Japanese Sentence Patterns Training Book For JLPT N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 All Books Complete Series Noburu Akuzawa Full Chapter

Japanese Sentence Patterns Training
Book for JLPT N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 all

books complete series Noburu
Akuzawa
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Japanese
Sentence
Patterns
Training Book
for JLPT N1
Noboru Akuzawa
Table of Contents
■Preface
■Learning Methods / how to tap into this book
あえて (aete) "deliberately"
あくまでも (akumade mo) "absolutely"
案の定 (an no jou): just as one thought
あらかじめ (arakajime): beforehand, in advance
ばこそ (ba koso): only because
場合によっては (baai ni yotte wa): depending on the situation
あっての (atte no): to owe everything to
ばそれまでだ (ba sore made da): if… then it’s over
べからず (bekarazu): must not, should not
べく (beku): in order to, should
べくもない (beku mo nai): can’t
びる (biru): seeming to be
ぶり (buri): style, manner
ぶる (buru): behaving like
だに (dani): even
だの～だの (dano~dano): and, and so forth
であれ～であれ (de are~de are): whether A or B
であれ/であろうと (de aru/de arou to): whoever/whatever/however
でも何でもない (demo nan demo nai): not in the least
でなくてなんだろう (denakute nan darou): must be, is definitely
(で)すら (de sura): even
ではあるまいか (dewa aru mai ka): I wonder if it’s not
ではあるまいし (dewa aru mai shi): it’s not like, it isn’t as if
ではすまない (dewa sumanai): it doesn’t end with just
どうにも～ない (dou nimo~nai): not … by any means
ふと (futo): accidentally, unexpectedly
がてら (gatera): on the same occasion

が早いか (ga hayai ka): as soon as
が最後 (ga saigo): once something occurs, something else happens
ごとき/ごとく (gotoki/gotoku): like, as if
ぐるみ (gurumi): together with, all of
羽目になる (hame ni naru): to end up with (something unpleasant)
ひとつ (hitotsu): to give something a try
ほどのことはない (hodo no koto wa nai): not worth, no need to
ほかに～ない (hoka ni~nai): no other
ほうがましだ (hou ga mashi da): I would rather
いかなる (ikanaru): any kind of
いかんでは/いかんによっては (ikan dewa/ikan ni yotte wa): depending on
いかんによらず (ikan ni yorazu): regardless of
いかにも (ikanimo): indeed, really
いかに (ikani):how
いまだに (ima da ni): still, even now
いずれにせよ (izure nise yo): at any rate, in any case
じみた (jimita): to look like
限りだ (kagiri da): I feel so
かいもなく (kai mo naku): even though
か否か (ka ina ka): whether or not
可能性がある (kanousei ga aru): there’s a possibility
からある (kara aru): as much as, as many as
かれ～かれ (kare~kare): or
かたがた (katagata): while, for the purpose of
かたわら (katawara): while, at the same time
かつて (katsute): once, before
きっての (kitte no): the most … of all
嫌いがある (kirai ga aru): to have a tendency to
きりがない (kiri ga nai): there’s no end to
極まる/極まりない (kiwamaru/kiwamarinai): extremely

極めて (kiwamete): extremely, exceedingly
ことだし (koto dashi): because, since
ことごとく (koto gotoku): altogether, entirely
ことなしに (koto nashi ni): without doing something
ことのないよう (koto no nai you): so as not to
こととて (kototote): because, since
くらいなら (kurai nara): rather than
くらいのものだ (kurai no mono da): only
までだ (made da): only
までもない (made mo nai): it’s not necessary to
まじき (majiki): should not, must not
ままに (mama ni): to do as
まみれ (mamire): to be covered in
まるっきり (marukkiri): totally, completely
もはや (mohaya): already, no longer
めく (meku): to show signs of
も顧みず/を顧みず (mo kaerimizu/o kaerimizu): regardless of, despite
もしないで (mo shinaide): without even doing
ものを (mono o): I wish, if only
もので (mono de): because, for that reason
ものと思われる (mono to omowareru): to think, to suppose
ものとして (mono toshite): to assume, to suppose
もさることながら (mo saru koto nagara): not only… but also
もしくは (moshikuwa): or, otherwise
ながらに/ながらの (nagara ni/nagara no): while, during
ないではおかない/ずにはおかない (nai dewa okanai/zu niwa okanai): will definitely, cannot not
ないではすまない/ずにはすまない (nai dewa sumanai/zu niwa sumanai): must
ないまでも (nai made mo): even if something isn’t done
ないものか (nai mono ka): can’t we…?, can’t I…?
ないものでもない (nai mono demo nai): (something) is not entirely impossible

ないとも限らない (nai tomo kagiranai): might
なくして (nakushite): without
何しろ (nani shiro): in any case, as you know
なしに (nashi ni): without
ならでは (nara dewa): uniquely applying to
ならいざしらず (nara iza shirazu): I don’t know about A, but B
なり (nari): as soon as
なり～なり (nari~nari): or
なりに/なりの (nari ni/nari no): in one’s own way or style
なりとも (naritomo): even a little, at least
に値する (ni atai suru): to be worth, to deserve
なるべく (narubeku): as much as possible
にあたらない (ni ataranai): it’s not worth, there’s no need to
にあって (ni atte): at, during, in the condition of
にひきかえ (ni hikikae): in contrast to
に至るまで (ni itaru made): until, as far as
に至っては (ni itatte wa): as for, when it comes to
に言わせれば (ni iwasereba): if you ask, if one may say
にかかっている (ni kakatte iru): to depend on
にかたくない (ni katakunai): it’s not hard to
にまつわる (ni matsuwaru): to be related to
にもほどがある (nimo hodo ga aru): to have a limit, to go too far
にもまして (ni momashite): more than, above
に則って (ni nottotte): in accordance with
に先駆けて (ni saki gakete): to be the first
にしたって (ni shitatte): even, even if
にして (ni shite): only, in (time span)
に即して (ni sokushite): in keeping with
にたえる/にたえない (ni taeru/ni taenai): can/can’t do something
に足る/に足りる (ni taru/ni tariru): to be enough, to be worthy of

に足りない (ni tarinai): to be not worth
に照らして (ni terashite): in comparison with, according to
にとどまらず (ni todomarazu): not limited to
には及ばない (niwa oyobanai): there’s no need to
によらず (ni yorazu): regardless of
んばかりに (n bakari ni): as if, as though
んがため (n ga tame): in order to
の至り (no itari): utmost
の極み (no kiwami): utmost
のみか (nomika): not only… but also
のなんのって (no nan no tte): extremely
を踏まえて (o fumaete): based on
を経て (o hete): through, after, via
をいいことに (o ii koto ni): to take advantage of
を限りに (o kagiri ni): starting from
を兼ねて (o kanete): also for the purpose of
を皮切りに (o kawakiri ni): starting with
を機に (o ki ni): as an opportunity to
を禁じえない (o kinjienai): can’t help but
をものともせず (o monotomo sezu): in defiance of
をもって (o motte) – 1: by means of
をもって (o motte) – 2: at the time
をおいて (o oite): other than, without
を余儀なくされる (o yogi naku sareru): to be forced to do something
をよそに (o yoso ni): despite
折に (ori ni): when, on the occasion
思いをする (omoi o suru): to feel
およそ (oyoso): totally, (not) at all
さもないと (samonaito): otherwise, else, if not so
さぞ (sazo): I’m sure, I’m certain

始末だ (shimatsu da): end up, in the end
そばから (soba kara): as soon as
さも (samo): truly, really
それなりに (sore nari ni): as it is, in its own way
そうにもない (sou nimo nai): impossible, unlikely
ただ～のみだ (tada~nomi da): can do nothing but
た拍子に (ta hyoushi ni): the instant
ためしがない (tameshi ga nai): (something) is never the case
たりとも (taritomo): (not) even, (not) any
た瞬間に (ta shunkan ni): the moment
てっきり (tekkiri): surely, certainly
てからというもの (te kara to iu mono): after, since
てかなわない (te kanawanai): can’t stand, unable to
てまで (te made): even
てみせる (te miseru): I’ll definitely
てもどうにもならない (temo dou nimo naranai): it’s no use
ても始まらない (temo hajimaranai): it’s no use
ても差し支えない (temo sashitsukaenai): can, it’s okay if
【JLPT N1★ってば (tteba): I said, I told you to】
てしかるべきだ (te shikaru beki da): should
てやまない (te yamanai): always, never stop
と相まって (to aimatte): together with
とあれば (to areba): if, if it’s the case that
とあって (to atte): because of
とばかりに (to bakari ni): as if, as though
といえども (to ie domo): even, even though
といい～といい (to ii~to ii): and, or
といったらない (to ittara nai): very, extremely
という (to iu): all, every
というか (to iu ka): or, or more precisely

というところだ/といったところだ (to iu tokoro da/to itta tokoro da): approximately, about
というか～というか (to iu ka~to iu ka): (I’m not sure if it’s) A or B
というもの (to iu mono): during a period of time
というわけだ (to iu wake da): this means
というわけではない (to iu wake dewa nai): it’s not that, it doesn’t mean that
ときたら (tokitara): when it comes to, concerning
といわず (to iwazu): not just, both
ときている (to kite iru): because
ところがある (tokoro ga aru): there is
ところから (tokoro kara): from the fact that
とみられる (to mirareru): to be regarded as, to be expected to
とみるや (to miru ya): at the sight of, upon seeing
ともなく (tomonaku): to do something without thinking about it
となると/となれば (tomo naru to/tomo nareba): when, once (something happens
ともすれば (tomo sureba): apt to, prone to
と思いきや (to omoikiya)
とりわけ (toriwake): especially
とされる (to sareru): is considered
とっさに (tossa ni): at once, right away
としたって/としたところで (to shitatte/to shita tokoro de): even if
として～ない (toshite~nai): not even one
とて (tote): even if, even though
とても～ない (totemo~nai): cannot possibly
とは (towa): [indicates word or phrase being defined]
とはいえ (towaie): nonetheless, although
とはいうものの (towa iu mono no): having said that, be that as it may
つ～つ (tsu~tsu): [indicates two contrasting actions]
はおろか (wa oroka): let alone, not to mention
はさておき (wa sateoki): setting aside
や否や (ya ina ya): the moment that, as soon as

やしない (yashinai): not (emphatic negative)
(よ)うが/(よ)うと (you ga/you to): no matter how/what
(よ)うが～まいが/(よ)うと～まいと (you ga~mai ga/you to~mai to): whether or not
(よ)うか～まいか (you ka~mai ka): whether or not
(よ)うものなら (you mono nara): if one chooses to
(よ)うにも～ない (you nimo~nai): even if one tries to do something, it can’t be done
ようによっては (you ni yotte wa): depending on
ゆえに (yue ni): therefore, consequently
ざる (zaru): not, -un
ずじまい (zu jimai): never
ずくめ (zukume): entirely, completely
ずとも (zu tomo): even without doing
■A simple way to build vocabulary in a foreign language through the Read-Aloud Method
■On line Japanese Lesson
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■Preface
Learning a language is a long journey. Are you heading ahead on the right path? If you take the wrong way, you
will not achieve your goal and your time and effort spent on will be in vain.
In myself, I had a hard time to communicate in a foreign language at the beginning. I felt frustrated and
helpless.
However, I finally discovered a quite effective learning approach. Thanks to making efforts through this
approach, now I can write, listen, speak, and enjoy communication in a foreign language.
By my experience of practicing this approach for more than ten years, I am convinced that this is one of the most
effective learning approaches for any language learners. I share my learning methods with you as much as I can.
Also, I share my unique learning material on my website.
One of the most important methods I will share is Sentence Pattern Method (SPM). Sentence Pattern Method is
the sentence template that contains constants and variables. This is similar to the mathematical formula.
Also, I will tell you how to utilize “Read-aloud Method” to print sentence patterns in your memory and to open
the door to boost your Japanese communications skills.
■Learning Methods / how to tap into this book
I have 2 learning methods which I recommend to you.
①Sentence Pattern Method (to install grammar rules in your brain)
②Read-aloud Method (to strengthen your memory)
1.Sentence Pattern Method

