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VERBAL 23.01.
2024
1.John Dalton, an English chemist, developed the atomic theory in the early 19th century. He
proposed that elements are composed of identical atoms with unique masses, and that chemical
reactions involve the rearrangement of these atoms.
Which finding, if true, would most directly challenge the validity of Dalton's atomic theory?
A. Some chemical reactions can be explained by a different model, not involving atoms.
B. Dalton's atomic theory was initially met with skepticism by the scientific community.
C. A newly discovered element consists of atoms with varying masses, contrary to Dalton's
proposition.
D. The concept of atoms predates Dalton, with mentions in ancient Greek texts.
2.In the Superman comics, many fans believed that Superman's powers were derived solely from
Earth's yellow sun. However, a recent article suggests that his Kryptonian physiology may play a
more significant role in his superhuman abilities.
Which finding, if true, would best support the article's argument?

A. The yellow sun's radiation has different effects on Earth-born humans compared to
Kryptonians.
B. Superman's creators originally intended for his powers to come exclusively from Earth's
yellow sun.
C. Other superheroes who gained their powers from Earth's yellow sun have abilities different
from Superman's.
D. A study reveals that Kryptonians on other planets with yellow suns do not exhibit the same
powers as Superman.
3.In computer engineering, the concept of abstraction plays a crucial role in simplifying complex
systems. This process allows engineers to focus on specific components without being
overwhelmed by intricate details. However, excessive reliance on abstraction can sometimes
lead to _________ .
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. a significant improvement in the overall performance of the system as abstraction removes
unnecessary elements
B. an increase in productivity and efficiency due to the elimination of all complexities in the
system
C. a loss of understanding of the underlying system and potential issues that may arise from the
hidden complexities
D. a shift in focus from the actual engineering tasks to solely concentrating on the abstract
concepts
4.In modern fencing, there are three weapons used: foil, épée, and sabre. Each weapon has its
unique set of rules and target areas. The foil and épée are point-thrusting weapons, whereas the
sabre includes cutting actions. The primary difference between foil and épée is that in foil, only
the torso is a valid target, while in épée, the entire body is a valid target. This difference has
implications for the way fencers approach each weapon, leading to _________ .
A. a significant disparity in the popularity of foil and épée among fencing enthusiasts
B. an increased likelihood of injuries occurring in épée fencing compared to foil fencing
C. distinct strategies and tactics employed by fencers when using foil and épée
D. the development of specialized protective gear exclusively designed for épée fencing
5.Neil deGrasse Tyson, a prominent astrophysicist and science communicator, is known for
making complex scientific concepts accessible to the public. He has hosted a number of
educational television shows, such as NOVA ScienceNow and Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey.
_________ his engaging public lectures and social media presence have also contributed to his
widespread popularity.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In contrast
B. On the other hand
C. Furthermore
D. Instead
6.Hairspray, a popular styling product, has been in use for decades to provide hold and volume
to various hairstyles. In the 1960s, it was particularly popular for creating the beehive hairstyle,
which required a significant amount of hairspray to maintain its shape. _________ in recent years,
hairspray formulas have become more environmentally friendly, as they no longer contain
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were once known to contribute to the depletion of the ozone
layer.
A. However
B. Moreover
C. Alternatively
D. In contrast
7.In a market characterized by perfect competition, there is a large number of buyers and sellers,
and none of them can significantly influence the price of the product or service. These sellers
offer identical products, which means that consumers have no preference for one seller over
another. _________ in perfect competition, there are no barriers to entry and exit, which results in
a dynamic market where new businesses can enter and existing businesses can exit with relative
ease.
A. In contrast
B. However
C. For example
D. Additionally
8.In George Orwell's novel 1984, he explores the oppressive tactics employed by totalitarian
governments. Orwell's vision of a dystopian society, controlled by an omnipresent government
entity called 'Big Brother,' highlights the consequences of relinquishing personal freedom and
autonomy. The novel emphasizes the importance of language, thought, and individualism as
powerful tools to resist totalitarianism.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To illustrate the evolution of George Orwell's writing style throughout his career
B. To provide a detailed analysis of the novel's linguistic and stylistic elements
C. To argue that Orwell's novel was a direct critique of contemporary political systems
D. To highlight the oppressive nature of totalitarian governments and the importance of
personal freedom
9.Market failure occurs when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is inefficient.
It is a situation in which the market does not operate as intended and leads to undesirable
outcomes, such as the overproduction of negative externalities or the underproduction of
positive externalities. Market failure can arise from various sources, including externalities, public
goods, and imperfect information. To address market failure, governments may implement
policies and regulations, such as taxes and subsidies, to correct the market's inefficiencies and
promote a more socially optimal allocation of resources.

