Delhi Public School, Rudrapur

SESSION 2024-25

CHAPTER NO.1 - DEVELOPMENT

1. ‘The development goals that people have are not only better income but also about other important
things in life.’ Explain.
Though income is one of the most important components of development but there are other important
things, such as:
(i) People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
(ii) Women need safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
(iii) People also need political rights.
(iv) People seek a pollution free environment.
2. Development is not same for all. Explain.
Development is not same for all as different person can have different development goals. What may be
development for one may not be development for other. It may be destruction for other.
Example
I. Industrialist may want more dams to produce electricity but this may submerge the land resulting
in dislocation of people.
II. For a landless labour getting more days of work and better wages is development whereas for a
farmer from Punjab development is when he gets hardworking and cheap labourers.
III. Farmers require high MSP for their crop whereas common people want the crops at low price.

3. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the
limitations of this criterion?
Ans. The World Development Report, 2012, brought out by the World Bank has given the
following criteria in classifying countries :
(i) Rich or High income countries: Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above
in 2019, are called high income or rich countries
(ii) Poor or Low income countries: countries and those with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are
called low-income countries.
(iii) India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2019 was
just US$ 6700 per annum.
(iv) The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are
generally called the developed countries.
Limitations :
(i) It covers only the economic aspect ignoring peace, health, environment, education, longevity, etc.
(ii) The method does not provide us the distribution of income.

4. Mention three characterization of development.

(i) Different people have different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may be destructive for
the other.
(iii) Income is the most important component of development, but along with income, people also seek
equal treatment, good health, peace, literacy, etc.
5. ‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well’. Explain.
(i) Money or higher per capita income cannot buy a pollution free environment or good health.
(ii) Money cannot buy peace and democracy.
(iii) Money may also not be able to protect one from infectious disease unless the whole of community
takes preventive steps.

6.. Define the following terms:

1. Infant mortality rate: It indicates the number of children that die before the age of 1 year as a
proportion of 1000 live children bom in that particular year.
2. Literacy rate: It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
3. Net attendance ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 6 to 10 attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
4. BMI: BMI stands for Body Mass Index. It is calculated by dividing the weight of a person in kilograms
(kgs) by the square of his/her height in metres. It is an indicator of the level of nourishment in adults

7. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
I. It gives some idea about the rising standard of living.
II. Prosperity of a country depends not only on the size of its national income but also on the number
of people who would share it.
III. A rise in average (i.e per capita) income indicates that more goods and services are available on
average to people.
IV. Averages helps in obtaining income per individual within a specified time frame.

8. Explain how Human Development Index is calculated?

Ans.Human Development index is a composite index prepared by the United Nations Development
programme on a scale 0-1 measured on the basis of three indicators.
1. LIFE EXPECTANCY: It implies how long a newborn is expected to live. It is average expected
length of a person at the time of birth.
2. LITERACY RATE:It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
3. PER CAPITA INCOME .It implies purchasing power of people of their capacity to buy goods and
services.
Human Development Index is estimated by taking the simple average of the three indices.Different
countries are rated between 1 to 183.Countries have been covered for this index.HD1 measures
the economic welfare in a particular country.In 2013,India ranked 135 in the world.

9. What are the limitations of per capita income as an adequate index of economic development?
OR
Is PCI a true indicator of economic development?
I. Rich may get richer, poor get poorer.
II. Ruthless exploitation of labour force or man power.
III. Increase in National Income unjustified exploitation of natural resources.
IV. It does not cost the loss of bio-diversity.
V. It does not include women contribution.
VI. It does not take into account other aspects of human development like standard of health,
education, sanitation facilities etc. in the country.
10. Explain three different basis of comparison of economic development of different nations/states.
(i) PER CAPITA INCOME: - it is the most important component of development. It gives us
average income of each and every citizen of the country. It is calculated by dividing the National
Income of the country by its total population.
(ii) LIFE EXPECTANCY:- Life Expectancy at birth denoted average expected length of life of a
person at the time of birth.
(iii) LITERACY RATE: It refers to percentage of people above 7 years of age who can read and write.
11. Describe any three public facilities needed for development.
(i) EDUCATION:- Education is one of the most important facilities which can be provided
collectively. No individual can afford his/her own school or institution.
(ii) HEALTH:- Health is another facility which should be provided by the government to the people
at the cheaper rate so that even people can afford it.
(iii) INFRASTRUCTURE:- Infrastructure includes banks, transportation and communication. These
services should be provided collectively by the government.
12. In what respect is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development different from the one
used by World Bank.
Ans. WORLD BANK
(i) Per capita income is the base for comparison.
(ii) It is a narrow concept of development.
(iii) Countries have been divided into two categories, i.e., the Rich countries and Poor countries.
UNDP
(i) UNDP has taken education, health and the per capita income as the base.
(ii) It is a broader concept of development.
(iii) Countries have been ranked.

13.Why are countries of the Middle East not called ‘developed’ in spite of high per capita income ?
(i) Though per capita income in Middle East countries is very high but there is unequal distribution
of wealth.
(ii) These countries have high per capita income due to oil productions. So they have only one major
source of income.
(iii) The World Development Report brought out by the World Bank has excluded these countries from
the list of developed countries.