Biogas - An Overview - ScienceDirect Topics

10/20/2020 Biogas - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Biogas
Biogas is actually a mixture of components in which methane (45%–
75%) and carbon dioxide (25%–50%) dominate, together with water
vapor (1%–5%), nitrogen (0%–5%), and lower amounts of ammonia
and hydrogen sulfide, as well as trace amounts of hydrogen and
carbon monoxide [18].
From: Sustainable Resource Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches, 2019
Related terms:
Anaerobic Digestion, Biomass, Digester, Landfill, Methane, Natural Gas, Sludge,
Standardisation
Biogas From Wastes

Samir Kumar Khanal PHD, ... Saoharit Nitayavardhana PHD, in Sustainable
Resource Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches, 2019
Biogas Utilization
Biogas has many different applications, as summarized in Fig. 11.6. Biogas can be
directly used for cooking. This is the most common use of biogas in the developing
countries where millions of household digesters are currently in operation.
Researchers at the University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia, are testing small-scale
biogas-based electricity generation system (1–3 kW) for household/farm
applications in the rural communities of the developing countries. Biogas (after
cleaning for H2S removal) could be used as boiler fuel. For large-scale digester, the
produced biogas is often used for electricity and heat generation using a combined
heat and power (CHP) unit with capacity ranging from several 100 kW to
megawatts. There are several large-scale facilities for biogas upgrading (with
methane content >95% v/v) to obtain a quality equivalent to natural gas to be
injected into gas grid or use as a transportation fuel (e.g., compressed natural gas).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/biogas 1/12
Fig. 11.6. Various applications of biogas.

Source: Ref. [1].
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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444642004000116
Anaerobic digestion of various feedstocks for second-

generation biofuel production
R. Muthudineshkumar, R. Anand, in Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable
Environment, 2019
6.6 Biogas purification using chemical scrubbing

Biogas composition with carbon dioxide and moisture can be removed by passing
through a chamber containing limestone in a solid form. Next, biogas is passed to
the chamber containing potassium hydroxide prepared at the level of 40%
concentration. Due to the exothermic reaction, a high amount of heat will be
formed. The heat formed will be dissipated gradually. Potassium hydroxide reacts
with carbon dioxide and forms potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and water. Then the
biogas is passed to the third chamber, having steel wool or iron fillings (chips
available from lathe operation). This will result in reduced H2S level and moisture
content [58].
Biogas purification using an aqueous solution of caustic soda and lime is one of
the efficient techniques. The raw biogas containing the composition of carbon
dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is first passed to the chamber containing iron fillings,
where the hydrogen sulfide and moisture get removed. Next, biogas is passed to
the chamber containing sodium hydroxide, where a chemical reaction takes place
that results in sodium carbonate and water. Finally, a chamber with silica gel is
used to remove moisture from the biogas [59].
Read full chapter

