Analysis and Interpretation of Assessment Results1

Analysis and
Interpretation of
Assessment
Results
Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas, EdD
Measurement – the process of assigning value to a variable.
Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas

20XX Associate Professor 5 Contoso business plan 2
56.2 kgs
8 Males 10.5 meters
16 Cars 37.5 0C
12 Businessmen

Associate Professor 5 Assessment in Learning 1 4
Levels of Measurement
Nominal scales (Named variable) are used for labeling
variables, without any quantitative value. “Nominal”
scales could simply be called “labels.”
Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas, EdD Assessment in Learning 1 5

Nominal scales also called the categorical variable scale,
this scale is often used in research surveys and
questionnaires where only variable labels hold
significance.
Where do you live? What is your religious affiliation?
(1) Barangay (1) Roman Catholic
What is your sex? (2) Town (2) Islam
(1) Male (3) Protestantism
(3) City
(4) Orthodoxy
(2) Female (5) Restorationist
What is your favorite color? (6) Independent Catholicism
(1) Red
(7) Iglesia Filipina Independiente
(2) Green
(3) Pink (8) Iglesia ni Cristo
(4) Yellow (9) Seventh-day Adventist
(5) Violet (10) Pentecostals
(6) Blue (11) Others____________
20XX (7) Others _____Contoso business plan 6
How to use Nominal Scale?
Open-ended Question: This question-type survey
permits the respondent to answer freely.
•What is your name?

•Answer: _________________________
20XX Contoso business plan 7

Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas, EdD Assessment in Learning 1
Open-ended Question: This question-type survey
permits the respondent to answer freely.
•What is your political affiliation / belief?

•Options:
•Nationalist _____
•Liberalist _____
•Democratic _____
•Federalist _____

Multiple responses questions: This type of question allows the respondent to
select more than one option as their choice of answer.
•What is your favorite drink? (Select at least 3)

•Milk tea ______
•Cold Drink ______
•Cocktails _____
•Coffee _____
•Juice _____
•Beer _____
•Wine _____
•Gin _____
•Health drink_____

Close-Open ended Question: This type of question pattern combines the
features of both open-ended questions and multiple response questions. The “open-
end” for these question types have the option of “others” for the responders to put
their personal answer if their choice is not on the list.
•What is your mother tongue (dialect)?

•Pangasinan ______
•Ilocano ______
•Tagalog _____
•Bolinao ______
•Sambal ______
•Ibanag _____
•Kapampangan _____
•Others _____

Ordinal Scale is defined as a variable measurement scale
used to simply depict the order of variables and not the
difference between each of the variables.

Ordinal data is classified into categories within a variable
that have a natural rank order. The difference or ratio
between two rankings may not always be the same.
How frequent do you perform Describe your English language ability
(1)Beginner _____
physical exercise?
(2)Intermediate _____
(1)Never _____ (3)Fluent _____
(2)Rarely _____
(3)Sometime _____ Rank the following according to your priority
(4)Often _____ Opposite sex relationship _____
(5)Always _____ Finish study / course _____
Part-time job _____
Socialization with peers _____

Types of Ordinal Scales to use
Familiarity: It can help you gather the level
of knowledge your respondents have about
the topic.
How much knowledge do you have on the topic ‘Gene
Therapy”?
Very Quite Moderately Somewhat Not at all
Familiar Familiar Familiar Familiar Familiar
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Agreement: This scale can help determine
how much your respondents
agree/disagree with your statement.
Are in favor that mainstream broadcasting media like GMA, TV5,

ABS-CBN, PTV, SMNI, Net25 and others should promote sense
of nationalism rather than political lambasting?
Strongly Strongly
Agree Neutral Disagree
Agree Disagree
(4) (3) (2)
(5) (1)
Frequency: This ordinal scale can inform
you how often an activity is performed to
help you evaluate the behavior pattern.
How frequent do you submit your online assignment, meeting
the five (5) days before the set deadline?
Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Satisfaction: The best way to understand how
satisfied your students, customers, employees, and
prospects are with your teachings, services and
products.
How satisfied are you in the Teaching-Learning-Assessment
delivery of your new mathematics professor?
Very Very
Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied
Satisfied Dissatisfied
(4) (3) (2)
(5) (1)

