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16.
q
is
hydraulic
retention
time
d–
1
µm
is
maximum
specific
growth
of
microorganism
d–
1
K
is
kinetic
parameter,
dimensionless.
******
KINETICS
OF
ANAEROBIC
FERMENTATION
(Reference:
Mital,
pp
36-
39):
Rate
of
substrate
Utilization,
rs
=
Qmax
*
(Sx)
/
(K+S)
-
-
-
(1)
Where
S
is
limiting
substrate
concentration
K
is
half
life
constant
X
is
concentration
of
bacterial
cells
Qmax
is
maximum
substrate
utilization
rate
For
low
substrate
concentration,
this
equation
is
valid.
For
high
substrate
concentration,
it
becomes
as
follows:
rs
=
Qmax*x
-
-
-
-
(2)
The
above
model
known
as
Monod
model
has
limitations.
For
complex
substrates,
kinetic
parameters
cannot
be
obtained
for
the
entire
concentration
range.
Chen
and
Hashimoto,
Biotechnology
Bio-
engineering
Symposium
8,
(1978)
p
269-
282
and
Biotechnology
Bioengineering
(1982)
24:
9-
23
Volumetric
methane
rate
in
cubic
meter
gas
per
cubic
meter
of
digester
volume
V
=
(Bo
So
/
HRT)[1-
K
/
(HRT* m-
1+K)]
Bo
=
Ultimate
methane
yield
in
cubic
meters
methane
(Varies
from
0.2
to
0.5)
So
=
Influent
volatile
solids
concentration
in
kgVS/
m3
(Loading
rate
range
=
0.7
to
25
kg
VS/
m3
d)
HRT
=
Hydraulic
retention
time
in
days
0.06
So
K
=
Dimensionless
kinetic
parameter,
for
cattle
dung,
K=
0.8+
0.0016e
16
In
the
last
few
years,
the
recent
regulations
of
the
Energy
and
Environment
Policy
of
the
European
Union
(EU)
Energy
Policy,
together
with
the
new
Common
Agricultural
Policy
(CAP)
have
been
aiming
to
increase
the
integration
of
renewable
resources,
and
in
particular
of
biogas,
into
the
EU
energy
system
thanks
to
the
adoption
of
new
tools
for
their
promotion.
The
production
of
biogas
from
animal
...
[Show
full
abstract]
incineration
of
organic
wastes
is
no
longer
acceptable
today.
As
environmental
standards
Course
Hero
is
not
sponsored
or
endorsed
by
any
college
or
university.
The
AD
process
is
affected
by
food
waste
characteristics
(physicochemical
and
biological).
To
accelerate
the
process
and
enhance
biomethane
production,
food
waste
is
subjected
to
different
pretreatments
prior
to
AD
[131].
The
aim
of
these
pretreatments
is
to
increase
the
solubilization
of
organic
components
and
refractory
compounds,
which
leads
to
the
reduction
of
organic
matter.
This
is
equivalent
to
an
increase
in
biogas
production
[132].
Download
Now
3.
K.
M.
Mital,
Biogas
Systems:
Principles
and
Applications,
(1996)
New
Age
International
Publishers (p) Ltd, N. Delhi. Contents: 1. An Overview of Biogas Technology 2. Microbiology of
Anaerobic Digestion 3. Properties of Biogas and Methods For Its Purification 4. A Compendium of
Biogas
Plant Design 5. Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Biogas Plants 6. Analysis of
Factors Affecting Biogas Yield 7. Biogas Yield from Different Organic Wastes 8. Biogas Yield from
Water Weeds 9. Biogas Generation from Industrial Wastes 10. Biogas Recovery from Sanitary
Landfills 11. Applications and Usage Of Biogas 12. Potential of Biogas Plant Effluent As Enriched
Fertilizer. 13. Approaches For Implementing Biogas Program Areas For Further Research And
Concluding Observations Biogas Technology by B. T. Nijaguna Contents Introduction, Materials for
Biomethanation and Products of Methanation, Kinetics and Physico-Chemical Factors Affecting
Biogasification, Bio-reactors, Design, Selection, Construction and operation of Biogas Plants,
Purification, Scrubbing, Compression and Storage of Biogas, Utilization Systems of Biogas, Ethanol.
