Ex.

Every year millions of students choose to study in a foreign country. This can have
considerable (a) advantages, such as the chance to experience another culture, but
also involves certain (b) disadvantages, which may include feelings of isolation or
homesickness. Another (c) negative aspect may be the high cost, involving both
fees and living expenses. However, most students appear to find that the (d)
benefits outweigh the (e) drawbacks, and that the chance to join an international
group of students is a major (f) plus in developing a career.

Ex.2. Study the following text, which discusses the idea that young people
today, who have grown up with computing and the internet, are different
from previous generations.

DO ‘DIGITAL NATIVES’ EXIST? Various writers have argued that people born
in the last two decades of the twentieth century (1980–2000) and who have been
using computers all their lives have different abilities and needs to other people.
Palfrey and Gasser (2008) refer to them as the ‘net generation’ and argue that
activities such as putting videos on You Tube are more natural for them than
writing essays. Similarly Prensky (2001a) claims that the educational system needs
to be revised to cater for the preferences of these ‘digital natives’.

But other researchers doubt that these claims can apply to a whole generation.
Bennett, Maton and Kervin (2008) argue that these young people comprise a whole
range of abilities, and that many of them only have a limited understanding of
digital tools. They insist that the so-called ‘digital native’ theory is a myth, and that
it would be a mistake to re-organise the educational system to cater for their
supposed requirements.

Clearly there are some young people who are very proficient in online
technologies, but taking a global perspective many still grow up and are educated
in a traditional manner. Teaching methods are constantly being revised, but there is
no clear evidence of a need to radically change them.

Ex.3. The table below shows the structure of the text, but the descriptors have
been mixed up. Re-arrange them in the correct order.

Claims for ‘digital natives’

Arguments against

Writer’s viewpoint
Ex.4. Write two paragraphs on the topic: ‘Is the exploration of space
worthwhile?’ Use the ideas below and make your stance clear.

The exploration of space has been a topic of fascination and debate for decades,
with proponents arguing that it offers invaluable scientific knowledge and
technological advancements. Through space exploration, humanity has gained a
deeper understanding of our universe, discovering distant planets, stars, and
galaxies that provide insights into the origins and nature of celestial bodies.
Moreover, space exploration has led to the development of groundbreaking
technologies, such as satellite communications, GPS navigation, and medical
advancements like MRI machines, which have transformed various aspects of
modern life. The pursuit of space exploration also fosters international
collaboration and cooperation, bringing together scientists, engineers, and nations
to work towards common goals and address shared challenges.

However, critics question the cost and priorities of space exploration, arguing that
the vast sums of money invested could be better allocated to addressing pressing
issues on Earth, such as poverty, healthcare, and climate change. They highlight
the ethical dilemma of prioritizing space exploration over addressing immediate
human needs, particularly in regions where resources are scarce. Additionally,
concerns are raised about the environmental impact of space missions, including
space debris and pollution.

Despite these criticisms, many argue that the pursuit of space exploration is
essential for the long-term survival and advancement of humanity, as it expands
our knowledge, inspires future generations, and pushes the boundaries of what is
possible. Ultimately, the question of whether space exploration is worthwhile
depends on the balance between its scientific, technological, and societal benefits,
and the ethical and practical considerations involved.

Ex.5. Match the causes with their likely effects and write sentences linking
them together.

Causes Effects

Cold winter of 1995 more tourists arriving

Higher rates of literacy a new government being formed

Constructing an airport reduced infant mortality

Last year’s national election greater demand for secondary
education

Installing speed cameras on main roads increased demand for electricity

Opening a new hospital in 2006 a fall in the number of fatal accidents

(a) Owing to the cold winter of 1995 there was increased demand for electricity.

(b) Higher rates of literacy have led to a greater demand for secondary education.

(c) Constructing an airport has resulted in more tourists arriving.

(d) Last year's national election resulted in a new government being formed.

(e) After installing speed cameras on main roads the number of fatal accidents fell.

(f) By opening a new hospital infant mortality was reduced.

Ex.6 Complete the following sentences with likely effects.

(a) Increasing use of the internet for shopping has transformed consumer
behavior and impacted traditional retail industries.

(b) The violent storms last week may have caused extensive property damage
and disrupted transportation networks.

(c) The new vaccine for TB is expected to reduce the incidence of tuberculosis
infections and improve public health outcomes.

(d) Building a high-speed railway line could result in shorter travel times
between cities and increased economic activity along the route.

Complete these sentences with possible causes.

(e) The serious motorway accident may have been caused by adverse weather
conditions or driver negligence.

(f) The war of 1856–8 could have been triggered by territorial disputes, political
tensions, or economic rivalries between nations.

(g) Earthquakes are typically caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath
the Earth's surface.
(h) The rising prison population may be attributed to changes in legislation leading
to stricter sentencing policies, increasing crime rates, or socioeconomic factors
affecting marginalized communities.

Ex.7. Use conjunctions or verbs to complete the following paragraph.

WHY WOMEN LIVE LONGER Some British scientists now believe that women
live longer than men (a) because they have stronger T cells, a vital part of the
immune system that protects the body from diseases. Previously, various theories
have attempted to explain longer female life expectancy. Biologists claimed that
women lived longer (b) due to their role in bringing up children. Others argued that
men take more risks, (c) resulting in their earlier demise. But a team from Imperial
College think that the difference may be (d) attributed to women having better
immune systems. Having studied a group of men and women, they found that the
body produces fewer T cells as it gets older, (e) contributing to the ageing process.
However, they admit that this may not be the only factor, and (f) suggest that
another research project may be conducted.

Ex.8. Read the following paragraph and complete the table.

La Ferrera (1997) has researched the life cycle of new businesses. She found that
they have an average life of only 4.7 years. This is due to two main reasons; one
economic and one social. The former appears to be a lack of capital, the latter a
failure to carry out sufficient market research. La Ferrera considers that together
these account for approximately 70 per cent of business failures.

Reference Reference word/ phrase

La Ferrera She

new businesses - it

average life of only 4.7 years

one economic

one social

the former. . ., the latter. . .

