1

ASOIU
FACULTY: Geological Exploration
DEPARTMENT: Oil and Gas Geology
SPECIALITY: 050611, Geology and Geophysics Engineering
GROUP: 126.20E

COURSE WORK
Course work topic : Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field (BSR) Productive Series
(PS) II KS horizon exploration analysis.

Student: Balayeva Sabina

Nazim
Leader of CW : Zeynalova Sevil
Adil
Controller : Qanbarova Shura
Ali
Head of the Department : Mukhtarova Khuraman
Ziyadkhan
 2

BAKU-2023
COURSE WORK CONTENT

Introduction...............................................................................................................3
1. General part
1.1. Orohydrography……………………...……………...…………...
……….5
1.2. Brief study of the field…………………………………….....….………..6
1.3. Stratigraphy of the field……………...………………...……………..
….10
1.4. Tectonics of the
field.................................................................................18
1.5. Oil Content…………………….……………………………………...…
24
1.6. Gas Content…...…..……………………………………………...
……...26
1.7. Water Content…………………………………………………......…….27
2.Special part
2.1. Reservoir properties of the productive object……………………………
30
2.2. Oil saturation of productive
object............................................................35
2.3. Reservoir temperature of productive object……………..
……………....37
2.4. Reservoir pressure of productive object…………...………..…………..38
2.5. Reservoir drive
mechanism.......................................................................40
2.6. Reservoir management history…………………..……..……………….42
 3

3. Conclusions and recommendations……………..…………………………..

…..47
4.References............................................................................................................48

INTRODUCTION

The Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana (BSR) field is located 12 km to north-east

away from Baku. The field has a low, wide and gentle cylinder structure. The most
characteristic orographic element of the area is the mud volcano Bogboga.
Balakhani, Sabunchi and Ramana fields were considered as a single field
before reserves estimation.
In the light of new data, the BSR field are unified as independent reservoir of
brachy anticlinal folding structure include Quaternary and Tertiary deposits.
Field drilling resulted in opening the Post Kirmakhi Suite.
The Productive Series (PS) thickness of BSR field is about 1274 m and
presented with top and bottom parts.
The main productive reservoir rocks are 70% sand. The average value of the
open porosity ranges from 20% to 17%, permeability from 600 to 50 mD,
carbonate content from 22% to 14%.
Productive Series highly saturated with petroleum in entire area, but V
horizon of Balakhani Suite and Fasila Suite is saturated with water.
 4

At the Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field revealed 28 productive objects, 10

of them are in the bottom section of PS.
Oil bearing horizons mainly uplifted and tectonically screened. Petroleum of
the upper section of PS is light 857-906 kg/m, and in the bottom section
consequently increasing to 1.921-926 kg/m.

1.GENERAL PART
 5

1.1. Orohydrography

The Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana hydrocarbon field is located 12 km

northeast away from Baku. The field has a low, wide and gentle cylinder structure,
plunging in, eastwards smoothly merging with the plain adjacent. In the south, the
relief is sharper south of exploration area is the depression of the lake "Boyuk
Shor" On the south is a limestone bedrock exposure of Absheron. In the eastern
part there is a hollow Ramana Lake, bordered by a semi-hollow carbonate rocks of
Absheron, and to the west in the meridional direction is limited by Kirmakhi
Valley (the exit point to the surface of the layers of the lower section of the
Productive Series).
The Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana area is associated with the same name
anticlinal fold. In the western dome of the anticlinal there is a mud volcano
Bogboga, located on the main fold, it takes a relatively high hypsometry elevation.
The area is presented by PS horizons, eroded to bottom part of the PS (Post-
Kirmakhi Sandy and Post-Kirmakhi Clayey).
 6

Uprising elements of the field presented by exposured limestones of Absheron

period. Clay sediments of Absheron period located on the eastern part of
Boyukshore lake and Kelbeli lake floor.
The main features of the geomorphology of the Balakhani-Sabunchi-
Ramana field are due to the presence in the section of the following places ness of
rock sediments composition and, of course, growth of the anticlinal fold, the rise of
which provided an opportunity for more deep sediments.

1.2. Brief study of the field

The presence of oil in the depths of the Balakhani area has long been known
on the Absheron Peninsula. From the primitive wells of 3-5m depth laid at the
outlets of the reservoir, oil was extracted in very small quantities. Information
about the presence of oil wells in Balakhani area can be found in the descriptions
of many travelers X-XIII centuries.
The ethnographic and geographical description of the field, information of
stratigraphy and tectonics, the first studies of oil, the description of well oil
production, the first attempts to calculate oil reserves are presented in the
following works of the XIX century N. Voskoboinikov (1827), E. Eichwald (1834),
G.V. Abikh (1864), P.K. Baevich (1881), A.N. Koshnin (1894).
Modern studies covering the geological features of the stratigraphy, oil and
gas potential, conditions of oil reservoir formations, the physics and chemical
properties of oil, gas, water, and other issues related to oil recovery in the
 7

productive stratum of the Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field are devoted to the

works of A.Y. Krems (1925-26), M.V. Abremovich (1923), M.F.Mirchinka (1932),
N.N. Potanov (1942), A.A. Alizade (1904 G), B. Mlistengarten (1930), B.K.
Babazade (1909) and others.
For the first time, industrial oil produced from the well of the Absheron
Peninsula was obtained in 1871 in the Balakhani area. The well opened the III
horizon and entered operation with a debit of 10-12 tons of oil per day. Industrial
development of the field began in 1873, after a powerful fountain of oil (3000
tons/s) obtained from a well, which revealed IV horizon with a depth of 38 meters
in the Balakhani area.
Gross oil reserves of the field, identified after the first wells drilled, attracted
the attention of many investors in the world, who were beginning the development
of the field. The year of entry into commercial development of the field (1873)
coincided with the complete abolition of the existing system of operating the oil
fields, which further contributed to the development of the oil industry the
transition from oil production through wells to drilling wells. During the years
from 1873 to 1897, all horizons of the upper section of the productive unit, starting
from "C" to X horizon inclusive, were opened and entered development. The
"break" suite entered into the development of 1884. From the horizons of the lower
section, prior to the nationalization of the fields, the PKS and the KS tops were
revealed, and only the area on the northeast fold of the fold in the western part
(Balakhani) was drilled. The retinue of the PK was considered unproductive, and
its richest reserves were revealed only after the nationalization of the industries.
On all horizons of the productive strata, the first wells were drilled in the western
part of the field in the areas immediately adjacent to the outcrops.
In subsequent years, the area of the Sabunchi field was drilled, and later
Ramana area. The development of all horizons in all areas was carried out
haphazardly, according to the individual co-activities of each oil producer. Wells
were drilled on an uneven grid at distances from 20 to 50 m. In order to develop a
section and a section of a neighbor. The presence of a large number of oil
 8

