BONDING. Stable atoms —> have a Complete outermost shel ChemicaL bond is an attraction between two or more otoms to become stable 3 MAIN TYPES OF BONDING: iDnic bond, Covalent bond, metalirc Lond TONIC BONDING between metal 2 non-metat. pe pet ea [heen * metal atom LOSES electrons —> POSITIVE charge + Nm met atin GAINS Electrons —> NEGATIVE charge * beth metal & non-metal atoms attain a noble 4as electron configuration i.e. 1Soelectronic with a noble gas Aware not ol d-biock elements form ions With noble gas configurations 9. Cuts |S? 25% Dpt 3s* 3p 30% IONIC BOND & LATTICES Lonic aes are ete mie i Tons “ panier Lattice 7S a requiar three dimensional structure , which iS stacked up with ions The pattern of tvs 7s repeated many times to make a giant structure. All the ims attract each other by in |. Draw a square 2. Draw on identical square rehind.. EXAMPLE: Sodium chloride (giant iunie lottice) 3.Jon the squares to form @ chioriae tons CL> A Coe a * 4. Jomn +e midpomnt dn wen TO) Nov ‘id pomts of en oe a foce tothe opposite, geometric shape, 5: Drow the tons. | sodivim ion 7 surrounded by 6 chigride ims | Chioride rm 5 sunaunded by & sodium ions Formation of sodium chloride4. dissolve m polar solvents ¢.9. water COMMON IONS = [Positive tons (CATions) | NEGATIVE 10NS (ANIONS) hydrogen H7 | chloride cu sodivn Nat] bromide Br siver AQ” | fluoride Fo potassium K* | iodide LV lithiunn Li* | hydrogencarbonate C03 ‘Ammonium NH4" | hydroxide On barium Ba" | oxide Oo Calcium Ca | suphrice se Copper (1) Cu | nitrate NOE magnesium Mg | sulphate SOF ze Zn* | corvonste coe lead Pb** | chlorate CLo5 Iron (IL) Fet* | phosphate POX ven (IL) Fer - oluminuen AUT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 10NiC SUBSTANCES J. Solid ort oom temperature * 2. high melting and boling points Strong electrostatic force of attractions between postive and negative tus giant Tene lattice requires much energy to break the bonds 3. Conduct electricity only when molten or aqueous (in solution) ions that carry the current are free te move tm liquid stote Tonic Substances Aisoaate into then fons €-4. Nac caqy > Na? mr + Clow 5 brittle and shatter easily When given a sharp blow ionic Compound consists of a lattice of alternating positive And hegestive ins A blow may move the tons and produce contact between Mons with like charges Like chorges line wp, resutting in repulsion , whith Cases the ionic crystal shatter:STRENGTH OF METALS: Strength of any metallic bond depends on 4. Charge on the ion greater +he charge onthe i» —> greater the number of delocatised electrons | $0 the Stronger the electrostatic attraction between positive tons and electrons 2. Size of the im Smaller the jon (ionic radius) —> Closer the electrons are to Positive Nucleus, $0 the Stronger the bond METALS tend to be STRONG Delocodised electrons extend throughout the solid, so there are no_mdividusd bonds +o break METALLIC BONDING : * Atoms in a metal etement cannot transfer electrons unless there © A non-metal atom present to peceme them + Positwe tons in metals tend to REPEL gach other, thi} iS BALANCED by the electrostatic attraction of positive tons for negatwely chorged Sea of delocotited electrons > Number of delocouised electrons depend on number of electrons have been lost by each metal oiton + Metals have GIANT STRUCTURES because metalic bonding spreads throughout Which hog the stronger metalic Lond ? Element Na Mg cs Charge ata =ta2) ata IIT reclias oldlnm 0-lbonm 0298 nm se STRowaes] ————__—___» WEAKEST » naeae ba Na cs gee HIGH CHARGE, LOW CHARGE, HIGH Density - > Low Densityie S544 4S 2 = a a 7 =. ee a Peete e = po 1 CO == SS 7 = - os - - ; a Secccccee eae Bn 4 OS BC a Oo OB et Soca Seeees meemenmnee { 2 ‘ a - ae - : a 4COVALENT BONDING, & shared pair of electrons between 2 or mare non-metal ators > Between 2 Or more NON- METALS + NON- METAL ATomS SHARE ELECTRONS from highest occupredl orbitals. * The STRONG ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN A. BONDING PAIR OF ELECTRONS &NUCLE| OF THE ATOMS mvoved ih the bond makes q COVALENT BOND + GROUP NuMBER ZAMS No. OF COVALENT BONDS CAN FoRM * Small Grroup of Covalently bonded atoms 7 MOLECULE , and IS NEUTRAL becouse No electrons have Leen transferred from one oton to another DOUBLE COVALENT BOND: ATOMS SHARE 4 ELECTRONS TRIPLE COVALENT BOND: ATeMS SHARE G ELECTRONS LONE PAIR TS A pair of non-Lending electrons. ELECTRON DEFICIENT means electrons short, i.e. the outershetd js not full + Atoms DOT AND Cross DIAGRAMS CANNOT ALWAYS REACH NUBLE GAS ARRANGEMENT (N MOLECULE - EXAMPLES : : _Sutstance —[raleouiar foraata dot and crass diagram displayed formula, hydrogen ho, HH tata Si = water HO He na " H H ry I Methane CHe H&CtH H-¢-H 4 H Aunnmaniaa NH3 H*ENGH ila N- H : 4 H nitrogen Na NEN N=N Corben divide COr 10 Echo o=c=0 Me ot Ht ethene, Que cf me Gae 4 Ho SHMORE EXAMPLES ON DOT AND CROSS RIAGRAMS Formula & Nowe, dot & crass displayed formula CrHr “Ethyne OH” es hydroxde ion [LH-0O] SFe - poF og sulfur hexaHuoride wx FPR N14 ere > EP RATER Bape ee PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES WITH MOLECULAR STRUCTURES KEY: Atoms withn molecules are STRUNGLY BONDED with COVALENT Bons , but molecule, @re NOT STRONGLY ATTRACTED To BACH otHer. \. Can be SOLIDS, LIQUIDS OR GASES 2. LOW MELTING TEMPERATURES Strony (avalent bonds are only Letween the atoms withn the molecules. Dnly Weak attraction between the malewules, so they need. small Oumount of energy to wave apart from ah ot. 3. POOR Conductor OF ELECTRICITY = Molecules Ore neutral overall, which moons Hwre are no Charged particles to cary the Current. - If they dissolve m water, Bnd rémun as nnolegutes , the Solutions dlo wot coniluct elecinety at there are 1d churged ‘parbeles - Some covalent Compounds react with woter to form ims, The refultng soluton will Conduct HF aq) + (a4).Shapes of Molecules and VSEPR theory 2 types of electron pairs exist in Simple covalent molecules bonding pairs and hon~bonding pairs (lone pairs) Molecule forms —> outer shell electrons, both bonding amd lone pairs REPEL ONE ANOTHER as they ave the SAME CHARGIE Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) The chape the molecute fakes is thot which between the electrons pairs (electron pars will get os far apart as possible ) REPRESENTATION OF THE SHAPE OF MOLECULE iN DISPLAYED FORMULA + bonds inthe plane of page ae “SSL bonds