Likelihood: This scale helps you understand
how likely the respondents will perform the
suggested activity.
Are you willing to perform the role play in class despite the
unavailability of media resources?
Certainly Most-likely Maybe Unlikely Not at all

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Interval scale: It includes all the characteristics
of the ordinal level, but, in addition, the
difference or interval between values is
meaningful. It indicates an actual amount
(numerical).
The order and the difference between the
variables can be known. Its limitation is it has no
“true zero”. (Interval scales hold no true
zero and can represent values below zero. For
example, you can measure temperature below 0
degrees Celsius, such as -10 degrees.)

Temperature in degrees centigrade (Dagupan, Pangasinan)
January 30, 2021 21.6 Degrees Celsius
11.9
February 24, 2021 33.5 Degrees Celsius
2.5
April 3, 2021 36.0 Degrees Celsius
0.2
May 8, 2021 36.2 Degrees Celsius
Trivia
Tuguegarao, Cagayan
April 22, 1912 → 42.2 degrees Celsius.
May 11, 1969 → 42.2 degrees Celsius.
Metro Manila
May 17, 1915 → 38.6 degrees Celsius

Examples of Interval Data
1. Temperature (Celsius or Fahrenheit)
2. Mark grading (60 & 40 has 20 points difference;
45 & 25 has 20 points difference)
3. Time (the difference between 1 o’clock and 2
o’clock is the same as that between 2 o’clock and
3 o’clock) (can be an interval and ratio data)

Examples of Interval Data
1. Grade Point Average (GPA)
2. Income (1peso - 5,000; 5,001-10,000; 10,001-25,000; 25,001 –
100,000) (can be an interval and ratio data)
3. Dates (Philippine history; 1521, 1898, 1945, 1986) (can be an
interval and ratio data)

Ratio scale: The ratio scale of measurement is the most
informative scale (most precise). It is an interval scale
with the additional property that its zero position indicates
the absence of the quantity being measured.

Characteristics of Ratio Data
•Absolute zero: Ratio scales have an absolute zero, (absolute / true zero means
that the zero point represents the absence of the property being
measured (e.g., no money, no behavior, none correct). They have a specific order
and have equal distance between their values.
•For example, 40kg is twice more than 20kg, or the distance from point A to B is
50km which is twice the distance from point B to C, i.e., 100km.
•No negative number: Because ratio scales have an absolute zero, they do not
have significant negative numbers.
•Possibilities for statistical measurement: Since ratio scales have an absolute
zero, variables in this type of data can be added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided.
Furthermore, all measures of central tendency can be performed with ratio scales.
These include the mean, mode, and median.
•Possibility of conversion: Gram → Calorie; Kilogram → Kilocalorie
Examples of Ratio Data
•Age (can be interval and ratio)
•Mass and Weight
•Height.
•Distance
•Speed
•Sales
•Prices
•Ruler measurements.
•Income earned in a week.
•Years of education.
•Number of students
•Number of children.
How much time do you spend daily What is your height in feet and inches?
viewing your social media platforms? •Less than 5 feet.
•Less than 2 hours ______ •5 feet 1 inch – 5 feet 5 inches
•3-4 hours •5 feet 6 inches- 6 feet
•4-5 hours •More than 6 feet
•5-6 hours
•More than 6 hours What is your weight in kgs?
•Less than 50 kgs
Please select which age bracket do you •51- 70 kgs
fall in? •71- 90 kgs
•Below 20 years •91-110 kgs
•21-30 years •More than 110 kgs
•31-40 years What is the number of Takoyaki you can eat daily?
•41-50 years •1-2
•50 years and above •2-3
•3-4
•4-5
•5-6
20XX
Contoso business plan
Assessment in Learning 1 •More than 6 26
How is Ratio Data are Collected?
•Interviews: In this method, participants are interviewed and data is collected
from there. Such discussions are often structured, semi-structured, or
unstructured. They can be either face-to-face, telephonic, panel or group, and
computer-assisted/online.
•Questionnaires and Surveys: This is a standard data collection method for