companies, the spreading of their sections, the unsystematic nature of the

development and operation of open fountains, led to the premature watering of
horizon products and the non-rational use of reservoir energy in many areas.
The characteristic of the development of that time is the pursuit of opening up
the newest deepest horizons in order to get cheap oil in a fountain fashion. At the
same time, undeveloped areas were left partially flooded with upper waters. As a
result of such uneven development, as a rule, by the 1920s, no oil deposits were
fully contoured, and there was a lag in drilling in the marginal zones of oil deposits
from the inflow for 15-39 years.
In the first years after the nationalization of industries before the development
of deposits was carried out in three directions.
1. Outline the developed horizons of the upper section of the productive
unit in the eastern and western parts of the field.
2. The search for oil in the PS suite.
3. Contouring and drilling of oil deposits of the PKS and KS in the east
direction along the violation of the fold joint.
Pillars of oil inside the developed horizons of the upper section of the
productive stratum were drilled mainly from 1922 to 1930. In total, there were 20
such pillars, 10 of them had a significant area, with possible placement from 20 to
60 new wells. These horizons were developed here with distances between wells of
60-70 m. At the same time, prior to the exploration of the field, the Koshanour site
was located. In view of the continuation of the scarcity of horizons on Koshanour
area, its arrest began much later. So, in 1934-36, the V and VI horizons were
drilled. The horizons are two grids with a distance between the wells of 80 m. A
creeping development system has been applied along the strike. The breakdown
lasted for 15 years. In 1949-1952 y. here began the massive drilling of oil deposits
of the lower section of the product of the oil field (PS). In 1926, the richest deposit
in the PS suite was discovered.
Since that time, its obturation along the northeast contouring of the PS suite's
deposits has been going on here for 14 years and completed in 1940
 9

Simultaneously from the east wing, search for petroleum deposits in the PS tops
(PKa) on the southern wing of the fold was carried out. Subsequent searches for oil
in the PS on the south wing gave positive results So 1948-49 y. were opened in
blocks X and XIII deposits in the PS up, which were further contoured wing in the
direction of immersion hinge folds. Surrounding and developing PS suites from the
North As regards to the PKS and KS suites, the identification of their oil content
was carried out was determined mainly along the way on the basis of soil and
logging data from wells, carried out in order to survey and delineate PS suites.
The massive rupture of the PKS began in 1923 with the rota and basically
ended in 1930. The retinue of the KS was partially drilled in 1929-1930 year on
Balakhani-Sabunchi area and on Ramana, it was mainly developed by returning
wells from a PS suite. The Koshanour retinue was drilled in 1935-1941 year and e
1949-1952 year. The initial oil production rates of the wells of the PKS and KS
Koshanour area were significantly lower than the production rates of these
formations on the main area of the field. Thus, starting from 1873 thanks to the
introduction of new ones into the development. Deep-lying zones of oil production
increased significantly, reaching a maximum of 1901 r. Then there is a systematic
decrease in it, despite the annual commissioning of 200-250 wells from drilling.
The unsystematic development of the field led to a significant overflow of oil
deposits and leaving a larger volume of oil in the reservoirs. for the extraction of
which it was necessary to invest a significant amount of funds.
During the period of the Great Patriotic War, oil production increased
dramatically, then decreased after oil production increased again, reaching a
maximum of 1952. In subsequent years, a gradual decrease in oil production levels
was observed. During the development of the field, 376 explorations (35 of them
were Kurdakhana), 19 estimated, 10143 production and 106 injection wells were
drilled, field operation time as of 01.01.2007.
 10

1.3. Stratigraphy of the field

Absheron horizon. Maximum thickness of the Absheron horizon discovered

in Ramana field. It is also preserved in the eastern part of the Balakhani-Sabunchi-
Ramana field. To the west, on the south wing of the fold. Thickness decreases. The
upper section has a thickness of 120 meters and is composed of limestone,
sandstone and clay with a characteristic fauna. The middle section has a thickness
of 362 m. A special feature is that, in the section, two permanent intercalations of
limestone intersect, which are consistent with the main positive forms of relief.
Between the limestones, the clayey part of the midsection of Absheron lies.
Outcrops of limestone stretch along the southern wing, folds along the northern
shore of Boyuk Shor lake. In the western direction, where most of the folds are
buried, the thickness of the middle Absheron is 100-110 m. Oil in the middle
Absheron is deposited in fine-grained sand, limestone, loose limestone, underlay
 11

the lower layer of limestone. In the eastern part of the field, the maximum
thickness of the lower section of Absheron is 300-320m in the western direction,
the thickness is reduced to 80 m. Lithologically, the lower Absheron is presented
by a uniform layer of bluish-gray, black limestones of dark gray clays, with layers
of white volcanic ash in the bottoms. The characteristic fauna for the lower
Absheron is found in these sediments. In the lower Absheron, industrial oil
facilities are absent.
Aghjagil horizon - on the Absheron Peninsula is represented by schist limey
clay with thin volcanic ash interlayers. The contact between the productive
reservoir of Aghjagil limestone is characterized by a sharp change in the lithology
of the sandy-clay sediments of the PS covered with thin clay interlayers. It allows
you to select so when geological field surveys, limestone in sections of wells. The
thickness of the Aghjagil horizon is not constant on the arch of the fold is 38
meters, covering the folds.
Productive Series. Lithologically expressed by a series of interleaved layers of
sand, clay, limestone, sandstone. This sequence, thanks to many years of complex
(litho-facial, petrographic, litho-faunistic others) studies, has been studied in
sufficient detail. The main oil content of the Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field is
confined to the Productive Series (PS). The thickness of the PS in the Sabunchi
area significantly increases in an eastern direction. In Balakhani, Sabunchi and
western parts of the Ramana area, the PS thickness is 1274 m. It should be noted
that, 70% of the PS power is sand. The greatest sandstone, suites Balakhani. Fasila
Suite, PKS and PK a study of the mineralogical composition showed that sands are
mainly composed of quartz Interestingly, the amount of quartz depends on the
sandiness of the section: For example, in the lower reaches of the Balakhani suite,
quartz is 80-90%, and the more clayey, Surakhani suite, even in clean sandy
horizons, quartz is 40-60%.