3 The biogas also known as Gobar gas in India. The other name is a marsh, wet gas and swamp 27. 2
UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET DIGESTER (UASB) UASB REACTOR IS
BASED ON SUPERIOR SETTLING PROPERTIES OF THE SLUDE INFLUENT FED INTO
THE REACTOR FROM BELOW LEAVES AT THE TOP VIA AN INTERNAL BAFFLE SYSTEM
FOR SEPARATION OF THE GAS, SLUDGE AND THE LIQUID GAS SEPARATED FROM
SLUDGE, COLLECTED BENEATH PLATES IN QUIET SETTLING ZONE, SLUDGE
SEPARATES, SETTLES BACK TOWRDS DIGESTION ZONE. ORGANIC LOADING RATES
OF
10 TO 30 KG COD /M3 DAY REACTOR MIXING SHOULD BE ONLY BY THE GAS
PRODUCTION HRTRANGE OF 0.5 TO 7 DAYSS IS FEASIBLE WITH EXCEL. SETTLING
SLUDGE AND A SRT OF 20 DAYS(AT 35 0 C) REF: TIDE, VOL9, NO4, DEC.1999, PAGE
232 27 prototype is assembled and lab-tested assessing the quantity—i.e., productivity—and
quality—i.e., KEYWORDS Anaerobic Digesters. Domestic Energy. Implementation Barriers.
Organization. Programmes. Rural The presence of sulfur in some food waste can lead to the
production
of
H2S in quantities greater than 2000 ppm, which makes it necessary to remove this compound from
the
biogas
obtained
in
the
AD
process. The presence of hydrogen sulphide in biogas has major unwanted effects; at concentrations
of
1000 to 2000 ppm, it produces serious respiratory problems. Even at 100 to 200 ppm, it can cause
blurred vision and even death after several hours of inhalation. At concentrations up to 50 ppm,
dissolved H2S is toxic to the bacteria in the AD process. It is a corrosive gas that degrades the metal
parts of the equipment and produces sulfur dioxide by combustion, which is corrosive and harmful to
the
environment [67]. ... However, anaerobic digestion of manure has an anaerobic biodegradability of
about 45-50% (Rico et al., 2007) and therefore not high biogas production because cattle manure
contains lignin complexes that are very resistant to AD (Monteiro et al., 2011). Therefore, most of
the
digesters are fed with bovine manure and organic waste (co-digestion) (Rico et al., 2014). Co-
digestion is the simultaneous use of different categories of biomass, solid and liquid, in the anaerobic
process
and
it
is
a useful strategy to improve process performance and stability (Braguglia et al., 2017;Xu et al.,
2018). ... 14. Properties of Biogas continued 14 Air to Methane ratio for complete combustion is
10 to 1 by volume. One cubic meter of biogas is equivalent to 1.613 liter kerosene or 2.309 kg of
LPG or 0.213 kw electricity. Sustainable consumption and production, an emerging concept for
achieving sustainable development, is attracting increasing attention for the efficient and sustainable
use of resources, energy, and infrastructure to ensure a quality life for human beings. It aims to
develop comprehensive development plans at a low cost to the economy, environment, and society,
increase
economic competitiveness, and alleviate poverty [11]. In general, raw materials for biogas plants
derived from the food industry are produced in both solid and liquid forms: organic waste from the
production
process, technological losses, wastewater, and sludge. For example, in the fruit and vegetable
industries, the remaining parts such as leaves, peel, pomace, rind, stem, seeds, and spoiled fruit and
vegetables are considered waste. The production of milk, milk powder, cheese, butter, and other
dairy products results in large amounts of liquid waste. Waste resulting from the oil industry that can
be
used in anaerobic digesters includes wastewater and organic solid waste (seeds and husks) [117].
children should not be compromised. 62. Features of biogas lamp: 62 Brightness depends on gas
pressure, air to gas ratio, extent of mixing etc. Proper nozzle adjustment is necessary to achieve
required light intensity. Lamps designed for 100 candle-power consume 0.11 to 0.15 m3 biogas
per
hour. the Netherlands Development Organization / ... It was suggested to embed a meta-dimension
into
the
dimensions of biogas industrial ecosystem to enable socioeconomic and environmental sustainability
[8]. In developing countries and humanitarian camps, organic waste management addresses hygiene
and
sanitation, which otherwise causes serious health issues that may lead to premature deaths [21]. Net
Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP) and Net Benefit
Increase (NBI) of biogas plant's impact on livelihood were studied in Bangladesh. ... but also to
achieve economic costs. a. Department of Mechanical Engineering , Birla Institute of Technology,
Mesra, with the rural conditions and raw materials available within the emerging countries. A small-
scale structure should be increased to programme implementation woreda level. Standby biogas
technicians who can give Together with OWHB, the municipal solid waste (MSW) includes trash
and
garbage from the daily Biogas from AD, a sustainable biofuel made from a variety of organic
substrates (feedstocks), is a prominent technique for managing and recycling growing solid
byproducts. Natural gas, a fossil fuel that is becoming increasingly necessary for the world’s energy
supply, can be swapped out for refined biogas as fuel. Statement of The Problem 5. Page # 3 4.
