For detailed explanations and context-specific answers, please

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refer to your course materials or consult with your instructor. Let me know if you have any
other questions!