Bsee Ee13 SLM9

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course EE 13 – Instrumentation and Control
Sem/AY First Semester/2023-2024
Module No. 9
Lesson Title Programmable Electronic Systems (PESs)
Week
11 - 14
Duration
Date October 30- November 3
November 6-10
November 13-17
November 20-24
Description This lesson will discuss the concepts of a system based on a computer connected to
of the sensors and/or actuators in a plant for the purpose of control, protection, or monitoring
Lesson (includes various types of computers, programmable logic controllers, peripherals,
interconnect systems, instrument distributed control system controllers, and other
associated equipment).
Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning ● To familiarize the students in the components, involve in the Programmable
Outcomes Electronic Systems (PESs).
● To know the operations of a programmable electronic systems and its
functions.
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives ● know the components of PESs
● familiarization on the concepts and ideas of each component
● understand the operations of PESs
Student Learning Strategies
Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a one-hour class discussion on
Instrumentation and Control. To have access to the online discussion,
Asynchronous) refer to this link: ____________________.
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

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The online discussion will happen on October 30- November 3, November 6-10,
November 13-17, and November 20-24, 2023 from 8:30-9:30AM.
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)
B. Learning Guide Questions:
1. Define each component and its function.

2. Describe the operation of PESs.
3. Determine how components are interconnected to each other.
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.
Lecture Guide
PROGRAMMABLE ELECTRONIC SYSTEM (PES) AND ITS COMPONENTS

A system based on a computer connected to sensors and/or actuators in a plant
for the purpose of control, protection, or monitoring (includes various types of
computers, programmable logic controllers, peripherals, interconnect systems,
instrument distributed control system controllers, and other associated
equipment).
An individual PE device or a series of interconnected PE devices {e.g., sensor
(e.g., microprocessor-based pressure transmitter), programmable electronic
logic solver (e.g., PLC, DCS, single loop controller), final element (e.g.,
Offline Activities
microprocessor based valve)] in a plant for the purpose of control, protection or
(e-Learning/Self- monitoring. (Includes various types of computers, programmable logic
Paced) controllers, interconnect systems, instrument distributed control system
controllers, and other associated equipment). A PE system also typically
includes power supplies, peripherals, non-PE sensors and final elements (e.g.,
motors), data highways and other communication paths.
Distributed Control System

A distributed control system (DCS) is a computerized control system for a
process or plant usually with a large number of control loops, in which
autonomous controllers are distributed throughout the system, but there is
central operator supervisory control. This contrasts with systems that use
centralized controllers; either discrete controllers located at a central control

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room or within a central computer. The DCS concept increases reliability and
reduces installation costs by localizing control functions near the process plant,
with remote monitoring and supervision.
Distributed control systems first emerged in large, high value, safety critical
process industries, and were attractive because the DCS manufacturer would
supply both the local control level and central supervisory equipment as an
integrated package, thus reducing design integration risk. Today the
functionality of SCADA and DCS systems are very similar, but DCS tends to be
used on large continuous process plants where high reliability and security is
important, and the control room is not geographically remote.
Structure
The key attribute of a DCS is its reliability due to the distribution of the control
processing around nodes in the system. This mitigates a single processor failure.
If a processor fails, it will only affect one section of the plant process, as opposed
to a failure of a central computer which would affect the whole process. This
distribution of computing power local to the field Input/Output (I/O) field
connection racks also ensures fast controller processing times by removing
possible network and central processing delays.
The accompanying diagram is a general model which shows functional
manufacturing levels using computerized control.
● Level 0 contains the field devices such as flow and temperature sensors, and
final control elements, such as control valves
● Level 1 contains the industrialized Input/Output (I/O) modules, and their
associated distributed electronic processors.
● Level 2 contains the supervisory computers, which collect information from
processor nodes on the system, and provide the operator control screens.
● Level 3 is the production control level, which does not directly control the
process, but is concerned with monitoring production and monitoring
targets
● Level 4 is the production scheduling level.
Levels 1 and 2 are the functional levels of a traditional DCS, in which all
equipment are part of an integrated system from a single manufacturer.
Levels 3 and 4 are not strictly process control in the traditional sense, but where
production control and scheduling takes place.
Typical Applications