A. To explain the concept of market failure and its causes, and to briefly discuss potential
government interventions
B. To argue that market failure is solely the result of government intervention in the economy
C. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the different types of market failure and their
implications for society
D. To describe various economic theories that have been proposed to address and prevent
market failure
10.Text 1
The Organization of American States (OAS) is an international organization comprising 35
countries from the Americas. Its primary mission is to promote peace, security, and cooperation
among its member states. The OAS has been successful in resolving conflicts and promoting
democracy throughout the region.
Text 2
Critics of the OAS argue that its influence has diminished over the years due to internal divisions
and external interference. They claim that the organization is no longer as effective in
addressing regional issues and that its focus on democracy promotion has led to interventionist
policies, which undermine the sovereignty of its member states.
Based on the texts, how would critics (Text 2) most likely respond to the "primary mission" of
OAS discussed in Text 1?
and cooperation in the Americas

B. By arguing that the OAS's mission has been compromised due to internal divisions and
interventionist policies, limiting its effectiveness
C. By claiming that the OAS's primary mission should be focused on economic development and
integration rather than political issues
D. By suggesting that the OAS should expand its membership to include countries from outside
the Americas to strengthen its influence
11.The Statue of Liberty, a gift from the people of France to the United States, has stood in New
York Harbor since 1886. It symbolizes freedom and democracy, and visitors can access the
statue's crown by climbing a challenging, 377-step spiral staircase. This iconic monument
_________ around 3.2 million visitors annually.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. to attract
B. attracts
C. attracting
D. will attract
12.Hydrogen fuel cells have the potential to revolutionize the automotive industry. By
combining hydrogen and oxygen, these cells generate electricity and emit only water vapor as a
byproduct. However, challenges remain, including the need for a more extensive refueling
infrastructure and concerns about the _________ of hydrogen production.
A. sustainable
B. sustain
C. sustainability
D. sustaining
13.Back to the Future, a popular science fiction film series, features a time-traveling DeLorean
car. In the first movie, Marty McFly, the protagonist, accidentally travels back to 1955 and must
ensure his parents _________ to secure his own existence.
A. to meet
B. meet
C. meeting
D. met
14.In order to maximize profits, companies often invest in research and development. This
strategy can lead to the creation of new products or services, which in turn _________ additional
revenue streams for the business.
A. generated
B. generate
C. will be generating
D. to generate
15.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice was published in 1813.

The novel explores themes of class, marriage, and societal expectations.
Austen used irony and wit to critique the social norms of her time.
The protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, defies traditional gender roles through her intelligence and
independence.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to explain the
significance of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice?
A. Pride and Prejudice, published in 1813, is a novel by Jane Austen.
B. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen critiques societal norms and gender roles through the use
of irony, wit, and the independent character of Elizabeth Bennet.
C. Elizabeth Bennet is the protagonist of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.
D. Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice explores themes of class and marriage in the early 19th
century.
Artificial organs can be used to replace failing human organs.