Ex. 9. In the following paragraph, insert suitable reference words from the
box below in the gaps (more words than gaps).
he / he / his / his / his / it / them / they / this

FAMOUS FOR ?
When Andy Warhol died at the age of 58 in 1987 few people guessed that (a) he
would soon become one of the most valuable artists in the world. In 2007 total
sales of (b) his work at auction reached 428 million dollars. When, a year later, (c)
his painting ‘Eight Elvises’ sold for over $100 million, (d) he was one of the
highest prices ever paid for a work of art. In (e) his working life (f) he made about
10,000 artworks, and dealers believe that (g) it will continue to be popular with
collectors in future. (h) This is because of Warhol’s huge reputation as a super-cool
trendsetter and innovator.

Ex. 10. Read the paragraph below and replace the words in bold with
reference words.

VELCRO

Velcro (It) is a fabric fastener used with clothes and shoes. Velcro (it) was
invented by a Swiss engineer called George de Mestral. Mestral’s (His) idea was
derived from studying the tiny hooks found on some plant seeds. The tiny hooks
(They) cling to animals and help disperse the seeds. Mestral spent eight years
perfecting Mestral’s (his) invention, which Mestral (he) called ‘Velcro’ from the
French words ‘velour’ and ‘crochet’. The invention (it) was patented in 1955 and
today over 60 million metres of Velcro are sold annually.

Ex.11. Study the table on the next page, which shows the price of quality
residential property in various cities. Complete the following comparisons,
and write two more.

(a) Residential property in London is twice as expensive as in Rome.

Residential property in London is the most expensive among other cities in
the list.
Residential property in London
(b) Property in Moscow is slightly cheaper than in New York.

Property in Moscow is slightly more expensive than in Paris.

Property in Moscow is much cheaper than in London.

(c) Tokyo property is nearly as expensive as property in Paris.

Tokyo property is more expensive than in Rome.
Tokyo property in comparison with Singapore is more expensive.
(d) Singapore has significantly cheaper property than New York.
Singapore property is slightly more expensive than in Sydney.
Singapore as well as Sydney property is cheaper than in Rome.
 (e) London is the most expensive of the eight cities, while Sydney is the
cheapest.
Sydney is the cheapest of the eight cities, while London is the most
expensive.
Sydney is way cheaper than London.
(f) Property in Paris is slightly more expensive than in Moscow.
Property in Paris is slightly more expensive than in Tokyo.
Property in Paris as well as in Moscow and New York is significantly
cheaper than in London.
(g) Residential property in Tokyo is marginally more expensive than in New
York.
Property in Tokyo is more expensive than in London.
Property in Tokyo is way more expensive than in Sydney.

Ex.12. Study the table below and complete the gaps in the paragraph (one
word per gap). Marriage and divorce rates (per 1,000 population).

Country Marriage rate Divorce rate

Egypt 10,6 1,5

United States 8,4 4,7

Iran 8,4 0,8

Turkey 8,3 0,6

Japan 6,2 1,9

Russia 5,2 2,9

Spain 5,2 0,8

United Kingdom 5,2 3.1

South Africa 4,0 0,9

Libya 3,9 0,3

The table (a) shows marriage and divorce rates in a variety of countries. The
marriage (b) rate ranges from 10.6 per thousand in Egypt to 3.9 in Libya, while the
rate of divorce (c) is even more, from 4.7 in the USA to only 0.3 in Libya. The
marriage rate in America is the (d) same as in Iran, which has a (e) much higher
rate (f) than Turkey’s. In countries such as Iran, Turkey and Libya only 10 per
cent of marriages appear to end in divorce, but in Russia and the USA the number
is (g) nearly less half. It seems possible that the (h) highest marriage rate in the
USA may be partly due to second marriages.Ex. 13. Complete the following
definitions by inserting a suitable category word or phrase from the box (There are
more words than gaps).
material theory behaviour organisation organs
instrument process period grains
profession

a) A barometer is a scientific instrument designed to measure atmospheric

pressure.

b) Kidneys are organs that separate waste fluid from the blood.

c) A multi-national company is a business organization that operates in many

countries.

d) Reinforced concrete is a building material consisting of cement, sand and steel

rods.

e) Bullying is a pattern of anti-social behavior found in many schools.

f) Recycling is a process in which materials are used again.

g) A recession is a period of reduced economic activity.

h) Cereals are grains widely grown for food production.

Ex. 14. Write definitions for the following:

(i) A lecture is an educational talk to an audience, especially one of students in a

university.

(j) Tuberculosis (TB) is is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium

tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.

(k) The Red Cross is an international organization that takes care of people who
are suffering because of war, hunger, disease, or other problems.

(l) An idiom is a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not

deducible from those of the individual words.
Ex.15. Study the following examples and underline the term being defined.

(a) The definition for a failed project ranges from abandoned projects to projects
that do not meet their full potential or simply have schedule overrun problems.

(b) Development is a socio-economic-technological process having the main

objective of raising the standards of living of the people.

(c) Bowlby (1982) suggested that attachment is an organised system whose goal
is to make individuals feel safe and secure.

(d) . . . the non-linear effect called ‘self-brightening’ in which largeamplitude

waves decay more slowly than small-amplitude ones . . .

(e) Globalisation, in an economic sense, describes the opening up of national

economies to global markets and global capital, the freer movement and diffusion
of goods, services, finance, people, knowledge and technology around the world.

(i) quotes a definition from another writer? Attachment

(ii) gives a variety of relevant situations? Development,globalization

(iii) explains a process? Failed projects

(iv) uses category words? Self-brightening

Ex.16. Study the following titles, underline the terms that are worth defining,
and write definitions for three of them.

(a) Capital punishment, known as criminal punishment that takes the defendant's
life as the punishment for the defendant's crime, has no place in the modern legal
system – Discuss.

(b) How can the management of an entrepreneurial business retain its

entrepreneurial culture as it matures?

(c) E-books are likely to replace printed books in the next twenty years. Do you
agree?

(d) As urban areas, that are human settlements with a high population, continue
to expand worldwide, will agriculture be able to feed the growing population of
cities?

(e) Given the medical dangers of obesity, that is a chronic complex disease defined
by excessive fat, what is the best way of reducing its incidence?
Capital punishment - criminal punishment that takes the defendant's life as the
punishment for the defendant's crime.