Cereal Waste Management: Treatment Methods and

Potential Uses of Treated Waste
Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis, Persefoni Tserkezou, in Waste Management for the Food
Industries, 2008
Biogas
Biogas technology is a complete system in itself with its set objectives (cost-
effective production of energy and soil nutrients), factors such as microbes, plant
design, construction materials, climate, chemical and microbial characteristics of
inputs and the interrelationships among these factors. Biogas is about 20% lighter
than air and has an ignition temperature in the range of 650–750°C. It is an
odorless and colorless gas that burns with clear blue flame similar to that of LPG
gas. Its calorific value is 20MJ/m3 and burns with 60% efficiency in a conventional
biogas stove (http://www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGre0022.htm). High energy yields
were obtained from the production of upgraded biogas used for vehicle refueling
purposes. Comparisons indicate that energy yields from biogas derived from wheat
are twice as high as when wheat is used for ethanol production. As well as
economic and air quality benefits, studies also indicated that using biogas for
transport, CO2 emissions could be reduced on a life cycle basis by between 65 and
85% on current fuels, depending on the feedstock used
(http://www.ngvglobal.com/index.php?option=com-
content&task=view&id=83&Itemid=2&lang=en).
Compressed natural gas (CNG) comes primarily from fossil sources, although
‘biogas’, which is very similar to CNG, is produced from renewable sources. Air
quality benefits are particularly significant compared with heavy-duty diesel
vehicles and it is in these vehicles that CNG tends to be used. CNG engines are
also significantly less noisy than diesel engines. Again, this is a particular benefit
when CNG is used in heavy-duty vehicles
(http://www.defra.gov.uk/ENVIRONMENT/consult/greenfuel/response/03.htm).
Biogas from wheat has the highest energy balance and net energy output per
hectare, particularly when straw is collected and converted into transportation fuel.
Biogas from ley crops and ethanol from wheat have similar energy balances and
net energy output per hectare (about 40 GJ) when the wheat pulp from the ethanol
production is utilized for energy purposes (biogas production). When the wheat
pulp is utilized as fodder and not for biogas production, the energy balance and
net energy output per hectare for the wheat-ethanol alternative are reduced. When
both wheat pulp and straw are employed for biogas production, the net energy
output per hectare will be higher for the wheat-ethanol alternative than for the ley
crop-biogas alternative (http://www.miljolth.se/svenska/publikationer/visaInfo.asp?
ID=).
Read full chapter

Application of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor

(AnMBR) for Low-Strength Wastewater Treatment and
Energy Generation
Janardhan Bornare, ... R.R. Sonde, in Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling
and Reuse, 2014
10.4.3.1.2 The Effect of OLR on Biogas Generation and Yield

The biogas generation was monitored on a daily basis, and the average biogas
generation during each period of specific OLR is presented in Figure 10.13. The
average biogas generation was increased from 159 to 193 L/day with the increase
in OLR from 0.62 to 0.77 kg COD/m3/day, respectively. The average biogas
generations were 219 and 289 L/day with OLRs of 0.92 and 1.32 kg COD/m3/day,
respectively. Even though the average biogas generation was increased with an
increase in OLR, the biogas yield was continuously decreased from 0.48 m3
biogas/kg COD removed to 0.42 m3 biogas/kg COD removed with an increase in
OLR from 0.62 to 1.32 kg COD/m3/day. This is due to a better food-to-microbe
ratio (0.08 kg COD/kg MLVSS/day) at a lower OLR. At a higher OLR, although the
gas generation is increased, the organic degradation efficiency is comparatively
lower due to a high food-to-microbe ratio (0.17 kg COD/kg MLVSS/day). Higher
concentration of the microbial population can be maintained in the bioreactor for
reducing the food-to-microbe ratio at a higher OLR. An increase in concentration
of microbes has an adverse impact on the membrane and may lead to frequent
membrane fouling.
Figure 10.13. Biogas generation and yield as a function of OLR.
Read full chapter

Rural and Developing Country Solutions

Salah M. El Haggar, in Environmental Solutions, 2005
Biogas
Biogas is the anaerobic fermentation of organic materials by microorganisms
under controlled conditions. Biogas is a mixture of gasses mainly methane and
carbon dioxide gases that results from anaerobic fermentation of organic matter by
the action of bacteria. Biogas is ranked low in priority in some developing countries
because of lack of energy policy and there is no plan of the share of biogas of the
total biomass potential.
Huge amounts of organic wastes are generated in rural communities such as
agriculture waste, sludge from municipal treatment plants, and organic waste from
garbage, food processing plants as well as animal manure and dead animals. Table
13.6 shows a sample of types and quantities of organic wastes generated in Egypt.
All these can be considered as a biomass that is organic carbon-based material,
which could be an excellent source for biogas and fertilizer.
TABLE 13.6. Sources and Quantities of Organic Wastes in Egypt
Organic waste Source Quantity
Agricultural waste 25 million tons of dry material per year
Municipal solid waste 6.6 million tons of dry organic waste/year
Sewage treatment plants 4.3 million tons of dry sludge/year
Biogas activities in Egypt until now have focused mainly on small scale plants with
a digester volume of 5-50 m3 with a few exceptions such as the Gabel Al-Asfar
Plant located near Cairo, with a total capacity of 1 million cubic meter. The total
energy potential in Egypt of centralized biogas plants with 50 to 500 tons/day input
was estimated to be about 1 million TOE.
Read full chapter