If you have Genki or any textbook, you will eventually come to the conclusion that while they get you started,
you are still lacking skills in that language. So what can you do? Let’s try the Sentence Pattern approach!
When you find some Japanese expressions which you want to acquire, I recommend you to collect several
Japanese sentences (around 5 to 7) which have the common structure. Additionally, if you prepare an English(or
your mother tongue) translation of the sentences, that would be great.
It is good for you to understand simple formulas for sentences. After understanding and practicing these patterns
and you can stick words in... and create your own sentences!You can see an example of the following:
日本語 / にほんご / Japanese

(1)地下鉄はどこにありますか？
(2)トイレはどこにありますか。
(3)博物館はどこにありますか。
(4)渋谷駅はどこにありますか。
(5)郵便局はどこにありますか。
英語 / えいご / English
(1)Where can I find the subway?
(2)Where can I find the bathroom?
(3)Where can I find the museum?
(4)Where can I find the Shibuya station?
(5)Where can I find the post office?
ひらがな/ Hiragana
(1)ちかてつはどこにありますか？
(2)といれはどこにありますか。
(3)はくぶつかんはどこにありますか。
(4)しぶやえきはどこにありますか。
(5)ゆうびんきょくはどこにありますか。
ローマ字 / Roman letters

(1)Chikatetsu wa dokoniari masuka?
(2)Toire wa dokoni ari masuka?
(3)Hakubutsukan wa dokoni ari masuka?
(4)Shibuya eki wa dokoni ari masuka?
(5)Yuubinkyoku wa dokoni ari masuka?
After checking them out, it would not difficult for you to find a common pattern among them. Now you can
make your own sentence by switching the first noun in the sentence. That’s quite simple, isn’t it?
After learning sentence patterns, you can create a variety of sentences and not to be limited to one or two
patterns each time you speak or write.
Also, you can more easily correct sentences because you’ll know how sentences are built. You’ll understand the
parts of a clause and how they fit together.
However, I have to admit that knowing sentence patterns is not enough. We need to practice to help set them
more firmly in our memory. So, I am going to tell you another method.
2.Read-aloud Method
To tattoo these expressions in your brain, I recommend you to read a group of sentences out loud 60 times in
total( I do it at least 80 times).To begin with, you can focus on reading only Japanese sentences out loud to
remember them 4 times.
Also, don’t forget to take a note about how many times you read. This is very important!
After reading Japanese sentences out loud twice, please take a look at English sentences and check whether you
can translate them into Japanese correctly or you can’t.
This is not only a self-checking process but also an important process that helps you clarify the meaning of
Japanese words, expressions, and sentence patterns in your brain.
If you can’t do it well, please don’t worry about it. Let’s read the Japanese sentences out loud twice again.
This is a basic routine of the Read-Aloud Method. I recommend you to practice this basic routine three times a
day.
At the second time of the routine, you will check whether you can translate the English sentences into Japanese
sentences again. I’m sure you can do better than you did last time.
At the third time, you would be more accurate than before.
So, you read a group of sentences out loud 15 times a day.
This is the basic routine I have practiced once a day ( though English and Japanese are opposite in my case…)
It takes only 5 or 10 minutes a day.
I recommend you to read a group of Japanese sentences with common structure out loud 60 times in total. So,
you will basically master one sentence pattern in 4 days.
After that, you would feel that it is difficult for you to forget the sentence pattern you read out loud. In addition,
when you speak to Japanese speakers, your brain would try to get opportunities to use it in actual conversations.
Please let your brain allow to make conversation with the sentence pattern you mastered!
I believe this method helps you boost your communication skills in Japanese!
■Free Report available
How to Speak Japanese:
The Faster Way to Learn Japanese
Click here to download
This report is written for the following types of Japanese learners:
・Japanese learners who are new to learning Japanese and want to learn Japanese not only to understand but also to speak it.
・Japanese learners who have a good knowledge of Japanese vocabulary, grammar and can read, but find it difficult to speak.
あえて (aete) "deliberately"
Meaning:
dare to; daringly; deliberately
Formation:
あえて + action
日本語 / にほんご / Japanes
(1)その実業家はそのパンの見た目をあえて気にしない / 気にしません。
(2)世論はその政治家の意見をあえて支持した / 支持しました。
(3)彼はそのテレビ番組にあえて出演しなかった / 出演しませんでした。
(4)父親は息子をあえて経済的に支援しなかった / 支援しませんでした。
(5)正社員ではなく、あえてアルバイトとして働く人も多い / 多いです。
(6)誰を信用していいか分からないので、彼らはあえて本心をうち明けようとはしない / 打ち明けようとはしません。
ことばと表現 / Words & Expressions
実業家【じつぎょうか】 businessman
見た目【みため】 the second-best policy
世論【よろん】 public opinion
出演する【しゅつえんする】 to appear
支援する【しえんする】 to support
(1)The businessman did not dare to care about the appearance of the bread.
(2)Public opinion dared to support the opinion of that politician.
(3)He did not dare to appear on that TV program.
(4)The father did not dare to support his son financially.
(5)Many people dare to work as part-time workers instead of full-time workers.
(6)They daren’t confide in each other, not knowing whom to trust.

ひらがな / Hiragana
(1)そのじつぎょうかはぱんのみためをあえてきにしない / きにしません。
(2)よろんはそのせいじかのいけんをあえてしじした / しじしました。
(3)かれはそのてれびばんぐみにあえてしゅつえんしなかった / しゅつえんしませんでした。
(4)ちちおやはむすこをあえてけいざいてきにしえんしなかった / しえんしませんでした。
(5)せいしゃいんではなく、あえてあるばいととしてはたらくひともおおい / おおいです。
(6)だれをしんようしていいかわからないので、かれらはあえてほんしんをうちあけようとはしない / うちあけようと

はしません。
(1) Sono Jitsugyouka wa pan no mitame o aete kini shinai/ kini shimasen.
(2) Yoron wa sono seijika no iken o aete shiji shita / shiji shimashita.
(3) Kare wa sono terebi bangumi ni aete shutsuen shinakatta / shimasen deshita.
(4) Chichioya wa musuko o aete keizaiteki ni shenn shinakatta / shimasen deshita.
(5) Seishainde wa naku, aete arubaito to shite hatarakuhito mo ooi/ ooidesu.
(6) Dare o shin’you shite iika wakaranainode, karera wa aete honshin o uchi akeyou to wa shinai/ uchi ake you
to wa shimasen.
あくまでも (akumade mo) "absolutely"
Meaning:
to the end; persistently; absolutely; thoroughness
Formation:
あくまでも + Noun/Verb

(1)あくまでも美しい夏の日だった / 夏の日でした。
(2)彼はあくまでも沈黙を守ろうとした / 守ろうとしました。
(3)君はあくまでも約束を守らなければならない / 守らなければなりません。
(4)私はあくまでも彼女を見つけるつもりだ / つもりです。
(5)私たちはあくまでも戦い抜く決心をした / 決心をしました。
(6)中野さんにとってそれはあくまでも家庭問題だった / 家庭問題でした。
(1)It was the most beautiful summer’s day.
(2)He intended to persist in his silence.
(3)You must persistently stick to your promise.
(4)I will definitely find her.
(5)We have made up our minds to fight it out.
(6)It was strictly a family affair for Mr.Nakano.
(1)あくまでもうつくしいなつのひだった / なつのひでした。
(2)かれはあくまでもちんもくをまもろうとした / まもろうとしました。
(3)きみはあくまでもやくそくをまもらなければならない / まもらなければなりません。(4)わたしはあくまでもかの
じょをみつけるつもりだ / つもりです。
(5)わたしたちはあくまでもたたかいぬくけっしんをした / けっしんをしました。
(6)なかのさんにとってそれはあくまでもかていもんだいだった / かていもんだいでした。

(1) Akumademo utsukushî natsu no hidatta / natsu no hideshita.
(2) Kare wa akumademo chinmoku o mamorô to shita / mamorô to shimashita.
(3) Kimi wa akumademo yakusoku o mamoranakereba naranai / mamoranakereba narimasen.
(4) Watashi wa akumademo kanojo o mitsukeru tsumorida / tsumoridesu.
(5) Watashitachi wa akumademo soyoi nuku kesshin o shita / kesshin o shimashita.
(6) Nakano-san ni totte sore wa akumademo katei mondaidatta / katei mondaideshita.
案の定 (an no jou): just as one thought
Meaning:
just as one thought; sure enough
Formation:
案の定 + phrase

(1) 案の定、筆記試験は難しかった / 難しかったです。
(2) 案の定、姉はまた電話をかけてきた / 電話をかけてきました。
(3) 案の定、彼は電車の中に傘を置き忘れた / 忘れました。
(4) 案の定，彼女は締め切りに間に合わなかった / 間に合いませんでした。
(5) 私の決意を家族に告げると, 案の定、皆びっくりした / びっくりしました。
(6) 案の定、ボブはコーヒーを飲み終えたところで、その話題を切り出した / 切り出しました。

決意【けつい】decision
切り出す【きりだす】to bring up
(1) Just as I thought, the written exam was difficult.
(2) As I had expected, my older sister called me up again.
(3) Predictably (enough), he left his umbrella in the train.
(4) As might have been expected, she missed the deadline.
(5) I announced my decision to my family and they were predictably alarmed.
(6) As expected, Bob brought up the subject after drinking coffee.
(1) あんのじょう、ひっきしけんはむずかしかった / むずかしかったです。
(2) あんのじょう、あねはまたでんわをかけてきた / でんわをかけてきました。
(3) あんのじょう、かれはでんしゃのなかにかさをおきわすれた / わすれました。
(4) あんのじょう、かのじょはしめきりにまにあわなかった / まにあいませんでした。
(5) わたしのけついをかぞくにつげると、あんのじょう、みんなびっくりした / びっくりしました。
(6) あんのじょう、ぼぶはこーひーをのみおえたところで、そのわだいをきりだした / きりだしました。

(1) An'nojô, hikki shiken wa muzukashikatta/ muzukashikattadesu.
(2) An'nojô, ane wa mata denwa o kakete kita/ denwa o kakete kimashita.
(3) An'nojô, kare wa densha no naka ni kasa o okiwasureta/ wasuremashita.
(4) An'nojô, kanojo wa shimekiri ni maniawanakatta/ maniaimasendeshita.
(5) Watashi no ketsui o kazoku ni tsugeru to, an'nojô, min'nabikkuri shita/ bikkuri shimashita.
(6) An'nojô, Bobu wa kôhî o nomi oeta tokoro de, sono wadai o kiridashita/ kiridashimashita.
あらかじめ (arakajime): beforehand, in advance
Meaning:
beforehand; in advance; previously
Formation:
あらかじめ + Verb-casual, past

(1) 私はその資料をあらかじめ印刷して持参する / 持参します。
(2) 私はメキシコ料理店にあらかじめ電話して、テーブルを予約しておく / 予約しておきます。
(3) ご協力に対し、お礼をあらかじめ申し上げる / 申し上げます。
(4) スケジュールをあらかじめお知らせください。
(5) 彼は議長の許可をあらかじめ得た / 得ました。
(6) 部長はあらゆる危険をあらかじめ取り除こうとした / 取り除こうとしました。

持参する【持参する】 to bring
議長【ぎちょう】 the chair
取り除く【とりのぞく】 to eliminate
(1) I will print that document beforehand and bring it in.
(2) I will call the Mexican restaurant ahead and reserve a table.
(3) Thank you for your cooperation in advance.
(4) Please let me know the schedule beforehand.
(5) He got approval from the chair in advance.
(6) The director tried to eliminate all the risk in advance.
(1) わたしはそのしりょうをあらかじめいんさつしてじさんする / じさんします。
(2) わたしはめきしこりょうりてんにあらかじめでんわして、てーぶるをよやくしておく / よやくしておきます。
(3) ごきょうりょくにたいし、おれいをあらかじめもうしあげる / もうしあげます。
(4) すけじゅーるをあらかじめおしらせください。
(5) かれはぎちょうのきょかをあらかじめえた / えました。
(6) ぶちょうはあらゆるいけんをあらかじめとりのぞこうとした / とりのぞこうとしました。

(1) Watashi wa sono shiryô o arakajime insatsu shite jisan suru/ jisan shimasu.
(2) Watashi wa Mekishiko ryôri-ten ni arakajime denwa shite, têburu o yoyaku shite oku/ yoyaku shite okimasu.
(3) Go kyôryoku ni taishi, orei o arakajime môshiageru/ môshiagemasu.
(4) Sukejûru o arakajime oshirase kudasai.
(5) Kare wa gichô no kyoka o arakajime eta/ emashita.
(6) Buchô wa arayuru kiken o arakajime torinozokô to shita/ torinozokô to shimashita.