gong back inte page ~ Comay From you) bonds comma out of page Clowourds you) B_BASIC_MOLECULAR SHAPES. Tlectron Pairs | Shape [Name of shope| Bond angie | Displayed formula Lexomple) 2 bonding | | Linear 180° OD OG joes) Q n - 3 bonding Yr Trigonal 120° b >) Plonar o7 Yo er Tetrohedral | 109.5° K , a 4 bonding ~ SL ©. _ a (CH4) oo ni abe | Trgonal 90° lo-y - p wean | Bipyramidal | 120° Oo oS, QO a Octahedrat 90" 6 bondingif a molecule /ron has lone pairs precent —> mnfluence the shape of molecule. LONE PAIRS REPEL MORE STRONGLY THAN BOND PAIRS STRENGTH OF REPULSION* lone por — lone pair > lone pair — Londing pair > bonding pair — bonding parr STRONGEST For every lone pour present: ~2° from bond angle (-25°) WEAKEST. Electron pairs | Shape [Nome of shapel Bond angle | Displayed formula (example) Q) gq 3 bonding | cs trigonal tov’ UBF - | lone 4 pyramidod nee 17 - g CNHs) 2 boring ete | bent joe Cod [a (anguiar) 2 lone a q “No (Hoo) f les & bonding i square 20° 6) 0 Z fone 1 Planar SS ° G7 OG very 7 oo 1 5 bonding she Square qo" Ne fete | tone Pyramidal > o% (0) “OO (rs) Multiple Bonds _ Bonds Shape | Nome of shape | Bond angie | Displayedl Formula (example) 2 dowble | gases [near | 80° oO Number of electron pais STEP 3: Determme how mary bonding pairs and lone pairs thore are STEP +> Predict the shope amd bund angie EXAMPLES PH3 7 no. of outer electrons from phosphoms = 5. Pyramid hoof electrons from 3H otoms = 3 He AYor total ino. of electron = 5 +3 = 3 electrons bi ho. of electron pows = 8= 2 = 4 electron paws (based on tetrahedral. ) v NX 3 bond pars | lone por PHE i H + no. of outer etectrons from phosphorus = 5 ho. of electrons from 4H atoms = 4 electron from 1+ charge = —| total no. of electrons G4q- | = 8 no. of election pars= 852 = + elect paws (Lesed on +etrahedral) a ae tetrahedral, HOA L 4 bond pairs NHi Fagot) a f .5 | Qe bent of outer electrons from nitrogen = ee no. of electrons from 2H atoms = 2 | Horse | loner) Llectron from | - Charge = +1 = total to. of electron = F424) =8 no. of electron pars = 8 + 2= 4 election paws Chased on ‘tetrahedral ) 2 bond part 2 lene pawsAsHs () No. of outer electrens from arsenic = 5 SN trigonad. No. of electrons from 3-H atoms = 3 Ht” MeSH PY ramiclod Totol no- of electrons = 543 =3 No. of electron pot = 8 = 2 = 4 electron pars (based on eee zx “ 3 bond pours (lone pair ALCL4 pie ae 1045 | No. of outer electrons from alumnum= 3 ae | “No. of electrons from 4 Cl atoms = + ei \ ‘| Electron from |~ Charge = +1 | Ac Toto number of electrons = 3t4 +1 =¥ Cl J No.of electron pars= & 2 = 4 electron pairs (hosed on tetrahedra, ) v 4 bond pairs TBE ; hall iam = | No. of outer electrins from thal inn 3 Pale eee No. of electrans from 5 By atoms = 5 S , ly bipyramidal, Clectrons from 2- Charge = +2 ro By | Tetod no. of electrons = 34542 =10 Br No. of electron pans = 10 & eigetron pairs (bosed on -trigonol bipyramidal ) 5 bond pairs TLS No. of exter electrons from thallium = 3 No. of glectrons from 2 CL atoms = 2 Hectrons from 1+ charge = ~ | Totok no. of electrons = 342 - No. oF electron part = U2 2= 2 electron pans Chased on linear) fe.