3D printing technology has advanced the field of artificial organ production.
Artificial hearts and kidneys have been successfully implanted in patients.
Researchers are working on creating artificial lungs using a combination of synthetic materials
and living cells.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to emphasize the
potential impact of artificial organs on medical treatments?
A. Artificial organs can be used to replace human organs, and researchers are currently working
on developing artificial lungs.
B. 3D printing technology has enabled the creation of artificial organs such as hearts and
kidneys.
C. With the advancements in 3D printing technology, artificial organs like hearts and kidneys
have been successfully implanted in patients, potentially revolutionizing medical treatments.
D. The field of artificial organ production has seen advancements, particularly in the
development of artificial hearts and kidneys.
Control engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design of systems to maintain
desired behaviors.
Feedback control systems are widely used in control engineering.
PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers are a popular type of feedback control system.
Control engineering has applications in various industries, such as manufacturing, aerospace,
and robotics.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to emphasize the
significance of control engineering?
A. Control engineering involves the design of systems and has applications in manufacturing.
B. A popular type of feedback control system used in control engineering is the PID controller.
C. Control engineering plays a crucial role in diverse industries like manufacturing, aerospace,
and robotics by designing systems to maintain desired behaviors.
D. Control engineering focuses on maintaining desired behaviors in systems, such as feedback
control systems.
18.Archimedes of Syracuse, a prominent ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, and engineer,
made significant contributions to various fields of science. One notable discovery was his
principle of buoyancy, which states that the upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed
in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body _________
A. displaces
B. body displaces
C. the body's displacement
D. body's displaces
19.Ernest Hemingway, a renowned American author, had a unique writing style often
characterized by simplicity and minimalism. He referred to this technique as the 'iceberg theory,'
which focused on revealing only the surface-level information in his narratives, while the deeper
meaning remained _________ to the reader.
A. obscure
B. obscurly
C. hiddenly
D. hiding
20.Reaganomics, a set of economic policies promoted by President Ronald Reagan, focused on

reducing government spending, taxes, and regulation. The theory behind Reaganomics, supply-
side economics, argued that by concentrating on the supply of goods, it would stimulate
economic growth and benefit the entire population, including the _________
A. poor's
B. poors
C. poor;
D. poor
21.Fixed costs are expenses that remain constant, regardless of the level of goods or services
produced. Examples of fixed costs include rent, insurance, and salaries. These costs are _________
to the volume of production, and businesses must account for them when assessing their overall
financial health.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. independent
B. proportional
C. attractive
D. imperative
22.The Black Death, which ravaged Europe during the 14th century, was a pandemic caused by
the bacterium Yersinia pestis. This deadly disease was transmitted by fleas that infested rats,
leading to a rapid and _________ decline in population across the continent.
A. gradual
B. catastrophic
C. unnoticeable
D. trivial
23.Windsurfing, a surface water sport, combines elements of both sailing and surfing.The
windsurfer stands on a board and holds on to a sail attached to a mast, which is _________ to the
board. The sail catches the wind, propelling the board and rider across the water.
A. indifferent
B. dissimilar
C. connected
D. opposed
24.Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence focused on enabling

computers to interpret and generate human language. NLP has gained significant attention due
to its potential applications in various domains, including virtual assistants, sentiment analysis,
and machine translation. However, the complexity of human language presents numerous
challenges for NLP algorithms, requiring ongoing research and development to improve their
accuracy and efficiency.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. The text focuses on the challenges faced by NLP algorithms in interpreting human language.
B. The text provides an overview of the NLP subfield and its potential applications and
challenges.
C. The text highlights the role of virtual assistants in the development of NLP technology.
D. The text discusses the importance of machine translation in the advancement of NLP
research.
25.In the field of biological engineering, scientists work to develop innovative solutions for a
variety of problems. Recently, a research team successfully designed bacteria capable of
breaking down plastic waste. This breakthrough has the potential to revolutionize waste
management systems around the world, greatly reducing the environmental impact of plastic
pollution.