ばこそ (ba koso): only because
Meaning:
only because
Formation:
Verb-ばconditional + こそNoun/なadj + であればこそ

(1) あなたを大切に思えばこそ、私は強く警告する / 警告します。
(2) 好きであればこそ、私はこの仕事を楽しめる / 楽しめます。
(3) あなたを信頼すればこそ、私は秘密をあなたに打ち明ける / 打ち明けます。
(4) たくさんの経験があればこそ、部長はこの仕事をあなたに任せたいようだ / 任せたいようです。
(5) 来月、結婚式であればこそ私は明日からダイエットする / ダイエットします。
(6) 健康であればこそ、私は充実した生活を楽しめる / 楽しめます。

を大切に思う【をたいせつにおもう】 to care about
警告する【けいこくする】 to warn
打ち明ける【うちあける】 to confide
充実した生活を楽しむ【じゅうじつしたせいかつをたのしむ】to enjoy fulfilling life
(1) I warn strongly because I care about you.
(2) I can enjoy this job only because I like it.
(3) I will confide to you my secrets only because I trust you.
(4) It seems that the department director wants to assign this job to you only because you have lots of experience.
(5) I'm going on a diet starting tomorrow because I have a wedding reception next month.
(6) I can enjoy fulfilling life only because I am healthy.
(1) あなたをたいせつにおもえばこそ、わたしはつよくけいこくする / けいこくします。
(2) すきであればこそ、わたしはこのしごとをたのしめる / たのしめます。
(3) あなたをしんらいすればこそ、わたしはひみつをあなたにうちあける / うちあけます。
(4) たくさんのけいけんがあればこそ、ぶちょうはこのしごとをあなたにまかせたいようだ / まかせたいようです。
(5) らいげつ、けっこんしきであればこそわたしはあしたからだいえっとする / だいえっとします。
(6) けんこうであればこそ、わたしはじゅうじつしたせいかつをたのしめる / たのしめます。

(1) Anata o taisetsu ni omoe bakoso, watashi wa tsuyoku keikoku suru/ keikoku shimasu.
(2) Suki deare bakoso, watashi wa kono shigoto o tanoshimeru/ tanoshimemasu.
(3) Anata o shinrai sure bakoso, watashi wa himitsu o anata ni uchiakeru/ uchiakemasu.
(4) Takusan no keiken gaare bakoso, buchô wa kono shigoto o anata ni makasetai yôda/ makasetai yôdesu.
(5) Raigetsu, kekkonshiki de are bakoso watashi wa ashita kara daietto suru/ daietto shimasu.
(6) Kenkô de are bakoso, watashi wa jûjitsu shita seikatsu o tanoshimeru/ tanoshimemasu.
場合によっては (baai ni yotte wa): depending on the situation
Meaning:
in some cases
Formation:
場合によっては + phrase

(1) 場合によっては、私は会議に遅れるかもしれない / 遅れるかもしれません。
(2) 場合によっては、私たちは目的地に少し早く到着するかもしれない / 到着するかもしれません。
(3) 場合によっては、回答が出来ない可能性がある / 可能性があります。
(4) 場合によっては、コンサートは予定時間を超えて長引くことがある / 長引くこともあります。
(5) 場合によっては、私たちは次善策を選ばなくてはならない / 選ばなくてはなりません。
(6) 場合によっては、あなたは二つの役職を兼務する必要がある / 必要があります。

目的地【もくてきち】 destination
次善策【じぜんさく】 the second-best policy
(1) In some cases, I may be late for the meeting.
(2) In some cases, we may arrive a little early for the destination.
(3) There are times when it may be impossible to respond.
(4) In some cases, the concert may go long beyond the scheduled time.
(5) We must choose the second-best policy according to the circumstances.
(6) In some cases, it is necessary for you to concurrently hold two positions.
(1) ばあいによっては、わたしはかいぎにおくれるかもしれない / おくれるかもしれません。
(2) ばあいによっては、わたしたちはもくてきちにすこしはやくとうちゃくするかもしれない / とうちゃくするかもしれません。
(3) ばあいによっては、かいとうができないかのうせいがある / かのうせいがあります。
(4) ばあいによっては、こんさーとはよていじかんをこえてながびくことがある / ながびくこともあります。
(5) ばあいによっては、わたしたちはじぜんさくをえらばなくてはならない / えらばなくてはなりません。
(6) ばあいによっては、あなたはふたつのやくしょくをけんむするひつようがある / ひつようがあります。

(1) Bâiniyotte wa, watashi wa kaigi ni okureru kamo shirenai/ okureru kamo shiremasen.
(2) Bâiniyotte wa, watashitachi wa mokutekichi ni sukoshi hayaku tôchaku suru kamo shirenai/ tôchaku suru
kamo shiremasen.
(3) Bâiniyotte wa, kaitô ga dekinai kanôsei ga aru/ kanôsei ga arimasu.
(4) Bâiniyotte wa, konsâto wa yotei jikan o koete nagabiku koto ga aru/ nagabiku koto mo arimasu.
(5) Bâiniyotte wa, watashitachi wa jizen-saku o erabanakute wa naranai/ erabanakute wa narimasen.
(6) Bâiniyotte wa, anata wa futatsu no yakushoku o kenmu suruhitsuyôga aru/ hitsuyô ga arimasu.
あっての (atte no): to owe everything to
Meaning:
which owes everything to; which can exist solely due to the presence of,Thanks to (various things), (outcome)
Formation:
Noun + あっての + Noun

(1) どんな小さな成功も努力あってのものだ / ものです。
(2) 勝利は日々の練習あってのものだ / ものです。
(3) 私の成功はあなたの援助あってのものだ / ものです。
(4) 楽しい人生は健康な体あってのものだ / ものです。
(5) 今月の売り上げ目標の達成は営業メンバーの努力あってのものだ / ものです。
(6) お客様あっての仕事だから、言葉遣いに気を付けてください。

援助【えんじょ】 support
言葉遣い【ことばづかい】 the language you use
(1) Even a small achievement can’t be gained without hard work.
(2) Victory is not possible without everyday practice.
(3) My success is thanks to your support.
(4) Pleasant life is dependent on having a healthy body.
(5) The achievement of the sales goal of this month is thanks to the efforts of sales members.
(6) Please be careful of the language you use around our customers since they are essential for our business.
(1) どんなちいさなせいこうもどりょくあってのものだ / ものです。
(2) しょうりはひびのれんしゅうあってのものだ / ものです。
(3) わたしのせいこうはあなたのえんじょあってのものだ / ものです。
(4) たのしいじんせいはけんこうなからだあってのものだ / ものです。
(5) こんげつのうりあげもくひょうのたっせいはえいぎょうめんばーのどりょくあってのものだ / ものです。
(6) おきゃくさまあってのしごとだから、ことばづかいにきをつけてください。

(1) Don'na chîsana seikô mo doryoku atteno monoda/ monodesu.
(2) Shôri wa hibi no renshû atteno monoda/ monodesu.
(3) Watashi no seikô wa anata no enjo atteno monoda/ monodesu.
(4) Tanoshî jinsei wa kenkôna karada atteno monoda/ monodesu.
(5) Kongetsu no uriage mokuhyô no tassei wa eigyô menbâ no doryoku atteno monoda/ monodesu.
(6) Okyakusama atteno shigoto dakara, kotobadzukai ni ki o tsukete kudasai.
ばそれまでだ (ba sore made da): if… then it’s over
Meaning:
if… then it’s over (nothing will be of use)(If something occurs, then a bad end is reached.)
Formation:
Verb-ばconditional + それまでだ

(1) あなたが一生懸命勉強しても、試験に遅刻すればそれまでだ / それまでです。
(2) あなたが一生懸命働いても、病気になればそれまでだ / それまでです。
(3) 美味しい料理を出すレストランでも、店内が不潔ならばそれまでだ / それまでです。
(4) この試合に負ければそれまでだ！頑張ろう / 頑張りましょう。
(5) あなたがどんなに有能であっても運が悪ければそれまでだ / それまでです。
(6) あなたが顧客に何度会っても、信頼関係を築けていなければそれまでだ / それまでです。

不潔な【ふけつな】 filthy
信頼関係【しんらいかんけい】 trustworthy relationship
(1) Even if you study hard, if you will be late for the exam, then it’s over.
(2) Even if you work hard, once you get sick, then it’s over.
(3) Even if a restaurant offers delicious food, if its inside is filthy, then it's over.
(5) If we lose this match, it’s over! Let’s do our best!
(4) No matter how capable you are, if you’re unlucky it’s useless.
(6) No matter how many times you see your clients unless you can build a trustworthy relationship, then it’s over.
(1) あなたがいっしょうけんめいべんきょうしても、しけんにちこくすればそれまでだ / それまでです。
(2) あなたがいっしょうけんめいはたらいても、びょうきになればそれまでだ / それまでです。
(3) おいしいりょうりをだすれすとらんでも、てんないがふけつならばそれまでだ / それまでです。
(4) このしあいにまければそれまでだ！がんばろう / がんばりましょう。
(5) あなたがどんなにゆうのうであってもうんがわるければそれまでだ / それまでです。
(6) あなたがこきゃくになんどあっても、しんらいかんけいをきずけていなければそれまでだ / それまでです。

(1) Anata ga isshôkenmei benkyô shite mo, shiken ni chikoku sureba sore madeda/ sore madedesu.
(2) Anata ga isshôkenmei hataraite mo, byôki ni nareba sore madeda/ sore madedesu.
(3) Oishî ryôri o dasu resutoran demo, ten'nai ga fuketsunaraba sore madeda/ sore madedesu.
(4) Kono shiai ni makereba sore madeda! Ganbarô/ ganbarimashô.
(5) Anata ga don'nani yûnôde atte mo un ga warukereba sore madeda/ sore madedesu.
(6) Anata ga kokyaku ni nando atte mo, shinrai kankei o kidzukete inakereba sore madeda/ sore madedesu.
べからず (bekarazu): must not, should not
Meaning:
must not; should not; do not
Formation:
Verb-dictionary form + べからず/べからざる

(1) 電車内で携帯電話を使うべからず。
(2) 授業中は私語をするべからず。
(3) 初心、忘れるべからず。
(4) ここにゴミを捨てるべからず。
(5）芝生に入るべからず。
(6) 関係者以外立ち入るべからず。

私語をする【しごをする】 to talk about your private life
芝生【しばふ】 the grass
初心【しょしん】original reason for doing the things you have chosen to do.
(1) You should not use your cellphone on the train.
(2) You should not talk about your private life during the class.
(3) You should not forget your original reason for doing the things you have chosen to do.
(4) No dumping of rubbish here.
(5) Keep off the grass.
(6) Authorized personnel only.
(1) でんしゃないでけいたいでんわをつかうべからず。
(2) じゅぎょうちゅうはしごをするべからず。
(3) しょしん、わすれるべからず。
(4) ここにごみをすてるべからず。
(5) しばふにはいるべからず。
(6) かんけいしゃいがいたちいるべからず。

(1) Densha-nai de keitai denwa o tsukau bekarazu.
(2) Jugyô-chû wa shigo o suru bekarazu.
(3) Syoshin, wasureru bekarazu.
(4) Koko ni gomi o suteru bekarazu.
(5) Shibafu ni hairu bekarazu.
(6) Kankei-sha igai tachi iru bekarazu.
べく (beku): in order to, should
Meaning: in order to; for the purpose of
Formation:
Verb-dictionary form + べく
Exception: する -> するべく/すべく