Market for Biogas Biogas sector, the most-sustainable of biofuels, is expected to enjoy a remarkable
growth
over the next two decades. The market is projected to grow from $124 billion in 2010 to $217 billion
in
2016. Further, the global biogas upgrading equipment market is expected to reach $338.5 million by
the
year 2016 at a compounded annual growth rate of 22%. A total of 800 billion cubic feet per year
biogas
production
capacity has been installed globally, of which 11 billion cubic feet per year was expected to be live
by
the
end of 2012. With the development of biogas sector, there is a constant increase in biogas plants.
Thus, the global biogas plant market is expected to reach $8.98 billion in 2017, contributed mainly by
Europe and the USA. Among the European nations, Germany has the higher biogas production and
consumption; UK, Spain and Italy are the other major biogas markets in the continent. However,
biogas
production
is
gaining attention in Asia-Pacific, especially in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, China and India. In
China, both commercial production and at-home biogas digesters are commonly prevalent. Liaoning
Huishan Cow Farm, China’s largest biogas project, produces 38,000 MWh electricity per year. The
key market players in the biogas industry are in the below table: Company Region Technology 2G
Bio-
Energietechnik Germany De-centralized generation of electricity and heat via combined heat and
power (CHP) BIOGAS NORD Germany Biogas plants BKN Biostorm Germany NA BTA
International
Germany Wet Mechanical Pre-Treatment EnviTec Biogas Germany Biogas plant construction GHD
(now DVO Inc) USA NA HAASE Energietechnik Germany Biogas generation and upgrading
Organic Waste Systems Belgium Biogas plants RCM Digesters California Anaerobic Digestors
Schmack Biogas Germany Biogas plants STRABAG Umweltanlagen Germany NA UTS
Biogastechnik United Kingdom Biogas plants (liquids and solids).
Key
words:
Anaerobic
digestion,
biogas,
cow,
dung.
December
1983
·
Agricultural
Wastes
Pre-
digestion
of
cattle
waste
slurry
was
tried
to
increase
acid
production.
Batch
and
semi-
continuous
systems
with
pre-
digestion
times
of
1
to
5
days
were
used.
Pre-
digestion
in
a
batch
system
for
1
to
2
days
was
found
to
increase
acetate
production.
Use
of
this
pre-
digested
slurry
as
feed
material
for
anaerobic
digesters
increased
biogas
production
by
17–19%
and
methane
content
from
68–75%
to
...
[Show
full
abstract]
16.
Batch-
fed
System
•
•
•
•
•
•
The
simplest
design.
Low
cost.
The
feedstock
is
loaded
one
batch
at
time.
Irregular
biogas
production.
Can
operate
on
high
solid
content.
Requires
manual
labor.
manure
and
kitchen
waste
at
household
level
(see
e.g.,
[
41.
In
this
plant,
12
steel
digesters,
each
having
capacity
of
50
m3,
are
set
up
to
which
about
14
tones
of
mixture
of
agricultural
wastes
and
cattle
manure
and
28
tones
of
water
are
fed
to
begin
the
biogas
production.
31.
31
methanol,
methylamines
and
H2/
CO2,
but
cannot
grow
on
formate
(Main
and
Smith
1981).
In
contrast
to
acetate
which
was
considered
the
major
methanogenic
precursor
in
several
ecosystems
(Zeikus
1977),
methanol
is
not
considered
a
natural
intermediate
in
the
degradation
of
most
organic
compounds
in
ecosystems
(Hashimoto
et
al.
1980).
Some
methanogens
can
oxidize
CO
and
convert
it
to
methane,
and
a
few
strains
can
use
CO
as
the
sole
growth
substrate
(Zeikus
1983).