Upper section of the Productive Series

 12

Surakhani Suite includes horizons A, B, C, D, I. Thickness of the horizon not

constant in the western part, it is 100-120 m and in eastern immersion folds in the
Ramana-450-540 m. On Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field greatest interest is the
lower part of the Surakhani formation, where the horizons are C, D, I, and I is
petroleum saturated. In the Surakhani Suite one of the well-marked sand
formations is the horizon-C, the thickness of which increases in the east direction
from 12 to 14 meters. In the middle of the horizon, gray sand is observed. Section
C-D is presented by a pack of gray and brown clay with a thickness of 38 m. In the
middle part packs stands out a 13-meter-long sustainable sand formation that is
operational object, the thickness of the clay pack also increases in eastward and
reaches 68 m. Lithologically, horizon D expressed with medium fine-grained
sands, in which thin interlayers of clay can be traced. The thickness of horizon N
increases to the east and reaches 24 m Sandy pack 1 horizon consists of limestones
of two layers and 1, between which there is shale section. These layers are
lithologically composed of fine and medium-grained sandstones. The thickness of
the horizon is 37-46 m. Horizon east turns into clay, as a result of which the
thickness of the clay section increases from 12 to 15 m. An important feature of the
horizon is that in its sole, which is the base of the Surakhani Suite is clearly
distinguished by several layers of sandstones 1-2 meters each. Due to this, I
horizon is very different from the below the clays of the upper Sabunchi Suite.
Sabunchi Suite includes the following horizons: II, III, IV+ IVa, IVbot. The
thickness of the Sabunchi Suite is almost constant, the lithological composition of
individual layers unchanged and oil horizons is stable. In the central part of the
fold thickness is 275 m, and on limbs 300 m. Sabunchi Suite in lithological respect
is the most clay part in the context of the PS. On the top of the suite, is clay section
I-II with a thickness of 40-50 m. Lithotlogically it consists of packs of gray and
brown clays with rare sandy beds with a thickness of up to 1 m. II horizon on the
top of the suite, is clay, lithotlogically it consists of packs of gray and brown clays
with rare sandy beds with a thickness of up to 1 m. Lithologically consists of fine-
grained sandstones, with alternating thin interlayers of clays. Sands horizon II
 13

presented in two layers, the upper, relatively clayey, has a thickness of up to 5 m,

and lower - more sandy, with a thickness of up to 10 m. Between two layers lies
clay section with a thickness of 5-7 m. Clay section II-III by lithological
composition is a stable deposition of suite.
In section II-III parts sands are found. The 3rd horizon of the Sabunchi Suite
is lithologically composed of fine and medium-grained clays with a thickness of
not more than 2-3 m. Thickness of 3 horizons is 30 m. Lined section III-IV
lithologically expressed with gray and brown clays. In the section of clay,
alternating interlayers of fine-grained sands, which are mainly grouped in the
middle part of the section, constitute one sandy layer. The thickness of the section
is 17 m in the east direction increases and reaches 35m. The average thickness of
the clay section is 25 m. The horizon IV-IVa,b,e is coherent with fine and medium-
grained sands. The thickness of this horizon in the main part is 80 m., and in the
wings of the fold increases to 100 m. The horizon is generally sandy, but there are
two clay sections, the upper section is 2-3 meters thick, and section IV-IVa,b,c
thickness of 12-23 m, which is more constant in the horizon. Throughout the
section of the sandy horizon IV+IVa,b. sandstone streaks are noted, the largest
number of which lies in the base of the horizon. The transition of the sandy horizon
of IV+IVa,b. to the clay horizon IVc,d, thanks to what the bottom of the horizon
a,b is one of the main benchmarks PS. Horizon IVc, d, e consists of alternating
sand, gray and brown clay and thin layers of fine and fine-grained sands. The
thickness of the horizon at the crest of the folds is 45 m., on the limbs - 63 m.
The number and thickness of sand beds to the bottom of the horizon increases.
The Balakhani Suite, in contrast to the Sabunchi Suite, is composed of
medium and fine-grained sands with rare layers of thin clay. The thickness of the
retinue is variable: at the arch of the fold is 370 m, on the limbs of the fold is up to
445 m. The suite is divided into the following horizons. V, VI, VII, VIII, X.
Characteristic clay sections are V-VI, VI-VII, VII-IX, especially well traced clay
section VIII-IX. Clay sections here contain sandy interlayers. Thickness sections
varies from 8 to 15 m.
 14

All the horizons of the Balakhani suite are well marked by electrical
geophysical methods. The richest oil horizon of the Balakhani Suite is V, the
drilling of which began in 1874, the rest of the horizons of drilling were started in
1877-1897. To date, the horizons of the suite are completely drilled. The Vth
horizon is lithologically composed of fine-grained sands with interlayers of clay
with a thickness of 2-3 m., with rare interbedded sandstones. The thickness of the
horizon is 34 m. In an eastern direction, the fold increases to 40 meters. Section V-
VI consists of a 14 m clay-sand pack. In the middle part of the section, a sandy
layer with a thickness of up to 4 meters is well distinguished, which is an
operational object. The VI horizon is lithologically expressed by medium-grained
sands with clay interchanges of 2-3 m. The most constant is the upper interbed
mines with a thickness of 5-7 m. Horizon thickness 70-90 m Clay section VI - VII
with a thickness of 10-13 m. is mainly composed of gray tins, with a small number
of sandy layers of the thickness 1-2 m.
The lithological composition of VII horizon consists of medium grained
sandstones with clays, which are grouped in the middle part of horizon. The
bottom thickness is 40 m, it can be divided into three part the upper one is a sandy
pack with a thickness of 10 m, middle part clayey-sandy with thickness 10 m, and
bottom part sandy thickness 20 m. The VIII horizon consist mainly from coarse-
grained sandstone with clay intersection. Thickness is 50 m. Clay section VII-IX is
a constant section in the Balakhani Suite and has a thickness of 15-20 meters.
Lithologycally presented by brown and grey clays with sandy intersections. Due to
the fact that section VIII-IX well traced on electrical logs, and in well bores, it
serves as one of the referred horizons for the section of the Balakhani IX horizon
lithologically presented by thin layers of clay with medium grained sands. The
thickness of the horizon is 45-50 m. The clay section IX-X on Balakhani Suite is
very inconstant. Lithologically complex clay and sand with a predominance of
clay. The thickness of the section is 8 m X horizon consists lithologically of
medium-grained and coarse sands and has a thickness of 75-98 m.
 15

Fasila Suite in the PS section was revealed at the Balakhani in 1912, its
spread into the lower horizons of the Balakhani. It is essentially no different from
the Balakhani Formation and is the lowest part of a single complex. The "Fasila"
Suite lies on the eroded surface of clay rocks. Lithologically, it consists of sands,
brown and gray coarse-grained, medium-grained quartz sands, including pebbles.
Fasila represents as soybeans of the highest section of the PS. In the rough upper
part, there are interlayers of 90-112 m. The top of the "Fasila" Suite bounces
unclearly, the Balakhani suite is assigned to the "Fasila" Suite. At present, a
number of researches of the retinue. There are interlayers of black sandstone part,
the lower part of the retreat is thick layers, sometimes granular sandstone with a
large number of large pebbles. The bottom of "Fasila" thickness 1 m.