(1) 警察官らは男を逮捕すべく追いかけた / 追いかけました。
(2) 私は先生に会うべく職員室へ行った / 行きました。
(3) 私はエンジニアになるべく一生懸命勉強した / 勉強しました。
(4) 弟は旅行ライターになるべく、たくさんの国を旅した / 旅しました。
(5) 彼は可能な限り早く借金を返すべく、懸命に働いている / 働いています。
(6）営業部は売り上げを改善すべく新しい戦略を導入した / 導入しました。

逮捕する【たいほする】 to arrest
可能な限り早く【かのうなかぎりはやく】 as soon as possible
戦略【せんりゃく】strategy
導入した【導入する】to introduce
(1) The police officers chased the man in order to arrest the man.
(2) I went to the teacher’s room in order to meet my teacher.
(3) I studied hard in order to become an engineer.
(4) My brother traveled to a lot of countries in order to become a travel writer.
(5) He’s working really hard in order to repay his debt as soon as possible.
(6) The sales department introduced a new strategy in order to improve sales.
(1) けいさつかんらはおとこをたいほすべくおいかけた / おいかけました。
(2) わたしはせんせいにあうべくしょくいんしつへいった / いきました。
(3) わたしはえんじにあになるべくいっしょううけんめいべんきょうした / べんきょうしました。
(4) おとうとはりょこうりたーになるべく、たくさんのくにをたびした / たびしました。
(5）かれはかのうなかぎりはやくしゃっきんをかえすべく、けんめいにはたらいている / はたらいています。
(6）えいぎょうぶはうりあげをかいぜんすべくあたらしいせんりゃくをどうにゅうした / どうにゅうしました。

(1) Keisatsukan-ra wa otoko o taiho subeku oikaketa/ oikakemashita.
(2) Watashi wa sensei ni aubeku shokuin-shitsu e itta/ ikimashita.
(3) Watashi wa enjinia ni narubeku isshoukenmei benkyou shita/ benkyou shimashita.
(4) Otouto wa ryokou raitaa ni narubeku, takusan no kuni o tabi shita/ tabi shimashita.
(5) Kare wa kanouna kagiri hayaku shakkin o kaesubeku, kenmei ni hataraite iru/ hataraite imasu.
(6) Eigyoubu wa uriage o kaizen subeku atarashii senryaku o dounyuu shita/ dounyuu shimashita.
べくもない (beku mo nai): can’t
Meaning:
can’t; cannot possibly be
Formation:
Verb-dictionary form + べくもない
Exception: する -> すべくもない

(1）今回の選挙で、野党は勝つべくもない / 勝つべくもありません。
(2) この絵が偽物であることなど、素人のわたしは知るべくもない / 知るべくもありません。
(3) このワールドカップで日本チームが優勝することは望むべくもない / 望むべくもありません。
(4) 将来、この会社で役員になるなんて望むべくもない / 望むべくもありません。
(5) 移民問題がヨーロッパ政治の鍵であることは疑うべくもない / 疑うべくもありません。
(6）事件から百年も経った今、実際に何が起こったかは知るべくもない / 知るべくもありません。

野党【やとう】 opposition party
移民問題【いみんもんだい】 immigration problem
(1) In this election, the opposition party can’t win.
(2) There’s no way an amateur like me can realize that this is a fake painting.
(3) There is no hope that the Japanese team will win the World Cup.
(4) I can not hope to become an executive in the company in the future.
(5) There is no doubt that the immigration problem is the key to European politics.
(6) Now that one hundred years have passed since the incident, there is no knowing what really happened.
(1）こんかいのせんきょで、やとうはかつべくもない / かつべくもありません。
(2) このえがにせものであることなど、しろうとのわたしはしるべくもない / しるべくもありません。
(3) このわーるどかっぷでにほんちーむがゆうしょうすることはのぞむべくもない / のぞむべくもありません。
(4) しょうらい、このかいしゃでやくいんになるなんてのぞむべくもない / のぞむべくもありません。
(5) いみんもんだいがよーろっぱせいじのかぎであることはうたがうべくもない / うたがうべくもありません。
(6）じけんからひゃくねんもたったいま、じっさいになにがおこったかはしるべくもない / しるべくもありません。

(1) Konkai no senkyo de, yatou wa katsubeku mo nai/ katsubeku mo arimasen.
(2) Kono e ga nisemonodearu koto nado, shirōto no watashi wa shirubeku mo nai/ shirubeku mo arimasen.
(3) Kono wārudokappu de Nihon chiimu ga yuushou suru koto wa nozomubeku mo nai/ nozomubeku mo arimasen.
(4) Shourai, kono kaisha de yakuin ni naru nante nozomubeku mo nai/ nozomubeku mo arimasen.
(5) Imin mondai ga yooroppa seiji no kagidearukoto wa utagaubeku mo nai/ utagaubeku mo arimasen.
(6) Jiken kara hyaku-nen mo tatta ima, jissai ni nani ga okotta ka wa shirubeku mo nai/ shirubeku mo arimasen.
びる (biru): seeming to be
Meaning:
seeming to be; behaving as
Formation:
Noun/いadj（－い） + びる/びて
Noun/いadj（－い） + びた + Noun
Exception: 古い -> 古びた; 悪い -> 悪びれる(to abash,to feel shame)

(1) 娘は大学生になったとたん、大人びたことを言うようになった / 言うようになりました。
(2）高校生になって以降、息子は大人びた服装をするようになった / 服装をするようになりました。
(3) 古びた家の庭にいつも猫たちが集まっている / 集まっています。
(4) 彼はいつも青い古びた車を運転している / 運転しています。
(5) 電車の車窓から田舎びた景色を見た / 見ました。
(6) その男は悪びれる様子もなく過去の犯罪を自慢した / 自慢しました。
(7) 彼は少しも悪びれずに試験官の前に立った / 立ちました。

田舎びた【いなかびた】 countrified
悪びれる【わるびれる】 to abash / to feel shame
試験官【しけんかん】 examiner
(1) My daughter started talking like an adult the moment she became a college student.
(2) My son started wearing clothes like an adult after he became a high school student.
(3) Cats are always gathering in the garden of an old house.
(4) He is always driving a blue old car.
(5) I saw a countrified scenery through the train window.
(6) The man boasted of his past crimes in an unapologetic way.
(7) He stood unabashed before his examiners.
(1) むすめはだいがくせいになったとたん、おとなびたことをいうようになった / いうようになりました。
(2）こうこうせいになっていこう、むすこはおとなびたふくそうをするようになった / ふくそうをするようになりました。
(3) ふるびたいえのにわにいつもねこたちがあつまっている / あつまっています。
(4) かれはいつもあおいふるびたくるまをうんてんしている / うんてんしています。
(5) でんしゃのしゃそうからいなかびたけしきをみた / みました。
(6) そのおとこはわるびれるようすもなくかこのはんざいをじまんした / じまんしました。
(7) かれはすこしもわるびれずにしけんかんのまえにたった / たちました。

(1) Musume wa daigakusei ni natta totan, otonabita koto o iu you ni natta/ iu you ni narimashita.
(2) Koukousei ni natte ikou, musuko wa otonabita fukusou o suru you ni natta/ fukusou o suru you ni narimashita.
(3) Furubita ie no niwa ni itsumo neko-tachi ga atsumatte iru/ atsumatte imasu.
(4) Kare wa itsumo aoi furubita kuruma o unten shite iru/ unten shite imasu.
(5) Densha no shasou kara inakabita keshiki o mita/ mimashita.
(6) Sono otoko wa warubireru yousu mo naku kako no hanzai o jiman shita/ jiman shimashita.
(7) Kare wa sukoshi mo warubirezu ni shiken-kan no mae ni tatta/ tachimashita.
ぶり (buri): style, manner
Meaning:
style; manner
Formation:
Verb-ますstem + ぶり/っぶり/っぷり Noun + ぶり

(1) 弟の怠けぶりを私は許せない / 許せません。
(2) あなたの進歩ぶりに私は満足している / 満足しています。
(3) 彼女の話しぶりが私は好きではない / 好きではありません。
(4）彼女はまるで何もかも知っているような話しぶりだ / 話しぶりです。
(5) ケネディ教授はその一風変わった生活ぶりが有名だ / 有名です。
(6) あなたがこの会社を辞めた後も、あなたの仕事ぶりを私は忘れない / 忘れません。

進歩【しんぽ】 progress
一風変わった【いっぷうかわった】 eccentric
(1) I can't excuse my younger brother's laziness.
(2) I'm satisfied with your progress.
(3) I don't like the way she talks
(4) She talks as if she knew everything.
(5) Professor Kennedy is famous for his eccentric lifestyle.
(6) After you quit this company, I’m not going to forget how you've worked.
(1) おとうとのなまけぶりをわたしはゆるせない / ゆるせません。
(2) あなたのしんぽぶりにわたしはまんぞくしている / まんぞくしています。
(3) かのじょのはなししぶりがわたしはすきではない / すきではありません。
(4) かのじょはまるでなにもかもしっているようなはなしぶりだ / はなしぶりです。
(5) けねでぃきょうじゅはそのいっぷうかわったせいかつぶりがゆうめいだ / ゆうめいです。
(6) あなたがこのかいしゃをやめたあとも、あなたのしごとぶりをわたしはわすれない / わすれません。

(1) Otouto no namake-buri o watashi wa yurusenai/ yurusemasen.
(2) Anata no shinpo-buri ni watashi wa manzoku shite iru/ manzoku shite imasu.
(3) Kanojo no hanashiburi ga watashi wa sukide wanai/ sukide wa arimasen.
(4) Kanojo wa marude nanimokamo shitte iru youna hanashiburida/ hanashiburidesu.
(5) Kenedi kyouju wa sono ippuukawatta seikatsu-buri ga yuumeida/ yuumeidesu.
(6) Anata ga kono kaisha o yameta nochi mo, anata no shigoto-buri o watashi wa wasurenai/ wasuremasen.
ぶる (buru): behaving like
Meaning: assuming the air of…; behaving like…
Formation:
Noun/なadjective + ぶる/ぶって/ぶった
いadjective (remove い) + ぶる/ぶって/ぶった

(1) 私の上司は知識人ぶるのが好きだ / 好きです。
(2) 兄は紳士ぶる傾向がある / 傾向があります。
(3）彼女は上品ぶっている / 上品ぶっています。
(4) 昔、その政治家は必要以上に大物ぶっていた / 大物ぶっていました。
(5) あの市長は独善的かつ聖人ぶった人物だ / 聖人ぶった人物です。
(6) 姉はもったいぶった様子で話し始めた / 話し始めました。

知識人【ちしきじん】 intellectual
独善的な【どくぜんてきな】 self-righteous
もったいぶった【---】 pompous
(1) My boss likes to posture as an intellectual.
(2) My older brother has a tendency to affect the gentleman.
(3) She gives herself airs.
(4) The politician always acted big more than necessary in the past.
(5) That mayor is a self-righteous and sanctimonious person.
(6) My elder sister began talking in a pompous manner.
(1) わたしのじょうしはちしきじんぶるのがすきだ / すきです。
(2) あにはしんしぶるけいこうがある / けいこうがあります。
(3）かのじょはじょうひんぶっている / じょうひんぶっています。
(4) むかし、そのせいじかはひつよういじょうにおおものぶっていた / おおものぶっていました。
(5) あのしちょうはどくぜんてきかつせいじんぶったじんぶつだ / せいじんぶったじんぶつです。
(6) あねはもったいぶったようすではなしはじめた / はなしはじめました。

(1) Watashi no joushi wa chishiki jin buru no ga sukida/ sukidesu.
(2) Ani wa shinshiburu keikou ga aru/ keikou ga arimasu.
(3) Kanojo wa jouhin butte iru/ jōhin butte imasu.
(4) Mukashi, sono seijika wa hitsuyou jou ni ōmono butte ita/ o'omono butte imashita.
(5) Ano shichou wa dokuzen-teki katsu seijin butta jinbutsu da/ seijin butta jinbutsu desu.
(6) Ane wa mottaibutta yousu de hanashi hajimeta/ hanashi hajimemashita.
だに (dani): even
Meaning:
even
Formation:
Verb-dictionary form + だに
Noun + だに