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Distributed control systems (DCS) are dedicated systems used in manufacturing

processes that are continuous or batch oriented.
Processes where a DCS might be used include:
● Chemical plants
● Petrochemical (oil) and refineries
● Pulp and Paper Mills (see also: quality control system QCS)
● Boiler controls and power plant systems
● Nuclear power plants
● Environmental control systems
● Water management systems
● Water treatment plants
● Sewage treatment plants
● Food and food processing
● Agro chemical and fertilizer
● Metal and mines
● Automobile manufacturing
● Metallurgical process plants
● Pharmaceutical manufacturing
● Sugar refining plants
● Agriculture Applications
Centralized Control System
In a centralized control model, one component is designated as the controller

and is responsible for managing the execution of other components. Centralized
control models fall into two classes, depending on whether the controlled
components execute sequentially or in parallel.
1. The call–return model -This is the familiar top-down subroutine model

where control starts at the top of a subroutine hierarchy and, through
subroutine calls, passes to lower levels in the tree. The subroutine model
is only applicable to sequential systems.
2. The manager model - This is applicable to concurrent systems. One
system component is designated as a system manager and controls the
starting, stopping, coordination and scheduling of other system
processes. A process is a component or module that can execute in
parallel with other processes. A form of this model may also be applied in
sequential systems where a management routine calls particular

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components depending on the values of some state variables. This is

usually implemented as a case statement.
The call–return model is illustrated in Figure 1. The main program can call
Routines 1, 2 and 3; Routine 1 can call Routines 1.1 or 1.2; Routine 3 can call
Routines 3.1 or 3.2; and so on. This is a model of the program dynamics. It is not
a structural model; there is no need for Routine 1.1, for example, to be part of
Routine 1.
Figure 1 A call-return control model
This familiar model is embedded in programming languages such as C, Ada and

Pascal. Control passes from a higher-level routine in the hierarchy to a lower-
level routine. It then returns to the point where the routine was called. The
currently executing subroutine has responsibility for control and can either call
other routines or return control to its parent. It is poor programming style to
return to some other point in the program.
This call–return model may be used at the module level to control functions or
objects. Subroutines in a programming language that are called by other
subroutines are naturally functional. However, in many object-oriented systems,
operations on objects (methods) are implemented as procedures or functions.
For example, when a Java object requests a service from another object, it does
so by calling an associated method.
The rigid and restricted nature of this model is both a strength and a weakness.
It is a strength because it is relatively simple to analyze control flows and work

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out how the system will respond to inputs. It is a weakness because exceptions
to normal operation are awkward to handle.
Figure 2 is an illustration of a centralized management model of control for a

concurrent system. This model is often used in ‘soft’ real-time systems which do
not have very tight time constraints. The central controller manages the
execution of a set of processes associated with sensors and actuators. The
building monitoring system discussed in Chapter 20 uses this model of control.
Figure 2 A centralized control model for a real-time system
The system controller process decides when processes should be started or

stopped depending on system state variables. It checks if other processes have
produced information to be processed or to pass information to them for
processing. The controller usually loops continuously, polling sensors and other
processes for events or state changes. For this reason, this model is sometimes
called an event-loop model.
Comparison of Distributed and Centralized Control System
How much to centralize or distribute really has two aspects to sort out: the
control itself and the I/O subsystems. When establishing your design, start with
the overall control system and then work down to the I/O. Before discussing the
particulars, let's start with some basics.