Occupational Health and Safety

Volkmar Wilhelm, in Solid Waste Landfilling, 2018
Properties of Biogas and The Resulting Hazards

Asphyxiation
Although biogas is, as a rule, somewhat lighter than air, escaping biogas is capable
of displacing air and collecting in shafts, rooms, or cavities. If the oxygen content
of air decreases from an average 21 vol.-%. to below 17 vol.-%., then there is a
threat of asphyxiation. With respect to biogas this means that when biogas stands
in a ratio of 1:4 to air, asphyxiation is possible.
Toxic Effects and Health Risks
The toxic properties of biogas derive mainly from the presence of carbon dioxide
and hydrogen sulfide. Concentrations of more than 9% carbon dioxide can cause
death within minutes. As biogas has a CO2 content of between 10% and 50%, it
loses its toxicity when it is mixed with air to a ratio of 1:4. The amount of hydrogen
sulfide present in biogas is usually below the toxic level of 800 ppm. However,
higher values do at times occur, especially at landfills for hazardous wastes (up to
17 000 ppm). As long as the gas can escape over the whole landfill area and is
sufficiently mixed with air, there is no immediate danger. In places where
concentrated discharges of gas are possible, for example, from substantial fissures
in the landfill cover or from vertical gas discharge shafts, the limits permitted at
places of work may be exceeded.
There are no reliable data on the long-term effects on health of exposure to biogas.
The toxic properties of a gas mixture such as biogas cannot be determined. The
physiological effects of the individual substances are known and corresponding
limits have been laid down. When mixed, however, the toxic properties of the
individual substances may decrease or increase. Toxicologists refuse to set limits
for mixtures. Personnel employed at landfills frequently point to cases of
colleagues dying of carcinomas and believe this to result from long-term exposure
to biogas. Such claims have not yet been scientifically proved.
Fire and Explosion Hazards
Methane, an important constituent of biogas, can, when mixed with air, cause fires,
explosions, and fulminations. Within the upper and lower limits of explosion
(between 5% and 15% vol. methane), methane can be detonated. Gas mixtures
below and above the limits of explosion are not explosive but quantities ∼15%
represent a fire hazard. When methane has been mixed with air to the usual ratio
over the surface of the landfill, then there is no immediate danger. Biogas can
collect in shafts, trenches, and cavities to form an explosive atmosphere, which can
then be detonated by gas burn-offs, biogas compressors, open fires or lights, or
hot surfaces such as car or truck exhausts.
There have been many reports of explosions or fulminations at landfills, which
have, however, rarely been considered in the relevant literature. In one case,
explosive biogas was detonated at a distance of 150 m from a gas discharge shaft
and then began to burn in the discharge shaft itself.
Read full chapter

Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Anaerobic

Digestion
Rodrigo A. Labatut, Jennifer L. Pronto, in Sustainable Food Waste-To-energy
Systems, 2018
4.6 Biogas Utilization

