Philippine Politics and Governance

Philippine Politics and Governance
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
Politics:
- Denotes a social activity
- Is the creation, maintenance and amendment of social norms or rules
- Is an art and science of the government
- Is the realm of public affairs or the state.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS
1. ORDER - Is the central to the study of politics because it shows different components of human society.
STRUCTURES of ORDER
A. COMMUNITY – is one kind of social order which refers to the association of individual who shares a
common identity.
B. GOVERNMENT – is a higher level of social order that exist primarily for the maintenance and
perpetuation of the community.
C. STATE - is the largest social order today and in which the term politics originally derived.
2. POWER - The main source of reign of the government. The possession to govern or rule the state.
3. JUSTICE - The process of legalizing and penalizing the abuse of political power and power to rule.
“ If the government gives what people need, protect and respect their rights, and put the common
good over and above the personal interest of the leaders then there is said to be justice.”
TWO APPROACHES to the STUDY of POLITICS
• POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
It is the traditional approach in which the primary goal is to understand the essence or the truth about
politics.
• POLITICAL SCIENCE
It is the empirical/ objective approach in which it places little emphasis on abstract and normative
question, and concentrates on a dispassionate and objective of the realities of politics.
Governance
The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more originally from the Greek word
“kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” Basing on its etymology, governance refers to the manner of steering
or governing, or of directing and controlling, a group of people or a state.
Governance is essentially related to politics, in that politics is often defined as the art of governance.
Governance is commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the well-being of
their country’s citizens or subjects.
Importance of Studying Governance:
 Governance, the people, most especially the citizens, will be aware of the need for good governance.
Consequently, such awareness should move them to action. For their continued empowerment and
sustainable development, they have to know how to fight for their rights by knowing what to expect
from Philippine governance.
PROCESSES AND ACTORS IN GOVERNANCE:

 Decision-Making and Implementation - decision-making refers the process by which a person or group
of persons, guided by socio-political structures, arrive at a decision involving their individual and
communal needs and wants. Implementation is the process that logically follows the decision.
 Actors and Structures - An actor is a sector or group or institution that participates in the process of
decision-making and implementation. A structure refers to an organization or mechanism that formally
or informally guides the decision-making process and sets into motion the different actors and
apparatuses in the implementation process.
 Informal Actors and Bad Governance - Their influence is felt more clearly in local governments, such as
organized crime syndicates and powerful families, and in rural and urban areas. Most often than not,
these actors are the cause of corruption, in that legitimate government objectives are distorted by
their illegal and private interests. Worse, they manipulate government officials and agencies, and cause
widespread yet organized violence in the community. In urban and rural areas, for example, the rich
and powerful families control the economy by controlling the local government officials. They bring
about a controlled environment so that decisions must always favor them.
INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE:
1. Participation - active involvement of all affected and interested parties in the decision-making process.
Participation is one of the strengths of Philippine governance. The 1987 Philippine Constitution is replete
of provisions dealing with relational and inter-sectoral governance. The Local Government Act of 1989 was
borne out of the need for decentralization in Philippine governance. As such, these and other related
legislations may be considered as normative standards for good governance.
2. Rule of Law
Democracy is essentially the rule of law.
Rule of law demands that the people and the civil society render habitual obedience to the law. It also
demands that the government acts within the limits of the powers and functions prescribed by the law.
The Philippines does not fare well in this aspect of good governance. In spite of being one of the oldest
democracies in the region, the Philippines ranked as last among seven indexed Asian countries according
to the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index. Generally, the reasons for ranking last are “lack of respect
for law,” “pervasive and systemic corruption in the government,” and “circumvention of the law.” Lack of
respect for law is generally caused by distrust on the integrity of law enforcement agencies. Order and
security are compromised and criminal justice is rendered ineffectual.
3. Effectiveness and Efficiency
Actors meet the needs of the society means that there is effective governance. That the valuable resources
are utilized, without wasting or underutilizing any of them, means that there is efficient governance.
Enhancement and standardization of the quality of public service delivery consistent with international
standards, professionalization of bureaucracy.
Efforts were made to attain effectiveness and efficiency in Philippine governance. The Anti-Red Tape Act of
2007 (ARTA), for instance, was passed to require the setting up of Citizen’s Charter for a simplified
procedure and to facilitate governmental transactions. Also, many government departments and agencies
pursued a rationalization program to check excessive and redundant staffing.
4. Transparency
Transparency, as an indicator of good governance, means that people are open to information regarding
decision-making process and the implementation of the same. In legal terms, it means that information on
matters of public concern are made available to the citizens or those who will be directly affected.
It also means that transactions involving public interests must be fully disclosed and made accessible to
the people.
Efforts were made in pursuit of transparency in Philippine governance. As far as the government sector is
concerned, the current administration, consistent with its drive of curbing corruption, promotes honesty
and integrity in public service. It is currently pursuing the passage of the Freedom of Information Bill and
other related legislations, as well as intensifying people’s engagement in local governance. Transparency in
budget and disbursements are, however, still far from being substantially implemented.
5. Responsiveness
Means that institutions and processes serve all stakeholders in a timely and appropriate manner. It also
means that actors and structures of governance easily give genuine expression to the will or desire of the
people.
Some of the important efforts made to attain responsive governance in the Philippines are
decentralization, creation of citizen’s charter in all frontline agencies (as required by ARTA), and gender
sensitivity programs. First, through decentralization, local governments, which are more proximate to their
constituents, serve more promptly the people, who in turn become more involved in decision-making.
Second, every government agency now has it Citizen’s Charter, which provides timeframes for every step
in attaining frontline services. Agencies now must also respond to written queries sent by the stakeholders
or interested parties within a period of ten days, otherwise there will be delayed service. However, this
aspect of governance still remains to be one of the causes for the decline of public’s confidence in the
public sector. Although the ARTA has been passed, there is still so much delay in public service delivery.
The failure of the government agencies to explain the charters to the stakeholders is one of the main
reasons why there is still delay.
6. Equity and Inclusiveness
Equity and inclusiveness means that all the members of the society, especially the most vulnerable ones or
the grassroots level, must be taken into consideration in policy-making.
Social equity refers to a kind of justice that gives more opportunity to the less fortunate members of the
society.
The Philippine Government has done extensive efforts in promoting equity and inclusiveness. The
Constitution makes it as one of its state policies the promotion of social justice. Pursuant to this, the
Congress has enacted social legislations like the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law which aims at
freeing the farmer tenants from the bondage of the soil. Also, representation in the Congress, under the
party list system, is constitutionally mandated to have sectoral representation of the underprivileged.
Gender and Development programs are in the process of being integrated with the various structures and
institutions in the country. But legislation is one thing; implementation is another. It is in the faithful
implementation of these laws that the country failed. Inequality is especially felt in the justice system,
electoral system, and even in the bureaucracy itself.
7. Consensus Oriented
Governance is consensus oriented when decisions are made after taking into consideration the different
viewpoints of the actors of the society.
Among the things done by the Philippines in promoting a consensus oriented governance are:
 creation of a wide-based of representation in the Congress;
 a two-tiered legislature or bicameralism which subjects legislation to the evaluation of national and
district legislators; and
 necessity of public hearings or consultations of various governmental policies and actions.
8. Accountability
Accountability means answerability or responsibility for one’s action. It is based on the principle that every
person or group is responsible for their actions most especially when their acts affect public interest.
Accountability comes in various forms: political, hierarchical, and managerial accountability. Political
accountability refers to the accountability of public officials to the people they represent. Hierarchical
accountability refers to the ordered accountability of the various agencies and their respective officers and
personnel in relation to their program objectives. Managerial accountability refers to employee
accountability based on organization and individual performance.
The Philippines in the recent years had endeavored to comply with the requirements of accountability. It
had put in action the concept of political accountability as it held answerable erring public officials involved
in graft and corruption and for acts contrary to the mandate of the constitution. It had also strengthened
parliamentary scrutiny through legislative investigations and creation of special committees exercising
oversight functions. The Office of the Ombudsman, considered as the public watchdog, has become ever
so active in investigating and prosecuting graft and plunders cases. Citizen’s Charter, as required by ARTA,
was also an important tool in promoting professional public service values. In this area, Philippine
governance has done relatively well.
CURRENT STATE OF GOVERNANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is plagued by bad governance. Based on the six dimensions of governance in the
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), it ranks in the lower half of the percentile. In 2010-2011, the
Philippines ranked only 85th in the Global Competitive Index (GCI), lagging behind most of its Southeast
Asian neighbors. The decline of trust on the actors of governance and the consequential poor economic
condition were brought about by the systemic corruption among and between public officials and private
organizations. In 2013, it ranked 94th among 177 countries in the Corruption Perception Index. Among the
key institutions in the Philippines perceived to be most corrupt based on the Global Corruption Index are
“political parties,” “judiciary,” “police,” “public officials and civil servants,” and “legislature.” This means all
branches of the Philippine government are now challenged.
Government - is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state. In the
case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and
judiciary.
Activity #1
a. Who are the actors in the process of governance? How do they interact in coming up with, and in
implementing, decisions?
b. How are the indicators of good governance related to each other? Give a concrete example of your
answer.
c. How does governance transform into bad governance? Give concrete examples.
d. What is the status of governance here in the Philippines? Support your answer.
e. Give your recommendations on how to improve Philippine governance.
What is the important of Political System in our lives?
CHAPTER II: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