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Centralized or distributed control is a core design aspect of your system, which

defines on a very basic level the degree to which your controlled objects and
operations are intertwined with the control system itself. This degree of
comingling is reflected in all the physical and logical components of your system.
It should not be confused with the selection of a control system platform. These
design criteria should drive that selection, not the other way around.
In an extremely centralized design, all the aspects of your system are

concentrated in a single entity. A single process controller operates all aspects
of your process (see Figure 1). A highly distributed design is just the opposite.
The physical and logical components of your system are spread across a variety
of operational and physical areas
With this basic working definition of centralized and distributed control, we can
examine the same concept as it applies to I/O systems. A highly centralized I/O
system is characterized by concentrated I/O hardware in a single entity, with
network or hardwired connections extending from that location. A highly
distributed I/O system has the I/O hardware distributed across many
operational and physical areas, with localized network or hardwired
connections extending from these remote locations.
It is important to note that as with control, centralized or distributed I/O is a

design concept independent of the I/O platform type. You can have something

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intrinsically distributed, such as a group of point I/O devices, connected back to

a common I/O adapter or network switch. In this event, the common connection
creates some centralized characteristics in an otherwise distributed system.
Similar examples abound for centralized I/O systems with some distributed
aspects.
When examined closely, most systems of any substance are generally not
completely centralized or distributed in terms of either control or I/O. While the
control design imposes some limits on the degree in which you can centralize or
distribute I/O systems, these limits could be narrow or quite wide. As system
designers, we need to strike the right balance on this spectrum. Let's examine
some of the factors that can affect how we put this all together.
CONTROL ROOM INSTRUMENTATION
A controller is an instrument used for controlling a process variable

(measurement). Its continuously monitors the error signal and gives a
corrective output to the final control element.
The recording instrument is defined as the instrument which records the

continuous variation of the magnitude of an electrical quantity for a particular
period. It is used in a placed where the continuous reading of circuit conditions
is required. The record is used for future reference or computational work. The
recording instruments take readings of the physical quantities in the form of the
graph. It also records the variation of the quantities concerning the time. The
voltmeter, thermoscope, ECG machine, galvanometer recorder are the examples
of the recording instrument. The indicating instrument records a continuous
reading, but they require an observer for continuously observing the variations
in readings. The example of the recording instrument is obtained by improving
the construction of an indicating instrument. The indicating instrument is
converted into a recording instrument by replacing their pointer with the light
arm ink pen. The ink pen is deflected for recording the readings on the graph
paper. The pen is continuously rotated on the drum at the constant speed. The
path traced by the pen gives a continuous reading of the variant physical
quantity. The magnitude of the quantity is read from the traced chart. The
instruments are used in the power stations where continuous reading is
required.

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Relay
INTRODUCTION
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are a remote control electrical

switch that can be switched using low current to control a high current load.in
this session we are going to discuss about basics of relays.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which
attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off
so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover)
switches.
THEORY
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely
separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can
use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection
inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.

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The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V
relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower
voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually
used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay
coil.
The relay’s switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
● COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch.
● NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off
● NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on
● Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay
coil is on
● Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay
coil is off

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Choosing a relay
You need to consider several features when choosing a relay:
1. Physical size and pin arrangement
If you are choosing a relay for an existing PCB you will need to ensure that its
dimensions and pin arrangement
are suitable. You should find this information in the supplier’s catalogue.
2. Coil voltage
The relay’s coil voltage rating and resistance must suit the circuit powering the
relay coil. Many relays have a coil rated for a 12V supply but 5V and 24V relays
are also readily available. Some relays operate perfectly well with a supply
voltage which is a little lower than their rated value.
3. Coil resistance
The circuit must be able to supply the current required by the relay coil. You can
use Ohm’s law to calculate the current: Relay coil current =supply voltage coil
resistance

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For example: A 12V supply relay with a coil resistance of 400 passes a current of
30mA. This is OK for a 555timer IC (maximum output current 200mA), but it is
too much for most ICs and they will require a transistor to amplify the current.
Advantages of relays:
● Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
● Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
● Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
● Relays can switch many contacts at once.
Disadvantages of relays:
● Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

● Relays cannot switch rapidly (Except reed relays), transistors can switch many
times per second.
● Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
● Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low power
transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay’s coil
Annunciator
Process alarm switches may be used to trigger a special type of indicator device
known as an annunciator. An annunciator is an array of indicator lights and
associated circuitry designed to secure a human operator’s attention by blinking
and sounding an audible buzzer when a process changes into an abnormal state.
The alarm state may be then “acknowledged” by an operator pushing a button,
causing the alarm light to remain on (solid) rather than blink, and silencing the
buzzer. The indicator light does not turn off until the actual alarm condition (the
process alarm) has returned to its regular state.
This photograph shows an annunciator located on a control panel for a large
engine-driven pump. Each white plastic square with writing on it is a translucent
pane covering a small light bulb. When an alarm condition occurs, the respective
light bulb flashes, causing the translucent white plastic to glow, highlighting to
the operator which alarm is active:

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Note the two pushbutton switches below labeled “Test” and “Acknowledge.”
Pressing the “Acknowledge” button will silence the audible buzzer and also turn
any blinking alarm light into a steady (solid) alarm light until the alarm condition
clears, at which time the light turns off completely. Pressing the “Test” button
turns all alarm lights on, to ensure all light bulbs are still functional.
Opening the front panel of this annunciator reveals modular relay units
controlling the blinking and acknowledgment latch functions, one for each alarm

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light:
This modular design allows each alarm channel to be serviced without

necessarily interrupting the function of the other channels in the annunciator
panel.
A simple logic gate circuit illustrates the acknowledgment latching feature (here
implemented by an S-R latch circuit) common to all process alarm annunciators:

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Panel-mounted annunciators are becoming a thing of the past, as computer-

based alarm displays replace them with advanced capabilities such as time
logging, first-event recording, and multiple layers of acknowledgment/access.
Time logging is of particular importance in the process industries, as the
sequence of events is often extremely important in investigations following an
abnormal operating condition. Knowing what happened, and exactly when it
happened is much more informative than simply knowing which alarms have
tripped.
What is First Event? :
When a complex machine or process with many shutdown sensors
automatically shuts down, it may be difficult to discern after the fact which
shutdown device was responsible. For instance, imagine an engine-powered
generator automatically shutting down because one of the generator’s “trip”
sensors detected an under-voltage condition. Once the engine shuts down,
though, multiple trip sensors will show abnormal conditions simply because the
engine is not running anymore.
The oil pressure sensor is one example of this: once the engine shuts down, there
will no longer be any oil pressure, thus causing that alarm to activate. The under-
voltage alarm falls into this category as well: once the engine shuts down, the
generator will no longer be turning and therefore its output voltage must be
zero. The problem for any human operator encountering the shut-down engine
is that he or she cannot tell which of these alarms was the initiating cause of the
shutdown versus which of these alarms simply activated after the fact once the
engine shut off. An annunciator panel showing both an under-voltage and a low
oil pressure light does not tell us which event happened first to shut down the
generator. A “first-event” (sometimes called a “first-out”) annunciator, however,
shows which trip sensor was the first to activate, thus revealing the initiating
cause of the event.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES (IEC)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), five standard languages have

emerged for programming both process and discrete controllers:
● Ladder Diagram (LD)

● Function Block Diagram (FBD)
● Sequential Function Chart (SFC)
● Instruction List (IL)
● Structured Text (ST)
Choosing an Appropriate Language

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● Ease of maintenance by the final user: SFC;

● Universal acceptance of language: LD;
● Acceptance in Europe: IL or ST;
● Speed of execution by the PLC: IL or ST;
● Applications mainly using digital I/O and basic processing: LD or FBD;
● Ease of changing code later: LD;
● Ease of use by newer engineers: ST;
● Ease of implementing complex mathematical operations: ST; and
● Applications with repeating processes or processes requiring interlocks
and concurrent operations: SFC.
Your PLC or PAC platform may also affect the choice of programming languages,
as not all automation vendors provide programming software that is fully
IEC61131-3 compatible. In fact, most of the non-European vendors do not offer
this functionality, or only have a very limited spectrum of options, such as
Ladder and SFC.
* IEC 61131-3 is the third part (of 10) of the open international standard IEC
61131 for programmable logic controllers, and was first published in December
1993 by the IEC. The current (third) edition was published in February 2013. Part
3 of IEC 61131 deals with basic software architecture and programming
languages of the control program within PLC.
Another consideration is that not all PLCs are capable of running the various IEC
languages due to lack of memory or processor speed. This tends to be the case
with many micro PLCs.
While many programmers are locked into a customer specification, if they have
the freedom to choose a hardware platform, they should decide which language
or languages will work best for the application, then select the hardware and
software that support it.