Biogas is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, but it also contains
water vapor and traces of nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases. The exact
composition depends on the biomass source and the technology used to produce
and/or extract the biogas. The energy in biogas comes from methane—its
combustion will produce heat and release uncombusted and flue gases (e.g., H2,
CO). Biogas has between 30% and 40% less methane (v/v) than fossil fuel-derived
natural gas, and therefore a proportionally lower heating value. However, methane
concentration in the biogas produced by some operations can be as high as 70%.
The highest methane concentration and production of biogas are normally
obtained via AD systems (as opposed to landfill gas recovery systems), because
operating parameters are tightly controlled and high-strength, high-energy
yielding feedstocks are usually introduced.
The most widely used energy generation technologies that are suited for pairing
with an anaerobic codigestion facility to convert the methane gas produced to heat
and/or electricity currently include: combined heat and power (CHP), reciprocating
engines, gas turbines, microturbines, and fuel cells, although fuel cells are still
considered an emerging technology. Most anaerobic codigestion facilities that
pursue energy generation fall under the classification of a distributed energy
generation facility, as opposed to the traditionally employed centralized power
plant model. Distributed renewable energy generation technologies are emerging
as the ideal approach to incorporate small-scale renewable energy sources to the
main power grid.
Multiple technologies are compared in Table 4.5. As shown, reciprocating engines
have good operational efficiency and are cost competitive, but have low fuel
flexibility, high O&M costs, and high emissions. The cost of the fuel cells that have
been operated with biogas, that is, phosphoric acid and molten carbonate, is still
very high. There has recently been increased interest in the option of combining
AD systems with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to their relatively high operating
temperature (nominally 800°C) which makes them more robust to fuel impurities
(Cozzolino et al., 2017; Rayner et al., 2017; Rillo et al., 2017).
Table 4.5. Comparison Between Existing Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Technologies for Biogas
Gas Microturbines Reciprocating Fuel

Turbines Engines Cells
Capital cost ($/kW) 700–2000 1100–2000 800–1500 1000–

5000
O&M costs ($/kW-h) 0.006– 0.008–0.02 0.008–0.025 0.03–

0.011 0.04
Electrical efficiency (%) 22–36 25–35 22–45 40–60
Emissions (NOx, SOx, CO2, Significant Moderate Significant Low

PM, etc.)
Fuel flexibility Fair Fair Fair High
Sources: EERE, 2017. Fuel Cells. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable
Energy; energy.ca.gov., 2017. Vol. 2017, California Energy Commission;
Fuelcells.org., 2017. Fuel Cells 2000, Vol. 2017. http://hfcarchive.org/fuelcells/;
USEPA, 2007. Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
In a study performed in the United Kingdom, domestic food wastes were collected
and incorporated into a full-scale food waste digester (900 m3 complete mixed tank
reactor), from which biogas was harvested and used to produce electricity using a
195-kW combined heat and power (CHP) unit with an assumed electrical
conversion efficiency of 32% when run at full capacity, and the potential for 53%
recovery of heat. Electricity produced by the CHP unit and imports and exports to
the grid were all metered. The power requirements of the plant were calculated as
follows: CHP generator meter + grid import meter − grid export meter. A portion
of the heat produced by the CHP unit was reincorporated back into the process
(Banks et al., 2011).
Read full chapter

Dry Anaerobic Digestion of Wastes

Regina J. Patinvoh PhD, in Sustainable Resource Recovery and Zero Waste
Approaches, 2019
Introduction
Biogas production from organic wastes has technologically advanced in the recent
years; this cost-effective technology has been productive in managing energy
demands, carbon emissions, and environmental pressures. The anaerobic
digestion (AD) process to produce biogas involves many stages with specific
optimum process conditions as explained in the literature [1–3]. The digestion
process requires a consortium of microorganisms working synergistically and
sometimes the feedstock used are difficult to handle; this makes the process a bit
complex. During the digestion process, a negative effect on any of the stages
involved (hydrolysis, fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis) has a direct
effect on the other and the process can become unsteady or can fail completely [4].
There are a diversity of papers dealing with the pretreatment of feedstock [5–8],
codigestion of various feedstocks [9–13], bioaugmentation with anaerobic enzymes
[14–16], and acclimatization of microorganisms to feedstock [17,18] to stabilize the
digestion process, to reduce the inhibitory effect of harmful compounds, and to
increase the digestion rate, as well as the biogas yield and the digestate quality.
Conventional digestion processes (wet AD) to produce biogas involves the use of a
large volume of water, over 90% of the constituents of the bioreactor is water; the
total solids (TS) content of the feedstock is usually between 0.5% and 15% [19].
This is a major challenge for countries with shortage of water; it is obvious that
there will be competition for water as population increases and industrial
development progresses. Additionally, dewatering of the residue after biogas
production requires high energy consumption and results in loss of nutrients. So
the use of digestate as biofertilizer with less dewatering systems or without
dewatering is inevitable. The use of forest and crop residues with high solid
content (usually between 15% and 50%) is also becoming very attractive due to
their abundance in nature and high energy value. In view of these issues, the dry
AD technology is gaining momentum in both research and industries.
This chapter focuses on dry AD processes for biogas production. It discusses the
importance of the start-up phase and its correlation with the microbial
communities, as well as the major processes involved in solid-based AD systems. It
also addresses current applications in the industry to enhance the performance of
the process and for effective industrial feasibility.
Read full chapter