Lower division of the Productive Series

Pre-Kirmakhi Suite is the lowest oil-saturated suite of the Balakhani-

Sabunchi-Ramana field. The thickness of the suite changes: on the arches, the folds
are 55-80 m, on the eastern submergence it reaches 110-115 m. In general, the PK
Suite can be characterized as a thick layer composed of mainly coarse-grained light
gray and gray sands with the inclusion of black angular gravel and grains quartz.
The sands of the lower part of the section are very light, almost white. In the upper
part of the section, the sand grain size is less than in the lower part. The interlayers
of clay of small thickness are also confined in the upper half of the section. The
presence in certain parts of the PK section of a suite of clay interlayers allowed the
PC suite to be divided into five objects. PK, PK2, PK3, PK4, PK5.
The Kirmakhi Suite is very clearly distinguished from both above and below
the underlying horizons of the PS. Lithologically, it is expressed by the alternation
of sandy and clayey formations. The thickness of the KS is 250-260m and is a
constant part of the lower section of the PS. KS lithologically consists of private
alternations of finely and finely grained sands and sandstones with clays and clay
sands. According to the electric carcass, the KS is divided into two sub-suites: the
 16

upper, more clayey, the thickness is 150 m. KS and the lower, more sandy
thickness of 10 meters is the KS. Each suite, completed, in turn, is divided into
operational objects KS1-40m, KS2-45m, KS3-33m, KS4-32m. The sub-branches and
the KS until 1954 were divided into 5 objects: II KS I, II KS2, II KS3, II KS4, 11
KSS. The analysis of the development and lithology of the rocks of the lower
classes of the KS (1930) allowed to enlarge the operational. According to this
breakdown, 2 KS sub-suites are subdivided into two production facilities-2 KS,
with a thickness of 37 m, And 2 KS, with a thickness of 63 m part of the
Balakhani area. At present, the KS retinues are almost completely drilled.
Post-Kirmakhi Clayey Suite. This sandy-clay pack is represented by gray clay
with interlayers of fine-grained and fine-grained sands. The rare transition from the
sandy horizons of the "break" to the clay-sandy deposits is well increased on the
coastal diagrams from, therefore PKC is an important supporting horizon of the
productive stratum section. The thickness of the PKC in the field is on average
30m, but on the limbs of the fold the thickness increases to 50m. Its position
between two packs, differing exclusively by sand and coarse-grained, greatly
facilitates its selection in the section PKC as an oil object is not significant in terms
of the field.
Post-Kirmakhi Sandy Suite-by the nature of the sediments is similar to the
sand and pebble rocks of the suite retreat. In the PKS sandy rocks, as well as in the
"break" suite, inclusions of black angular gravel and large quartz grains are found.
A particularly characteristic feature of this suite is the presence in the sands and
sandstones of a larger number of large nodules of minerals, from which weathered
rocks in the Kirmakhi valley PKS, as in the rocks "break", there are lenticular and
octane lumps of clay, mostly gray.
The river rock of the suite consists of medium-sized and coarse-grained
sands, which are approximately equally distributed in the section of fine-grained
sands with clay interlayers. In the middle part of the suite there are interbeds of
clays with a thickness of 2-3 m which are divided into two parts: the PKS suite
and the PKS2 In the Sabu chi district, both parts of the PKS suite are combined into
 17

one operational facility. The total thickness of the PKS is 42m, increasing along the
fold immersion in the east direction up to 50 m. The roof and the bottom of the
suite are clearly distinguished in the logging diagrams.
 18

Figure1.1. Geology column of BSR oil field.

 19

1.4. Tectonics of the field

Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana a fold is located on Fatmai-Zykh-Bakhar of the

anticlinal tectonic line and treat type of open structures. The structure generally has
the width pro-deleting, its length is equal to 10,5 km, width of 3-4 km. The hinge
of a fold plunges in east direction So, if in Mount Bogboga zone the roof of the
personal computer of suite lies at a depth of 100 m, then in a saddle, separating in
the south the Surakhani fold, falls by 1840 m The fold is generally put by Pliocene
deposits, in the arch of the mud volcano. The Bogboga on the big site breeds of the
Eocene and a Miocene meet. The fold is asymmetric, tilt angles of layers on the
southern wing change from 45 to 75 degrees at Koshanour area, from 40 to 53 at
Balakhani-Sabunchi area and up to 18-24 degrees at Ramana area. On more flat
northeast wing to a fold hades varies from 10 to 18 degrees at Balakhani-Sabunchi
Square and to 18-23 degrees at Ramana Square. The fold of Balakhani-Sabunchi-
Ramana of the field appears quite difficult, complicated by numerous ruptures of
waste character, with an amplitude from 15 to 400 m the pre-faulting majority of
gaps has the cross direction. These cross dumping, unlike longitudinal, have small
amplitudes of shift (15-40), but these gaps exerted considerable impact on
conditions of formation and character of an occurrence of oil in deposits. The main
elements of tectonics of the field are two longitudinal gaps (dumping 1 and 2)
passing through a driving part and forming graben (width of 200-800 m) and
dividing a fold into three parts:
1. Northeast limb
2. Central part
3. Southern limb
In turn all structure is divided cross dumping into a number of tectonic
blocks which are characterized by various degree of oil saturation and oil recovery
The main direction of falling of dumping 1 on SSE, a tripper device plane hade at
different depths it is various. So, at Sabunchi area to a depth of a roof (750-800)
hades of the plane of the tripper device change within 45-75 degrees and remain
 20

such to a middle part of the lower department of PS. The depth of the surface of
sliding becomes more abruptly (75-80 degrees) approaches vertical. Amplitude
from the West sharply increases by the East from 25 to 75 m, reaching a maximum
of 350-400 m to the south of a volcano of Bogboga then in the direction on the
East, amplitude of vertical amplitude gradually decreases. So, if at Balakhani area
amplitude of dumping 1 is equal to 140 m, then in Ramana 15 m. Extent of
dumping 1 in the personal computer to suite - 10,5 km. The amplitude on
Koshanour area varies from 15 to 120 m. In Balakhani-Ramana area, the mixing
amplitude of discharge 2 decreases from 75 to 15 m. And only on the diving of the
eastern pericline folds does its amplitude gradually increase from 25 to 40 m with
depth. In Sabunchi area, discharge 2 merges with discharge I within the lower
reaches of the Kirmakhi Formation, which is, as it were, a branch of the latter. The
length of the discharge 2 on the PS suite is 10.4 km. In addition to these gaps,
longitudinal violations are also established in the western part of the structure.
Here you can trace faults 15, 16, 17 which, together with faults 1 and 2, are also
important elements of tectonics (not previously noted). Apparently, the emergence
of ancient rocks on the day surface of the area of the mud volcano is associated
with these gaps. These gaps were formed much earlier than the transverse gap.
Reset 15 has a dropper, which feeds into S-SE at an angle of 80- 82 degrees. The
amplitude of mixing within the productive stratum from 25 to 90 m. And at the
junction with discharge 1 is 160 m. The length is 2350 m. The longitudinal faults
16 and 17, located from the south and north of the saddle of Bogboga, form two
almost vertical faults: their length is 2850 and 3200 m, respectively the vertical
displacement amplitude (in the productive stratum) is160-200 m. Other transverse
and longitudinal discontinuities have also played a significant role in the
distribution of oil over the area (most of them are not marked on earlier maps).
Faulting zones of 8, 12, 13, 14, la, lb, 3, 2a, 2b, 4, 5 form numerous benefits, have
small displacement amplitudes (15-40), however, played a significant role in the
formation of oil deposits. The length of transverse discharges is 1500-3600 m and
more (faulting zones of la, lb, 12, 14 are traced outside the limits of the field under
 21