As
mentioned
above, M. barker) can grow on more than one substrate. Certain interesting metabolic traits were
demonstrated in mixotrophic studies. When grown on acetate under nitrogen gas, about 80% of the
methane
arose from acetate, the remainder originating from organic compounds in the medium. If excess H2
/CO2 was also present (in place of N2), methane arose predominantly from CO2, while in the
presence of methanol and acetate (under N2 in the gas phase) the methane produced arose from
methanol. In this case, methanol stimulates oxidation of the acetate methyl group to CO2; i.e. acetate
provides a source for electrons, for the reduction of methanol, and provides little methanogenic
carbon (Zeikus 1983; Kryzcki et al. 1982). Studies of anaerobic digestion showed that, in most
ecosystems
(including anaerobic digesters, aquatic sediments, black mud, marshes, swamps and other non-
gastrointestinal environments), 70% or more of the methane formed is derived from acetate,
depending of the type of starting organic carbon. Thus, acetate is the key intermediate in the overall
fermentation of these ecosystems (Main et al. 1977). In theory, only 33% of the methane can be
produced from CO2 reduction by the H2 generated during dissimilation of the starting organic
substrate
to
the
level
of
acetate. In contrast, in ruminants where acetic acid, as well as propionic and butyric acids, is
removed by absorption through the rumen wall and then metabolized by the host, methane appears to
be almost exclusively produced from the reduction of CO2 by H2 (Main et al. 1977). Growth on
CO2 as carbon source is autotrophy, but the autotrophic growth of methanogens is totally different
from
that of virtual phototrophs and chemo-autotrophs, because it does not involve the ribulose
biphosphate- Calvin cycle (Hemming and Blotevogel 1985). Nutritional and physiological
requirements The nutritional requirements of methanogens range from simple to complex. With
regard to carbon assimilation, some methanogens are autotrophs (inorganic carbon source
metabolizers), some heterotrophs (organic carbon source metabolizers), and some mixotrophs
(organic and inorganic carbon source metabolizers). In natural habitats, methanogenic bacteria
depend strongly on other bacteria to supply essential nutrient such as trace minerals, vitamins,
acetate, amino acids or other growth factors (Main and Smith 1981). The effects of environmental
fact ors on anaerobic digestion Environmental factors which influence biological reactions, such as
pH, temperature, nutrients and inhibitors concentrations, are amenable to external control in the
anaerobic
digestion
process. pH: Acetate and fatty acids produced during digestion (Fig 4.12) tend to lower the pH of
digester liquor. However, the ion bicarbonate equilibrium of the carbon dioxide in the digester exerts
substantial resistance to pH change. This resistance, known as buffer capacity, is quantified by the
amount of strong acid (or alkali) added to the solution in order to bring about a change in pH. Thus
the
presence of bicarbonate helps prevent adverse effects on microorganisms (methanogens) which
would result from low pH caused by Cumulative methane production from co-digestion of mixtures
of
cocoa shell and dairy manure. 38. K.V.I.C floating drum plant 38 MASONRY CYLINDRICAL
TANK ON ONE SIDE INLET FOR SLURRY OTHER SIDE OUTLET FOR SPENT
SLURRY GAS COLLECTS IN INVERTED ‘DRUM’ GAS HOLDER OVER SLURRY GAS
HOLDER MOVES UP & DOWN DEPENDING ON ACCUMULATION OF GAS /DISCHARGE
OF GAS, GUIDED BY CENTRAL GUIDE PIPE The poultry industry generates waste similar to
that of the meat industry, producing significant amounts of solid waste and wastewater. The most
important poultry processing wastes are those generated in slaughterhouses: feathers, blood, feet,
head, bone, trimmings, and organs [74,75]. All these wastes have a high content of proteins (around
32%) and lipids (54%) and can be used as a substrate in biogas production, with high yields and
short digestion times (especially for blood and bone meal). However, as in the case of waste from
the
meat industry, poultry waste contains a large amount of protein nitrogen, which decreases the value
of
the
C/N ratio between 7 and 10 (the optimal ratio for a stable process is 25–30). Additionally, an
inhibition of methanogenesis may occur due to the long-chain fatty acid in the substrate; therefore,
co-digestion with other substrates, such as cattle manure and crop waste, should be considered [76].
but
also to achieve economic costs. ... Benefits of institutional involvement and collaboration are
numerous, including subsidies and credit arrangements, manuals and guidelines, training, and supply
of
spare parts [19]. Other benefits involve maintenance services, monitoring and evaluation services
[23], supervision services, and research and development [19]. ... tween 1.1 million and 3.5 million
households in Med vederbörligt tillstånd av tekniska fakulteten vid Lunds universitet centralized
anaerobic
digester for the production of that the domestic biogas potential ranges be- ... Human excreta (HE)
or fecal sludge (FS) is a mixture of excreta and urine and sometimes referred to as organic waste of
human body (OWHB), also containing anal cleansing materials, water and undigested food residues
(Anukam & Nyamukamba, 2022;Regattieri et al., 2018). It is discharged in toilets where it stays
temporarily before its collection for disposal, biological treatment or bioenergy conversion. ... To
address energy and related socio-econom- 3Department of Business Administration, University of
Cantabria, Santander, Spain 50. HIGH RATE BIOGAS PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE
WATER TREATMENT 50 Brings down high BOD content to make it suitable for aerobic
biological treatment Faster disposal of waste water with partial recovery of energy as fuel [biogas]
Suitable for food processing waste water of high BOD content materials, which causes pollution
and
constitutes health hazards to people and animals Until now, there have not been many studies on fish
waste
digestion. Lanari and Franci [4] used a substrate rainbow trout biomass (fecal sludge) using an up-
flow anaerobic recirculating digester. McDermott et al. produced biogas while investigating the
effect of ultrasonication as a pre-treatment of aquaculture waste for anaerobic digestion. Marchaim et
al.