(1) 未だに彼女の困った顔を覚えている / 覚えています。
(2) 私にはその意味がいまだに曖昧だ / 曖昧です。
(3）彼は引退したが、いまだに事実上の指導者だ / 指導者です。
(4）私はその猫について考えるだに悲しくなる / 悲しくなります。
(5）自分が社長になろうとは、想像だにしなかった / 想像だにしませんでした。
(6）私が日本語がこのように流暢に話せるようになるとは夢想だにしなかった / 夢想だにしませんでした。

曖昧【あいまい】 obscure
引退する【いんたいする】 to retire
流暢に【りゅうちょうに】 fluently
このように【---】 in this way
(1) Even now, I still remember her troubled face.
(2) The meaning is still obscure to me.
(3) He has retired, but he is still an actual leader.
(4) I get sad just thinking about the cat.
(5) I never imagined that I’d become a president.
(6) I never dreamed that I could speak Japanese fluently in this way.
(1) いまだにかのじょのこまったかおをおぼえている / おぼえています。
(2) わたしにはそのいみがいまだにあいまいだ / あいまいです。
(3）かれはいんたいしたが、いまだにじじつじょうのしどうしゃだ / しどうしゃです。
(4）わたしはそのねこについてかんがえるだにかなしくなる / かなしくなります。
(5）じぶんがしゃちょうになろうとは、そうぞうだにしなかった / そうぞうだにしませんでした。
(6）わたしがにほんごがこのようにりゅうちょうにはなせるようになるとはむそうだにしなかった / むそうだにしませんでした。

(1) Imadani kanojo no komatta kao o oboete iru/ oboete imasu.
(2) Watashiniwa sono imi ga imadani aimai da/ aimai desu.
(3) Kare wa intaishita ga, imadani jijitsujou no shidou-shada/ shidou-shadesu.
(4) Watashi wa sono neko ni tsuite kangaeru dani kanashiku naru/ kanashiku narimasu.
(5) Jibun ga shachou ni narou to wa, souzou dani shinakatta/ souzou dani shimasendeshita.
(6) Watashi ga nihongo ga kono yō ni ryuuchou ni hanaseru you ni naru to wa musou dani shinakatta/ musou dani
shimasendeshita.
だの～だの (dano~dano): and, and so forth
Meaning:
and; and the like; and so forth
Formation:
Verb-casual + だの + Verb-casual + だの
Noun だの + Noun + だの
いadj + だの + いadj + だの
なadj + だの + なadj + だの

(1) 日本を旅行するなら、東京だの京都だの、私は行きたいところがたくさんある / あります。
(2) 昨日、私は書店でビジネスマナーだのマーケティングだのたくさんのビジネス書を買った / 買いました。
(3）彼女は給料が安いだの、休みが少ないだの、よく不平をもらす / もらします。
(4）弟は風邪を引いただの、頭が痛いだのと言って、学校を欠席することが多い / 多いです。
(5）彼は大変だの危険だのと言って、山を登ったことがない / ありません。
(6）妻はキッチンが使いにくいだの掃除が大変だのと文句をときどき言う / 言います。

不平をもらす【ふへいをもらす】 to make a noise about
文句を言う【もんくをいう】 to complain
(1) If traveling in Japan, I have plenty of places I want to visit such as Tokyo, Kyoto, and so on.
(2) Yesterday, I bought a lot of business books such as business manners and marketing.
(3) She often makes a noise that her salary is cheap and she has few holidays.
(4) My younger brother often skips class by saying things like I've caught a cold or I've got a headache. (5) He never
climbs a mountain by saying things like it is hard and dangerous.
(6) My wife sometimes complains that using the kitchen is hard and not easy to clean.
(1) にほんをりょこうするなら、とうきょうだのきょうとだの、わたしはいきたいところがたくさんある / あります。
(2) きのう、わたしはしょてんでびじねすまなーだのまーけてぃんぐだのたくさんのびじねすしょをかった / かいました。
(3）かのじょはきゅうりょうがやすいだの、やすみがすくないだの、よくふへいをもらす / もらします。
(4）おとうとはかぜをひいただの、あたまがいたいだのといって、がっこうをけっせきすることがおおい / おおいです。
(5）かれはたいへんだのきけんだのといって、やまをのぼったことがない / ありません。
(6）つまはきっちんがつかいにくいだのそうじがたいへんだのともんくをときどきいう / いいます。

(1) Nihon o ryokou surunara, Toukyou dano Kyouto dano, watashi wa ikitaitokoro ga takusan aru/ arimasu.
(2) Kinou, watashi wa shoten de bijinesumanaa dano maaketingu dano takusan no bijinesu-sho o katta/ kaimashita.
(3) Kanojo wa kyuuryou ga yasui dano, yasumi ga sukunai dano, yoku fuhei o morasu/ morashimasu.
(4) Otouto wa kaze o hiita dano, atamagaitaida no to itte, gakkou o kesseki suru koto ga ooi/ ooidesu.
(5) Kare wa taihen dano kiken dano itte, yama o nobotta koto ga nai/ arimasen.
(6) Tsuma wa kitchin ga tsukai nikui dano souji ga taihendanoto monku o tokidoki iu/ iimasu.
であれ～であれ (de are~de are): whether A or B
Meaning:
whether A or B
Formation:
Noun/なadj + であれ + Noun/なadj + であれ
Noun/なadj + であろうと + Noun/なadj + であろうと

(1) 雨であれ晴れであれ予定どおり私たちは映画を見に行く / 見に行きます。
(2) あなたが男であれ女であれ料理の仕方を知っていると役に立つ / 役に立ちます。
(3）教師であれ学生であれ、規則にはみんなが従わなければならない / 従わねばなりません。
(4）正社員であれ、パートであれ、仕事に対する責任は同じだ / 同じです。
(5）社長であろうと社員であろうと、顧客にこの件を説明すべきだった / 説明すべきでした。
(6）有名であろうと、無名であろうと、人生は短い / 短いです。

規則に従う【きそくにしたがう】 to follow the rules
無名【むめい】 nameless
(1) We’ll go to see a movie as planned, rain or shine.
(2) It's useful for you to know how to cook whether you’re a man or a woman.
(3) Whether you are a teacher or a student, everyone must follow the rules.
(4) Whether a full-time employee or a part-timer, your duty to your job is the same.
(5) Whether it be the president or an employee, someone should have explained this to the client.
(6) No matter if one is famous or nameless, life is short.
(1) あめであれはれれであれよていどおりわたしたちはえいがをみにいく / みにいきます。
(2) あなたがおとこであれおんなであれりょうりのしかたをしっているとやくにたつ / やくにたちます。
(3）きょうしであれがくせいであれ、きそくにはみんながしたがわなければならない / したがわねばなりません。
(4）せいしゃいんであれ、ぱーとであれ、しごとにたいするせきにんはおなじだ / おなじです。
(5）しゃちょうであろうとしゃいんであろうと、こきゃくにこのけんをせつめいすべきだった / せつめいすべきでした。

(6）ゆうめいであろうと、むめいであろうと、じんせいはみじかい / みじかいです。

(1) Amedeare haredeare yotei-douri watashitachi wa eiga o mi ni iku/ mi ni ikimasu.
(2) Anata ga otokodeare on'nadeare ryouri no shikata o shitte iru to yakunitatsu/ yakunitachimasu.
(3) Kyoushi deare gakuseideare, kisoku ni wa min'na ga shitagawanakereba naranai/ shitagawaneba narimasen.
(4) Seishaindeare, paatodeare, shigoto ni taisuru sekinin wa onajida/ onajidesu.
(5) Shachou dearouto shain dearouto, kokyaku ni kono-ken o setsumei subekidatta/ setsumei subekideshita.
(6) Yuumei dearouto,mumei dearouto, jinsei wa mijikai/ mijikaidesu
であれ/であろうと (de aru/de arou to): whoever/whatever/however
Meaning:
whoever/whatever/however; even
Formation:
Noun + であれ/であろうと

(1) どんな理由であれ、私にうそをつくことは許せない / 許せません。
(2) どんな人であれ、この映画は楽しめる / 楽しめます。
(3）彼女が誰であれ、特別扱いするのは間違っている / 間違っています。
(4）どんなに困難であろうとも、私はこのプロジェクトを成功に導く / 成功に導きます。
(5）どんなに高額であろうとも、彼らはこの商品を購入するに違いない / 違いありません。
(6）誰であろうともテロ活動に従事するものを私たちは許さない / 許しません。

特別扱い【とくべつあつかい】 preferential treatment
テロ活動【てろかつどう】 terrorism
従事する【じゅうじする】 to engage
(1) Whatever reason you have, lying to me is unforgivable.
(2) No matter what kind of person they are, this movie can be enjoyed by anyone.
(3) Regardless of whoever she may be, preferential treatment is wrong.
(4) No matter how difficult it is, I will lead this project to success.
(5) No matter how expensive it is, they must purchase this item.
(6) We will not forgive anyone to engage in terrorism.
(1) どんなりゆうであれ、わたしにうそをつくことはゆるせない / ゆるせません。
(2) どんなひとであれ、このえいがはたのしめる / たのしめます。
(3）かのじょがだれであれ、とくべつあつかいするのはまちがっている / まちがっています。(4）どんなにこんなんであろうと
も、わたしはこのぷろじぇくとをせいこうにみちびく / せいこうにみちびきます。
(5）どんなにこうがくであろうとも、かれらはこのしょうひんをこうにゅうするにちがいない / ちがいありません。
(6）だれであろうともてろかつどうにじゅうじするものをわたしたちはゆるさない / ゆるしません。

(1) Don'na riyuudeare, watashi ni uso o tsuku koto wa yurusenai/ yurusemasen.
(2) Don'na hitodeare, kono eiga wa tanoshimeru/ tanoshimemasu.
(3) Kanojo ga daredeare, tokubetsu atsukai suru no wa machigatte iru/ machigatte imasu.
(4) Don'nani kon'nandearoutomo, watashi wa kono purojekuto o seikou ni michibiku/ seikou ni michibikimasu.
(5) Don'nani kougakudearoutomo, karera wa kono shouhin o kounyuu suru ni chigainai/ chigai arimasen.(6)
Daredearoutomo tero katsudō ni juuji suru mono o watashitachi wa yurusanai/ yurushimasen.
でも何でもない (demo nan demo nai): not in the least
Meaning:
not in the least
Formation:
Noun/なadj + でも何でもない

(1）彼は病気でも何でもない / 何でもありません。
(2）あの女性は私の友だちでも何でもない / 何でもありません。
(3) その書類は重要でも何でもない / 何でもありません。
(4) 彼女は幸せでも何でもない / 何でもありません。
(5) 私はそのことについて心配でも何でもない / 何でもありません。
(6）あなたが彼にしたことは親切でも何でもない / 何でもありません。
(1) He’s not sick at all.
(2) That lady is none of my friends.
(3) Those documents are nothing of any importance at all.
(4) She is not in the least happy.
(5) I am not in the least anxious about it.
(6) What you did to him is not in the least kind.
(1）かれはびょうきでもなんでもない / なんでもありません。
(2）あのじょせいはわたしのともだちでもなんでもない / なんでもありません。
(3) そのしょるいはじゅうようでもなんでもない / なんでもありません。
(4) かのじょはしあわせでもなんでもない / なんでもありません。
(5) わたしはそのことについてしんぱいでもなんでもない / なんでもありません。
(6）あなたがかれにしたことはしんせつでもなんでもない / なんでもありません。

(1) Kare wa byouki demo nandemonai/ nani demo arimasen.
(2) Ano josei wa watashi no tomodachi demo nandemonai/ nani demo arimasen.
(3) Sono shorui wa juuyou demo nandemonai/ nani demo arimasen.
(4) Kanojo wa shiawase demo nandemonai/ nani demo arimasen.
(5) Watashi wa sono koto ni tsuite shinpai demo nandemonai/ nani demo arimasen.
(6) Anata ga kare ni shita koto wa shinsetsu demo nandemonai/ nani demo arimasen.
でなくてなんだろう (denakute nan darou): must be, is definitely
Meaning:
must be; is definitely,"If it is not ～,then what it is/ what can it be?"
Formation:
Noun + でなくてなんだろう