Biogas production by thermal hydrolysis and

thermophilic anaerobic digestion of waste-activated
sludge
Ewa Neczaj, Anna Grosser, in Industrial and Municipal Sludge, 2019
3.7 Conclusion
The biogas production from activated sludge using TH and thermophilic AD was
investigated in this chapter. TH is a well-established technology used as a WAS
pretreatment method. It leads to higher biogas production, although the energy
benefit of AD is relatively natural due to its higher energy demand. The main
energy benefit is connected to improving the dewaterability of the sludge and
reducing the costs of downstream processes. AD following TH should not be
longer than 10–12 days. Protein degradation causes an increase of ammonia,
alkalinity, and pH and does not improve biogas generation at longer SRTs.
Thermophilic digestion is preferred over classical mesophilic AD, mainly due to
higher biogas production at shorter SRTs and faster VS degradation. Moreover,
digestate meets the EPA's class A requirements. Because thermophilic AD is very
sensitive to the fluctuation of operating parameters and the quality of rejected
water is poor, additional research is required to address those problems.
Read full chapter

Energy and Resource Recovery From Sludge

V.K. Tyagi, S.-L. Lo, in Environmental Materials and Waste, 2016
10.4.1 Biogas Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion

Biogas produced during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge contains 60–
70% methane, 30–40% carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen,
hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor. Methane gas generated by anaerobic digesters
is the main source of energy at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In
most cases, the recovered methane is used to power gas engines or produce
electrical and thermal energy for onsite use in the treatment plant. The cost of
electricity for a treatment plant is about 80% of the total operational cost, and
energy recovered through methane can cover about half of this cost (Deublein and
Steinhauser, 2008). The Bio-terminator24/85 is mesophilic anaerobic digestion
technology developed by Total Solids Solution from research conducted at the
University of Louisiana, United States. This process was found to be capable of
destroying 85% of TS in 24 h at a reactor retention time of 24 h or less. A pilot-
scale plant of 3.785-m3 capacity was installed at Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 2005
and operated for 5 months (Burnett and Togna, 2007). The system was observed to
remove 93% VS at 2 days' hydraulic retention time. Another commercial method,
“Columbus Advanced Biosolids Flow-through Thermophilic Treatment (CBFT3), is
a modification of thermophilic anaerobic digestion using a plug flow reactor. This
process incorporates advanced reciprocating engines to produce electricity that
supplies 40–50% of the plant electricity requirements. The overall energy efficiency
of the process is 68–83% (Kalogo and Monteith, 2008).
A substantial increase in sludge mineralization and subsequent biogas generation
can be achieved by employing a physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, or
biological pretreatment step such as microwave (MW) heating, ultrasonication,
ozonation, enzymatic treatment, use of liquid jets, treatment with alkali or acids,
high-performance pulse technique, or wet oxidation (Tyagi and Lo, 2011). With
regard to the assessment of the feasibility of a pretreatment method, extra biogas
production, total energy balance, final amount of sludge, and cost have to be taken
into account and analyzed (Rulkens, 2008). Several pretreatment technologies such
as Cambi (thermal), BioThelys (thermal), MicroSludge (physical-chemical), CROWN
(ultrasonic), and Lysatec GmbH (mechanical) have been applied successfully at full
scale in several countries (Kepp et al., 2000; Panter and Kleiven, 2005; Stephenson
et al., 2005; Kruger and Hogan, 2005; Elliott and Mahmood, 2007).
The Cambi process was reported to increase net electricity production by 27%
(Elliott and Mahmood, 2007). During full-scale municipal trials, Onyeche (2006)
reported that high-pressure homogenization of WAS before anaerobic digestion
increased gas production by 30%. Zabranska et al. (2006) reported long-term
monitoring results from three full-scale installations of lysate thickening
centrifuges. They reported 15–26% increases in biogas yield. A pilot-scale
ozonation process (0.026 kg O3/kg VS) to pretreat mixed primary and secondary
sludge (weight by weight ratio of 1:3.5) was started in Japan by Kurita Water
Industries. The process was capable of producing 36% more energy than the
control anaerobic digester. The energy input (ozonation and pumping) and energy
produced were estimated at 1923 kWh and 1736 kWh/dry metric ton (MT) sludge
treated, respectively (Kalogo and Monteith, 2008; Goel et al., 2004). Xie et al. (2007)
studied the effectiveness of ultrasonic treatment at a full-scale sludge digester in