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Ladder Diagram
Ladder Diagram (LD or simply Ladder) is probably the most widely used
controller programming language. Invented to replace hardwired relay-based
control systems, Ladder programming is used in probably 95% of all
applications. Visually, this language resembles a series of control circuits, with a
series of inputs needing to be “made” or “true” in order to activate one or more
outputs.
Ladder has experienced such widespread adoption that almost every

programmer in any country or industry can read and write this language.
Because it resembles the familiar electric circuit format, even a non-
programmer with an electrical background can follow the program for purposes
of troubleshooting a problem.
It’s also easy to start writing a program in Ladder. With just a basic outline of
input and output signals, one can start churning out code. Most other IEC
languages require more preparation, such as flowcharting of all potential
process flows. Finally, most Ladder implementations allow a program to be
organized into folders or subprograms that can be downloaded to the PLC,
allowing easy program segmentation.

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Ladder programming is ideal for simple material handling applications, for

example, where a sensor detects the presence of a box, other sensors check for
obstructions, and then an output fires an actuator to push the box to another
conveyor. Digital inputs check for various conditions, and the program analyzes
the inputs and fires digital outputs in response. There may be timers in the
program, or some basic comparisons, or math, but there are no complex
functions involved.
As the complexity of PLC functionality has grown, however, Ladder has been
challenged to meet these advances and still maintain the paradigm of easy
visualization and understanding. Functions, such as PID loops, trigonometry,
and data analysis, now required in many control applications can be difficult to
implement. Another challenge is that as program size grows, the ladder can
become very difficult to read and interpret unless it’s extensively documented.
Finally, implementing full processes in Ladder can be daunting– picture a ladder
rung with an output used in several phases of a process with many input
conditions attempting to control exactly when that output needs to turn on.

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Function Block Diagram
Although Ladder may be the most widespread language, a survey conducted

by Control Engineering magazine several months ago highlighted growth in the
use of programming languages other than Ladder. Function Block Diagram
(FBD) programming is an example. Even though the adoption rate for this
language has recently slowed relative to other languages such as Structured
Text, FBD is probably the second most widely used language.
In many ways, this graphical language resembles a wiring diagram even more so
than Ladder code. With FBD, the blocks are “wired” together into a sequence
that’s easy to follow. It uses the same instructions as Ladder, but visually is more
understandable to a viewer who is not versed in relay logic. The major advantage
is that programs written in FBD tend to be easy to follow– just follow the path!
FBD is ideal for simpler programs consisting of digital inputs, such as

photoelectric sensors, and outputs such as valve manifolds, and could be used in
any application where Ladder works well.
However, FBD is not ideal for large programs using special I/O and functions.
The large amount of screen space required can quickly make a program
unwieldy if it reaches any substantial size. Also, writing a program in FBD
requires more upfront preparation to understand the program and how it will
flow before any code is written, since it can be difficult to make corrections later.

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Sequential Function Chart
Sequential Function Chart (SFC) programming resembles the computer

flowcharts that many engineers remember drawing up in their college days. An
initial step “action box” (the starting point of a flowchart) is followed by a series
of transitions and additional action steps. The SFC concept is simple: an action
box, with code inside written in any language of the programmer’s choice, is
active until the transition step below it activates. The current action box is
turned off, and the next one in the sequence is active. The transition step also
has code to check that the necessary conditions are met to allow the program to
advance to the next step. The language is very friendly to maintenance engineers
because its visual nature and natural code segmentation makes it easy to
troubleshoot.
On the downside, this style of programming is not suitable for every application,
as the structure it forces on a program could add unneeded complexity. A large
amount of time must be spent up front preparing and planning before any
programming is attempted, or the charts can become unwieldy and difficult to
follow. The overhead required for this type of program causes it to execute
slower than the other languages.