(1）彼女に対するこの気持ちは、愛でなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(2）文化や宗教の対立が原因で起こる戦争は悲劇でなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(3）大統領は十分な資金もないのに戦争を始めた。これが無謀でなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(4) このカレーが世界一でなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(5) 自分の命を犠牲にして多くの人を救ったあの男が英雄でなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(6）弟は体の弱い奥さんのために空気の綺麗な所へ引っ越した。これが愛でなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。

対立【たいりつ】 conflict
十分な【じゅうぶんな】 sufficient
無謀な【むぼうな】 reckless
(1) This feeling of mine for her must be love.
(2) Wars caused by cultural and religious conflict must be a tragedy.
(3) The president started a war without sufficient funds. That was so reckless.
(4) If this isn't the world's best curry, then I don't know what is.
(5) That man who sacrificed his own life to help so many people, if he isn't a hero I don't know who is.
(6) My younger brother moved to a place with clean air for his unhealthy wife. If that doesn't love what is?
(1）かのじょにたいするこのきもちは、あいでなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(2）ぶんかやしゅうきょうのたいりつがげんいんでおこるせんそうはひげきでなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(3）だいとうりょうはじゅうぶんなしきんもないのにせんそうをはじめた。これがむぼうでなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(4) このかれーがせかいいちでなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(5) じぶんのいのちをぎせいにしておおくのひとをすくったあのおとこがえいゆうでなくてなんだろう / なんでしょう。
(6）おとうとはからだのよわいおくさんのためにくうきのきれいなところへひっこした。これがあいでなくてなんだろう / なんでしょ
う。

(1) Kanojo ni taisuru kono kimochi wa, aidenakute nandarou/na ndeshou.
(2) Bunka ya shuukyou no tairitsu ga gen'in de okoru sensou wa higekidenakute nandarou/nandeshou.
(3) Daitouryou wa juubun'na shikin mo nai no ni sensou o hajimeta. Kore ga muboudenakute nandarou/nandeshou.
(4) Kono karee ga sekaiichi denakute nandarou/nandeshou.
(5) Jibun no inochi o gisei ni shite ooku no hito o sukutta ano otoko ga eiyuudenakute nandarou/nandeshou.
(6) Otouto wa karada no yowai okusan no tame ni kuuki no kireina tokoro e hikkoshita. Kore ga medenakute
nandarou/ nandeshou.
(で)すら (de sura): even
Meaning: even
Formation:
Noun + すら/ですら

(1）昨日は暑すぎて、昼寝すらできなかった / できませんでした。
(2) 私はこの悩みを親にすら話せない / 話せません。
(3）世界中の少なくない人が日本がどこにあるかすら知らない / 知りません。
(4）専門家ですら、その質問に答えられなかった / 答えられませんでした。
(5) 彼は、オペラはもちろんのこと、童謡ですら歌えない / 歌えません。
(6）ベトナム語では私は自分の名前ですら書けない / 書けません。

昼寝【ひるね】 nap
悩み【なやみ】 problem
童謡【どうよう】 children's songs
(1) It was so hot yesterday that I could not even take a nap.
(2) I can’t talk about this problem even with my parents.
(3) Not a few people in the world don’t even know where Japan is.
(4) Even the specialist couldn’t answer that question.
(5) He cannot even sing children's songs, let alone opera.
(6) I cannot even write my own name in Vietnamese language.
(1）きのうはあつすぎて、ひるねすらできなかった / できませんでした。
(2) わたしはこのなやみをおやにすらはなせない / はなせません。
(3）せかいじゅうのすくなくないひとがにほんがどこにあるかすらしらない / しりません。
(4）せんもんかですら、そのしつもんにこたえられなかった / こたえられませんでした。
(5) かれは、おぺらはもちろんのこと、どうようですらうたえない / うたえません。
(6）べとなむうごではわたしはじぶんのなまえですらかけない / かけません。

(1) Kinou wa atsu sugite, hirune sura dekinakatta/ dekimasendeshita.
(2) Watashi wa kono nayami o oya ni sura hanasenai/ hanasemasen.
(3) Sekaijuu no sukunakunai hito ga Nihon ga doko ni aru ka sura shiranai/ shirimasen.
(4) Senmonkade sura, sono shitsumon ni kotae rarenakatta/ kotae raremasendeshita.
(5) Kare wa, opera wa mochiron no koto, douyou desura utaenai/ utaemasen.
(6) Betonamu-gode wa watashi wa jibun no namaede sura kakenai/ kakemasen.
ではあるまいか (dewa aru mai ka): I wonder if it’s not
Meaning:
I wonder if it’s not… (Other expression のではないだろうか/ のではないでしょうか[polite]）
Formation:
Verb-casual + のではあるまいか
Noun + ではあるまいか
なadj + ではあるまいか

(1)彼は場所を間違えたのではあるまいか / ないでしょうか。
(2)彼女は私と別れたいのではあるまいか / ないでしょうか。
(3)彼女は私のことを本当は信じていないのではあるまいか / ないでしょうか。
(4)この値段は高すぎるのではあるまいか / ないでしょうか。
(5)彼が私のことを裏切ったのではあるまいかと私は考え始めていた / 考え始めていました。
(6)娘が家出したのではあるまいかと私は心配になった / 心配になりました。

別れる【わかれる】 to break up
裏切る【うらぎる】 to betray
家出する【いえでする】 to run away
(1) I wonder if he might be in a wrong place.
(2) I wonder if she wants to break up with me.
(3) I wonder if she doesn't truly believe in me.
(4) I wonder if this price is too expensive.
(5) I was thinking that he might have betrayed me.
(6) I was beginning to fear if my daughter had run away.
(1)かれはばしょをまちがえたのではあるまいか / ないでしょうか。
(2)かのじょはわたしとわかれたいのではあるまいか / ないでしょうか。
(3)かのじょはわたしのことをほんとうはしんじていないのではあるまいか / ないでしょうか。
(4)このねだんはたかすぎるのではあるまいか / ないでしょうか。
(5)かれがわたしのことをうらぎったのではあるまいかとわたしはかんがえはじめていた / かんがえはじめていました。
(6)むすめがいえでしたのではあるまいかとわたしはしんぱいになった / しんぱいになりました。

(1) Kare wa basho o machigaeta nodewa arumaika/ naideshouka.
(2) Kanojo wa watashi to wakaretai nodewa arumai ka/ naideshou ka.
(3) Kanojo wa watashi no koto o hontou wa shinjite inai nodewa arumaika/ naideshouka.
(4) Kono nedan wa taka sugiru nodewa arumaika/ naideshouka.
(5) Kare ga watashi no koto o uragitta node wa arumai ka to watashi wa kangae hajimete ita/ kangae hajimete
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Joseph’s encrease in Ægyt is out-stript here with vs. Our planters
hope to haue more then a hundred fould this yere: and all this while I
am within compasse; what will you say of two hundred fould and
vpwards? It is almost incredible what great gaine some of our
English Planters haue had by our Indian Corne. Credible persons
haue assured me, and the partie himselfe auouched the truth of it to
me, that of the setting of 13 gallons of Corne hee hath had encrease
of it 52 Hogsheads, euery Hogshead holding seuen Bushels of
London measure, and euery Bushell was by him sold and trusted to
the Indians for so much Beauer as was worth 18 shillings; and so of
this 13 Gallons of Corne which was worth 6 shillings 8 pence, he
made about 327 pounds of it in the yeere following, as by reckoning
will appeare: where you may see how God blessed husbandry in this
Land. There is not such greate and plentifull eares of Corne I
suppose any where else to bee found but in this Country: because
also of varietie of colours, as red, blew, and yellow, &c. and of one
Corne there springeth foure or fiue hundred. I haue sent you many
Eares of diuers colours that you might see the truth of it.
Little Children here by setting of Corne may earne much more
then their owne maintenance.
They haue tryed our English Corne at new Plimmouth Plantation,
so that all our seuerall Graines will grow here verie well, and haue a
fitting Soyle for their nature.
Our Gouernor hath store of greene pease growing in his garden as
good as euer I eat in England.
This Countrey aboundeth naturally with store of rootes of great
varietie and good to eat. Our Turnips, Parsnips and Carrots are here
both bigger and sweeter then is ordinarily to bee found in England.
Here are store of Pumpions, Cowcombers, and other things of that
nature which I know not. Also diuers excellent Pot-herbs grow
abundantly among the Grasse, as Strawberrie leaues in all places of
the Countrey, and plentie of strawberries in their time, and
Penyroyall, Wintersauerie, Sorrell, Brookelime, Liuerwort, Caruell
and Watercresses, also Leekes and Onions are ordinarie, and diuers
Physicall Herbs. Here are also aboundance of other sweet Hearbs
delightfull to the smell, whose names we know not, &c. and plentie of
single Damaske Roses verie sweete; and two kinds of Herbes that
beare two kinds of Flowers very sweet, which they say, are as good
to make Cordage or Cloath as any Hempe or Flaxe we haue.
Excellent Vines are here vp and downe in the Woodes. Our
Gouernour hath already planted a Vineyard with great hope of
encrease.
Also, Mulberries, Plums, Raspberries, Corrance, Chesnuts,
Filberds, Walnuts, Smalnuts, Hurtleberies, & Hawes of Whitethorne
neere as good as our Cherries in England, they grow in plentie here.
For Wood there is no better in the World I thinke, here being foure
sorts of Oke differing both in the Leafe, Timber, and Colour, all
excellent good. There is also good Ash, Elme, Willow, Birch, Beech,
Saxafras, Juniper, Cipres, Cedar, Spruce, Pines, & Firre that will
yeeld abundance of Turpentine, Pitch, Tarre, Masts and other
materials for building both of Ships and Houses. Also here are store
of Sumacke Trees, they are good for dying and tanning of Leather,
likewise such trees yeeld a precious Gem called Wine Benjamen,
that they say is excellent for perfumes. Also here be diuers Roots
and Berries wherewith the Indians dye excellent holding colours that
no raine nor washing can alter. Also, wee haue materials to make
Sope-Ashes and Salt-Peter in aboundance.
For Beasts there are some Beares, and they say some Lyons also;
for they haue been seen at Cape Anne. Also here are seuerall sorts
of Deere, some whereof bring three or foure young ones at once,
which is not ordinarie in England. Also Wolues, Foxes, Beauers,
Otters, Martins, great wild Cats, & a great Beast called a Molke as
bigge as an Oxe. I haue seen the Skins of all these Beasts since I
came to this Plantation excepting Lyons. Also here are great store of
squerrels, some greater, and some smaller and lesser: there are
some of the lesser sort, they tell me, that by a certaine Skill will fly
from Tree to Tree though they stand farre distant.
Of the Waters of New-England, with the