Singapore. The anaerobic digesters (4500 m3 volume, sludge retention time (SRT),
30 days) were fed sonicated sludge (20 kHz; flow rate, 200 m3/day). Over the 6-
month study, the experimental system consistently produced a minimum of
200 m3/day more gas than the control digester (methane production increased by
45%). Hogan et al. (2004) studied the feasibility of Sonix technology (20 kHz) for
the pretreatment of WAS before anaerobic digestion at the demonstration and full-
scale plants (Avonmouth, United Kingdom and Orange County, California, United
States). They reported that Sonix technology was capable of improving biogas
production (up to a 50% increase) and has a relatively short payback period of
2 years. The German company Hielscher (up to 48 kW) claimed to improve biogas
yield by 25%. Another German company, Sonotronic, claimed that the integration
of a high-output ultrasonic reactor (20 kHz) into existing biogas production
systems increased biogas production (up to 50%) and the methane content of the
biogas (to 70% of CH4). Barber (2005) reported the outcomes of several full-scale
part-stream ultrasound systems (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and Japan).
He observed a 22% increase in biogas production and VS reduction, and up to 7%
improvement in sludge dewatering. The energy and mass balance study of the
anaerobic digester (1200 m3, 20 days SRT, flow rate 200 m3/day, and 5% DS dry
solids (DS)), treating the sludge sonicated at 2.5 W/m2/K, shows that more energy
is generated than consumed; ie, 1 kW of applied energy will generate seven times
more electrical energy after losses. Moreover, the researchers suggested that a
typical payback period for a full-scale ultrasound installation is 2–3 years.
Biogas is an excellent fuel for a large number of applications and it can be used
more or less in all applications that were developed for natural gas. The biogas can
be used for the production of heat and steam or electricity
generation/cogeneration, as vehicle fuel, and for the production of chemicals.
Biogas can be used as a fuel to generate electrical power using engine generators,
turbines, and fuel cells and as a fuel in gas vehicles (Bridger et al., 1962). An
analysis accomplished by the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) partnership
observed that if CHP were installed at all 544 wastewater treatment facilities in the
United States (influent flow rates >5 million gallons/day and that operate anaerobic
digesters), approximately 340 MW (340,000 kWh) of electricity could be generated,
which is enough to power 261,000 homes (NACWA, 2010). According to the US
Environmental Protection Agency, 2.3 million MT of carbon dioxide emissions
annually (equivalent to 430,000 cars) could be offset if existing WWTP (with
capacity over 5 million gallons/day) that employ anaerobic digestion installed
energy recovery facilities. Harnessing the energy from biosolids offers energy
security, reduced dependence on fossil fuels, and lowered greenhouse gas
emissions (NACWA, 2010).
In several Swedish cities, use of sludge-derived biogas as biofuel in transportation
sector is a well-established practice. The Henriksdal treatment plant produces and
sells biogas to Stockholm's bus company. At least 30 buses in Stockholm are
running on biogas (Salter, 2006). In the United States, various well-established
energy recovery techniques are in use, including electricity and mechanical energy
production and heat recovery through biogas generated from anaerobic digestion
of waste sludge (Kalogo and Monteith, 2008). The use of methane as a source of
hydrogen to generate energy with liquefied carbonate fuel has been effectively
exhibited at King County, Washington's South treatment plant (Parry et al., 2004).
Co-digestion of grease (from restaurant trap haulers) with sewage sludge is
practiced in Watsonville, California, to improve biogas yield by over 50% (Cockrell,
2007). Grease is composed of energy-rich compounds such as fats, carbohydrates,
and sugars (Bailey, 2007); thus, it is an appropriate substrate for biogas production
during anaerobic digestion of sludge. The Sewerage Bureau of Tokyo Metropolitan
Government (SBTMG) implemented several projects including the use of
dewatered sewage sludge to produce fuel charcoal and sold for thermal power
generation (Oda, 2007) and for electricity generation with a gas engine using
syngas produced by the pyrolysis of sewage sludge (Takahashi, 2007). In China,
biogas harvesting from sewage sludge is a common way to recover resources. The
annual methane generation from all feedstocks including sewage sludge was
assessed at 720 million cubic meters (Aalbers, 1999). In the United Kingdom, a new
program for energy recovery was proposed by the government, including the
generation of 20% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020 (Trumper, 2007).
In 2005, 10.8% and 4.2% of all UK renewable energy was recovered by combustion
and biogas production, respectively.
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Biogas From Wastes