qualitative data. A survey or a questionnaire is handed out to participants, and
they are asked to answer a series of questions. Their answers are then
recorded for qualitative / quantitative analysis.
•Direct Observation: Ratio data can also be collected through direct

observation. For example, if you were to measure the height of some athletes,
there will be a point zero. A measurement of 0 would indicate an absence of
the athlete.
56.2 kgs
8 Males 10.5 meters
16 Cars 37.5 0C
12 Businessmen Rank, order
Sex, Religion,
Race
Height, Weight
Temperature,
Grades
Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas, EdD Assessment in Learning 1 29
MEASURES OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY

Measures of Central Tendency
A measure of central tendency is a single value that
attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central
position within that set of data. As such, measures of
central tendency are sometimes called measures of central
location.

For ungrouped data

The MEAN is equal to the sum
of all the values in the data set
divided by the number of
values in the data set. The
mean (or average) is the most
popular and well known
measure of central tendency. It
can be used with both discrete
and continuous data.
For ungrouped data

The MEDIAN is the
middle score for a set
of data that has been
arranged in order of
magnitude.
Data for the age of learners 4, 5, 8, 2, 3
2, 3, 4, 5, 8
For ungrouped data

The MODE is the most
frequent score in our
data set. It is sometimes
considered as being the
most popular option.

For ungrouped data
Find the mean, median and mode of the

following set of numbers obtained from the age
of the respondents.
23, 29, 20, 32, 23, 21, 33, 25
Mean
Mean: 23+29+20+32+23+21+33+25
8
Mean: 25.75
When not to use the mean
The mean has one main disadvantage: it is particularly susceptible to the
influence of outliers. These are values that are unusual compared to the rest
of the data set by being especially small or large in numerical value. For
example, consider the wages of employees at a State University.
Employee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Salary 15k 18k 16k 14k 15k 15k 12k 17k 90k 95k
The mean salary for these ten employee is Php 30.7k. However, inspecting
the raw data suggests that this mean value might not be the best way to
accurately reflect the typical salary of an employee, as most employees
have salaries in the Php 12k to 18k range. The mean is being skewed by
the two large salaries.
For ungrouped data

of the respondents.
23, 29, 20, 32, 23, 21, 33, 25
Median
Median: 20, 21, 23, 23, 25, 29, 32, 33
Median: 23+25/2 = 24
Considering the problem on the salary of
employees, using Median
Employee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
15k + 16k / 2 =
20XX
Associate Professor 5
Median = 15.5K
Contoso business plan 38
For ungrouped data

of the respondents.
23, 29, 20, 32, 23, 21, 33, 25
Mode
Mode: 20, 21, 23, 23, 25, 29, 32, 33
Mode: 23
For ungrouped data
Types of Mode
Unimodal – A single unique mode.
1,2,2,2,4,6,11,17,18
Mode = 2.
Bimodal – The data has two modal values.

1,2,2,2,7,7,7,12,18,22,36
Mode = 2 and 7.
Multimodal – It has more than two values of mode.

