THE IMPACT OF GENDER STIGMA AND STEREOTYPES IN CAREER

WOMAN'S LIFE

i
LIST OF CONTENTS

ii
PREFACE

iii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Women in the world of work often face unique and complex challenges,
especially those related to gender stigma and stereotypes embedded in society.
Along with social changes and cultural developments, the role of women in the
professional sphere has evolved significantly. However, despite great progress in
achieving gender equality, stigma and stereotypes still widely influence the lives
of career women. Gender stigma is a negative assumption or unfair judgment
against a person based on their gender. This often leads to discrimination and
unfair treatment in various aspects of life, including in the world of work. On the
other hand, gender stereotypes are inaccurate general views of the roles and
characteristics that women or men should have in society.

In the daily life of a career woman, gender stigma and stereotypes can
have a significant impact, both directly and indirectly. First of all, this stigma can
influence people's perceptions of women's abilities and competencies in work.
Women are often considered less capable or less suited for positions that require
big decisions or leadership, simply because they are women. This hinders their
career advancement and drives the gender gap in the workplace.

Additionally, gender stereotypes also limit women's career choices. They

are often directed or influenced to choose jobs that are considered to "fit" gender
stereotypes, such as jobs that are considered more suitable for women such as
being a teacher, nurse, or secretary, rather than professions that are considered
more "masculine" such as technicians, engineers, or entrepreneurs. . These
stereotypes not only harm individuals, but also society as a whole by limiting the
talents and potential that women can develop in various fields.

In addition, gender stigma and stereotypes can also affect the balance
between women's work and personal lives. Women are often expected to shoulder
large household and family responsibilities, even when they have successful
careers. This often creates an additional burden for career women, who struggle to

1
balance professional demands and domestic responsibilities, while existing gender
stereotypes may make it difficult for them to gain support or recognition in
overcoming these challenges. Furthermore, gender stigma and stereotypes have a
significant impact on the mental and emotional well-being of career women. The
pressure to live up to the expectations set by society around gender roles can be a
heavy burden for them. Women often feel the need to over-prove themselves in
the work environment just to get the recognition they should receive
unconditionally.

This creates serious internal conflict, as career women often struggle to

reconcile traditional expectations about gender roles with their broader
professional aspirations. They can feel trapped in a situation where they have to
choose between maintaining their identity as a woman and achieving the desired
professional success. Apart from that, this pressure can also cause prolonged
anxiety. Career women may feel worried about not being able to meet the
expectations that have been set for them, whether at work or within the family
sphere. These feelings can increase their stress and anxiety levels, disrupting their
emotional and mental balance.

The negative impact of stigma and gender stereotypes can also cause
prolonged fatigue. Career women often feel they have to work harder than their
male colleagues to prove their competence and value in the workplace. This can
lead to serious physical and mental exhaustion, especially when faced with
unrealistic expectations and constant stress. Not only that, but the most serious
consequence of the impact of stigma and gender stereotypes is the risk of
experiencing depression. A sense of disapproval, persistent exhaustion, and
feelings of inadequacy can cause career women to fall into a cycle of depression
that is difficult for them to escape. This can impact their work performance,
personal relationships, and overall quality of life.

However, despite increasing understanding of the negative impact of

stigma and gender stereotypes on the mental well-being of career women, there
remains a gap in in-depth research on this topic. Further research is needed to
better understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between gender

2
stigma, stereotypes, and career women's mental well-being. Longitudinal studies
that monitor the impact of gender stigma over time as well as interventions aimed
at reducing stress and increasing support for career women are also needed. With
more empirical evidence, we can develop more effective strategies to address
these issues and create more inclusive and supportive work environments for
career women.

As society continues to develop, it is important to understand and

overcome the gender stigma and stereotypes that still exist. Steps such as
increasing awareness of gender equality, encouraging the opening up of spaces for
women in fields considered “masculine”, and providing greater support for work-
life balance for career women are important steps that can be taken to reduce the
impact negative effects of stigma and gender stereotypes. Thus, this article will
examine in more depth the impact of gender stigma and stereotypes in the lives of
career women, as well as identify steps that can be taken to reduce their negative
impacts and promote greater gender equality in the world of work. In this way, it
is hoped to create a more inclusive and fair environment for all individuals,
regardless of their gender.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. How do gender stigma and stereotypes influence career women's self-

perceptions and professional identities?
2. What strategies do career women use to overcome the stress generated by
gender stigma and stereotypes in the work environment?
3. What is the relationship between the impact of career women's mental well-
being and their level of exposure to gender stigma and stereotypes in the
workplace?