A. The text focuses on the history of biological engineering and its various applications.
B. The text solely discusses the negative effects of plastic waste on the environment.
C. The text argues that plastic pollution is the most pressing issue facing biological engineers
today.
D. The text highlights a breakthrough in biological engineering that addresses plastic waste.
26.Henry V was a skilled military leader who led England to several significant victories during
his reign. However, he was also a wise and diplomatic ruler who pursued peaceful relations
when possible. Though known for his triumph at the Battle of Agincourt, Henry V sought to
unify England and France through diplomacy, eventually marrying the French princess Catherine
of Valois.
A. Henry V's primary goal was to conquer France and expand England's territories.
B. Henry V was a successful military leader who also valued diplomacy and pursued peaceful
relations.
C. The Battle of Agincourt was the defining moment of Henry V's reign and overshadowed his
diplomatic efforts.
D. Henry V married Catherine of Valois solely for political gain and did not truly value diplomacy.
27.The Peruvian marinera, a traditional coastal dance, has evolved into various regional styles. In
Northern Peru, the marinera norteña is characterized by its elegance and intricate footwork,
while the marinera Limeña from Lima has a more subdued tempo and focuses on graceful upper
body movements.
Which finding, if true, would best support the claim that the marinera norteña and marinera
Limeña are distinct regional styles of the Peruvian marinera?
A. The marinera norteña has roots in Spanish, African, and indigenous Peruvian dance traditions,
while the marinera Limeña's origins are unclear.
B. Some Peruvian dancers perform the marinera norteña exclusively, while others specialize in
the marinera Limeña.
C. Both the marinera norteña and marinera Limeña are popular among Peruvian dancers and
audiences, with numerous regional competitions held annually.
D. A comprehensive analysis of the dance techniques reveals significant differences in footwork
and tempo between the two styles.
28.The Falklands War, a 1982 conflict between Argentina and the UK, resulted in a British victory.
It has been suggested that advanced British technology played a pivotal role in the outcome,
while others argue that strategic planning was the key factor.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the argument that advanced British
technology was crucial to their victory in the Falklands War?
A. British soldiers received advanced training in tactical warfare compared to Argentine troops.
B. The British government invested more in military research and development than Argentina.
C. The Royal Navy utilized cutting-edge missile systems that significantly outperformed
Argentine weaponry.
D. The UK's strategic planning was more effective in anticipating and countering Argentina's
military moves.
29.A recent study found that the installation of offshore wind farms positively impacts marine
biodiversity. Researchers observed an increase in fish populations around the wind turbines,
which provided new habitats and attracted more prey species.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the claim that offshore wind farms positively
impact marine biodiversity?
A. Offshore wind turbines act as artificial reefs, promoting the growth of marine life around
them.
B. The construction of offshore wind farms generates noise pollution, which can affect marine
animals.
C. The maintenance of offshore wind farms requires frequent human intervention, potentially
disturbing marine habitats.
D. Offshore wind farms can cause changes in ocean currents, affecting the distribution of marine
species.
30.King Henry VIII is famous for his six marriages and his role in the English Reformation.
Though he is often remembered for his turbulent marriages, his reign had a lasting impact on
England's religious and political landscape. As a result, historians argue that _________ .

A. Henry VIII's marriages were the main driving force behind the English Reformation, with his
personal life directly shaping the religious and political changes.
B. Henry VIII's reign was unremarkable except for his marital life, which overshadows his other
contributions to England's history.
C. Henry VIII's reign had no significant impact on England's religious and political landscape, as
the country reverted to its original state after his death.
D. Henry VIII's influence on England goes beyond his personal life and should be assessed in
terms of the wider changes he brought about.
31.Linus Pauling, a renowned scientist, contributed significantly to the fields of chemistry and
molecular biology. His research on the nature of chemical bonds earned him a Nobel Prize in
Chemistry. Later in his career, Pauling became an advocate for the medical use of vitamin C,
despite facing criticism from the scientific community. This led to _________

A. the establishment of a new branch of chemistry focused on vitamins.
B. a decrease in his credibility among his scientific peers.
C. an increase in the number of Nobel Prizes awarded in Chemistry.
D. a shift in public perception regarding the potential benefits of vitamin C.
32.Margaret Thatcher, the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, served from 1979
to 1990. She was known for her strong and uncompromising leadership style, which earned her
the nickname 'The Iron Lady.' Thatcher implemented a series of economic policies to combat
high inflation and stimulate economic growth. _________ her foreign policy focused on
maintaining Britain's influence on the world stage and strengthening relationships with the
United States.
A. Similarly,
B. In contrast,
C. However,
D. Moreover,
33.The English Civil War, which took place from 1642 to 1651, involved a series of armed
conflicts between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. The Parliamentarians, led by Oliver
Cromwell, sought to limit the power of the monarchy, while the Royalists supported King
Charles I. _________ the conflict came to an end with the execution of Charles I in 1649, and the
establishment of the Commonwealth of England, which lasted until 1660.
A. In contrast
B. Similarly
C. Additionally
D. Ultimately
34.Market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is
not efficient. This often occurs because of the presence of externalities, or costs and benefits
that are not accounted for by market transactions. One common example of market failure is
pollution, as polluting industries often do not bear the full cost of the damage they cause to the
environment. _________ government intervention, such as the implementation of environmental
regulations or a carbon tax, can help to correct these inefficiencies and improve overall welfare.
A. Therefore
B. Alternatively
C. Nonetheless
D. In contrast
35.Frida Kahlo, a renowned Mexican painter, was known for her self-portraits and her ability to
communicate her pain and emotions through her artwork. Her paintings often included vivid
colors and a mix of symbolism and surrealism. Kahlo's work was deeply influenced by her
experiences, which included a near-fatal accident, numerous surgeries, and a tumultuous
marriage with fellow artist Diego Rivera. Despite her physical and emotional struggles, Kahlo
continued to create art that resonated with people across generations and cultures.