Obesity - a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can
impair health.

Urban areas - is a human settlement with a high population density and an

infrastructure of built environment.

Ex.17. Add a suitable example to each sentence and introduce it with one of
the phrases above.

A number of sports, for instance motor racing, have become very profitable due to
the sale of television rights.

(b) Some twentieth-century inventions, for example the telephone revolutionized

communication, affected the lives of most people.

(c) Lately many countries, for instance England, have introduced fees for
university courses.

(d) Various companies, for example Apple, have built their reputation on the
strength of one product.

(d) In recent years more women, such as Angela Merkel, have become political
leaders.

(e) Certain countries, for instance Japan, are frequently affected by earthquakes.

(f) Many musical instruments, for example, the violin, cello and guitar, use strings
to make music.

(g) A group of root crops, for example potatoes, carrots and beets, constitute an
important part of our diets.

(h) Politicians have discussed a range of possible alternative punishments, for

example, community service or electronic tagging could be used as alternatives to
imprisonment to prison. For example, community service or electronic tagging
could be used as alternatives to imprisonment.

Ex.18. Study the following text and add examples from the box where
suitable, using one of the introductory phrases in (2) above.
 free delivery or discounted prices

bookshops

clothing and footwear

books and music

many supermarkets offer delivery services for online customers

Widespread use of the internet has led to a major change in shopping habits, for
example, many supermarkets offer free delivery services for online customers. It is
no longer necessary to visit shops to make routine purchases. With more
specialised items, like books and music, internet retailers can offer a wider range of
products than bricks-and-mortar shops. They can also provide extra incentives to
customers, such as free delivery or discounted prices, in addition to the
convenience of not having to visit a real shop. As a result certain types of store,
such as bookshops are disappearing from the high street. Other products however,
appear to require personal inspection and approval, such as clothing and footwear,
and in addition many people enjoy the activity of shopping, so it seems unlikely
that the internet will completely replace the shopping centre.

Ex19. Read the text below and then insert suitable examples where needed.

Students who go to study abroad often experience a type of culture shock when
they arrive in the new country. Customs that they took for granted in their own
society may not be followed in the host country. For example, gestures or forms of
address that are perfectly acceptable in one culture may be considered rude or
inappropriate in another. Even everyday patterns of life may be different. For
instance, meal times, transportation systems, and social norms may vary greatly
from what they are used to. When these are added to the inevitable differences,
such as language, climate, and societal structure, that occur in every country
students may at first feel confused. They may experience rapid changes of mood,
or even want to return home. However, most soon make new friends and, in a
relatively short period, are able to adjust to their new environment. They may even
find that they prefer some aspects of their new surroundings, such as the cuisine,
local traditions, or outdoor activities, and forget that they are not at home for a
while!
Ex. 20. Add a suitable phrase from the box below to the following sentences,
to make them clearer.

(a) The company’s overheads doubled last year, namely the fixed costs.

(b) The Roman empire was a period of autocratic rule, i.e., from 27 BC – 476 AD.

(c) The Indian capital, namely New Delhi, has a thriving commercial centre.

(d) Survival rates from the most common type of cancer are improving, i.e., breast
cancer.

(e) Participation rates in most democracies are in decline, that is to say, fewer
people are voting.

Ex.21. Decide which of the following are valid generalisations:

(a) Cats are more intelligent than dogs. - Not a valid generalization. Intelligence
can vary greatly among individual cats and dogs, and it's challenging to make a
blanket statement about the intelligence of an entire species.

(b) Earthquakes are difficult to predict. - Valid generalization. While

advancements in seismology have improved prediction capabilities, earthquakes
remain inherently unpredictable due to the complex nature of tectonic activity.

(c) There is a link between poverty and disease. - Valid generalization. Numerous
studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between poverty and increased
susceptibility to various diseases due to factors such as limited access to
healthcare, inadequate nutrition, and living conditions.

(d) Women work harder than men. - Not a valid generalization. Work ethic and
productivity can vary significantly among individuals regardless of gender, and
making sweeping generalizations based on gender stereotypes is not accurate or
fair.

(e) Air travel is faster than train travel. - Valid generalization. In most cases, air
travel is indeed faster than train travel, especially for long-distance journeys.
However, there may be exceptions depending on factors such as distance, route,
and transportation infrastructure.

Ex.22. Read the following text and underline the generalisations.

What we look for in choosing a mate seems to vary from place to place. A recent
study (Jones and DeBruine, 2010) explores the idea that female preferences in a
mate might vary according to the society in which she lives. In their research
nearly 5,000 women in 30 countries were shown the same pictures of male faces
and asked to state which they found more attractive. In countries where disease is
common women chose men with more masculine features, while in countries such
as America with more advanced health care and lower levels of disease, more
effeminate-looking men were preferred. The researchers conclude that in healthier
societies women are more interested in men who may form long-term relationships
and help with child-rearing, while in places where child mortality rates are high
they choose strongly-featured men who seem more likely to produce healthy
children.

Ex.23. Write generalisations on the following topics.

(a) Eating fresh fruit is important for health. Regular consumption of fresh fruit is
associated with numerous health benefits, including improved immune function,
better digestion, and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and
certain types of cancer.

(b) Regular rainfall leads to good crop yields. Adequate moisture provided by
regular rainfall is crucial for healthy plant growth and development, resulting in
higher agricultural productivity and increased crop yields.

(c) Honest judges contribute to respect for the law. When judges uphold the
principles of honesty and integrity in their decisions, it fosters public trust in the
legal system and reinforces respect for the law among citizens.

(d) Adequate sleep is essential for academic success. Students who consistently get
enough sleep are better able to concentrate, retain information, and perform well
academically compared to those who are sleep-deprived.

(e) Industrial growth often leads to pollution. The rapid expansion of industrial
activities is frequently accompanied by increased pollution levels, as
manufacturing processes and emissions contribute to air, water, and soil pollution,
posing significant environmental and health hazards.

Ex.24. Rewrite the following sentences using one of the words or phrases in
the table above.

(a) Only three people attended the meeting. -> Few attended the meeting.

(b) 77 students applied for the scholarship. -> Seventy-seven students submitted
applications for the scholarship.