consideration). All these transverse faulting zones are mainly spread in the
Pliocene sediments. Faults located on the northeast limbs of the fold (faults 8, 12,
14, 1b) have N-SE dipping, and the dip angles of the diverter plane vary from 50-
80 degrees. Of the above transverse faults, one should first note fault No. 8, located
on the southeast limb of the Kirmakhi structure. This fault is traced in the
direction of the SW-NE and was described as early as the 30s by A. Y. Krims,
however, in 1951 N.N. Potapov was dismissed. However, the newly constructed
maps confirm the presence of the specified reset. This fault played a significant
role in the formation of deposits and the accumulation of oil in them in the most
western part of the northeast limb of the fold. On the south limbs, folds of
transverse disturbances have the most likely fall on the SE. These discontinuities
(faults 2a, 2b, 4, 5) within the upper section of the reservoir are attenuated. The dip
angle of the diverter planes vary from 70 to 85 degrees. From among these breaks,
one characteristic fault 3, located in the eastern part of Ramana area draws
attention to itself. This fault has played a significant role in the formation of
deposits of PS suites (absent on the old structural maps). He contributed to the
accumulation of oil in blocks VI and VII along the horizons of the PS suite 3, fault
3 has a diverter that feeds at an angle of 60-70 degrees to the SE. This drop is
traced from the hinge and the point of inflection of the axis in the Ramana area
eastward beyond the fold in question. The length of fault 3 is about 4000 m
(Within this field). This fault can be traced from the base of the PS and fades in the
Absheron shade. In addition to the violations described, a number of other gaps
can be traced (faults 1b, 2b, 2d, 2d, 6b, 6b, 7a, 7b, 7b, 7g, 7e). However, these
faults are not common throughout the PS, but fade thicker, but fade either at the
lower levels of the Balakhani Formation or reach the PKC sediments. Despite the
local nature of the spread of these gaps, after also affected the conditions of oil in
the PS. Thus, the main principal difference of the Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana
fold tectonics under consideration from the existing ideas about it in the literature
is the presence of transverse discontinuities. Thanks to these transverse faults, the
block structure of horizons is drawn. This circumstance allows to correctly
 22

represent the initial position of the oil-water contacts in them. So, for example,
according to the previously existing structural plan of the PS surface of the retinue,
the oil reservoir on the north-east limb of the fold is an inclined body, which in its
length was transferred by the contour of the reservoir as a result of this, "trailing
deposits" appeared according to new constructions have normal conditions for the
occurrence of oil and water in each block. Over all horizons of the productive
stratum, the oil-water contact does not intersect the horizons of the formation.
23
24
 25

Figure 1.3. BSR field I-I line geology cross-section

Figure 1.4. BSR field II-II line geology cross-section

Figure 1.5. BSR field III-III line geology cross-section

 26

1.5. Oil content

Oil in the Sabunchi district is present in all layers, starting from Absheron,
where it is in the southern wing of the folds of the seams of PS. Industrial oil-
bearing deposits are confined mainly to the PS sediments and partially to the
deposits of the lower section. Small amounts are found in sandy layers at the
bottom of the Absheron layer, overlapping the Aghjagil layers.
The oil-bearing thickness of the Absheron deposits is traced in a narrow strip
only on the southern limbs of the fold within the Balakhani and Sabunchi areas,
where exploitation is carried out with a small daily oil flow rate of about 1-2 tons
per day in the wells. In its upper section, several dozens of oil reservoirs are
registered, united in ten main horizons from 1 to X inclusive, which are distributed
among the suites in the following suite:
A) The Surakhani Formation has the following horizons-1, la, D, C
B) In the Sabunchi suite, II, III, IV, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe are distinguished.
C) In the Balakhani Formation - V, VI, VII, V, IX.
The lower sections of the upper section of the “Fasila” suite, although oil-
bearing in a large area in the western part of the Balakhani area, and within a
narrow strip of the arch of the fold, but still almost entirely water-bearing within
the Balakhani oil field area. The main amount of oil currently produced falls to the
lower section of the PS, which includes more than 10 oil horizons: PKC, PKS, KS
(I KS, I KS2, I KS3, I KS4, II KS1, II KS2, II KS3, II KS4, II KS5) PKV, PKI. Among
the oil horizons of the PS, the oil is particularly notable:
A) III, IV, V, VI horizons of the upper section.
B) two lower tributaries in KS - II KS4, II KS5.
C) the top of the PS retinue (i.e., PKV)
Geologic faulting within field, there are several types of oils whose specific
weight becomes heavier depending on the increasing density. So, in the Surakhani
suite, the specific gravity of oil is 857 kg/m 3, the average flow rate is 0.1-2 tons,
and in the Sabunchi oil, the share of oil is 857-906 kg/m 3, the average flow rate is 1
 27

4 tons. The density of oil is 876 kg/m 3, the average flow rate is 0.2 tons. Density of
PKS oils is 921 kg/m3, production rate 1.2 tons per day (Ramana).
 28

1.6. Gas content

The number of gas reservoirs in the section of the productive unit is not
available. Gas, both in the initial period and at the present time, is in a state
dissolved in oil, and is released from it as oil increases. In the initial period of
operation in the PKC and in the second PKS, the gas factors were significantly
larger than the current gas factors. In the section of the PS, single layers reached
300 m due to relatively high gas factors and reservoir pressure of 200-300 atm. In
the current period of operation of the PS and horizon II KS V formations, most of
the wells flowed. Gas factors in the suite does not exceed 60 m³/t, and in western
parts it reaches 120 m³/t. According to II KSS - 150-140 m³/t. The gas saturation of
the upper horizons of the second compression zone is much lower than the
horizons of the second compression zone. There is a decrease in gas saturation of
oil from the bottom up. Gas has the same composition for all objects. Gas belongs
to dry.
Gas composition:
Methane -85%
ethane -2%
propane, butane -0.7%
hydrocarbons -1.4%
CO2 -10,9%
 29

1.7. Water content

Simultaneously with the development of oil horizons, the aquifers were

opened. The introduction of wells into isolation of volatile tributaries, and not
rationalized by the competition of the oilmen, led to the fact that I PS of the PS
department was free is development of the Sabunchi region began in 1873.
Analysis and studies of drilling began in 1913. The complexity of the rheological
buildings anticline, the presence of numerous faults systems makes it difficult and
difficult to interrogate the study of the aquifer productive crowd in general of PS in
particular. The vertical discharges are the 11th reason for the movement of water
from one suite to another, or from one inflow to the pore: aquifers horizontals are
currently available in the terraces of the modern and ancient Caspian, and
Absheron Peninsula of sediments by suites: without sufficient development of the
field, associated oil horizons. Despite the fact that the industry of Kirmakhi.
Balakhani existence of the volcano Akhan suite the water is clonality weight of
water is 1 1070-1.0935. It refers to hard water (14%). West Sabunchi Formation
chloral water, water weight is 1.0967.
 30

2.SPECIAL PART
31
32
 33

Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field PS II KS horizon exploration data