1.3 Research purposes

1. To determine the influence of gender stigma and stereotypes on the self-

perception and professional identity of career women.
2. To describe the strategies used by career women to overcome the pressures
produced by gender stigma and stereotypes in the work environment.

3
3. To determine the relationship between the impact of career women's mental
well-being and the level of exposure to gender stigma and stereotypes in the
workplace.

1.4 Benefits of research

It is hoped that this research will provide a deeper understanding of the impact
that gender stigma and stereotypes have on the lives of career women, as well as
the strategies used by them to overcome the resulting pressure. It is hoped that the
results of this research can provide guidance for companies and organizations to
develop policies and programs that are more inclusive and supportive for career
women, so as to improve their mental well-being and professionalism in the
workplace.

4
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Gender

Gender is a social and cultural concept that refers to the roles, behaviors,
and attributes that are considered appropriate or characteristic for women and men
in a particular society. In contrast to sex, which refers to the biological differences
between men and women, gender has more to do with the social construction of
the roles and identities assigned to individuals based on their sex. Gender is not
something innate or fixed, but rather something that is formed and develops
through social interactions, norms, values and culture that exist in a society.

The concept of gender has a strong influence in many aspects of human

life, including behavior patterns, thought patterns, decision making, and
determining social roles. In many cultures, there are certain expectations placed
on individuals based on their gender. For example, in some societies, women are
expected to be responsible for household tasks and child care, while men are
expected to be the primary breadwinners. Stereotypes and norms such as these
often encourage a different division of tasks and roles between women and men,
and create different expectations for their behavior, abilities and aspirations.

However, the concept of gender is not something static or universal.

Rather, it varies widely between cultures and can change over time. Gender
construction is influenced by factors such as religion, politics, economics and
social change. For example, in more socially advanced societies, gender roles may
become more flexible, with more opportunities for individuals to explore their
interests and aspirations without being tied to rigid gender stereotypes. Moreover,
gender is not just about the roles and behaviors expected of women and men.
Gender also includes gender identity, namely the way individuals identify and
define themselves in relation to concepts related to women, men, or other gender
identities. Gender identity can vary from one individual to another, and does not
always correspond to their biological sex. The concept of gender identity is also
closely related to other gender concepts such as sexuality and sexual orientation.

1
 In social and political matters, gender issues are often a major concern.
Gender inequality, gender discrimination and gender-based violence are some
examples of issues that are often the focus of attention of the public and
international institutions. Efforts to achieve gender equality and overcome gender
discrimination have become an important part of human rights movements around
the world. Gender roles also have a significant impact in the economic and
development context. When women and men have equal access to education,
employment, and other economic opportunities, this can increase economic
growth and reduce poverty. By reducing the gender gap in economic participation,
societies can harness the full potential of their human resources, which in turn can
bring benefits to all individuals and society as a whole.

Overall, the concept of gender is an important aspect in understanding

individual identity, social structure, and the dynamics of human life. Through a
better understanding of the concept of gender and efforts to overcome gender
stereotypes and discrimination, we can move towards a society that is more
inclusive, fair and equal in opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their
gender.

2.2 Stereotypes

Stereotypes are general images or views that are widely accepted in

society about certain groups, including groups based on gender, age, ethnicity,
religion or other social background. Stereotypes tend to be simplistic, often based
on limited experience or limited information, and do not always reflect the reality
of the individual or group being targeted. This phenomenon often leads to
inaccurate and unfair depictions of certain groups, which in turn can influence
how those individuals or groups are treated in various social contexts, including in
education, work, and everyday life. One important aspect of stereotypes is that
they tend to be 'self-fulfilling prophecies', meaning they can influence the
behavior of individuals or groups so that they ultimately conform to the
stereotypical image. For example, if someone is viewed as intellectually less
capable because of stereotypes about their group, they may begin to doubt their
own abilities and be less motivated to achieve academically or professionally. In

2
this case, stereotypes not only create inaccurate perceptions about individuals or
groups, but can also produce significant negative consequences in real life.

Stereotypes often develop from a socialization process, in which

individuals internalize views or beliefs that are common in their society. This can
occur through direct experience, such as interactions with members of a particular
group, or through mass media, literature, or popular culture. For example, women
are often positioned in traditional roles that emphasize softness, dependability, or
physical beauty in various forms of media, which can then result in stereotypes
about the roles and characteristics that women should have.