applied a combined method of digestion by thermophilic anaerobic bacteria and flesh flies on solid
waste
from
the
Yona Tuna and Sardines fish processing factory. Gebaur used a method of stabilizing and
hygienizing sludge from saline fish farm effluents to produce biogas. Gebaur demonstrated that the
mesophilic treatment of sludge of total solids (TS) 8.2–10.2 (wt.%) in 15 L continuous stirred tank
reactors at 35 °C led to methane yields between 0.114 and 0.184 L/g COD. Batchwise digestion of
fish waste and sisal pulp was studied by Mshandete et al., both with the wastes separately and with
mixtures in various proportions in 1000 mL bioreactors. Gebaur and Eikebrokk investigated the
treatment of concentrated sludge (10–12 wt.% TS) collected from Atlantic Salmon smolt hatchery
with
biogas
production
to
reduce the high energy demands of smolt hatcheries [78,79,80,81,82,83]. December 2016Journal of
Human Ecology 55(1,2):117-134 waste, branches and leaves of trees are also used. Any organic
cellulose material from animal or At present, there are five methods of food waste recovery used
mainly in developing countries: animal feeding, composting, anaerobic digestion (AD), incineration,
and
landfills [5]. The use of waste for animal feed is mainly used in East Asia [15]. Composting is the
most
common method of using food waste. Microbes metabolize organic waste material and reduce its
volume by as much as 50 percent. Currently, according to the Department of Pollution Control and
the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, about 0.59 million tons of waste are recycled and
composted to produce organic fertilizer and biogas [16]. us slow climate change, improve global
health, reduce agricultural losses, increase © 2008-2024 ResearchGate GmbH. All rights reserved.
(liquids and solids).
10.
10
due
in
part
to
the
biochemical
processes
occurring
during
digestion,
which
cause
the
nitrogen
in
the
digested
slurry
to
be
more
accessible
for
plant
utilization,
and
to
the
fact
that
less
nitrogen
is
lost
during
digestion
than
in
storage
or
comporting.
The
stability
of
the
digested
slurry
and
its
low
BOD
and
COD
are
also
of
great
importance.
This
aspect
of
biogas
technology
may,
in
fact,
be
more
important
than
the
gas
produced
(Gosling
1980;
Marchaim
1983).
In
the
area
of
public
health
and
pollution
control,
biogas
technology
can
solve
another
major
problem:
that
of
the
disposal
of
sanitation
wastes.
Digestion
of
these
wastes
can
reduce
the
parasitic
and
pathogenic
bacterial
counts
by
over
90%
(Feacham
et
al.
1983;
McGarry
and
Stainforth
1978;
van
Buren
1979;
Klinger
and
Marchaim
1987),
breaking
the
vicious
circle
of
reinfection
via
drinking
water,
which
in
many
rural
areas
is
untreated.
Industrial
waste
treatment,
using
anaerobic
digestion,
is
also
possible.
Many
planners
and
engineers
have
expressed
an
interest
in
obtaining
information
on
anaerobic
digestion
and
biogas
technology.
Application
to
FAO
in
Rome
of
the
fundamentals
of
design
and
operation
of
digesters
to
enhance
their
technical
and
economic
viability,
were
the
main
reason
for
this
review.
An
additional
review,
which
will
describe
more
technical
aspects,
will
be
published,
in
order
to
explain
the
complexity
of
this
interdisciplinary
technology,
which
requires
a
broad
overview
of
the
whole
program
for
optimal
selection
of
size
and
style
of
the
digestion
system.
The
present
review
attempts
to
present
only
very
basic
information
on
the
engineering
aspect,
while
giving
some
more
detailed
description
of
the
biochemistry
and
microbiology,
and
emphasizing
the
economic
and
socio-
cultural
aspects
of
biogas
programs
and
the
uses
of
the
products
of
the
anaerobic
digestion
process,
especially
as
they
may
be
applied
in
Developing
Countries.
References
cited
can
provide
studies
of
given
areas
of
interest,
in
greater
depth.
The
chapter
on
biogas
products
and
their
uses
gives
an
idea
of
the
potential
applications
of
biogas
and
digested
slurry
technologies.