Table 2.1

1 Depth, m 1913
2 Effective thickness, m 27
3 finite 1552
Production field area, ha
current 1552
4 finite 207
Reservoir pressure, MPa
current 79
5 Reservoir temperature, 0C 46
6 Porosity, % 19
7 Permeability, 10-3 mkm2 50
8 finite 2,24
Oil viscosity in stock, mPa *s
current 2,24
9 Oil density in stock, g/cm3 0.899
10 Carbonate Content, % 12
11 finite 0.184
Recovery factor
current 0.161
12 İnitial Oil in a Place, thous. t 41305
13 Initial Recoverable reserves, thous. t 7615
14 Remaining Oil in a Place, thous. t 6631,9
15 Remaining Recoverable Reserves, thous. t 986,1
16 Cumulative production, thous.t 1009
17 Gas factor 120
 34

2.1. Reservoir properties of the productive object

Course work designed to investigate production history of Balakhani Suite (II

horizon) of PS on Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field. The exploration area
presented by structural map of PS II horizon (figure 2.1.) In the table 2.1. shows
major reservoir characteristic observed over exploitation period. The depth of the
II horizon of productive strata is approximately 1913 meters.
At Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field’s effective thickness is about 27 meters,
this thickness of area is saturated with the oil, in that case, we can call effective
thickness.
Balakhani suite has the largest areal extension in the PS section. At the
production field area or area of hydrocarbon contamination of II horizon is 1552 ha
or 1552 x 104 square meters in the initial stage or initial production years but
currently statistic data of the production field changed to the 1552 x 104 square
meters. This 1552x104 square meters differentiation between initial and current
times at the production field area is directly related with the extraction
hydrocarbons from reservoir over the years. In 1936 year, which is the initial year,
the pressure should be described as measured at a specific time, such as initial
reservoir pressure at this production area is approximately 207 MPa, but time
passed, in turn, this reservoir pressure tends to the pressure at the bottom of oil
well. So, at the current year, in 2013 this reservoir pressure was 79 MPa. This
pressure decreased for 77 years is related with the development stage of reservoir.
The drop in average reservoir pressure from fluid production. All bounded
reservoirs have pressure depletion (a drop in average reservoir pressure) associated
with fluid production. Water influx counters this effect in reservoirs that are
surrounded or underlain by aquifers. Likewise, the presence of a gas cap can slow
pressure depletion.
Reservoir temperature is the average temperature maintained inside a
hydrocarbon reservoir. The hydrocarbons that are stored in the reservoir also have
 35

the same temperature. The temperature can be recorded with the help of a bottom
hole temperature recorder during pressure testing or drill stem testing. The range of
reservoir temperature may vary depending on the depth at which a particular
reservoir is found. At the II horizon of productive strata (PS) of Balakhani-
Sabunchi-Ramana field (BSR) reservoir temperature is 46 °C, so, hydrocarbon
temperature is the same. For this reason, we can say that reservoir is nearer to the
earth’s surface.
In the hydrodynamic study of filtration, simplified models of a porous
medium are used. Such simplified models are ideal and fictitious grounds. An ideal
soil is a porous medium whose pore channels are a bundle of cylindrical tubes with
parallel axes. The cover of soil is a porous medium composed of spherical particles
of the same diameter. The cover of soil is the simplest model of natural soil that
can be mathematically studied. The ratio of the total volume of the void – V to the
total volume of the formation – V0 is called the porosity, measured in percent m=
V
. In this reservoir, porosity or void space in the formation is 19%, in such a
V0
case, reservoir has the capacity to hold on more hydrocarbon.
When solving the problems of filtration in different liquids in the same layer,
we must use different values of the filtration coefficient. These obligations make it
more convenient to use the coefficient of permeability. By the permeability of a
porous medium means the property of a porous medium is its “dynamic property”,
which manifests itself only in the filtration of liquids or gases. At the Balakhani
suite K equal to the 50 mkm 2 or 0.50 square meters. Permeability is one of the most
important properties of reservoirs, without knowledge of it is impossible to solve
problems associated with the development of oil and gas fields of Balakhani-
Sabunchi-Ramana field (BSR).
Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between
two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple terms,
viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid. Any calculation involving
the movement of fluids requires a value of viscosity. This parameter is required for
conditions ranging from surface gathering systems to the reservoir. Viscosity of the
 36

hydrocarbon at the II horizon is about 2,24 Pa x s at the initial year, however while
continuation of development of this reservoir production simultaneously viscosity
of hydrocarbon was increasing till the 2,24 Pa x s at the current, 2015 year under
some effects. Liquid density is one of the most important governing physical
parameters of the fluid flow. The crude oil density in general is density is defined
as the mass of a given volume and expressed in pounds per cubic foot or in (gr/ cm3
). In Balakhany suit of Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field oil density in stock is the
0.899 gr/cm3.
This observation area, also, differentiated with non-existing carbonate
contamination. We know that the reservoirs have 2 types clastic or siliciclastic and
carbonate reservoirs, and this data help to us decide about reservoir types, this area
mainly associated with the clastic or siliciclastic type.
The recoverable amount of hydrocarbon initially in place, normally expressed
as a percentage. The recovery factor is a function of the displacement mechanism.
An important objective of enhanced oil recovery is to increase the recovery factor.
At this observation area recovery factor is at finite is 0.184% but at the current is
0.161%. Over the year’s recovery factor increased to the peak point 11,0% at the
1938 year, however, decrease the lowest point 0,05% at the 2010. In 1931 the
recovery factor was 6,2% but in 2015 it was 0,1%, these variations related with the
production, in turn, pressure and temperature change modification.
Oil-in-place is also known as stock tank original oil-in-place (STOOIP) or
stock tank oil-initially-in-place (STOIIP), referring to the oil in place before the
commencement of production. In this case, stock tank barrels refer to the volume
of oil after production, surface pressure and temperature. Prior to oil production
from a new reservoir, volumetric methods are used to estimate oil-in-place. At this
II horizon initial oil in a place for exploration data is 41305 x 1000 tons, this is a
great amount for the accumulation of hydrocarbon at Balakhani suit.
Recoverable reserves are oil and gas reserves that are economically and
technically feasible to extract at the existing price of oil. Initial Recoverable
reserves which is the hydrocarbons extracted from reservoir. During the 84 years
 37

initial Recoverable reserves are 7615 x 1000 tons, this amount makes a 20,72% of
total hydrocarbons.