things belonging to the same.
New-England hath Water enough both salt and fresh, the greatest
Sea in the World, the Atlanticke Sea runs all along the Coast thereof.
There are abundance of Ilands along the Shore, some full of Wood
and Mast to feed Swine; and others cleere of Wood, and fruitfull to
beare Corne. Also wee haue store of excellent harbours for Ships,
as at Cape Anne, and at Masathulets Bay, and at Salem, and at
many other places: and they are the better because for Strangers
there is a verie difficult and dangerous passage into them, but vnto
such as are well acquainted with them, they are easie and safe
enough. The aboundance of Sea-Fish are almost beyond beleeuing,
and sure I should scarce haue beleeued it, except I had seene it with
mine owne Eyes. I saw great store of Whales, and Crampusse, and
such aboundance of Mackerils that it would astonish one to behold,
likewise Cod-Fish in aboundance on the Coast, and in their season
are plentifully taken. There is a Fish called a Basse, a most sweet &
wholesome Fish as euer I did eate, it is altogether as good as our
fresh Sammon, and the season of their comming was begun when
wee came first to New-England in June, and so continued about
three months space. Of this Fish our Fishers take many hundreds
together, which I haue seene lying on the shore to my admiration;
yea their Nets ordinarily take more then they are able to hale to
Land, and for want of Boats and Men they are constrained to let a
many goe after they haue taken them, and yet sometimes they fill
two Boates at a time with them. And besides Basse wee take plentie
of Scate and Thornbacks, and abundance of Lobsters, and the least
Boy in the Plantation may both catch and eat what he will of them.
For my owne part I was soone cloyed with them, they were so great,
and fat, and lussious. I haue seene some my selfe that haue
weighed 16 pound, but others haue had diuers times so great
Lobsters as haue weighed 25 pound, as they assure mee. Also
heere is abundance of Herring, Turbut, Sturgion, Cuskes, Hadocks,
Mullets, Eeles, Crabbes, Muskles and Oysters. Besides there is
probability that the Countrey is of an excellent temper for the making
of Salt: for since our comming our Fishermen haue brought home
very good Salt which they found candied by the standing of the Sea
water and the heat of the Sunne, vpon a Rocke by the Sea shore:
and in diuers salt Marishes that some haue gone through, they haue
found some Salt in some places crushing vnder their Feete and
cleauing to their Shooes.
And as for fresh Water the Countrey is full of dainty Springs, and
some great Riuers, and some lesser Brookes; and at Masathulets
Bay they digged Wels and found Water at three Foot deepe in most
places: and neere Salem they haue as fine cleare Water as we can
desire, and we may digge Wels and find Water where we list.
Thus wee see both Land and Sea abound with store of blessings
for the comfortable sustenance of Man’s life in New-England.
Of the Aire of New-England with the

temper and Creatures in it.
The Temper of the Aire of New-England is one speciall thing that
commends this place. Experience doth manifest that there is hardly
a more healthfull place to be found in the World that agreeth better
with our English bodyes. Many that haue beene weake and sickly in
old England, by comming hither haue beene thoroughly healed and
growne healthfull strong. For here is an extraordinarie cleere and dry
Aire that is of a most healing nature to all such as are of a Cold,
Melancholy, Flegmatick, Rheumatick temper of Body. None can
more truly speake hereof by their owne experience then my selfe.
My Friends that knew me can well tell how verie sickly I haue bin and
continually in Physick, being much troubled with a tormenting paine
through an extraordinarie weaknesse of my Stomacke, and
aboundance of Melancholicke humors; but since I came hither on
this Voyage, I thanke God, I haue had perfect health, and freed from
paine and vomiting, hauing a Stomacke to digest the hardest and
coursest fare, who before could not eat finest meat; and whereas my
Stomacke could onely digest and did require such drinke as was
both strong and stale, now I can and doe often times drink New-
England water verie well; and I that haue not gone without a Cap for
many yeeres together, neither durst leaue off the same, haue now
cast away my Cap, and doe weare none at all in the day time: and
whereas beforetime I cloathed my selfe with double cloathes and
thicke Wastcoates to keepe me warme, euen in the Summer time, I
doe now goe as thin clad as any, onely wearing a light Stuffe
Cassocke vpon my Shirt, and Stuffe Breeches of one thicknesse
without Linings. Besides I haue one of my Children that was formerly
most lamentably handled with sore breaking out of both his hands
and feet of the King’s-euill, but since he came hither hee is very well
ouer he was, and there is hope of perfect recouerie shortly euen by
the very wholesomnesse of the Aire, altering, digesting and drying vp
the cold and crude humours of the Body: and therefore I thinke it is a
wise course for al cold complections to come to take Physick in New
England: for a sup of New-England’s Aire is better then a whole
draught of old England’s Ale. In the Summer time in the midst of July
and August, it is a good deale hotter then in old England: and in
Winter January and February are much colder as they say: but the
Spring and Autumne are of a middle temper.
Fowles of the Aire are plentifull here, and of all sorts as we haue in
England as farre as I can learne, and a great many of strange
Fowles which wee know not. Whilst I was writing these things, one of
our Men brought home an Eagle which hee had killed in the Wood:
they say they are good meate. Also here are many kinds of excellent
Hawkes, both Sea Hawkes & Land Hawkes: and my selfe walking in
the Woods with another in company, sprung a Partridge so bigge
that through the heauinesse of his Body could fly but a little way:
they that haue killed them, say they are as bigge as our Hens. Here
are likewise aboundance of Turkies often killed in the Woods, farre
greater then our English Turkies, and exceeding fat, sweet and
fleshy, for here they haue aboundance of feeding all the yeere long,
as Strawberries, in Summer all places are full of them, and all
manner of Berries and Fruits. In the Winter time I haue seene
Flockes of Pidgeons, and haue eaten of them: they doe fly from Tree
to Tree as other Birds doe, which our Pidgeons will not doe in
England: they are of all colours as ours are, but their wings and
tayles are far longer, and therefore it is likely they fly swifter to
escape the terrible Hawkes in this Country. In Winter time this
Country doth abound with wild Geese, wild Duckes, and other Sea
Fowle, that a great part of winter the Planters haue eaten nothing but
roast meate of diuers Fowles which they haue killed.
Thus you haue heard of the Earth, Water and Aire of New-
England, now it may bee you expect something to bee said of the
Fire proportionable to the rest of the Elements. Indeede I thinke
New-England, may boast of this Element more then of all the rest:
for though it bee here somewhat cold in the winter, yet here we haue
plenty of Fire to warme vs, and that a great deale cheaper then they
sel Billets and Faggots in London: nay, all Europe is not able to
afford to make so great Fires as New-England. A poore seruant here
that is to possesse but 50 Acres of Land, may afford to giue more
wood for Timber & Fire as good as the world yeelds, then many
Noble men in England can afford to do. Here is good liuing for those
that loue good Fires. And although New-England haue no Tallow to
make Candles of, yet by the aboundance of the Fish thereof, it can
afford Oyle for Lampes. Yea our Pine-Trees that are the most
plentifull of all wood, doth allow vs plenty of Candles which are very
vsefull in a House: and they are such Candles as the Indians
commonly vse, hauing no other, and they are nothing else but the
wood of the Pine Tree clouen in two little slices something thin,
which are so full of the moysture of Turpentine and Pitch, that they
burne as cleere as a Torch. I haue sent you some of them that you
may see the experience of them.
Thus of New-England’s commodities, now I will tell you of some
discommodities that are here to be found.
First, in the Summer season for these three months, June, July,
and August, we are troubled much with little Flyes called Musketoes,
being the same they are troubled with in Lincolneshiere and the
Fens: and they are nothing but Gnats, which except they bee
smoked out of their houses are troublesome in the night season.
Secondly, in the Winter season for two months space, the earth is
commonly couered with Snow, which is accompanied with sharp
biting Frosts, something more sharpe then is in old England, and
therefore are forced to make great Fires.
Thirdly, the countrey being very full of Woods, and Wildernesses,
doth also much abound with Snakes and Serpents of strange
colours, and huge greatnesse: yea there are some Serpents called
Rattlesnakes that haue Rattles in their Tailes, that will not fly from a
man as others will, but will flye vpon him and sting him so mortally,
that hee will dye within a quarter of an houre after, except the partie
stinged haue about him some of the root of an Hearbe called Snake-
weed to bite on, and then hee shall receiue no harme: but yet
seldome falles it out that any hurt is done by these. About three
yeares since, an Indian was stung to death by one of them, but wee
heard of none since that time.
Fourthly and lastly, Here wants as it were good company of honest
Christians to bring with them Horses, Kine and Sheepe to make vse
of this fruitfull Land: great pitty it is to see so much good ground for
Corne & for Grasse as any is vnder the Heauens, to ly altogether
vnoccupied, when so many honest Men and their Families in old
England through the populousnesse thereof, do make very hard shift
to liue one by the other.
Now, thus you know what New-England is, as also with the
commodities and discommodities thereof: now I will shew you a little
of the Inhabitants thereof, and their gouernment.
For their Gouernors they haue Kings, which they call Saggamores,
some greater, and some lesser, according to the number of their
Subjects.
The greatest Saggamores about vs can not make aboue three
hundred Men, and other lesse Saggamores haue not aboue fifteene
Subjects, and others neere about vs but two.
Their Subjects aboue twelue yeares since were swept away by a
great & grieuous Plague that was amongst them, so that there are
verie few left to inhabite the Country.
The Indians are not able to make vse of the one fourth part of the
Land, neither haue they any setled places, as Townes to dwell in, nor
any ground as they challenge for their owne possession, but change
their habitation from place to place.
For their Statures, they are a tall and strong limmed People, their
colours are tawny, they goe naked, saue onely they are in part
couered with Beasts Skins on one of their shoulders, and weare
something before their priuities: their Haire is generally blacke, and
cut before like our Gentelewomen, and one locke longer then the
rest, much like to our Gentelmen, which fashion I thinke came from
hence into England.
For their weapons, they haue Bows and Arrowes, some of them
headed with Bone, and some with Brasse: I haue sent you some of
them for an example.
The Men for the most part liue idely, they doe nothing but hunt and
fish: their wiues set their Corne and doe all their other worke. They
haue little Houshold stuffe, as a kettle, and some other Vessels like
Trayes, Spoones, Dishes and Baskets.
Their Houses are verie little and homely, being made with small
Poles pricked into the ground, and so bended and fastned at the
tops, and on the sides they are matted with Boughes and couered on
the Roofe with Sedge and old Mats, and for their beds that they take
their rest on, they haue a Mat.
They doe generally professe to like well of our comming and
planting here; partly because there is abundance of ground that they
cannot possesse nor make vse of, and partly because our being
heere will bee a meanes both of reliefe to them when they want, and
also a defence from their Enemies, wherewith (I say) before this
Plantation began, they were often indangered.
For their religion, they doe worship two Gods, a good God and an
euill God: the good God they call Tantum, and their euill God whom
they feare will doe them hurt, they call Squantum.
For their dealing with vs, we neither feare them nor trust them, for
fourtie of our Musketeeres will driue fiue hundred of them out of the
Field. We vse them kindly, they will come into our Houses sometimes
by halfe a douzen or halfe a score at a time when we are at victuals,
but will aske or take nothing but what we giue them.
We purpose to learne their language as soone as we can, which
will be a meanes to do them good.
Of the present condition of the Plantation,