However, stereotypes are not always completely negative or positive; they

can be diverse and complex. Some stereotypes may carry milder consequences,
while others can be very harmful and discriminatory. For example, stereotypes
about lower math proficiency for women may have less serious impacts than
stereotypes about aggressiveness or leadership incompetence for women in
professional settings. In addition, stereotypes can be the basis for discrimination
and inequality in various aspects of life, including in terms of education,
employment, health and access to resources. Gender stereotypes, for example, can
lead to restrictions in career choices, unfair pay, or difficulty in achieving work-
life balance for affected individuals. This results in harm not only to the
individuals directly affected by the stereotype, but also to society as a whole
because it limits the potential and contributions of various groups.

In an effort to overcome stereotypes, it is important to raise awareness of

their role and impact in society. Inclusive education and accurate information
about diverse groups and individuals can help break down unfair stereotypes.
Additionally, promoting diverse representation in media, popular culture, and
literature can also help confront existing stereotypes and broaden views about
different groups in society. By understanding the origins, nature, and impact of
stereotypes, we can work together to create a more inclusive, equitable, and
diverse environment for all individuals, where everyone has an equal opportunity
to thrive and contribute without being limited by narrow views or not accurate.

2.3 Careers

3
 Career is a concept that includes a person's professional journey in
seeking, developing and expanding their skills and experience in the world of
work. It involves a series of steps and decisions that individuals take throughout
their lives to achieve their career goals. A career can relate to the work a person
does over a certain period of time, or include achievement, growth, and
development in a particular occupational field or industry sector. It is an important
aspect of modern life that not only affects a person's financial condition, but also
their identity, satisfaction and overall well-being.

At a basic level, a career is about the work a person does. This can cover a
variety of professions, from academics, technology, health, business, to arts and
culture. However, a career is not just about earning an income; it is also a path to
achieving goals, realizing potential, and developing oneself professionally and
personally. Over the course of a person's life, a career involves a series of stages
that shape an individual's career path. These stages can vary depending on factors
such as education, interests, personal values, and available opportunities. These
stages generally include:

1. Education and Training

This is the initial stage where individuals acquire the knowledge, skills and
qualifications necessary to enter the job market. Formal education such as school,
college or university is often the basis for establishing a person's career.
Additionally, additional training and courses can also enhance the skills required
for certain professions.

2. Search and Discovery

This stage involves exploring and exploring the various career options available.
Individuals may seek information about various job fields, evaluate their interests
and talents, and determine a career path that fits their aspirations and goals.

3. Funding and Development

After choosing a career path, individuals begin steps to gain work experience and
build their portfolio. This may involve internships, part-time work, or volunteer
projects relevant to the area of interest.

4
4. Improve and Increase

As time goes by, individuals continue to develop their skills and knowledge, and
seek opportunities to increase positions and responsibilities in their careers. This
may involve continuing education, professional certification, or promotion at
work.

5. Transitions and Adjustments

Careers are often non-linear, and individuals may face changes or transitions in
their career paths. This could include moving between industries, changing roles,
or even taking a risk by trying a new career that better suits new interests and
aspirations.

6. Retirement and Reflection

Eventually, many individuals will enter a retirement stage where they leave full-
time employment and turn to more casual or volunteer activities. It's a time to
reflect on the accomplishments and experiences of their careers, and evaluate the
legacy they leave behind.

Career can also be seen as an integral aspect of a person's identity. The

career choices a person makes often reflect their values, interests, and life goals.
For some people, career is a source of pride and satisfaction, while for others, it
may be a source of stress and anxiety. Therefore, it is important to strike a balance
between career aspirations and personal well-being. In an ever-changing society
and increasingly dynamic job market, it is important for individuals to develop the
skills of adaptation, resilience and lifelong learning to succeed in their careers.
This involves a willingness to continuously learn and develop, as well as the
flexibility to adapt to changes occurring in the work environment and the
economy as a whole. Thus, a career is not only a professional journey, but also a
continuous personal journey to achieve the highest potential and achieve greater
life satisfaction.

5
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Research design

Research designs that use a quantitative approach are methods that are
often used in scientific research to understand complex phenomena better. The
quantitative approach refers to the collection and analysis of data in the form of
numbers and statistics. This method aims to measure the variables studied in an
objective and measurable way. Quantitative data collection is often done through
surveys, questionnaires, or structured observations. Data analysis is then carried
out using statistical techniques such as regression, analysis of variance, or
correlation analysis to identify patterns, relationships, or significant differences
between variables. Quantitative approaches provide structured and measurable
data, while qualitative approaches provide in-depth and contextual insights. By
using both approaches, researchers can combine the strengths of both to gain a
more complete understanding of the phenomenon under study.