(c) He re-wrote the essay three times. -> He revised the essay on three occasions.
(d) Last year 38 books were published on biogenetics. -> Thirty-eight books on
biogenetics were published last year.

(e) Five names were suggested but rejected for the new chocolate bar. -> Five
names were proposed but ultimately dismissed for the new chocolate bar.

(f) The students thought of four good topics for their project. -> The students
brainstormed four promising topics for their project.

Ex. 25. In the following sentences, underline examples of bad style and rewrite
them in a more suitable way.

(a) Another thing to think about is the chance of crime getting worse.

Bad style: "Another thing" is vague and lacks specificity.

Rewrite: Another factor to consider is the potential increase in crime rates.

(b) Regrettably these days lots of people don’t have jobs.

Bad style: "Lots of people" is colloquial and imprecise.

Rewrite: Unfortunately, many individuals are currently unemployed.

(c) Sometime soon they will find a vaccine for malaria.

Bad style: "Sometime soon" is vague and lacks a specific timeframe.

Rewrite: It is anticipated that a vaccine for malaria will be developed in the near
future.

(d) A few years ago the price of property in Japan went down a lot.

Bad style: "A lot" is informal and lacks precision.

Rewrite: Several years ago, property prices in Japan experienced a significant

decline.

(e) You can’t always trust the numbers in that report.

Bad style: "You can't always trust" is overly general and lacks specificity.

Rewrite: The accuracy of the data in that report may sometimes be questionable.

(f) Sadly, the high inflation led to poverty, social unrest and so on.

Bad style: "And so on" is vague and lacks clarity.

Rewrite: Unfortunately, high inflation resulted in poverty, social unrest, and
various other negative consequences.

(g) He was over the moon when he won the prize.

Bad style: "Over the moon" is an idiomatic expression that may not be universally
understood.

Rewrite: He was elated when he won the prize.

(h) I think we should pay students to study.

Bad style: "I think" weakens the statement and lacks assertiveness.

Rewrite: We should consider compensating students for their studies.

(i) A few years ago they allowed women to vote.

Bad style: "A few years ago" lacks specificity.

Rewrite: Several years ago, women were granted the right to vote.

(j) What were the main causes of the Russian revolution?

No obvious bad style, but it could be improved by specifying which Russian

revolution is being referred to, as there were multiple throughout history. For
example, "What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917?"

Ex.26. In the following text, remove all repetition and redundancy, re-writing
where necessary.

FAST FOOD

Currently, fast food is growing in popularity. It is a type of food that people can
buy ready to eat or cook quickly. This essay examines the advantages and
drawbacks of fast food. First, fast food is very convenient, especially for people
with busy schedules, such as office workers who do not have time to go home for
lunch. They can instead eat at restaurants like McDonald's, which are franchised in
hundreds of countries. Additionally, fast food is inexpensive because it is produced
in large quantities, allowing companies to keep costs down. Therefore, fast food is
usually cheaper than a meal in a conventional restaurant.

Ex. 27. Re-write the following paragraph so that instead of six short sentences
there are two long and two short sentences.
Worldwide, enrolments in higher education are increasing, with over half of all
young people in developed countries entering college. Similar trends are seen in
China and South America. This growth has put financial strain on state university
systems, therefore many countries are asking students and parents to contribute.
This leads to a debate about whether students or society benefit from tertiary
education.

The following sentence is too long. Divide it into shorter ones.

China is one developing country (but not the only one) which has imposed fees on
students since 1997. The results have been surprising. Enrolments, especially in the
most expensive universities, have continued to rise steeply. It grew 200 per cent
overall between 1997 and 2001. It seems that in this case higher fees attract rather
than discourage students. Pupils see them as a sign of a good education, and
compete more fiercely for places. It leads to the result that a place at a good college
can cost $5000 per year for fees and maintenance.

Ex. 28. Making group work successful

Below is a list of suggestions for making your group work successful. The correct
order (1–7) has been mixed up. Working with a partner, put them into the most
logical sequence, using the box below.

Get to know the other members

Normally you cannot choose who you work with, so it is crucial to introduce
yourselves before starting work. Meet informally in a café or similar (but be
careful not to choose a meeting place that may make some members
uncomfortable, such as a bar).

Analyse the task

Get everyone to discuss the assignment and agree on the best methods to complete
it. At this stage it is important to have full agreement on the objectives.

Plan the job and the responsibilities

Break down the task week by week and allocate specific roles to each member.
Agree on times for regular meetings – although you may be able to avoid some
meetings by using group emails. You may want to book a suitable room, for
example in the library, to hold your meetings.

Divide up the work fairly, according to the abilities of the members

Your group may include a computer expert or a design genius, so make sure that
their talents are used for the benefit of the task. It is most important to make sure
that everyone feels they have been given a fair share of the work.

Select a co-ordinator/ editor

Someone needs to take notes about what was agreed at meetings and send these to
all members as a reminder. The same person could also act as editor, to make sure
that all the individual sections conform to the same layout and format. However,
you should each be responsible for proof-reading your own work.

Make everyone feel included

Nobody should feel an outsider, so make special efforts if there is only one male
student, or one non-native speaker, for instance. Make a list of all members’ phone
numbers and email addresses and give everyone a copy.

Finish the assignment on time

This is the most important test of your group’s performance. When you have
finished and handed in your work, it may be helpful to have a final meeting to
discuss what you have all learned from the task.

Ex. 29. Explain the abbreviations in the following sentences.

(a) ICT: Information and Communication Technology; HE: Higher Education.

(b) GM: Genetically Modified; e.g.: for example.

(c) i.e.: that is; WTO: World Trade Organization.

(d) NB: Nota Bene; CVs: Curriculum Vitae; HR: Human Resources.

(e) OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; UAE:

United Arab Emirates.

(f) EU: European Union; VAT: Value Added Tax.

(g) PhD: Doctor of Philosophy; TB: Tuberculosis; SE Asia: Southeast Asia.

(h) Fig.: Figure; www: World Wide Web.

(i) VC: Vice Chancellor; PGCE: Postgraduate Certificate in Education.

(j) PR: Public Relations; approx.: approximately; $: United States Dollar; K:

Thousand.
(k) Re.: Regarding; AGM: Annual General Meeting; asap: as soon as possible.

