YEMARIM SEFER PRIMARY &

SECONDARY SCHOOL

AGRICULTURE INDIVIDUAL
ASSIGNMENT

Name : KEDIR ABDULKADIR

Section: 12th A
 MSPCSS Assignment ofAgriculture For Grade 12 Year 2016 Explain the following question.

1.List factors influencing vegetable crops production explain more details one by oneVarious :These
factors are climatic (temperature, light, precipitation, etc.) and soil which include the

Chemical, physical and nutritional status of the soil and topographic factors. Some of the major
influence are mentioned below.

1. Temperature

Temperature is an important environmental variable that affects various processes during plant growth
and development. Among the processes affected by temperature are photosynthesis, respiration,
transpiration, germination and flowering. Photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration increase with
increasing temperature up to a certain Vegetables have their minimum, maximum and optimum
temperature ranges. Crops that originate in temperate regions have lower temperature requirements.
Crops originating in tropical regions require warmer temperature The size, shape and quality of
harvestable parts of vegetable crops are also affected by soil temperature. Tropical and sub-tropical
vegetables may be damaged at temperatures below 10 0C. This is called chilling injury. Some
vegetablecrops require exposure to low temperature before moving from vegetative to reproductive
growth stages. This process is known as vernalization.

2. Water
for production of each kilogram of vegetable dry matter, about 322 litres of water is required. The
following points demonstrate the roles of water in crop production:
 germination and growth of crops start only when water is
available
 organic and inorganic compounds absorbed by plants are
dissolved in water
 water is required in the process of photosynthesis
 water is important in cell division, enlargement and turgidity
 too little or too much water is harmful for plant growth
 water shortage during critical growth stages directly affects yields
 insufficient water supply during early plant growth stages results
in the stunted growth of plants, and significantly reduces yield.

3. Light : is the key element in photosynthesis. Plants grown in full light

Develop vigorously with high chlorophyll amount and high photosynthetic
activity. The length of the light period (also called day
length) and its quality varies according to the season of the year, altitude
and latitude.
Some plants change their growth in response to day length. Long-day plants
flower when the night is short (usually less than 12 hours). Short day plants
flower when the night is long (usually more than 12 hours). Plants that are
not affected by day length are called day-neutral plant. These plants can
flower under any light period
4. Humidity
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.
Humidity affects plant growth and development through its effect on plant
transpiration from leaves. In humid atmosphere, the stomata open and
allow diffusion of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour. This allows
active photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. Very high humidity could
cause increased germination of certain fungal species. This damages the
plants. Excessive humidity could also close stomata which would mean
overheating of plants as it limits evaporative cooling. Low humidity is
also harmful for the plant. It may result in increased transpiration and this
may attract some pest types.
2. Write the roles of water in crop production
 germination and growth of crops start only when water is
Available
 Organic and inorganic compounds absorbed by plants are
Dissolved in water
 Water is required in the process of photosynthesis
 Water is important in cell division, enlargement and turgidity
 Too little or too much water is harmful for plant growth
 Water shortage during critical growth stages directly affects yields
 Insufficient water supply during early plant growth stages results
In the stunted growth of plants, and significantly reduces yield
3. List vegetables that requires high or low humidity using table chart

Vegetables that requires high Vegetables that requires low

humidity humidity
Cabbage Papers, sweet potatos
Carrots Watermelon, Cucumber
Lettuce Squash
Onion Pumpkin
Spinach, broccoli Tomatoes

4.What is biotic factors Biotic factors. refer to organisms like bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses,
Weeds and animals. The presence of these harmful organisms in the Environment limits crop
productivity. Vegetable crop selection should Consider the adaptability of the crop to a given
environment and resistance To common diseases and pests.
5.mention short day, long day day neutral of some vegetables by using table chart

Short day Day neutral Long day

Sweet potatoes Cucumber Spinach

 Tomatoes Onion

Pepper Cabbage
Eggplant Carrots
Artichoke Potatoes
6.What are the major constrian to vegetables production in Ethiopia ?
vegetable production and consumption in the Country is low The major constraints are:

 inadequate knowledge of improved methods of production and

Marketing,
 low consumption of vegetables
 high cost of production inputs like fertilizers, improved seeds and
pesticides
 poor management of vegetables,
 small size of vegetable processing facilities
poor soil fertility
 pests
 drought,
 postharvest losses,
 high price of fuel for pumping water for irrigation

7. how does altitude of an area effect vegetable crop production.

With 100m increase in altitude, there is 0.6 0C decrease in temperature. This affects vegetable
production. Vegetables vary in their temperature and water requirements. In Ethiopia, the highlands
have high rainfall and low temperature
8. Write classification of vegetables based on there temperature requirements with examples?
Warm season (tropical and sub-tropical) vegetables Warm season vegetables are adapted to
temperatures ranging from 18 to 29oC. These vegetables grow well only in warm areas. They cannot
tolerate Frosts. They are sometimes called tender plants.

Cool season (temperate) vegetables. These grow well in relatively cooler regions. Examples of such
vegetables include broccoli, celery, cabbage, garlic, kale, onion, pea, radish and spinach. These crops
require cool season to flower and to produce seeds. Cool season vegetables are referred to as ‘hardy
plants’,

9.List the major principle that should be followed during vegetables production and management
more explanation

 Site selection and management for vegetable crops

Selection and management of site for vegetable production involves taking Into account the
history of the site and soil properties. This includes land Use history, soil pollution issues,
availability and quality of water resources, Etc. Site selection should also consider possible
effects of adjacent crop Production.During site selection, the topography of the area should be
taken into
Account. Gentle slopes are suitable for vegetable production. Steepness of The slope accelerates soil
erosion. Conservation practices like terraces can Also be implemented before using the area for
vegetable production.

 Sustainability management

Ensuring the sustainability of a farm can be assisted by recording reliable Information. The following
should be accurately recorded :

 The level of yield,

 crop varieties grown,
 quantity and type of fertilizer applied,
 quantity and type of pesticides applied,
 irrigation applied and other inputs used,

 Planting material

When selecting the planting material to be used, factors that should be Carefully considered include:

 adaptation to local conditions,

 resistance to pests and diseases,
  whether it meets the consumer demand in terms of product quality
 The selected crop variety should be planted at suitable time of the season.
 The quality of tubers, bulbs and tubers is usually checked before use.

10. Describe vegetables that require high or low humidity by using table chart