13,13,15,16,16,18,18,19,23.
Mode 13, 16 & 18
Associate Professor 5 40
Data Advantages Disadvantages
Takes account of all
Very minute or very large values
Mean values to calculate the
can affect the mean.
average.
Since the median is an average of
position, therefore arranging the data
The median is not
in ascending or descending order of
Median affected by very large
magnitude is time-consuming in the
or very small values.
case of a large number of
observations.
The only averages There can be more than one mode,
that can be used if the and there can also be no mode
Mode
data set is not in which means the mode is not always
20XX
numbers. representative of the data.
Contoso business plan 41
Best measure of central
Type of Variable
tendency
Nominal Mode
Ordinal Median
Interval/Ratio (not skewed) Mean
Interval/Ratio (skewed) Median

Calculate the Mean from the following GROUPED DATA
on the respondents for the fare hike increase
proposition of driver’s association in Bayambang to:
X Frequency
1 (Tricycle drivers) 5
2 (Students) 10
3 (Teachers) 6
4 (LGU employees) 3
5 (Vendors) 2

Calculate the Mean from the following
GROUPED DATA on the respondents for
the fare hike increase proposition of
driver’s association in Bayambang to:
X 1x5 Frequency (f) (f)(x)
1 (Tricycle drivers) 5 5
2 (Students) 10 20
3 (Teachers) 6 18
4 (LGU employees) 3 12
5 (Vendors) 2 10
n = 26 fx = 65
Compute for the Mean
__
Mean x = ∑fx
n
= 65
26
= 2.5
GROUPED DATA on the respondents for
the fare hike increase proposition of
driver’s association in Bayambang to:
X Frequency (f) (f)(x)
1 (Tricycle drivers) 5 5
2 (Students) 10 20
3 (Teachers)
2.5 6 18
4 (LGU employees) 3 12
5 (Vendors) 2 10
n = 26 fx = 65
GROUPED DATA on the ages of
children who were vaccinated:
Age Class Frequency
0 to less than 2 5
2 to less than 4 16
4 to less than 6 13
6 to less than 8 7
8 to less than 10 5
10 -to less than 12
20XX
4 47
0+2/2= 1
Age Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) (f)(x)

0 to less than 2 5 1 5
2 to less than 4 16
4 to less than 6 13
6 to less than 8 7
8 to less than 10 5
10 to less than 12 4
Frequency Mid value
Age Class (f)(x)
(f) (x)
10 to less than 12 4 11 44
n = 50 fx = 256
Compute for the Mean
Mean x = ∑fx
__
n
= 256
50
= 5.12
Frequency Mid value
Age Class (f)(x)
(f) (x)
4 to less than 6 13 5 5.12 65
10 to less than 12 4 11 44
n = 50 fx = 256
Calculate Median from the following
GROUPED DATA (Scores of students in
their periodical examinations)
Scores Frequency (f)
70 to less than 80 3 52
Scores Frequency (f) cf
20 to less than 30 25 15+25 = 40
Class Frequency (f) cf
Scores Frequency (f) cf
n = 88
To find Median Class
= value of (n) th observation
2
= value of (88) th observation

2
= value of 44th observation

Class Frequency (f) cf
30 to less than 40 20 44th 60
n = 88
44th observation is in the cf 60 and lies at the median class of 30 to
less than 40
Now,
∴L = lower boundary point of median class = 30
∴n = Total frequency = 88
∴cf = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median

class = 40
∴f = Frequency of the median class = 20
∴c = class length of median class = 10

44th observation is in the cf 60 and lies at the median class of 30 to less than
40
Now,
∴L = lower boundary point of median class = 30
∴n = Total frequency = 88
∴cf = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class = 40
∴f = Frequency of the median class = 20
∴c = class length of median class = 10
n/2 - cf
Median M = L + x c
f
n/2 - cf
Median M = L + x c
f
88 / 2 - 40
= 30 + x 10
20
44 - 40
= 30 + x 10
20
4
= 30 + x 10
20
= 30 + 2
20XX Median = 32 Contoso business plan 60
Calculate Mode from the following
grouped data
Class Frequency (f)
Calculate Mode from the following
grouped data
Class Frequency (f)
n = 88
20XX Associate Professor 5 62
To find Mode Class
Here, maximum frequency is 25.
∴ The mode class is 20-30. Class Frequency (f)