3.2 Data and Data Sources

Data refers to facts collected or produced as a result of research or

observation. This can take many forms, including numbers, text, images, or voice
recordings. In research, data is often used to test hypotheses, draw conclusions, or
support arguments put forward. Data from career women's questionnaire results
include their responses and perceptions on various topics relevant to their lives
and careers. Questionnaires are a data collection method commonly used in
quantitative research in which respondents are asked to answer a series of written
questions. In this case, a questionnaire specifically for career women, which may
include questions about their experiences in the workplace, perceptions of gender
stigma and stereotypes, the strategies they use to cope with stress, and the impact
on their mental and emotional well-being.

The data source in this case is the career woman who was the respondent
in the questionnaire. These respondents can come from various backgrounds,

1
professions, and levels of experience. It is important to pay attention to balanced
representation of different groups of career women in data collection to ensure
more representative and relevant results. Using questionnaire results from career
women as a data source in this research has several advantages. First, it provides
direct insight from the perspective of the research target, namely women who are
active in their careers. This allows researchers to understand their experiences and
views in more depth. Second, questionnaires can collect data from a larger
number of respondents, which can increase the validity and generalisability of the
findings. Finally, by obtaining data directly from career women, researchers can
identify the issues that are most relevant and significant to this group, which can
aid in the development of more targeted interventions or policies.

However, there are also several considerations that need to be taken into
account when using questionnaire results as a data source. For example, there is a
risk of bias or inaccuracy in respondents' responses, especially if they feel
uncomfortable or unsafe providing honest responses. Apart from that, researchers
also need to pay attention to the quality of questionnaire construction and the
validity of the measurement instruments used to ensure the reliability and
accuracy of the data collected. By taking these factors into account, questionnaire
results from career women can be a valuable source of data in understanding the
impact of gender stigma and stereotypes on their lives and careers.

3.3 Data collection technique

In this data collection technique, a questionnaire will be distributed via Google

Form to 15 career women who are respondents in this research. Google Forms is
an online tool that allows the preparation and distribution of questionnaires in an
efficient and accessible manner. Respondents will be asked to complete a
questionnaire by answering a series of structured questions designed to explore
their experiences, perceptions and views related to gender stigma, stereotypes and
their impact on their lives and careers. Through the use of Google Forms, research
organizers can ensure consistency in data collection, facilitate efficient data
processing, and provide flexibility in analyzing the responses received.

3.4 Data analysis

2
 Descriptive quantitative data analysis for questionnaire results from career
women can involve several important steps in understanding and presenting the
characteristics of the responses obtained. The following are the steps that may be
taken in descriptive quantitative data analysis:

1. Frequency and Percentage: The first step in descriptive analysis is to calculate

the frequency of each response for each question in the questionnaire. These
frequencies can then be converted into percentages to gain a clearer understanding
of the response distribution.

2. Descriptive Statistics: Next, descriptive statistics such as mean (average),

median (middle value), and mode (most frequently occurring value) are calculated
for numerical variables in the questionnaire. These statistics provide a general
idea of the center of the data distribution and the variation among responses.

3. Tables and Graphs: Data can be presented in the form of tables and graphs to
visualize the distribution of responses. The table can present the frequency or
percentage of responses for each possible category or score. Graphs such as bar
charts, pie charts, or line charts can be used to make data easier to understand and
interpret.

4. Interpretation of Results: The results of descriptive data analysis must be

interpreted carefully, identifying patterns or trends that emerge from career
women's responses. Interpretation must refer to the research questions and
research objectives previously established.

6. Summary of Findings: Finally, the results of the descriptive data analysis

should be summarized in narrative form, highlighting the main findings of the
questionnaire and their implications for the research. This summary should
present the results in a clear and easy to understand manner, without making
excessive assumptions or interpretations.

By conducting this descriptive quantitative data analysis, researchers can better

understand career women's responses to questionnaires, identify emerging
patterns or trends, and present findings systematically and in detail. This analysis

3
provides a strong foundation for a deeper understanding of the impact of gender
stigma and stereotypes in the lives and careers of career women.

4
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Research Results

4.2 Discussion

1
 CHAPTER V

CLOSING

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Suggestions

1
BIBLIOGRAPHY