This
review
is
also
intended
to
assist
engineers
and
government
officials/
funding
agencies
to
meet
present
and
future
challenges,
and
make
decisions
on
the
promotion
of
anaerobic
digestion
as
an
alternative
source
of
energy,
for
soil
conservation
and
enrichment,
as
fodder
for
fish
and
animals,
for
pollution
reduction
and
other
ecological
benefits,
such
as
pathogen
reduction
in
human
and
animal
wastes.
Current
research,
experimental
and
functional
programs
throughout
the
world,
are
rapidly
adding
to
our
knowledge
of
anaerobic
digestion,
and
should
provide
increasingly
efficient
and
useful
designs
to
improve
the
quality
of
life
everywhere.
The
AD
meetings
-
The
International
Symposiums
on
Anaerobic
Digestion
that
are
held
every
2
-
3
years
-
are
a
very
good
occasion
to
get
up-
to-
date
information
on
latest
developments.
The
Proceedings
published
after
each
of
these
meetings
can
be
very
valuable
to
researchers,
officials
and
economic
analysts.
In
order
to
draw
conclusions
about
the
feasibility
of
the
anaerobic
digestion
process,
it
can
be
examined
in
one
of
two
ways:
a
strictly
financial
approach,
involving
analysis
of
monetary
benefits
such
as
sale
or
re-
use
of
products
(methane,
carbon
dioxide
and
slurry,
with
all
its
applications)
and
the
costs
of
constructing
and
maintaining
facilities;
or
as
a
social
assessment
of
input
and
output,
including
such
intangibles
as
improvements
in
public
health,
reduced
deforestation
and
reduced
reliance
on
imported
fossil
fuels,
in
a
social
cost
benefit
analysis.
There
is
no
agreed
methodology
for
quantifying
these
social
benefits,
so
rigorous
than
can
be
imagined.
This
necessitates
the
quest
for
If
the
local
gas
network
allows
for
this,
the
producer
of
the
biogas
may
utilize
the
local
gas
distribution
networks.
Gas
must
be
very
clean
to
reach
pipeline
quality,
and
must
be
of
the
correct
composition
for
the
local
distribution
network
to
accept.
Carbon
dioxide,
water,
hydrogen
sulfide
and
particulates
must
be
removed
if
present.
If
concentrated
and
compressed
it
can
also
be
used
in
vehicle
transportation.
Compressed
biogas
is
becoming
widely
used
in
Sweden,
Switzerland,
and
Germany.
A
biogas-
powered
train
has
been
in
service
in
Sweden
since
2005.
Microbial
approaches
for
enhanced
efficiency
Anaerobic
digestion
process
of
cow
dung
was
observed
over
30
days
with
addition
of
effective
microorganism
–
4
in
regard
to
improve
biogas
volume
production.
Temperature
for
biogas
production
was
kept
constant
and
was
conducted
at
mesophilic
mode.
It
was
found
that
EM-
4
addition
was
effective
to
increase
the
biogas
yields
production.
The
improvement
in
biogas
volume
was
recorded
as
high
as
87.8%
...
[Show
full
abstract]
Key
words:
Anaerobic
digestion,
biogas,
cow,
dung.
23.
FEED
FOR
BIOGAS
:
WET
BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
23
DOMESTIC
ANIMAL
WASTES:
Excreta
of
cow,
pig,
chicken
etc
MANURE,
SLUDGE:
Canteen
and
food
processing
waste,
sewage
MUNICIPAL
SOLID
WASTE:
separation
of
non-
degradable
After
...
Multicriteria
and
multiobjective
evaluation
allows
unit
location
and
resource
allocation
spatial
assessment
processes
by
structuring
decision
problems.
Different
location
studies
of
bioenergy
production
facilities
use
spatial
multicriteria
decision
methodologies
[22,24,[37][38][39][55][56][57][58][59][60],
with
emphasis
on
fuzzy
spatially
explicit
multicriteria
decision
systems
using
AHP
[61][62][63],
followed
by
multiobjective
analysis
[23]
and
associated
resource
allocation
[24,41,64,65].
...
Biogas
production
from
lignocellulosic
biomass
is
generally
considered
to
be
challenging
due
to
the
recalcitrant
nature
of
this
biomass.
In
this
study,
the
recalcitrance
of
birch
was
reduced
by
applying
steam-
explosion
(SE)
pretreatment
(210
°C
and
10
min).
Moreover,
bioaugmentation
with
the
cellulolytic
bacterium
Caldicellulosiruptor
bescii
was
applied
to
possibly
enhance
the
methane
production
...
[Show
full
abstract]
Nitrogen
in
protein
form
or
other
types
existing
in
food
waste
is
considered
beneficial
for
the
AD
process;
this
element
plays
an
important
role
both
as
a
nutrient
and
in
buffering
the
environment
in
the
digester.
6.