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A final consideration is the inability to convert to other languages. IL, FBD, ST

and Ladder programs can easily be interconverted, allowing a piece of code to
be displayed in the way most comfortable to the user. SFC, however, cannot be
converted.
Instruction List
Instruction List programming

(IL) consists of many lines of
code, with each line representing
exactly one operation. Thus, it is
very step-by-step in layout and
format, which makes the entry of
a series of simple mathematical
functions easy.
IL is a low-level language and, as

such, will execute much faster
than a graphical language, such
as Ladder. IL is also much more
compact and will consume less
space in PLC memory. The
simple one-line text entry
method supported by this
language also allows for very fast
program entry– no mouse
required, no tabs to click! In
legacy systems, programs
written in IL are easier to display
and edit on a handheld
programming unit, with no
software or laptop required.
Despite IL’s advantages, it seems

that maintenance and service
engineers do not prefer it. This
may be because it is less visual
than Ladder, which may make it
more difficult to interpret what
the program is doing and what
errors it is experiencing.

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IL can make entering complex functions, such as PID loops and complex
mathematical computations, a struggle. IL does not lend itself well to any form
of structured programming, such as state programming or step ladder, further
limiting its usefulness for implementing large programs. It is also arguable that
the advantages of speed and compactness are less relevant, given the processing
speeds of modern PLCs and the large amounts of memory available.
Structured Text
With its IF…THEN loops, CASE selectors, and lines ending in semicolons,
Structured Text (ST) closely resembles a high-level computer programming
language such as Pascal and C. The aforementioned Control Engineering survey
indicated that of all the IEC61131-defined programming languages, ST has seen
the greatest increase in adoption.
Among IEC languages, ST perhaps best embraces the growing complexity of PLC
programming, such as the process control functions involved in plastics or
chemical manufacturing. Trigonometry, calculus, and data analysis can be
implemented far more easily than in Ladder or IL. Decision loops and pointers
(variables used to do indirect addressing) allow for a more compact program
implementation than can be achieved in Ladder. The flexible ST editor that is
common in most programming packages makes it easy to insert comments
throughout a program, and to use indents and line spacing to emphasize related
sections of code. This makes the task of structuring a complex program easier.
ST text-based, non-graphical nature, which is similar to IL, also runs much faster
than Ladder. An additional ST benefit is that it comes closer than most of the
other languages in achieving the transferability goals of the IEC61131 standard,
emancipating a programmer from the hardware platform.

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A final benefit is that many students currently graduating from engineering

studies have a better background in computer languages than in the basics of
electrical wiring, and therefore can more easily become proficient in ST than
Ladder programming.
A disadvantage is that, for many previously experienced programmers or

maintenance and service personnel, the ST environment is unfamiliar. Writing
the code and structure to make it maintenance-friendly can reduce some of its
compactness advantages.
As a result, control engineers tend to use ST “behind the scenes.” For example,
IEC 61131 allows a programmer to build his or her own functions in one
language, then insert them as sub-programs in another language. With this
option, programmers often encapsulate an ST program inside an instruction,
which is then embedded in a Ladder program.
OPERATOR INTERFACE
1. Graphics
Graphics are visual images or designs on screen. In contemporary usage it

includes: a pictorial representation of data, as in computer-aided design and
manufacture, in typesetting and the graphic arts, and in educational and
recreational software. Images that are generated by a computer are called
computer graphics.
Examples are photographs, drawings, Line art, graphs, diagrams, typography,

numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other
images. Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design
may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography
alone, as in a brochure, flyer, poster, web site, or book without any other
element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association
with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a
distinctive style.
Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version,

such as a photograph, or interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential
features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may
become blurred. It can also be used for architecture.