—ti—ct]* tmear 2 bond poursExplam how the electron pair repulsion theory Can help ws +o predict the sre of the bond angle in PFs C6 mares] Phosphorus (P) has 6 electrons ih the outer shell 3 electrons from 3 Chlorme (CL) atoms covalently bonded with phosphorus (P) te achieve an octet (8 electrons), There are 3 bonding pairs ond | lore pair now, According to the electron poor repulsion theory, electron pairs repel each other as far as possible. The lone pairs repel each other nore than bonding pas, 1-€. Jone parr — lone pam hos wore strength of reper than bond pair — bond pair As a Woult, PF3 hay a trigonal pyramidod shape with a bond angie 107° Hydrazine , NrH4 , is a component of rocket fuel L2 marks] Using the electron pair repulsion theory, predict the H-N—H bond angle s Se H NX NTH 3 bonding paws + | lone por A A xi HoH HoH (o1" Mc type @ Some vo. of tone par of om ELIMINATE © divtowic mrstecuin M Afferent gmp @ We hes no tome pow3D shaped exercise 1 Dowie 2204 Miroscopi word I Draw the 2D shape ofthe compounds For the following compounds 4) Statono, of bond pairs & & no. of lone pairs & ') Draw and state the shape © fame ©) State the intermolecular forces between the molecules 1. NOF 29; IIp . Zs . bent dlipele~dipole forces 2 Bach 2p, Olp CL= Be— Cl Imeor Londen dhipersion frees 3. Se bbp, Olp is F LF . 6“ octahedral PWN F dipole ~ dipole forees 4 HQ 2bp, 2 Ip aD 0 HOON Vetlaped hydrogen Lond 5. Bs bp, (lp F square Pyraustat dlipele -cipste forces 6 Xe, “bp, UIP FL OUF Square pionar gov F F London dispersion forces 7. $0: 3bp, Olp oO Fat pe \ No Londen clisperseon forces 8. BR Sbp, Dip pO OF Landon chspersion forces 9. XeF, Dbp, 3\p F i) Cx? new oO E London, dispersion forces 10. ICI; Dbp. lp i Q T-shoped 1 Cl nop O cL hyo dipole forcesMicroscopie word I Draw the 30 shape of the compounds ALE 2bp, Vp q aN trigonse HEH eect H hydrogen bond EC dbp, Olp cl trigonal bipygram clo London alispersion frees 13.$0h 2 bp, Lip . Qe V-shaped Na ct dlipale-ebpote forces (Bixaor, 5Up, Ne Fe, i pa ee sue fs rou wore an chpcle ~ olpule forces SHEN 2bp, 0 IP H-C=N linear ckpole - dipule forces 16.cH, “bp, O'P H A tetrahedral a H Landon dispersion fares ‘Meroscopc word II Draw the 30 shape ofthe compounds 23. NE (ative covalent bond) (4, (|p H + LN. tetrahedral Hod oH t © fear NO> (odd no. of) om Nw Lewt dipole ~ aipale forces 18.80: 2bp, IP Q bent o~ So dipole ~cipste forces 19.Xe0, 3bp, I Ip Q trigonal pyromidal 2 iqonat pyramida 0a, oO 4 No diple ~ spate forces @Brtsinenimiad Dy, Ip Q Lent on™ ° dipole-dipole force: aust bp, Ip F Food “sO Seesaw I E F chpole ~ dipole forces 22.06% 3bp, Olp 5 c i} trigonal planar 28 London dispersion ‘forces © feune 28.NOs Dbp, OIp [O=N=0]* tinear24, FO" Gave covalent bond) 1p, | | p We Ny] Paraadel 25.C0;* 3bp, Olp oO ye I trigenst c, Jane 07 No lei 26.1Cr Llp. 3 lp Cl 1O tS binear OCtahed ral ‘simple mon: with | element ¢-9- Cl” Poligatomie fon: with 2 elements ¢.9. HO" / NHE NHZ + Ct” ap | | ionic bond 2. Lp, ZIP FLO 1 ded: sauare planar 3o.nHy 2bp, 2 |p Qo | N el H. Hoa ON site? | bp, Up a yt a4 avi Cl 32.80? bp, Olp fetrahedr ol 38 can have mare than | bund, but meanum 3 bonds13. Draw the 3-D shape ofthe following ions! compounds (5) 2. NHN 4. NO », PO.” ¢. NIGBF; . SOC ~ NH NH2 Ne H aH QF N—N