nsions and Un Te Coot fon ate [eceeon me a 3281 ae = * 1016 +1 Dessty twa! Bayt! e2BE 2 ae Sut 1oWE—3 Fone ™ » 2088-1 Tag = 2 3281 = a jeveti is og 6a2E-2 Bowes w ws 136E-1 w t» LE-3 Prose Naat Be(@-F) Uke 4 Nm Bi) 20002 Nat Bimips) —LASUE 4 Specie wrt Now we 6366-3 Tenpeatue c e Tea lig 32 x a 000 ety a a Esl ms ie (mpt) 2257Analysis of Fluid Behavior 19 Properties of fluids result from inter-molecular interactions. For example, ‘the temperature of a gas having more molecular interactions would be higher than a gas having less interactions19 Properties of fluids result from inter-molecular interactions. For example, ‘the temperature of a gas having more molecular interactions would be higher than a gas having less interactions. 12 Macroscopic analysis: Study of the properties as combined molecular (average) behavior over a small volume containing large number of molecules. 1 The volume used for averaging is normally quite small as compared to physical dimension of system, but large compared to the average distance between molecules,19 Properties of fluids result from inter-molecular interactions. For example, ‘the temperature of a gas having more molecular interactions would be higher than a gas having less interactions. 12 Macroscopic analysis: Study of the properties as combined molecular (average) behavior over a small volume containing large number of molecules. 1 The volume used for averaging is normally quite small as compared to physical dimension of system, but large compared to the average distance between molecules. '@ Continuum hypothesis states that macroscopic behavior of fluid is perfectly continuous and smooth, and flow properties inside small volumes will be regarded as being uniformProperties of fluids result ‘rom inter-molecular interactions. For example, ‘the temperature of a gas having more molecular interactions would be higher than a gas having less interactions. Macroscopic analysis: Study of the properties as combined molecular (average) behavior over a small volume containing large number of molecules. The volume used for averaging is normally quite small as compared to physical dimension of system, but large compared to the average distance between molecules. Continuum hypothesis states that macroscopic behavior of fluid is perfectly continuous and smooth, and flow properties inside small volumes will be regarded as being uniform. The advantage of macroscopic analysis over microscopic analysis.Properties of fluids result ‘rom inter-molecular interactions. For example, ‘the temperature of a gas having more molecular interactions would be higher than a gas having less interactions. Macroscopic analysis: Study of the properties as combined molecular (average) behavior over a small volume containing large number of molecules. The volume used for averaging is normally quite small as compared to physical dimension of system, but large compared to the average distance between molecules. Continuum hypothesis states that macroscopic behavior of fluid is perfectly continuous and smooth, and flow properties inside small volumes will be regarded as being uniform. The advantage of macroscopic analysis over microscopic analysis. Cost of analysis,19 Properties of fluids result from inter-molecular interactions. For example, ‘the temperature of a gas having more molecular interactions would be higher than a gas having less interactions. 12 Macroscopic analysis: Study of the properties as combined molecular (average) behavior over a small volume containing large number of molecules. 1 The volume used for averaging is normally quite small as compared to physical dimension of system, but large compared to the average distance between molecules. '@ Continuum hypothesis states that macroscopic behavior of fluid is perfectly continuous and smooth, and flow properties inside small volumes will be regarded as being uniform. 1@ The advantage of macroscopic analysis over microscopic analysis. Cost of analysis, © Validity of continuum hypothesis: Seales of fui processes (1mm 100k) > molecular scales (10°? mm).