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2. Alarms
● An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible, visual or

other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition. Alarm devices
are often outfitted with a siren.
● Alarm devices include:
● burglar alarms, designed to warn of burglaries; this is often a silent
alarm: the police or guards are warned without indication to the burglar,
which increases the chances of catching him or her.
● alarm clocks can beep, buzz or ring off as an alarm at a set time to wake a
person up or for other reminders
● distributed control systems (DCS), found in nuclear power plants,
refineries and chemical facilities also generate alarms to direct the
operator's attention to an important event that he or she needs to
address.
● alarms in an operation and maintenance (O&M) monitoring system,
which informs the bad working state of (a particular part of) the system
under monitoring.
o first-out alarm is an alarm that indicates in some manner that it
was the first of a series. This is necessary in circumstances such as
an automatic trip or shutdown of equipment, where many alarms
will announce as a result of a shutdown. The first-out alarm will
clearly identify the root cause of the trip or shutdown.
● safety alarms, which go off if a dangerous condition occurs. Common
public safety alarms include:
● fire alarm systems
o fire alarm notification appliance

Province of Laguna
o "Multiple-alarm fire", a locally-specific measure of the severity of

a fire and the fire-department reaction required.
o smoke detector
● car alarms
● autodialer alarm, also known as community alarm
● personal alarm
● tocsins – a historical method of raising an alarm
3. Trends

Province of Laguna
4. Reports
It is the generation of incident reports.
Engaging Activities
Create a diagram of your overall safety lifecycle of PESs.

Province of Laguna
Performance Tasks
PT 1
Directions: After the discussion, discuss your overall safety lifecycle diagram.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Designing Lesson Plan (PT 1 )

Province of Laguna
Learning Resources
Bolton. Instrumentation and Control Systems. Elsevier Science and Technology Books. 2004
Nise. Control System 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2011
Ogata. Modern Control Engineering 3rd Edition.
Dunn. Fundamental of Industrial Instrumentation and Process Control. McGraw-Hill Co. 2005
https://www.aiche.org/ccps/resources/glossary/process-safety-glossary/programmable-
electronic-system-pes-
0#:~:text=A%20system%20based%20on%20a,%2C%20and%20other%20associated
%20equipment).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_control_system
https://ifs.host.cs.st-
andrews.ac.uk/Books/SE9/Web/Architecture/ArchPatterns/CentralControl.html
https://www.controleng.com/articles/choosing-between-centralized-and-distributed-control-
system-designs/
https://automationforum.co/instrumentation-interview-question-what-is-a-controller-area-of-
application/
https://circuitglobe.com/recording-instrument.html
https://automationforum.co/basics-of-relays/
https://instrumentationtools.com/annunciator/
https://www.controleng.com/articles/speaking-in-tongues-understanding-the-iec-61131-3-
programming-languages/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_device
Prepared by:
Engr. Jeffson S. Baldemeca

COE Faculty, LSPU-Sta. Cruz Campus

Bsee Ee13 SLM9

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Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. Define each component and its function.

PROGRAMMABLE ELECTRONIC SYSTEM (PES) AND ITS COMPONENTS

Distributed Control System

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Distributed control systems (DCS) are dedicated systems used in manufacturing

Centralized Control System

In a centralized control model, one component is designated as the controller

1. The call–return model -This is the familiar top-down subroutine model

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

components depending on the values of some state variables. This is

Figure 1 A call-return control model

This familiar model is embedded in programming languages such as C, Ada and

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Figure 2 is an illustration of a centralized management model of control for a

Figure 2 A centralized control model for a real-time system

The system controller process decides when processes should be started or

Comparison of Distributed and Centralized Control System

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Centralized or distributed control is a core design aspect of your system, which

In an extremely centralized design, all the aspects of your system are

It is important to note that as with control, centralized or distributed I/O is a

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

intrinsically distributed, such as a group of point I/O devices, connected back to

CONTROL ROOM INSTRUMENTATION

A controller is an instrument used for controlling a process variable

The recording instrument is defined as the instrument which records the

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are a remote control electrical

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

You need to consider several features when choosing a relay:

1. Physical size and pin arrangement

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

● Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

This modular design allows each alarm channel to be serviced without

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Panel-mounted annunciators are becoming a thing of the past, as computer-

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES (IEC)

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), five standard languages have

● Ladder Diagram (LD)

Choosing an Appropriate Language

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

● Ease of maintenance by the final user: SFC;

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Ladder has experienced such widespread adoption that almost every

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Ladder programming is ideal for simple material handling applications, for

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Function Block Diagram

Although Ladder may be the most widespread language, a survey conducted

FBD is ideal for simpler programs consisting of digital inputs, such as

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Sequential Function Chart