(l) Prof.: Professor; MSc: Master of Science; MA: Master of Arts.

Ex.30. Choose the most suitable word ending in each case. Use the table.

(a) In the 1950s nuclear power was predicted to be cheap and clean.

(b) A significant number of students have chosen to do that project.

(c) The rate of increase varied between 5 per cent and 8 per cent during the 1990s.

(d) The first computer was created during the Second World War.

(e) Researchers frequently need to ask hypothetical questions.

(f) She invested all her capital in the business.

(g) The company puts emphasis on the reliability of its products.

(h) The essays were evaluated in terms of content and accuracy.

(i) Nylon was one of the first synthetic fabrics in common use.

(j) Gandhi made a significant contribution to Indian history.

Complete each sentence with a suitable word from the table.

(a) The experiment’s results were confusing; each researcher had her own
interpretation.

(b) The word ‘algebra’ is derived from Arabic.

(c) They received the Nobel Prize for their pioneering efforts in developing a new
vaccine.

(d) Dr. Wagner published the seminal work on South Asian snakes last year.

(e) Over 3,500 questionnaires were categorized in terms of social class.

(f) Three variables need to be considered when forecasting an economic upturn.

Ex. 31. In the following sentences, decide if the words and phrases underlined
are specific or not, and whether ‘the’ should be added.

(a) Engineering is the main industry in the northern region. [No 'the' needed before
"engineering".]
(b) The insurance firms have made record profits in the last decade. [The needed
before "insurance firms".]

(c) Global warming is partly caused by fossil fuels. [No 'the' needed before "global
warming" and "fossil fuels".]

(d) The mayor has been arrested on suspicion of corruption. [The needed before
"mayor" and "suspicion".]

(e) The moons of Jupiter were discovered in the eighteenth century. [The needed
before "moons" and "eighteenth century".]

(f) Tourism is the world’s biggest industry. [The needed before "tourism" and
"world's".]

(g) The forests of Scandinavia produce most of Britain’s paper. [The needed before
"forests" and "Britain's".]

(h) The Thai currency is the baht. [The needed before "Thai currency" and "baht".]

(i) Computer crime has grown by 200% in the last decade. [No 'the' needed before
"computer crime" and "last decade".]

(j) The main causes of the industrial revolution are still debated. [The needed
before "main causes" and "industrial revolution".]

(k) Already 3 per cent of the working population are employed in call centres. [No
'the' needed before "working population" and "call centres".]

(l) The latest forecast predicts warmer winters in the next five years. [The needed
before "latest forecast" and "next five years".]

(m) Research on energy saving is being conducted in the Physics Faculty. [No 'the'
needed before "energy saving" and "Physics Faculty".]

(n) The best definition is often the simplest. [The needed before "best definition"
and "simplest".]

Ex.32. Complete the following text by inserting a/ an/ the (or nothing) in each
gap. (Note that in some cases more than one answer is possible).

THE ORIGINS OF @

Giorgio Stabile, (a) a professor of (b) the history at La Sapienza University in

Rome, has demonstrated that (c) the @ sign, now used in email addresses, was
actually invented 500 years ago. Professor Stabile has shown that (d) the @, now
(e) the symbol of (f) the internet, was first used by (g) Italian merchants during (h)
the sixteenth century. He claims that it originally represented (i) a unit of volume,
based on (j) the large jars used to carry liquids in (k) the ancient Mediterranean
world. He has found (l) the first example of its use in (m) a letter written in 1546
by (n) a merchant from Florence. (o) The letter, which was sent to Rome,
announces (p) the arrival in Spain of (q) the ships carrying gold from (r) South
America.

Ex. 33. Rewrite the following sentences in a more cautious way.

(a) Private companies may often demonstrate higher efficiency levels compared to
state-owned businesses.

(b) Some argue that exploring space might divert valuable resources.

(c) There is evidence suggesting that older students tend to perform relatively well
at university compared to younger counterparts.

(d) Word-of-mouth advertising is often regarded as effective by many.

(e) English pronunciation is often perceived as complex and challenging by some

learners.

(f) There is research indicating that certain cancers may have associations with
psychological factors.

(g) There are concerns that global warming could potentially contribute to the rise
in sea levels.

(h) Predictions suggest that a significant portion of shopping may transition to

online platforms in the coming decade.

Ex.34. Re-write the following text in a more cautious style.

A team of American scientists claim to have discovered a potential method for

reversing aspects of the ageing process. In their study, they administered diet
supplements commonly found in health food shops to elderly rats, which were
subsequently assessed for memory and stamina. According to the researchers, the
rats exhibited increased activity levels and improved memory after receiving the
supplements. Additionally, the animals displayed signs of more youthful
appearance and heightened appetite. While the findings suggest promise, the
researchers emphasize the need for further investigation and caution against
premature conclusions. They suggest that, with continued research and
development, it may be possible to address some challenges associated with ageing
in the future.

Ex.35. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.

(a) A few inventions, for instance television, have had a major impact on everyday
life. (for instance) - Example

(b) Furthermore, many patients were treated in clinics and surgeries.

(furthermore) addition

(c) The definition of ‘special needs’ is important since it is the cause of some
disagreement. (since) - time

(d) The technology allows consumers a choice, thus increasing their sense of
satisfaction. (a, thus) - reason

(e) Four hundred people were interviewed for the survey, then the results were
analysed. (for, then) - result

(f) However, another body of opinion associates globalisation with unfavourable

outcomes. (however, with) - opposition

Ex.36. Insert a suitable conjunction into each gap.

(a) After checking the equipment, the experiment was repeated.

(b) While most people use the train, a minority walk or cycle.

(c) Brick is a thermally efficient building material; it is, moreover, cheap.

(d) Demand has increased for summer courses, so extra ones are offered this year.

(e) Many writers, including Chekhov, have been doctors.

(f) Due to the increase in residence fees, more students are moving out.

(g) While Mustafa was in the lecture, his car was being repaired.

(h) While he was studying Italian, he spent a semester in Bologna.

Ex. 37. Insert a suitable conjunction into each gap.