A. To analyze the influence of Frida Kahlo's work on the broader art world and its reception
B. To discuss the technical aspects of Frida Kahlo's painting style and use of color
C. To provide a biography of Frida Kahlo, focusing on her marriage to Diego Rivera
D. To emphasize Frida Kahlo's resilience and the personal nature of her artwork
36.Queen Isabella I, who ruled Castile from 1474 to 1504, enacted a series of reforms during her
reign. Together with her husband, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, she worked to strengthen the
monarchy, centralize power, and consolidate the Catholic Church's influence. Among her
notable achievements was the sponsorship of Christopher Columbus's first voyage in 1492,
which led to the discovery of the Americas. Queen Isabella I's reign had a significant impact on
the world, as her decisions shaped the future of Spain and the Americas.
A. To provide an in-depth analysis of Queen Isabella I's personality traits and how they
contributed to her success as a ruler
B. To emphasize the historical importance of Queen Isabella I's reign by highlighting her
achievements and their consequences
C. To argue that Queen Isabella I's reign was marked by a series of controversial decisions that
led to negative outcomes
D. To compare and contrast the leadership styles of Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II
during their respective reigns
37.Text 1
Neil Armstrong, the first human to set foot on the moon, went on to become a professor at the
University of Cincinnati. He taught aerospace engineering and was known for his hands-on
teaching approach, often taking students to the field to gain practical experience.
Text 2
Although Neil Armstrong is celebrated for his role as an astronaut, his contributions to the field
of aerospace engineering are also significant. Armstrong's work as a professor at the University
of Cincinnati, where he developed and implemented innovative teaching methods, helped shape
generations of aerospace engineers.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the teaching
approach discussed in Text 1?
A. By asserting that Neil Armstrong's teaching approach was not as effective as more traditional
methods in the field of aerospace engineering.
B. By suggesting that Neil Armstrong's hands-on teaching approach was a result of his
experiences as an astronaut and not as relevant to aerospace engineering.
C. By questioning whether Neil Armstrong's hands-on teaching approach was solely responsible
for the success of his students in the field of aerospace engineering.
D. By agreeing that Neil Armstrong's hands-on teaching approach was a valuable contribution
to the field of aerospace engineering and the education of students.
38.Ada Lovelace, often regarded as the world's first computer programmer, worked closely with
Charles Babbage on the Analytical Engine. Her extensive notes and understanding of the
machine's potential uses _________ her the title of 'prophet of the computer age'.
A. earning
B. earned
C. to earn
D. will be earning
39.The Archimedes' screw, a device invented in ancient Greece, was initially used to transfer
water from lower to higher levels. It consists of a helical surface surrounding a cylindrical shaft,
which, when _________ , causes water to move along the helix.
A. rotate
B. rotated
C. rotating
D. to rotate
40.The concept of a living wage is gaining traction in many countries, as it seeks to ensure
workers earn enough to maintain a decent quality of life. However, critics argue that the
implementation of a living wage _________ businesses with increased labor costs, potentially
leading to job losses.
A. burdens
B. burdening
C. burden
D. to burden

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VERBAL 23.01.

Which finding, if true, would best support the article's argument?

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

and cooperation in the Americas

15.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice was published in 1813.

16.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Artificial organs can be used to replace failing human organs.

17.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

20.Reaganomics, a set of economic policies promoted by President Ronald Reagan, focused on

24.Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence focused on enabling

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

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