and what it is.
When we came first to Nehumkek, we found about halfe a score
Houses, and a faire House newly built for the Gouernor, we found
also aboundance of Corne planted by them, very good and well
liking. And we brought with vs about two hundred Passengers and
Planters more, which by common consent of the old Planters were
all combined together into one Body Politicke, vnder the same
Gouernor.
There are in all of vs both old and new Planters about three
hundred, whereof two hundred of them are setled at Nehumkek, now
called Salem: And the rest haue planted themselues at Masathulets
Bay, beginning to build a Towne there which wee doe call Cherton,
or Charles Towne.
We that are setled at Salem make what haste we can to build
Houses, so that within a short time we shall haue a faire Towne.
We haue great Ordnance, wherewith wee doubt not but wee shall
fortifie our selues in a short time to keepe out a potent Aduersary.
But that which is our greatest comfort, and meanes of defence
aboue all other, is, that we haue here the true Religion and holy
Ordinances of Almightie God taught amongst vs: Thankes be to
God, wee haue here plenty of Preaching, and diligent Catechizing,
with strickt and carefull exercise, and good and commendable orders
to bring our People into a Christian conuersation with whom wee
haue to doe withall. And thus wee doubt not but God will be with vs,
and if God be with us, who can be against us?
Here ends Master Higgeson’s Relation of
New-England.
A Letter sent from New-England, by Master
Graues,
Engynere now there resident.
THus much I can affirme in generall, that I neuer came in a more
goodly Country in all my life, all things considered: if it hath not at
any time beene manured and husbanded, yet it is very beautifull in
open Lands, mixed with goodly woods, and againe open plaines, in
some places five hundred Acres, some places more, some lesse, not
much troublesome for to cleere for the Plough to goe in, no place
barren, but on the tops of the Hils; the grasse & weedes grow vp to a
man’s face, in the Lowlands & by fresh Riuers aboundance of grasse
and large Meddowes without any Tree or shrubbe to hinder the Sith.
I neuer saw except in Hungaria, vnto which I alwayes paralell this
countrie, in all our most respects, for euery thing that is heere eyther
sowne or planted prospereth far better then in old England: the
increase of Corne is here farre beyond expectation, as I haue seene
hereby experience in Barly, the which because it is so much aboue
your conception I will not mention. And Cattle doe prosper very well,
and those that are bredd here farr greater then those with you in
England. Vines doe grow here plentifully laden with the biggest
Grapes that euer I saw, some I haue seene foure inches about, so
that I am bold to say of this countrie, as it is commonly said in
Germany of Hungaria, that for Cattel, Corne, and Wine it excelleth.
We haue many more hopefull commodities here in this countrie, the
which time will teach to make good vse of: In the meane time wee
abound with such things which next vnder God doe make vs subsist,
as Fish, Foule, Deere, and sundrie sorts of fruits, as musk-millions
water-millions, India-Pompions, Indian-Pease Beanes, & many other
odde fruits that I cannot name; all which are made good and
pleasant through this maine blessing of God, the healthfulnesse of
the countrie which far exceedeth all parts that euer I haue beene in:
It is obserued that few or none doe here fal sicke, vnless of the
Scuruy that they bring from aboard the Ship with them, whereof I
haue cured some of my companie onely by labour. [Thus making an
end of an imperfect Description, and committing you to God, &c.
A Catalogue of such needefull things as
euery Planter doth or ought to prouide to go
to New-England
as namely for one man, which being doubled, may
serue for as many as you please, viz.
Victuals for a whole yeere for a man, and so after the rate for
more.
8 Bvshels of meale. 1 Gallon of Oyle.
2 Bushels of pease. 2 Gallons of Vinegar.
2 Bushels of Otemeale. 1 Firkin of Butter.
1 Gallon of Aquavitæ.
Apparell.
1 Monmoth Cap. 4 Paire of Shooes.
3 Falling bands. 2 Paire of Sheets.
3 Shirts. 7 Ells of Canuas to
1 Wast-coat. make a bed and
1 Suit of Canuase. boulster.
1 Suit of Frize. 1 Paire of Blankets.
1 Suit of Cloth. 1 Course Rug.
3 Paire of Stockings.
Armes.
1 Armor compleat. 1 Bandilier.
1 Long peece. 20 Pound of Powder.
1 Sword. 60 Pound of Lead.
1 Belt. 1 Pistoll and Goose shot.
Tooles.
1 Broad Howe. 1 Broad Axe.
1 Narrow Howe. 1 Felling Axe.
1 Steele Handsawe. 1 Gimblet.
1 Whipsawe. 1 Hatchet.
1 Hammer. 2 Frowes.
1 Shouell. 1 Hand-Bill.
1 Spade. 1 Grindstone.
2 Augres. 1 Pickaxe.
4 Chissels. Nayles of all sorts.
2 Percers stocked.
Houshold implements.
1 Iron pot. 1 Spit.
1 Kettel. Wooden Platters.
1 Frying pan. Dishes.
1 Gridiron. Spoons.
2 Skellets. Trenchers.
Spices.
Sugar. Cinnamon.
Pepper. Nutmegs.
Cloues. Fruit.
Mace.
Also there are diuers other things necessary to bee taken ouer to
this Plantation, as Bookes, Nets, Hookes and Lines, Cheese, Bacon,
Kine, Goats, &c.
The names of the most remarkable
places in New-England.
The old names. The new names.
Cape Cod. Cape Iames.
The Harbor of Cape Cod. Milford Hauen.
Chawum. Barwick.
Accomack. Plimouth.
Sagoquas. Oxford.
Massachusets Mount. Cheuit Hils.
Massachusets Riuer. Charles River.
Totan. Famouth.
A great Bay by Cape Anne. Bristow.
Cape Tragabig sanda. Cape Anne.
Naembeck. Bastable, so named by King
Charles: But by the new
Planters now called Salem.
Aggawom. Southampton.
Smiths Iles. Smiths Iles.
Passasaquack. Hull.
Accominticus. Boston.
Sassanows Mount. Snowdon hill.
Sowocatuck. Ipswich.
Bahanna. Dartmouth.
A good Harbor within that Sandwich.
Bay.
Ancociscos Mount. Shuters hill.
Ancocisco. The Base.
Anmoughcawgen. Cambridge.
Kenebecka. Edenborow.
Sagadahock. Leth.
Pemmayquid. S. Iohns towne.
Segocket. Norwich.
Mecadacut. Dunbarton.
Pennobscot. Aberden.
Nusket. Low mounds.
Monahigan. Barties Iles.
Matinack. Willowbies Iles.
Metinacus. Haughtons Iles.
But whosoeuer desireth to know as much as yet can be discouered, I
aduise them to buy Captaine John Smiths booke of the description of
New-England in Folio; and reade from Fol. 203. to the end; and there
let the Reader expect to haue full content.
Finis.
SOME BRIEF COLLECTIONS
&c.
Some brief collections out of a
letter that Mr. Higginson sent to his friends
at Leicester.
THERE are certainly expected here the next spring the coming of
60 familyes out Dorcettershire,[5] who have by letters signified so
much to the Goverour to desyre him to appoint them places of
habitations they bringing their ministers with them. Also many
families are expected out of Lincolnshire[6] and a minister with them,
and a great company of godly Christians out of London. Such of you
as come from Leister, I would counsell you to come quickly and that
for two reasons. 1st, if you linger too long, the passages of Jordan
through the malice of Sathan, may be stopped, that you can not
come if you would. 2dly, Those that come first speed best here, and
have the priviledge of choosing choice places of habitations. Little
children of 5 years ould may by setting corne one month be able to
get their owne maintenance abundantly. Oh what a good worke
might you that are rich do for your poore brethren, to helpe them with
your purses onely to convey them hither with their children and
families, where they may live as well both for soule and body as any
where in the world. Besides they will recompense the cost by helping
to build houses and plant your ground for a tyme; which shall be
difficult worke at the first, except you have the helpe of many hands.
Mr. Johnson out of Lincolnshire and many others, have helped our
godly christians hither to be employed in their worke, for a while, and
then to live of themselves. We have here about 40 goats that give
milke, and as many milch kyne; we have 6 or 7 mares and an horse,
and do every day expect the coming of half a score mares more, and
30 Kyne by two shipps that are to follow us.[7] They that come let
them bring mares, kyne, and sheepe as many as they can: Ireland is
the best place to provide sheepe, and lyes in the way. Bring none
that are in lambe, nor mares in foale; for they are in more danger to
perish at sea. Of all trades carpenters are most needful, therefore
bring as many as you can. It were a wise course for those of abilityes
to joyne together and buy a shipp for the voyage and other
merchandize. For the governour would that any man may employ his
stocke in what merchandises he please, excepting only beaver
skins, which the company of merchants reserve to themselves, and
the managing of the publique stocke. If any be of the mynde to buy a
shipp my cousin Nowell’s[8] counsell would be good. Also one Mr.
[Beecher] a very godly man and the master of the ship we went in,
and likewise one Mr. Graves the master’s maite dwelling in Wapping
may herein staund you in stead. The payment of the transportation
of things is wondrous deare, as 5l a man and 10l a horse and
commonly 3l for every tunne of goodes: so that a little more than will
pay for the passage will purchase the possession of a ship for all
together.
No man hath or can have a house built for him here unlesse he
comes himselfe, or else send servants before to do it for him. It was
an errour that I now perceive both in myselfe, and others did
conceive by not rightly understanding the merchaunts meaning. For
we thought that all that put in their money into the common stocke;
should have a house built for them, besides such a portion of the
land; but it was not so. They shall indeed have so much land allotted
to them when they come to take possession of it and make use of it,
but if they will have houses they must build them. Indeed we that are
ministers, and all the rest that were entertained and sent over and
maintained by the rest of the company, as their servants, for such a
tyme in such employments, all such are to have houses built them of
the comyanies charge and no others nor otherwise. They that put
money into the stocke, as they do a good worke to helpe forwards so
worthy a plantation, so all the gayne they are likely to have, is
according to the increase of the stocke at 3 years end, by the trade
of beaver, besides the lands which they shall enjoy when they will.
All that come must have victualls with them for a twelve month, I
meane they must have meale, oatmeale and such like sustenaunce
of food, till they can gett increase of corne by their owne labour. For,
otherwise, so many may come without provision at the first, as that
our small beginnings may not be sufficient to maintayne them.
Before you come be carefull to be strongly instructed what things
are fittest to bring with you for your more comfortable passage at
sea, as also for your husbandrey occasions when you come to the
land. For when you are once parted with England you shall meete
neither with taverns nor alehouse, nor butchers, nor grosers, nor
apothecaries shops to helpp what things you need, in the midst of
the great ocean, nor when you are come to land here are yet neither
markets nor fayres to buy what you want. Therefore be sure to
furnish yourselves with things fitting to be had before you come; as
meale for bread, malt for drinke, woolen and linnen cloath, and
leather for shoes, and all manner of carpenters tools, and a good
deale of iron and steele to make nails, and lockes, for houses, and
furniture for ploughs and carts, and glasse for windowes, and many
other things which were better for you to think of them than to want
them here.
Whilst I was writing this letter my wiffe brought me word that the
fishers had caught 1600 basse at one draught, which if they were in
England were worth many a pound.
NOTES

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■Learning Methods / how to tap into this book

あえて (aete) "deliberately"

あくまでも (akumade mo) "absolutely"

案の定 (an no jou): just as one thought

あらかじめ (arakajime): beforehand, in advance

ばこそ (ba koso): only because

場合によっては (baai ni yotte wa): depending on the situation

あっての (atte no): to owe everything to

ばそれまでだ (ba sore made da): if… then it’s over

べからず (bekarazu): must not, should not

べく (beku): in order to, should

べくもない (beku mo nai): can’t

ぶり (buri): style, manner

ぶる (buru): behaving like

だの～だの (dano~dano): and, and so forth

であれ～であれ (de are~de are): whether A or B

であれ/であろうと (de aru/de arou to): whoever/whatever/however

でも何でもない (demo nan demo nai): not in the least

でなくてなんだろう (denakute nan darou): must be, is definitely

(で)すら (de sura): even

ではあるまいか (dewa aru mai ka): I wonder if it’s not

ではあるまいし (dewa aru mai shi): it’s not like, it isn’t as if

ではすまない (dewa sumanai): it doesn’t end with just

どうにも～ない (dou nimo~nai): not … by any means

ふと (futo): accidentally, unexpectedly

がてら (gatera): on the same occasion

が最後 (ga saigo): once something occurs, something else happens

ごとき/ごとく (gotoki/gotoku): like, as if

ぐるみ (gurumi): together with, all of

羽目になる (hame ni naru): to end up with (something unpleasant)

ひとつ (hitotsu): to give something a try

ほどのことはない (hodo no koto wa nai): not worth, no need to

ほかに～ない (hoka ni~nai): no other

ほうがましだ (hou ga mashi da): I would rather

いかなる (ikanaru): any kind of

いかんでは/いかんによっては (ikan dewa/ikan ni yotte wa): depending on

いかんによらず (ikan ni yorazu): regardless of

いかにも (ikanimo): indeed, really

いまだに (ima da ni): still, even now

いずれにせよ (izure nise yo): at any rate, in any case

じみた (jimita): to look like

限りだ (kagiri da): I feel so

かいもなく (kai mo naku): even though

か否か (ka ina ka): whether or not

可能性がある (kanousei ga aru): there’s a possibility

からある (kara aru): as much as, as many as

かたがた (katagata): while, for the purpose of

かたわら (katawara): while, at the same time

かつて (katsute): once, before

きっての (kitte no): the most … of all

嫌いがある (kirai ga aru): to have a tendency to

きりがない (kiri ga nai): there’s no end to

極まる/極まりない (kiwamaru/kiwamarinai): extremely

ことだし (koto dashi): because, since

ことごとく (koto gotoku): altogether, entirely

ことなしに (koto nashi ni): without doing something

ことのないよう (koto no nai you): so as not to

こととて (kototote): because, since

くらいなら (kurai nara): rather than

くらいのものだ (kurai no mono da): only

までだ (made da): only