GEOENGINEERING

Geoengineers believe that it may be possible to counteract the effects of global

warming by large scale engineering projects, (a)_________such as_________ the
‘solar umbrella’ designed to reflect sunlight back into space.
(b)______Although____________ no major schemes have yet been attempted,
there is already controversy about the risks involved. Two different approaches are
suggested: (c)________one approach is__________ to block incoming sunlight,
(d)____while______________ alternatively to take carbon dioxide out of the
atmosphere. One proposal, (e)________for example__________, consists of
putting iron into the sea in order to encourage the growth of the tiny sea creatures
that absorb carbon dioxide. (f)_____While_____________ this second approach is
unlikely to create major problems, blocking sunlight is potentially dangerous,
(g)____given______________ the risk of affecting rainfall patterns
(h)____and______________ even ocean currents.
(i)____Therefore______________ bioengineers are anxious to establish clear
guidelines before any large-scale experiments are carried out.

Ex. 38. Write two sentences in each case.

(a) The government claimed that inflation was falling. The opposition said it was
rising.

(i) The government claimed that inflation was falling, but the opposition said it was
rising.

(ii) Although the government claimed that inflation was falling, it was rising
according to the opposition.

(b) This department must reduce expenditure. It needs to install new computers.

(i) This department must reduce expenditure, but it needs to install new computers.

(ii) Although this department must reduce expenditure, it needs to install new
computers.

(c) Sales of the new car were poor. It was heavily advertised.

(i) Sales of the new car were poor despite being heavily advertised.

(ii) Despite being heavily advertised, sales of the new car were poo

Ex.39. Finish the sentences in a suitable way.

(a) In contrast to America, where gun ownership is common, many other countries
have stricter regulations on firearms.

(b) Despite leaving school at the age of 14, she went on to become a successful
entrepreneur.
(c) The majority displayed a positive attitude to the proposal, but a vocal minority
voiced their concerns.

(d) While the tutor insisted that the essay was easy, many of the students found it
challenging.

(e) Although the spring was cold and dry, the flowers still managed to bloom
beautifully.

Ex.40. Read the following and find a synonym for each word in bold from the
box below (there are more words than sentences).

(a) The second factor in the recession (a) worry

was the loss of confidence. (b) theory
(b) Smith’s concept of the division of (c) event
labour was first presented in 1776. (d) aspect
(c) Snow is a rare phenomenon in (e) machine
Rome. (f) area
(d) The President’s resignation gave a (g) organisation
new aspect to the national crisis. (h) views
(e) A barcode scanner is a device used (i) problem
at supermarket checkouts. (j) process
(f) Her field is integrating content and (k) types
language learning. (l) problem
(g) The World Bank is a body created to
support developing countries.
(h) Mendel’s work on genetics provided
new perspectives for agronomists.
(i) Their main concern is to prevent a
further increase in crime.
(j) The new system allows errors to be
detected in 12 seconds.
(k) The survey identified three
categories of voluntary workers.
(l) The most serious issue raised at the
meeting was student accommodation.

Ex.41. Give the word class and suggest possible meanings for:

(a) cancellation

Word class: Noun

Possible meanings:
The act of canceling or the condition of being canceled; annulment.

Something that has been canceled.

(b) coincidental

Word class: Adjective

Possible meanings:

Happening or existing at the same time by chance; occurring together by accident.

Of or relating to a coincidence.

(c) unco-operatively

Word class: Adverb

Possible meanings:

In a manner that is not willing to cooperate; lacking cooperation or collaboration.

Behaving in a manner that hinders cooperation.

(d) evolutionary

Word class: Adjective

Possible meanings:

Relating to or involving evolution, the gradual development of something.

Characterized by changes and advancements over time.

(e) protester

Word class: Noun

Possible meanings:

A person who publicly demonstrates strong objection or disapproval, often through

protests or demonstrations.

One who protests against a particular policy, action, or situation.

(f) unpredictable

Word class: Adjective

Possible meanings:
Not able to be predicted or foreseen; uncertain.

Capable of changing suddenly or unexpectedly; erratic.

(g) saleable

Word class: Adjective

Possible meanings:

Suitable or fit for sale; capable of being sold.

Attractive to potential buyers; marketable.

(h) interviewee

Word class: Noun

Possible meanings:

A person who is being interviewed, especially in a formal setting or for a specific

purpose.

The subject of an interview; someone who answers questions during an interview.

(i) consumerism

Word class: Noun

Possible meanings:

The belief that personal wellbeing and happiness depend largely on the level of
consumption of material goods.

The preoccupation of society with the acquisition of consumer goods and services.

(j) symbolically

Word class: Adverb

Possible meanings:

In a manner that represents or stands for something else, often conveying a deeper
meaning or significance.

With symbolic or metaphorical significance; representing something beyond its

literal definition.
Ex.42. Insert a suitable preposition before or after the nouns in the sentences
below.

(a) Evidence is presented in support of the value of women’s work.

(b) A small change in wind direction can lead to large temperature changes.

(c) Many examples of tax evasion were found.

(d) The answer to the problem was 0.585.

(e) Globalisation, in a political sense, involves a loss of national authority.

(f) The second point is their impact on developing countries.

Complete the following phrases with the correct preposition.

(a) throughout the whole

(b) point of view

(c) in respect to

(d) in spite of

(e) in support of

(f) on the other hand

(g) in order to

(h) standard of living

Complete the following sentences with suitable prepositions of place or time.

(a) Among the respondents, few had any experience of working abroad.

(b) The illiteracy rate declined gradually from 1976 to 1985.

(c) Most workers in the European Union retire before the age of 60.

(d) Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence in 1452.

(e) Chocolate sales fall during summer and peak at Christmas.

(f) On the surface, there is no difference between male and female responses.

Complete the following text with suitable prepositions.

This study sets out to answer the controversial question of whether increased food
supply in a country makes a significant contribution to reducing malnutrition
among children. It uses data collected from 75 countries between 1969 and 1987.
The findings are that there was a considerable improvement in the majority of
countries, despite increases in population during the period. However, a clear
distinction was found between the poorest countries (e.g. in South Asia), where the
improvement was greatest, and the wealthier states such as those in North Africa.
Other factors, notably the educational level of women, were also found to be
critical for improving childhood nutrition.