∴L=lower boundary point of mode
class = 20 20 to less than 30 25
∴f1= frequency of the mode class =25
∴f0= frequency of the preceding 50 to less than 60 8
class =15
∴f2= frequency of the succeeding 70 to less than 80 3
class = 20
n = 88
∴c= class length of mode class = 10
63
f1 - f0
Z=L+ x c
2 x f1 - f0 - f2)
To find Mode Class
Here, maximum frequency is 25. 25 - 15
=20 + x 10
2 x 25 – 15 - 20
∴ The mode class is 20-30.
∴L=lower boundary point of mode 10
class = 20 =20+ x 10
15
∴f1= frequency of the mode class =25
∴f0= frequency of the preceding =20+6.6667
class =15
∴f2= frequency of the succeeding Mode Z = 26.6667
class = 20
∴c= class length of mode class = 10

I – Curriculum Vitae
Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas is a faculty member of PSU, a lecturer for the National Network
of Normal Schools and believes that “teaching can always inspire hope.” He obtained his
degree Bachelor of Secondary Education, major in Chemistry (2003) at Pangasinan State
University-College of Education, Bayambang. His Master of Arts in Education, major in
Science Education (2008) and Doctor of Education major in Educational Management (2013)
was respectively obtained from Pangasinan State University, Graduate School, Urdaneta City.
He started his science teaching career at PCST-Special Science High School (2003), PSU-
Asingan Campus (2006) and currently PSU-Bayambang Campus (2012-present). He handled
several designations like Campus Executive Assistant, IPPRO Coordinator, PACD Officer,
Practice Teaching Coordinator for BSE and BEE, Chairperson of Science and Math
Department, Campus Research Coordinator, and Chairperson of Professional Education
Department. Currently he is an Associate Professor 5 and a member of several professional
organizations. He had published local researches in Campus Research Journal and
international researches in APJMR. He is also a co-author of several learning materials like
Field Study 6 Manual, Practice Teaching Manual, PT Portfolio, Special Topics in Education
and various lecture series in Science and Professional Education. He is currently enjoying his
teaching and learning journey for nineteen (19) years now.

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Analysis and

Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas

Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas

Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas, EdD Assessment in Learning 1 5

•What is your name?

20XX Contoso business plan 7

•What is your political affiliation / belief?

20XX Contoso business plan 8

•What is your favorite drink? (Select at least 3)

20XX Contoso business plan 9

•What is your mother tongue (dialect)?

20XX Contoso business plan 10

20XX Contoso business plan 11

20XX Contoso business plan 12

20XX Contoso business plan 13

Are in favor that mainstream broadcasting media like GMA, TV5,

Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

20XX Contoso business plan 15

20XX Contoso business plan 16

Certainly Most-likely Maybe Unlikely Not at all

20XX Contoso business plan 17

20XX Contoso business plan 18

Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas

20XX Contoso business plan 20

20XX Contoso business plan 21

20XX Contoso business plan 22

•Questionnaires and Surveys: This is a standard data collection method for

•Direct Observation: Ratio data can also be collected through direct

Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas

20XX Contoso business plan 31

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Central Tendency

Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas

Find the mean, median and mode of the

Find the mean, median and mode of the

Median: 20, 21, 23, 23, 25, 29, 32, 33

Find the mean, median and mode of the

Mode: 20, 21, 23, 23, 25, 29, 32, 33

Bimodal – The data has two modal values.

Multimodal – It has more than two values of mode.

Interval/Ratio (not skewed) Mean

Interval/Ratio (skewed) Median

Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas

Age Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) (f)(x)

= value of (88) th observation

= value of 44th observation

∴cf = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median

∴f = Frequency of the median class = 20

∴c = class length of median class = 10

∴ The mode class is 20-30. Class Frequency (f)

Dr. Emmanuel Ross B. Tomas

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