Remaining Oil in a Place sometimes becomes as residual oil in reservoir, also,

in this area this amount is 986,1 x 1000 tons, in turn, it makes 79,28% of total
hydrocarbons. However, Remaining Recoverable Reserves is 1009 x 1000 tons.
Cumulative production is defined as the gross amount of oil and gas
production from an oil reservoir over a particular period of the life of a well. In
general, cumulative production is an oil and gas industry term related to an oil
well, a basin or an oil field. Cumulative production of oil and gas can be calculated
by multiplying the amount of production by the rate. The data gathered from the
cumulative production and production rate of an oil and gas reservoir is analyzed
to keep track of the productive oil wells over a time period, for example a year,
cumulative production at the II horizon of productive strata of Balakhani-
Sabunchi-Ramana field (BSR) reach to the 6631,9 x 1000 tons over the 84 years.
 38

2.2. Oil saturation of productive object

Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent, of the pore volume occupied

by a particular fluid (oil, gas, or water). This property is expressed mathematically
by the following relationship:
total volume of the fluid
Fluid saturation= pore volume
Thus, all saturation values are based on pore volume and not on the gross
reservoir volume. The saturation of each individual phase ranges between zero to
100%. Another phase saturation of interest is called the critical saturation and it is
associated with each reservoir fluid. The definition and the significance of the
critical saturation for each phase is described below.
Critical oil saturation, Soc
For the oil phase to flow, the saturation of the oil must exceed a certain value
which is termed critical oil saturation. At this saturation, the oil remains in the
pores and, for all practical purposes, will not flow.
Residual oil saturation, Sor
During the displacing process of the crude oil system from the porous media
by water or gas injection (or encroachment) there will be some remaining oil left
that is quantitatively characterized by a saturation value that is larger than the
critical oil saturation. This saturation value is called the residual oil saturation,
Sor. The term residual saturation is usually associated with the nonwetting phase
when it is being displaced by a wetting phase.
Movable oil saturation, Som is another saturation of interest and is defined as
the fraction of pore volume occupied by movable oil as expressed by the following
equation:
Som-=1- Sor – Soc
 39

where Sor –residual oil saturation, Soc – critical oil saturation.

Remaining Oil in a Place sometimes becomes as residual oil in reservoir this
is directly related with residual oil saturation, also, in this area this amount of
residual oil is 986,1 x 1000 tons, in turn, it makes 79,28% of total hydrocarbons.
However, Remaining Recoverable Reserves is directly associated with movable oil
saturation amount of this movable oil is 753 x 1000 tons. For the observational
area Balakhani suite in which settled at the II horizon of Productive Series (PS) of
Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field (BSR) critical oil saturation 17591 x 1000 tons,
this makes 79,28% of total hydrocarbons, in that case, without EOR we can extract
20,72% of hydrocarbons.
 40

2.3. Reservoir temperature of productive object

Reservoir temperature is obtained primarily by the reservoir’s proximity to

the earth’s mantle, and by the relative heat exchange capacities and thermal
conductivities of the formations forming the lithostatic sequence that includes the
reservoir.
Reservoir temperature is the average temperature maintained inside a
hydrocarbon reservoir. The hydrocarbons that are stored in the reservoir also have
the same temperature. The temperature can be recorded with the help of a bottom
hole temperature recorder during pressure testing or drill stem testing. The range of
reservoir temperature may vary depending on the depth at which a particular
reservoir is found. At the II horizon of productive strata of Balakhani-Sabunchi-
Ramana field (BSR) reservoir temperature is 46 °C, so, temperature of reservoir’s
fluid is equal to the same amount.
Reservoir temperature is primarily obtained by various factors such as its
closeness to the mantle of the earth, i.e., if the depth of the hydrocarbon reservoir
from the earth crust is more, the temperature and pressure is also more. Also, if the
depth is more the relative heat exchange capacity and thermal conductivity is
higher. Based on these factors, one can say that the geothermal gradient of a
reservoir varies based on its proximity to the earth’s mantle. Geothermal gradient
of a reservoir can be defined as the rate of change of temperature of a reservoir as
the proximity of the reservoir increases with the earth’s mantle.
 41

2.4. Reservoir pressure of productive object

During a period of erosion and sedimentation, grains of sediment are

continuously building up on the top of each other, generally in a water filled
environment. As the thickness of the layer of sediment increases, the grains of the
sediment are packed closer together, and some of the water is expelled from the
pore spaces. However, if the pore throats through the sediment are interconnecting
all the way to surface the pressure of the fluid at any depth in the sediment will be
same as that which would be found in a simple column of fluid. The pressure in the
fluid in the pores of sediment will only be dependent on the density of the fluid in
the pore space and the depth of the pressure measurement (equal to the height of
the column of liquid). It will be independent of the pore size or pore throat
geometry. When the pore fluids are normally pressured the formation pore pressure
is also said to be hydrostatic. Reservoir pressure, also known as formation pressure
or hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of the fluids present in a hydrocarbon
reservoir. It can also be stated as the pressure which is exerted by column of water
on sea level from the depth of a hydrocarbon reservoir inside the earth’s surface.
Reservoir pressure data is helpful in volumetric calculations. In 1931 year, which is
the initial year, the pressure should be described as measured at a specific time,
such as initial reservoir pressure at this production area is approximately 207 MPa,
but time passed, in turn, this reservoir pressure tends to the pressure at the bottom
of oil well. So, at the current year, in 2013 this reservoir pressure was 79 MPa.
This pressure decreased for 77 years is related with the development stage of
reservoir. The drop in average reservoir pressure from fluid production. All
bounded reservoirs have pressure depletion (a drop in average reservoir pressure)
associated with fluid production. Water influx counters this effect in reservoirs that
 42

are surrounded or underlain by aquifers. Likewise, the presence of a gas cap slows
pressure depletion. In order to calculate the reservoir pressure, bottom hole
pressure measuring instruments are used to measure the fluid pressure in the pores
of the reservoir. Usually, the pressure inside the reservoir always keeps changing
when fluids are produced hence reservoir pressure is measured at a specific time
and is referred to as initial reservoir pressure. When the fluids flow from the
reservoir, the pressure distribution can be in a steady state flow, pseudo steady state
flow or transient flow. Optical fiber technology is advantageous in measuring the
pressure and temperature of the reservoir.
 43

2.5. Reservoir drive mechanism

In the process of exploitation of the deposit, the development parameters are

significantly affected by the presence of contact with water and gas areas.
Therefore, already at the exploration stage of the deposit, it is important to
determine the type of the deposit and estimate the ratio of the oil and gas fields.
The natural regime of a deposit is a set of natural forces (energy types) that provide
the movement of oil or gas in the formation to the faces of production wells. The
mode of operation of the deposit is the manifestation of the predominant type of
reservoir energy in the development process.
Reservoir drive mechanisms are a major driving force of oil and gas in the
layer conditions that moves hydrocarbons toward to the wellbore. Reservoir drive
systems classified to water drive, elastic water drive, gas cap drive, solution gas
drive, gravitational drive, and combination drive mechanisms. The combination
drive mechanisms are widely met while exploration of an oil and gas fields.
In oil deposits, the main forces transporting oil in the seams are:
- the pressure of the contour water under the action of its mass;
- the head of the contour water because of the elastic expansion of the rock
and water; gas pressure of the gas cap;
- the elasticity of the gas released from the oil dissolved in it;
- the force of gravity of oil.
The recoverable amount of hydrocarbon initially in place, normally expressed
as a percentage. The recovery factor is a function of the displacement mechanism.
An important objective of enhanced oil recovery is to increase the recovery factor.
 44