Ex. 43. In the following sentences, choose the correct alternative.

(a) Little news about the accident was released. (Since "news" is uncountable, we
use "little.")

(b) He established three successful businesses in 2008. (Since "business" is

countable and there were three, we use the plural form.)

(c) Substantial experience of report writing is required. (Since "experience" is

singular and we're referring to the collective experience, we use the singular form.)

(d) It is often claimed that travel broadens the mind. (We use "travel" as an
uncountable noun in this context.)

(e) Paper was very expensive in the twelfth century. (Again, "paper" is
uncountable.)

(f) How much advice were they given before coming to Australia? (Since "advice"
is an uncountable noun, we use "much.")

(g) She had little interest outside her work. (Since "interest" is uncountable in this
context.)

(h) The insurance policy excludes the effects of civil wars. (Since "wars" is plural
and refers to more than one conflict.)

(i) Irons were first powered by electricity in the twentieth century. (Here, "irons"
refers to the devices, so it's plural.)

(j) They studied the work of three groups of employees over two years. (Since
"work" is being used in the sense of output or projects, it's uncountable in this
context.)

Ex. 44. Read the text and choose the correct alternative.
A large number of companies have developed websites in the last few years.
Trading using the internet is called e-commerce, and this is divided into two main
kinds: B2B and B2C. The former involves trading between businesses, but many
companies want to use the internet to sell directly to their customers (B2C).
However, large numbers have experienced troubles with security and other
practical issues. In addition, the high start-up costs and the expenses of advertising
mean that these companies often struggle to make a profit.

Ex.45. Find synonyms for the words and phrases underlined, re-writing the
sentence where necessary.

(a) Professor Hicks challenged the findings of the research.

(b) The statistics indicate a steady expansion in applications.

(c) The institute’s prediction has sparked a major controversy.

(d) Cost appears to be the primary drawback to that system.

(e) They will focus on the initial option.

(f) After the lecture she attempted to clarify her idea.

(g) Three issues require examination.

(h) The framework can be maintained but the objective needs to be adjusted.

(i) OPEC, the oil producers’ cartel, is set to reduce production to boost global
prices.

(j) The tendency toward smaller families has accelerated in the last decade.

Ex.46. In the following text, replace all the words or phrases in bold type with
suitable synonyms.

Many motor manufacturers are currently planning to start making electric cars.
Their aim is to produce cars that are cheaper and less polluting. But the automakers
face several key difficulties. One major challenge is the limited range of the
battery, while additional obstacle is its cost and weight. But the car companies
predict that these problems will soon be overcome and predict that 10 per cent of
cars will be powered by electricity in five years’ time.

Ex.47. Time-words.

Choose the best alternative in each case.

(a) Recently she has been researching the life cycle of a Brazilian wasp.

(b) He worked there until he retired.

(c) Dr. Hoffman has lived in Melbourne for sixteen years.

(d) Last month a new book was published on capital punishment.

(e) Applications must be received by 25 November.

(f) Since her arrival last May she has reorganized the department.

(g) During the winter most farmers in the region find work in the towns.

Ex. 48. Complete each gap in the following text with a suitable word.

EATING OUT

(a)_________Over________ the last few decades there has been a significant

change in eating habits in the UK. (b)______Since___________ the early 1980s
eating out in restaurants and cafes has increased steadily. There are several reasons
for this trend. 50 years (c)_____ago____________ most women were housewives,
and cooked for their families every day. But (d)___nowadays______________,
with more women working outside the home, less time has been available for food
preparation. (e)__Currently_______________, 71 per cent of women aged 20–45
are at work, and (f)__by_______________ 2020 it is estimated that this will rise to
85 per cent. Another factor is the growth in disposable income, which has risen
significantly (g)_since________________ the late 1970s. With more money in
their pockets people are more likely to save the trouble of shopping and cooking by
visiting their local restaurant.

Ex.49. Change the following into the passive.

(a) The data was collected and the two groups were compared.

(b) 120 people were interviewed in three social classes.

(c) The results were checked and several errors were found.

(d) An analysis of the findings will be made.

(e) Four doctors were asked to give their opinions.

(f) The report was written and ten copies were distributed.

Ex.50. Decide which tenses are used in the following examples (verbs in bold)
and complete the table overleaf to explain why.
(a) According to Hoffman Present Simple
(1996) small firms
respond more rapidly to
change.
(b) Currently, student Present Continuous
numbers are falling but
class sizes are rising.
(c) Since the summer
house prices have
increased steadily.
(d) In the last three years
more students have been
working part-time.
(e) Two years ago the
island opened its third
airport.
(f) During the winter she
was studying Japanese
history.
(g) The report was
published in June. It
showed that in 2009
profits had increased by
55 per cent.
The verb "respond" is in
the present simple tense,
indicating a general truth
or fact.
The verbs "are falling"
and "are rising" are in the
present continuous tense,
indicating actions that are
happening at the current
moment.
Present Perfect The verb "have increased"
is in the present perfect
tense, indicating an action
that started in the past
(since the summer) and
continues up to the
present moment.
Present Perfect The verb "have been
Continuous working" is in the present
perfect continuous tense,
indicating an action that
started in the past (in the
last three years) and
continues up to the
present moment.
Past Simple The verb "opened" is in
the past simple tense,
indicating an action that
occurred and was
completed in the past.
Past Continuous The verb "was studying"
is in the past continuous
tense, indicating an
ongoing action that was
happening in the past.
Past Simple, Past Perfect The verb "was published"
is in the past simple tense,
indicating an action that
occurred and was
completed in the past. The
verb "had increased" is in
the past perfect tense,
indicating an action that
occurred before another
action in the past (the

(h) The forecast
concludes that infection
rates will peak next
month.
publication of the report).
Future Simple The verb "will peak" is in
the future simple tense,
indicating an action that
will happen in the future.

Ex. 51. Complete the following sentences by using the most suitable tense for
the verb in brackets.

(a) Home ownership has risen steadily since 1950.

(b) DIY stands for do it yourself.

(c) Last year they sold nearly five million books.

(d) By the time he died in 1987 he had taken out over 50 patents.

(e) In ten years most people in the world will have a mobile phone.

(f) At the moment the class is working on an engineering project.