STEPS
IN
BIOGAS
GENERATION-
There
are
four
key
biological
and
chemical
stages
of
anaerobic
digestion:
(i)Hydrolysis
(ii)Acidogenesis
(iii)Acetogenesis
(iv)Methanogenesis
HYDROLYSIS-
In
most
cases,
biomass
is
made
up
of
large
organic
polymers.
For
the
bacteria
in
anaerobic
digesters
to
access
the
energy
potential
of
the
material,
these
chains
must
first
be
broken
down
into
their
smaller
constituent
parts.
These
constituent
parts,
or
monomers,
such
as
sugars,
are
readily
available
to
other
bacteria.
The
process
of
breaking
these
chains
and
dissolving
the
smaller
molecules
into
solution
is
called
hydrolysis.
Therefore,
hydrolysis
of
these
high-
molecular-
weight
polymeric
components
is
the
necessary
first
step
in
anaerobic
digestion.
Through
hydrolysis
the
complex
organic
molecules
are
broken
down
into
simple
sugars,
amino
acids,
and
fatty
acids.
Acetate
and
hydrogen
produced
in
the
first
stages
can
be
used
directly
by
methanogens.
Other
molecules,
such
as
volatile
fatty
acids
(VFAs)
with
a
chain
length
greater
than
that
of
acetate
must
first
be
catabolised
into
compounds
that
can
be
directly
used
by
methanogens.
ACIDOGENESIS-
The
biological
process
of
Acidogenesis
results
in
further
breakdown
of
the
remaining
components
by
acidogenic
(fermentative)
bacteria.
Here, VFAs are created, along with ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide, as well tic
biogas
was
conducted
in
2006 by SNV-Ethio- Like other European countries, France is currently mobilizing for the energy
recovery of its agricultural wastes by anaerobic digestion. Nevertheless, the production of these
resources undergoes several fluctuations throughout the year. Consequently, in order to allow the
continuous supply of biogas plants, these raw materials must be often stored for long periods
(several months). This thesis ... [Show full abstract] 34. 34 An advantage of thermophilic digestion is
that
the
rate of methane production is approximately twice that of mesophilic digestion, so reactors can be
half the volume of mesophilic digesters, and still deal with the same volume of material, while
maintaining
the
same gas production. Strong, warm, soluble industrial wastes give specific gas yields (volume of gas
per volume of digester per day) of up to 8 volumes of gas per volume of digester per day with
immobilized cell designs. With warm (>55°C) wastes this has obvious advantages. However, with
wastes
which
are
at
ambient temperatures, such an animal manures, considerable energy is needed to raise the
temperature of the waste to 55°C. A number of detailed studies of gas yields and energy
consumption have been carried out (Shelef et al. 1980; Converse et al. 1977; Schellenbach 1980;
Hashimoto et al. 1981). Shelef et al. (1980) found that thermophilic digesters could accept higher
organic
loads than mesophilic systems at the same HRT. This advantage became more pronounced as the
retention time decreased. With cattle manure at 12% total solids and HRT of 6 days, they obtained
specific yields of 5.5, versus 3.0 in mesophilic digesters, and found that only 20% of the energy
produced
was
used
for
heating and mixing. However, Converse et al. (1977), using dairy manure of 15.8% total solids,
found
that
thermophilic operation (HRT = 6.29, T = 60°C) gave lower net energy yields than mesophilic
operation
(HRT = 10.4, T = 35°C). Schellenbach (1980) concluded that mesophilic cultures gave a higher
methane
yield per pound of volatile solids than thermophilic, and that thermophilic cultures were more
unstable and sensitive to mechanical or operational disruptions. This point has been raised by a
number of researchers, although there is disagreement as to how unstable thermophilic digestion is.
Full scale mechanically stirred thermophilic systems of 2 - 3% solids content require temperature
controls of ±0.5°C, while mesophilic systems tolerate variations of ±2°C (Gerber 1954, 1975, 1977).
On the other hand, when over 10% solids are fermented, a much wider range of temperature
controls are needed in thermophilic digestion (Marchaim 1983). Hashimoto et al. (1981) concluded
that
thermophilic digestion gave a higher net energy production per unit of capital cost than mesophilic
digestion.
Excellent results were obtained with an influent concentration of 8 - 10% volatile solids and
detention times of 4 - 5 days. Marchaim (1983) and Shelef et al. (1980, 1983), in Israel, showed that
up
to
16% solids concentration can be loaded to commercial systems (of 200 m3 ) with small effects on
temperature changes. In a number of papers, published recently, the "psychrophilic digestion" -
digestion
in
temperatures of 10° 25°C, is reported (Wellinger 1989; Paris et al. 1988). Using the UASB- reactor,
it
could be demonstrated that, at temperatures as low as 10°C, digestion was successful (Grin et al
1985; Lettinga 1983; Verstraete 1986). The start-up of low- temperature digestion is one of the major
constraints for the application of this technique. When longer retention time are used, with special
attention to keeping volatile acids concentration low (Zeeman et al. 1988; Wellinger 1989), and
using
a
mesophilic
inoculum at temperatures higher than 20°C, the psychrophilic process can be successfully operated.