© Density (2): Mass per unt volume© Density (2): Mass per unt volume p= (ke/m’) @ Density variation with pressure and temperature© Density (2): Mass per unt volume p= (ke/m’) @ Density variation with pressure and temperature© Density (2): Mass per unt volume p= (ke/m’) @ Density variation with pressure and temperature @ Specific Volume (v): Volume per unit mass vid mp© Density (2): Mass per unt volume p= (ke/m’) @ Density variation with pressure and temperature @ Specific Volume (v): Volume per unit mass vid mp 1 Specific Weight (7): Weight per unit volume Y= ps (N/m')(ke/m*) @ Density variation with pressure and temperature @ Specific Volume (v): Volume per unit mass vid mp 1 Specific Weight (7): Weight per unit volume y=pe (N/m) ic Gravity (SG): The ratio of the density of 2 substance to the y of water at & specified temperature (usualy water at 4 °C)'© A property that represents the internal resistance (friction) of a fluid to motion of the flu'© A property that represents the internal resistance (friction) of a fluid to motion ot the fluidity 12 The viscosity is that property of a fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to shear (deformation),'© A property that represents the internal resistance (friction) of a fluid to motion ot the fluidity 12 The viscosity is that property of a fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to shear (deformation), ‘© Nosslip condition: When fluid moves over a surface then molecules in contact with wall stick to wall © Consequently, flow velocity immediately at a stationary wall is always zero. This is how flow would look if no-slip condition ‘would not exist. This is how flow looks inreality asa consequence of no-slip canuditivns'@ The behavior ofa fluid in laminar (streamline) flow between two parallel plates when the upper plate moves with a constant velocity V.fate '@ The behavior ofa fluid in laminar (streamline) flow between two parallel plates when the upper plate moves with a constant velocity V. 18 The fluid adjacent to lower wall has zero velocity and the fluid adjacent to the upper wall moves with velocity U.fate '@ The behavior ofa fluid in laminar (streamline) flow between two parallel plates when the upper plate moves with a constant velocity V. 18 The fluid adjacent to lower wall has zero velocity and the fluid adjacent to the upper wall moves with velocity U. «@ Linear velocity profile in between the plate with constant velocity gradient. ugy=2V andfate '@ The behavior ofa fluid in laminar (streamline) flow between two parallel plates when the upper plate moves with a constant velocity V. The fd sdscant loner wal ha 60 vloy and the Aid acento the pper wal moves with vel © duly wre my=2V and {© Angular displacement or shear strain se = nap == Ve'@ The behavior ofa fluid in laminar (streamline) flow between two parallel plates when the upper plate moves with a constant velocity V. The fd sdscant loner wal ha 60 vloy and the Aid acento the pper wal moves with vel © duly wre my=2V and {© Angular displacement or shear strain omen 4 Shearing he vl ein 8 dt dyPecan '@ Newtonian fluids: Fluids for which the rate of deformation is proportional tothe shear stress - dy or atDetermination of V '@ Newtonian fluids: Fluids for which the rate of deformation is proportional tothe shear stress a a Tay {@ The relation between shear stress and stra Viscosity) rate: (Newton’ s Law of di Bh (N/m?) dy ‘Where constant of proportionality 4, (mu):1 For liquids, both the dynamic and kinematic viscosities are practically independent of pressure(at low to moderate pressures)1 For liquids, both the dynamic and kinematic viscosities are practically independent of pressure(at low to moderate pressures) 19 For gases dynamic viscosity is also largely independent of pressure(at low +o moderate pressures), but kinematic viscosity decreases with increase in pressure = L810 kg1 For liquids, both the dynamic and kinematic viscosities are practically independent of pressure(at low to moderate pressures) 19 For gases dynamic viscosity is also largely independent of pressure(at low +o moderate pressures), but kinematic viscosity decreases with increase in pressure = L810 kgSmee ‘@ Temperature dependence of dynamic viscosity i erSeen ‘@ Temperature dependence of dynamic viscosity i er 12 Reading Homework: Shear thinning fluids, shear thicking fluids, BinghamPoe {© The velocity distribution forthe flow of a Newtonian fluid between two wide, parallel plates is given by the equation and js given as V =O.6m/s. The fluid has a viscosity of 2.N.«)m* and distance between the two plates is 2h — 57m, (2) Determine the shear stress at the bottom val (b) Determine the shear stress on 2 plane parallel to the walls and passing ‘through the centerine (midplane)Poe {© The velocity distribution forthe flow of a Newtonian fluid between two wide, parallel plates is given by the equation and js given as V =O.6m/s. The fluid has a viscosity of 2.N.«)m* and distance between the two plates is 2h — 57m, (2) Determine the shear stress at the bottom val (b) Determine the shear stress on 2 plane parallel to the walls and passing ‘through the centerine (midplane) Home work Problems: 1.63, 1.64, 1.65, 1.68, 1.71.'