(g) The professor was giving a lecture when the earthquake happened.

(h) Lee (1965) disputed Sakamoto’s theory.

(i) In the last six years inflation has fallen sharply in Europe.

Ex. 52. Read the text below and select the most suitable tense for each verb in
brackets, considering the time phrases in bold.

THE BOLOGNA PROCESS

The Bologna Process

The first university in Europe was founded in Bologna, Italy, in 1088. In 1999, 911
years later, European education ministers (a) met there to plan a common
framework for universities in Europe. The aim (b) was to standardise the system of
studying for degrees to permit students to study in different countries. After 11
years of preparation, in 2010, a meeting of 46 ministers in Leuven, Belgium, (c)
agreed the creation of a European higher education area. This (d) allows students
to take the credits they have gained in one country and transfer them to a degree
programme in another. It seems that many governments currently (e) support the
process as a method of reforming their universities, which (f) face strong
competition from America. The international league tables continue to be
dominated by the ‘Ivy League’ universities, which (g) have much higher incomes
than most European institutions. The USA (h) spends twice as much of its GDP on
higher education as the European average. But in future the Bologna process (i)
will give universities more freedom to employ and promote staff, which (j) will
make them more competitive with their transatlantic counterparts. By 2020 it is
hoped that universities in Europe (k) will be better funded and more independent.

Ex. 53. Write suitable emails for the following situations:

(a) Subject: Meeting Tomorrow

Hi Mark,

I hope you're doing well. I was wondering if we could meet tomorrow to discuss
[briefly mention the topic or reason for the meeting]. Could you please suggest a
time that works for you? I'm flexible throughout the day, so feel free to choose a
time that suits you best.

Looking forward to hearing from you.

Best regards,

[Your Name]

(b) Subject: Request for Book Recommendation

Dear Ms. James,

I hope this email finds you well. I'm currently working on my essay and I'm in
need of some additional sources. I was wondering if you could recommend another
book that would complement my research on [mention the topic of your essay].

Thank you in advance for your assistance.

Best regards,

[Your Name]

(c) Subject: End of Course Celebration

Hi everyone,

As the end of the course approaches, I thought it would be nice for us to celebrate
our accomplishments together. I'd like to hear your suggestions on how we could
celebrate. Whether it's a dinner, a picnic in the park, or something else, please feel
free to share your ideas.

Looking forward to your suggestions!

Best regards,

[Your Name]

(d) Subject: Re: Request for Book

Dear [Sender's Name],

Thank you for your email and for offering to lend me your copy of "The Great
Gatsby." Unfortunately, I don't have that book in my collection. However, I
appreciate your kind offer. I'll look into acquiring a copy from the library or
bookstore.

Once again, thank you for your generosity.

Best regards,

[Your Name]

Ex. 54. Write a CV for yourself. When you are satisfied with the format, store
it electronically so it can be updated when necessary.

Anastasia Kozachuk

Ivana Franka street,21

Starokostiantyniv, Khmelnytski, 31100

0971108744

21fif.a.kozachuk@std.npu.edu.ua

Objective:

Dynamic and results-oriented professional seeking to leverage expertise in

teaching English language to contribute effectively to a forward-thinking
organization.

Education:

[Degree], [Field of Study], [University Name], [Year of Graduation]

- Relevant coursework: [List any relevant coursework or specialization]

Experience:

[Job Title], [Company Name], [Location], [Dates of Employment]

- Description of responsibilities and achievements in bullet points

[Job Title], [Company Name], [Location], [Dates of Employment]

- Description of responsibilities and achievements in bullet points

Skills:

- Proficient in [list relevant skills such as software programs, languages, or

technical skills]

- Excellent communication skills, both written and verbal

- Strong analytical and problem-solving abilities

- Ability to work effectively in a team or independently

- [Any other relevant skills]

Certifications:

- [List any relevant certifications or licenses]

Volunteer Experience:

- [If applicable, list any volunteer work or community involvement]

References:

Available upon request.

Ex. 55. You are preparing a survey on one of the following subjects. Write a
questionnaire of no more than six questions to collect the most useful data.

(a) Patterns of Student Spending

1. How much money do you typically spend on groceries per week?

2. On average, how much do you spend on dining out per month?

3. How much do you spend on transportation (e.g., public transport, fuel) per
month?

4. How often do you purchase clothing and accessories per month?

5. What percentage of your monthly budget do you allocate for entertainment (e.g.,
movies, concerts)?

6. Do you have any other significant expenses? If yes, please specify.

(b) Student Satisfaction with Teaching Methods

1. On a scale of 1 to 5, how satisfied are you with the variety of teaching methods
used in your classes?

2. Do you find lectures, discussions, or hands-on activities more effective in

helping you understand the course material? Please rank them from most effective
to least effective.

3. How often do your instructors incorporate multimedia tools (e.g., videos,

slideshows) into their teaching?

4. Are you satisfied with the amount of feedback and guidance provided by your
instructors?

5. Do you feel that group projects enhance your learning experience? Please
explain your answer.

6. What improvements, if any, would you suggest to enhance the teaching methods
used in your classes?

(c) Customer Attitudes to Taxi Companies

1. How frequently do you use taxi services in a month?

2. On a scale of 1 to 5, how satisfied are you with the reliability of taxi services in
your area?

3. What factors influence your choice of taxi company? (e.g., price, cleanliness,
safety)

4. How would you rate the professionalism of taxi drivers in terms of behavior and
knowledge of routes?

5. Have you ever encountered any issues or problems while using taxi services? If
yes, please describe.

6. Would you recommend the taxi company you usually use to others? Why or
why not?
Ex.56. Read the following report and write a summary in about 80 words,
using the grid below (one word per space).

CLEVER CROWS

Oxford University researchers discovered that crows possess tool-making abilities,

previously attributed only to primates. In a study, crows ingeniously bent wire to
extract meat from a tube, demonstrating intelligence similar to chimpanzees. This
finding challenges traditional assumptions about crow cognition. Observations of
crows in New Caledonia using sticks for similar purposes further support this
discovery. Professor Kacelnik underscores crows' comprehension of material
properties and their adaptability in problem-solving tasks, shedding light on their
cognitive sophistication.