This
success in anaerobic digestion at low temperatures may alter the attitude of many farmers and
factories to working with anaerobic digestion in cold countries. De Man et al. (1988) showed in a
recent publication that anaerobic digestion systems (EGSB and UASB) can operate at temperatures
as
low
as
8°C, when low strength soluble wastewaters were treated. Nutrient Effects: In addition to an organic
carbon
energy
source, anaerobic bacteria appear to have relatively simple nutrient requirements, which include
nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, manganese, calcium, and cobalt (Speece and McCarty
1964). Nutrient levels should be at least in excess of the optimal concentrations needed by the
methanogenic bacteria, since these are the most severely inhibited by slight nutrient Ref. [1]
evaluated the performance of a potential waste, or biodegradable waste. It is mainly composed of
methane
and
carbon
dioxide. It minute, and volumetric capacity of the digestion tank. Other considerations included the
desire to make the digestion tank and gas Penilaian kinerjabagi organisasi dapat dijadikan sebagai
bahan evaluasi. Menurut pendapat anda apakah penting atau tidak penilaian kinerja organisasi
berikan penjelasan menurut pendapat saudara ... Bio-Gas is produced in a bio-gas digester which
comes in different designs based on scale of use. The most common low cost bio-gas digester are
Plug Flow Digester, Fixed-Dome Digester And Floating Drum Digester [85] . The figure below
shows the technical sectional drawings of bio-gas digester:- The plug flow digester is a single tank,
easing transportation polyethylene tank [86] , while Fixed-Dome Digester is made from concrete
dome which can be locally made with low-tech, low but skilled labours [87] This type of Digester
will
be
developed and adopted for use at the Swahili Eco-Village. ... 19. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wikipedia
Books on biogas plant Google Ncert book class 12th cbse Images.com Newspaper Is the
category for this document correct? In the study conducted by Ariunbaatar et al. [144], the
enhancement of thermal and ozonation pretreatments on the AD of food waste was investigated. The
conclusion of this study was that ozonation is not an efficient pretreatment of food waste prior to
anaerobic
digestion.
Published Online June 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/sgre 27. 2 UPFLOW
ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET DIGESTER (UASB) UASB REACTOR IS BASED ON
SUPERIOR SETTLING PROPERTIES OF THE SLUDE INFLUENT FED INTO THE
REACTOR FROM BELOW LEAVES AT THE TOP VIA AN INTERNAL BAFFLE SYSTEM FOR
SEPARATION OF THE GAS, SLUDGE AND THE LIQUID GAS SEPARATED FROM
SLUDGE, COLLECTED BENEATH PLATES IN QUIET SETTLING ZONE, SLUDGE
SEPARATES, SETTLES BACK TOWRDS DIGESTION ZONE. ORGANIC LOADING RATES
OF 10 TO 30 KG COD /M3 DAY REACTOR MIXING SHOULD BE ONLY BY THE GAS
PRODUCTION HRTRANGE OF 0.5 TO 7 DAYSS IS FEASIBLE WITH EXCEL. SETTLING
SLUDGE AND A SRT OF 20 DAYS(AT 35 0 C) REF: TIDE, VOL9, NO4, DEC.1999, PAGE
232 27 At present, there are five methods of food waste recovery used mainly in developing
countries: animal feeding, composting, anaerobic digestion (AD), incineration, and landfills [5]. The
use
of
waste
for
animal
feed is mainly used in East Asia [15]. Composting is the most common method of using food waste.
Microbes metabolize organic waste material and reduce its volume by as much as 50 percent.
Currently, according to the Department of Pollution Control and the Ministry of Natural Resources
and
Environment, about 0.59 million tons of waste are recycled and composted to produce organic
fertilizer and biogas [16]. ABSTRACT The dissemination of biogas technology was not progressing
as
it
was
planned in Ethiopia. Thus, this Province/Region See more performance; renewable fuel; waste
management The main aim of this study is the integrated assessment of a proposed Waste-
to-
Energy facility that could contribute in the Municipal Solid Waste Management system of the Region
of
Central Greece. In the context of this paper alternative transfer schemes for supplying the candidate
facility were assessed considering local conditions and economical criteria. A mixed-integer linear
programming ... [Show full abstract]