@ The capacity of liquids to resist tensile stresses at their surface is called surface tension'@ The capacity of liquids to resist tensile stresses at their surface is called surface tension. 1 At interface between a liquid and a gas, or between two immiscible liquids, forces develop in the liquid surface which cause the surface to behave as if it were skin or membrane stretched over the fluid mass.'@ The capacity of liquids to resist tensile stresses at their surface is called surface tension. 1 A interface between a liquid and a gas, oF between two immiscible liquids, forces develop in the liquid surface which cause the surface to behave as if it were skin or membrane stretched over the fluid mass. '@ Examples of surface tension: Floating needle on water, Water Strider on water, droplets‘© Surface tension is the result of unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the Tiguid molecules at the fluid surface.‘© Surface tension is the result of unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the Tiguid molecules at the fluid surface. 12 The surface tension is designated by the Greek symbol N/m, (sigma)‘© Surface tension is the result of unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the Tiguid molecules at the fluid surface. 12 The surface tension is designated by the Greek symbol N/m, (sigma) 19 Temperature dependence of surface tension 10% 6x B ‘Water nm Surface tension, Ib/ft 0 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, °F{9 The intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along any line at the liquid surface 19 The force balance an a half spherical droplet:Pact) ‘@ The rise or fall oF 3 liquid in a capillary tube.capillary Action (@ The rise or fall oF 3 liquid in a capillary tube IF a small open tube is inserted into water, the water evel in the tube will rise above the water level outside the tube.Pact) (@ The rise or fall oF 3 liquid in a capillary tube IF a small open tube is inserted into water, the water evel in the tube will rise above the water level outside the tube. 1 Force balance to find the rise of water caluren eke eh yaRh = 2nRe cost 2e cos yR hePeete) '@ Wetting Non-wetting liquids: If contact angle 8 < 90, the liquid would act Uke wetting liquid and if @ > 90, the liquid acts like non-wetting liquid beycapillary Action '@ Wetting Non-wetting liquids: If contact angle 8 < 90, the liquid would act Uke wetting liquid and if @ > 90, the liquid acts like non-wetting liquid bey ‘© Numerical Problem: An open, lean glass tube, having a diameter of 3mm, is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20°C [o = 0.4661: = 1334N/m!). How far wil the column of mercury in ‘the tube be depressed if the angle of contact between mercury and glass surface is @ = 130" 7capillary Action '@ Wetting Non-wetting liquids: If contact angle 8 < 90, the liquid would act Uke wetting liquid and if @ > 90, the liquid acts like non-wetting liquid bey - ‘© Numerical Problem: An open, lean glass tube, having a diameter of 3mm, is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20°C [o = 0.4661: = 1334N/m!). How far wil the column of mercury in ‘the tube be depressed if the angle of contact between mercury and glass surface is @ = 130" 7 8 Home work Problems: 1.94, 1.96, 1.97, 1.102. SS'@ Measure of easiness by which volume of a fluid can be changed with the change of pressure'@ Measure of easiness by which volume of a fluid can be changed with the change of pressure E ge 2. ae ~ dplp @ Units of Bulk Modulus are N/mm. Large values of bulk modulus show that the uid rele Incompresile, A has uk modulus af 242 KP vie for waters 2150 Mpa,'@ Measure of easiness by which volume of a fluid can be changed with the change of pressure a qj ge 2. ae/¥ ~ dplp @ Units of Bulk Modulus are N/mm. Large values of bulk modulus show that the uid rele Incompresile, A has uk modulus af 242 KP vie for water is 2150 Mpa. «Bulk modulus of gases unceging isctheral comoresson expansion'@ Measure of easiness by which volume of a fluid can be changed with the change of pressure a qj ge 2. ae/¥ ~ dplp @ Units of Bulk Modulus are N/mm. Large values of bulk modulus show that the uid rele Incompresile, A has uk modulus af 242 KP vie for water is 2150 Mpa. «Bulk modulus of gases unceging isctheral comoresson expansion'@ Measure of easiness by which volume of a fluid can be changed with the change of pressure a qj ge 2. ae/¥ ~ dplp @ Units of Bulk Modulus are N/mm. Large values of bulk modulus show that the uid rele Incompresile, A has uk modulus af 242 KP vie for water is 2150 Mpa. «Bulk modulus of gases unceging isctheral comoresson expansion «@ Reading Homework: Vapor pressure, speed of sound