Fig. 11.6. Various applications of biogas.

Read full chapter

Anaerobic digestion of various feedstocks for second-

6.6 Biogas puriﬁcation using chemical scrubbing

Read full chapter

Cereal Waste Management: Treatment Methods and

Read full chapter

Application of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor

10.4.3.1.2 The Eﬀect of OLR on Biogas Generation and Yield

Figure 10.13. Biogas generation and yield as a function of OLR.

Read full chapter

Rural and Developing Country Solutions

TABLE 13.6. Sources and Quantities of Organic Wastes in Egypt

Organic waste Source Quantity

Agricultural waste 25 million tons of dry material per year

Municipal solid waste 6.6 million tons of dry organic waste/year

Sewage treatment plants 4.3 million tons of dry sludge/year

Read full chapter

Occupational Health and Safety

Properties of Biogas and The Resulting Hazards

Read full chapter

Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Anaerobic

4.6 Biogas Utilization

Gas Microturbines Reciprocating Fuel

Capital cost ($/kW) 700–2000 1100–2000 800–1500 1000–

O&amp;M costs ($/kW-h) 0.006– 0.008–0.02 0.008–0.025 0.03–

Electrical eﬃciency (%) 22–36 25–35 22–45 40–60

Emissions (NOx, SOx, CO2, Signiﬁcant Moderate Signiﬁcant Low

Fuel ﬂexibility Fair Fair Fair High

Read full chapter

Dry Anaerobic Digestion of Wastes

Read full chapter

Biogas production by thermal hydrolysis and

Read full chapter

Energy and Resource Recovery From Sludge

10.4.1 Biogas Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion

Read full chapter

Science of The Total Environment

Journal of Environmental Management

Browse Journals & Books

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O&M costs ($/kW-h) 0.006– 0.008–0.02 0.008–0.025 0.03–