I have seen that the management of the reservoir for different drive
mechanisms can be diametrically opposed. If both occur, a compromise must be
sought, and this compromise must consider the strength of each drive present, the
size of the gas cap, and the size/permeability of the aquifer. It is the job of the
reservoir manager to identify the strengths of the drives as early as possible in the
life of the reservoir to optimize the reservoir performance.
The main data which is used to determine the drive mechanism is recovery
factor. The recovery factor shows the amount of oil that can be extracted by the
initial drive mechanism. According to table 2.1. finite recovery factor in 1931 was
0,01% and current was 0,01%, which include water drive and solution gas drive
mechanism. Also, in 1938 we can observe the increase of recovery factor which it
was 1,52%.
The drive energy is provided by an aquifer that interfaces with the oil in the
reservoir at the oil-water contact (OWC). As production continues, and oil is
extracted from the reservoir, the aquifer expands into the reservoir displacing the
oil. Clearly, for most reservoirs, solution gas drive will also be taking place, and
there may also be a gas cap contributing to the primary recovery.
 45

2.6. Reservoir development history

Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field PS II KS horizon production data
Table 2.2.
Qwater Fluid Reservoir
Qoil (t. Well Recovery
Year (thous. production Sw(%) pressure
ton) number factor (%)
m) t.t. (atm)
1936 3 3 6 2 50,0 0,01 207
1937 2 2 4 2 50,0 0,01
1938 4 3 7 1 42,9 0,02
1939 10 4 14 4 28,6 0,04
1940 15 4 19 8 21,1 0,06
1941 23 6 29 10 20,7 0,10
1942 16 16 32 8 50,0 0,07
1943 15 6 21 5 28,6 0,06
1944 26 2 28 11 7,1 0,11
1945 61 7 68 18 10,3 0,26
1946 155 13 168 29 7,7 0,67
1947 207 31 238 52 13,0 0,89
1948 219 57 276 52 20,7 0,94
1949 259 84 343 73 24,5 1,12
1950 275 71 346 85 20,5 1,19
1951 258,5 99 357,5 85 27,7 1,12
1952 286,2 120 406,2 95 29,5 1,23
1953 322,4 107 429,4 128 24,9 1,39
1954 335,2 114 449,2 160 25,4 1,45
1955 353,2 170 523,2 185 32,5 1,52
1956 347 180 527 192 34,2 1,50
1957 294 211 505 192 41,8 1,27
1958 256 194 450 189 43,1 1,10
1959 236 186 422 183 44,1 1,02
1960 221 202 423 183 47,8 0,95
1961 200 219 419 174 52,3 0,86
1962 188 230 418 158 55,0 0,81
1963 166 222 388 149 57,2 0,72
1964 151 211 362 138 58,3 0,65
1965 131 213 344 131 61,9 0,57
1966 122 206 328 127 62,8 0,53
1967 102 206 308 120 66,9 0,44
 46

1968 105 197 302 120 65,2 0,45

1969 94 193 287 117 67,2 0,41
1970 86 184 270 113 68,1 0,37
1971 83 194 277 114 70,0 0,36
1972 75 188 263 107 71,5 0,32
1973 69 174 243 100 71,6 0,30
1974 67 185 252 110 73,4 0,29
1975 64 190 254 108 74,8 0,28
1976 62 186 248 106 75,0 0,27
1977 53 190 243 100 78,2 0,23
1978 51 194 245 103 79,2 0,22
1979 46 180 226 104 79,6 0,20
1980 44 160 204 102 78,4 0,19
1981 41 153 194 99 78,9 0,18
1982 39 154 193 94 79,8 0,17
1983 36 168 204 95 82,4 0,16
1984 36 152 188 95 80,9 0,16
1985 32 156 188 90 83,0 0,14
1986 26 129 155 90 83,2 0,11
1987 25 104 129 65 80,6 0,11
1988 22 65 87 64 74,7 0,09
1989 20 100 120 63 83,3 0,09
1990 13 108 121 63 89,3 0,06
1991 12 71 83 64 85,5 0,05
1992 8 71 79 62 89,9 0,03
1993 11 66 77 39 85,7 0,05
1994 11 58 69 34 84,1 0,05
1995 13,8 61 74,8 37 81,6 0,06
1996 12,9 54 66,9 22 80,7 0,06
1997 10 50 60 30 83,3 0,04
1998 9 64 73 26 87,7 0,04
1999 9 72 81 30 88,9 0,04
2000 9 79 88 30 89,8 0,04
2001 9 72 81 31 88,9 0,04
2002 8 75 83 26 90,4 0,03
2003 7 77 84 26 91,7 0,03
2004 7 80 87 27 92,0 0,03
2005 7 56 63 23 88,9 0,03
2006 9 42 51 22 82,4 0,04
2007 7 39 46 22 84,8 0,03
2008 6 27 33 21 81,8 0,03
2009 5 25 30 22 83,3 0,02
2010 5 32 37 20 86,5 0,02
2011 6 28 34 18 82,4 0,03
2012 4 25 29 16 86,2 0,02
2013 0,7 6 6,7 17 89,6 0,00 79
47
48
 49

Production starts in 1936 with 3 t.t. of oil volume. The production period
starts in 1936. The overall production period is divided to the four stages. The first
stage lasted from 1936 to 1950, the second stage characterized with maximum
production of petroleum lasted from 1950 to 1986, at the third stage the
hydrocarbons production stars decrease, and production specified with high water
volumes production 1987 to 2013.
The first stage starts in 1931 year, characterized by 275 t.t. of oil maximum in
1950. However, in 1942 petroleum production sharply decreased to 16 t.t. the
major reason is well number decreasing to 8 in 1942. There were 85 wells in II
horizon exploitation and 10 t.t. oil volumes in 1939, well numbers excluded to 8 in
1940 and the following year in 1942 well number decreased to 16. The following
years were characterized by stabilizing and constant petroleum production raise
until 1949 when II period of production starts.
The second stage starts in 1950 year, characterized by 353,3 t.t. of oil
maximum in 1954. Hydrocarbons’ volumes were at a low rate from 76,64 to 353,3
t.t, so, in 1986 well number decreased to 95.
The third stage starts in 1987 year, characterized by 13,8 t.t of oil maximum
in 1995. In 1995 well number increased to 37.
 50

3. Conclusion

My research aim is analyses of exploration and development of II horizon of

Balakhani suite of Balakhani-Sabunchi-Ramana field of Absheron oil-gas-bearing
region. The horizon depth is 1913 m. Due to this; the horizon exploitation did not
evolve extra cost activities. Even though hydrocarbon production was low about
353,3 t.t. in 1995 as a maximum.
Well numbers in operation activities were high 165 in 1986. The high-water
saturation of production volumes and large well numbers lead to decision of
reservoir depletion and reducing of exploration.
As a result, the analysis of production diagrams can lead to additional data
interpretation as a water and oil physical and chemical properties, additional
investigation of reservoir conditions, reservoir drive mechanism analysis, reservoir
pressure and temperature. Creation of detailed 3D geological model, including
lithology and petrophysical properties diversification in the horizon.
The consequent application of Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods (EOR)
depends on the analytical results of geology modelling with simulation
implementation on any selected tertiary method.
Remaining oil volumes 6631,9 t.t could be produced by implementing
additional recovery methods, the drilling of new wells would not show any effect
in enhancing oil production.
 51

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