Matrix Computations

(16B1NMA533)
Semester: Vth

Department of Mathematics
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology
Noida

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 Contents of the lecture

Module No. Title of Module CO

3 Vector and Inner Product 3
Spaces

 Vector Space and its properties

 Real and Complex Vector Space

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Vector Spaces
The set V is called a vector space over the field F of scalars, if for
any elements a, b, c in V and any scalars α, β in F, the following
axioms are satisfied.
1. 𝑎 + 𝑏 is in V. (closure property)
2. 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎. (commutative law)
3. 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 =𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐 . (associative law)
4. 𝑎 + 0 = 𝑎 = 0 + 𝑎. (existence of zero element in V)
5. 𝑎 + −𝑎 = 0. (existence of additive inverse)

The properties 1 to 5 are in accordance with respect to vector

addition defined over V.

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 6. 𝛼𝑎 is in V. (closure property)
7. 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑎 = 𝛼𝑎 + 𝛽𝑎. (left distributive law)
8. 𝛼𝛽 𝑎 = 𝛼 𝛽𝑎 .
9. 𝛼 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝛼𝑎 + 𝛼𝑏. (right distributive law)
10. 1𝑎 = 𝑎. (existence of multiplicative identity)
The properties 6 to 10 are in accordance with respect to scalar
multiplication defined over V.

Remarks: 1. The vector addition and scalar multiplication defined

over the vector space V need not always be the usual addition
and multiplication operators.
2. To check whether the given set V is a vector space w.r.t defined
vector addition and scalar multiplication, we usually check the
closure properties first before checking other properties.
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Real and Complex Vector Space
If the elements of 𝑉 are real and scalars 𝛼, 𝛽 are real then 𝑉 is
called a real vector space, whereas if the elements of 𝑉 are
complex and the scalars are real/complex or if the elements of V
are real and scalars are complex, then 𝑉 is called complex vector
space.
Examples
1. The set of 𝑉 of all 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices with their elements as real
numbers is a vector space over the field 𝐹 of real numbers with
respect to addition of matrices as addition of vectors and
multiplication of a matrix by a scalar as scalar multiplication.

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Solution. We know that any two matrices of the same size can be
added to yield a matrix of that size. Likewise, a scalar times a matrix
yields a matrix of the same size. Thus the operations of matrix
addition and scalar multiplication are closed.
Property 1 & 6. Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 .
Then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and 𝛼𝐴 = 𝛼[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 = [𝛼𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛
i.e. 𝐴 + 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∀ 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 and 𝛼𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∀ 𝛼 ∈ 𝐹 and 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉.
Property 2. 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 = 𝐵 + 𝐴.
i.e. matrix addition is commutative.
Property 3.
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 +𝑏𝑖𝑗 + 𝑐𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 + 𝑐𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛
=𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 .
Therefore, matrix addition is associative in nature.
Property 4. 𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝐴 = 𝑂 + 𝐴 ∀ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉. Here 𝑂 is null matrix of
order 𝑚 × 𝑛.
Property 5. For every 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉, we can have −𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 s.t.
𝐴 + −𝐴 = 𝑂. i.e, additive inverse exists.
Property 7. 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝐴 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ; ∀𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 𝐹 and ∀𝐴 ∈ 𝑉.
𝑚×𝑛
= 𝛼𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝛽𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝛼𝐴 + 𝛽𝐴.
𝑚×𝑛
Property 8. 𝛼𝛽 𝐴 = 𝛼𝛽 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚×𝑛
= 𝛼𝛽𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚×𝑛
= [𝛼(𝛽𝑎𝑖𝑗 )]𝑚×𝑛 = 𝛼 𝛽𝐴
∀ 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 𝐹 and ∀ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉.
Property 9. 𝛼 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝛼 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚×𝑛 = 𝛼𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚×𝑛 + 𝛼𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚×𝑛
= 𝛼𝐴 + 𝛼𝐵 ∀ 𝛼 ∈ 𝐹 and ∀ 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉.
Property 10. 1A = A ∀𝐴 ∈ 𝑉, where 1 is the unity element of the
field 𝐹 of real numbers.
Hence 𝑉 is a vector space over the field 𝐹 of real numbers with
respect to addition of matrices as addition of vectors and
multiplication of a matrix by a scalar as scalar multiplication.
2. The set of polynomials 𝑃𝑛 of degree less than or equal to 𝑛 is a
vector space over the field 𝐹 with respect to addition of two
polynomials as addition of vectors and the product of a
polynomial by a constant (i.e. an element of 𝐹) as scalar
multiplication.
3. The set 𝑉 of n-tuples 𝑅 𝑛 or 𝐶 𝑛 is a vector space over the field 𝐹
with respect to usual vector addition and scalar multiplication.
4. The set 𝑉 of real valued continuous functions 𝑓 on closed
interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is a vector space with respect to following vector
addition and scalar multiplication.
𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 and
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆,
where 𝑉 = {𝑓: 𝑆 → 𝐹}
and so on.
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Q. Let 𝑉 be the set of all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝑅 2 with vector
addition defined as 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑢, 𝑣 = (𝑥 + 𝑢, 𝑦 + 𝑣) and scalar
multiplication defined as 𝛼 𝑥, 𝑦 = (3𝛼𝑥, 𝑦). Determine
whether 𝑉 is a vector space or not.
Sol. Let (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝑅 2 and 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑅 2 . Clearly, (𝑥 + 𝑢, 𝑦 + 𝑣) ∈ 𝑅 2
and (3𝛼𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 2 for 𝛼 ∈ 𝐹. Therefore the closure properties
are satisfied for the given operations.
Now suppose 𝑎 = (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 2 and 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 𝐹. Then, 𝛼𝛽 𝑎 =
3𝛼𝛽𝑥, 𝑦 whereas 𝛼 𝛽𝑎 = 𝛼 3𝛽𝑥, 𝑦 = (9𝛼𝛽𝑥, 𝑦).
Thus, 𝛼𝛽 𝑎 ≠ 𝛼 𝛽𝑎 .
Therefore, property 8 of the vector space is not satisfied.
Similarly, the property 10 can be checked.
Hence, 𝑉 is not a vector space w.r.t. the defined operations.
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Practice Questions
Q. Identify which of the following is a vector space 𝑉 over the field
𝐹 of scalars. Also, if 𝑉 is not a vector space, then state which of
the properties are not satisfied.
1. Let 𝑉 be the set of all positive real valued continuous functions
𝑓 on [𝑎, 𝑏] such that
𝑏 𝑏
(i) 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and (ii) 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 with usual addition
and scalar multiplication.
2. Let 𝑉 be the set of all solutions of the homogeneous linear
differential equation 𝑦’’ − 3𝑦’ + 2𝑦 = 0 under the usual
addition and scalar multiplication.

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References
1. Jain R.K and Iyenger S.R.K, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
5th Ed., Alpha Science International Limited, 2016.
2. Herstein I. N. , Topics in Algebra, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons,
2006.
3. Hoffman K., and Kunze R. A., Linear Algebra, Pearson India
Education Services, 2015.