The nature of Ideology:
Ideologies
 Are the sets of basic beliefs about the political, economic, social and cultural affairs held by the majority of
people within as society.
 In the social-scientific sense, ideology is a coherent set of ideas which provide a basis for organized
political action
Political Ideologies
 Liberalism
 Conservatism
 Socialism
Liberalism
The freedom of speech and the right to dissent.
People understand their own business, and their own interests better, and care for them
more, than the government does or can be expected to do. -John Stuart Mill
 Liberalism has influenced a variety of movements concerned with equal rights for all
citizens
 Key ideas
 Individual freedom
 Equality of opportunity
 Government by consent
 State’s role is to safeguard freedom of the individual
Conservatism
 Governmental system where the existing institution are maintained, emphasizing free-enterprise and
minimal governmental intervention.
 What is conservatism? It is not adhere to the old and tried, but against the new and untried. –Abraham
Lincoln
 Key ideas: tradition, pragmatism, human imperfection, organisms, hierarchy, authority, property
 Neoliberalism > economic strand

 Neo-conservatism > social strand
Socialism
 Political System where the principle means of production, distribution and exchange are in common
ownership.
 Key ideas: community, fraternity, social equality, need, social class, common ownership
 Socialism developed as a reaction to industrial capitalism and became associated with the interests of the
growing working classes. Its goal was to abolish the capitalist market economy and replace it with a society
constructed on the basis of common ownership.
Absolutism - System where the rulers have unlimited control.
Anarchism - Society without government, laws, police or other authority. System of self-control.
Aristocracy- The privilege of social class whose members possess disproportionately large percentage of
society's wealth, prestige and political influence.
Autocracy - Supreme political power is in the hands of one person whose decision are unregulated..
Capitalism - Right-wing political system where the principle means of production and distribution are in
private hands.
Communism - Extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Marx. Collective
ownership and a planned economy. Each should work to their capability and receive according to their needs.
Conservatism- Governmental system where the existing institution are maintained, emphasizing free-
enterprise and minimal governmental intervention.
Democracy- Government by the people usually through elected representatives.
Dictatorship- Government by a single person with absolute control over the resources of the state.
Egalitarianism- Belief where all citizens have equal rights and privileges.
Imperialism- The extension of power and rule beyond established geographical boundaries.
Liberalism- Representative Government, free-speech, abolition of class privilege and state protection of the
individual.
Monarchy- A form of rule in which the head of state is a King or Queen.
Nationalism- The unification of the state and release from foreign rule.
Oligarchy- A system of government in which virtually all power is held a small number of wealthy people who
shape policy to benefit themselves.
Theocracy- Rule by the church.
Totalitarianism- Government control of all activities.
Equality- A classless society with the redistribution of wealth through a welfare state.
Fraternity- The communal brotherhood, working and living as one.
Hierarchy- The continuation of the existing social order.
Activity #2
1. Explain the following Political Ideologies:
 Liberalism  Monarchy
 Conservatism  Imperialism
 Socialism  Equality
 Communism  Absolutism
 Capitalism  Theocracy
Chapter III: Power
The Meaning of Power

Power is the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others.
 The potential to influence other
 People have power they don’t use and may not know they possess
 Power requires one person’s perception of dependence on another person
Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to get what you want, or as scholar Kenneth
Boulding said, power is "the ability to change the future."
The Three Dimension of Power

Some scholars make a distinction between three kinds of power-- "power over," "power to" and "power with."
"Power over" is the ability to dominate another person or group--as in "I have power over him.
"Power to" is the ability to do something on one’s own--it refers to one’s abilities.
"Power with" is similar to "power to" in that it reflects ability, but "power with" is the ability to work with
others to get something done by cooperation. This is the power of consensus--the power of people working
together to solve a common problem.
Types of Power
 Legitimate Power
The sense of power based on law and other formal authority such as terms of reference for a specific role
or position. Legitimate power is power you derive from your formal position or office held in your
organization’s hierarchy of authority.
 Referent Power
Power of an individual over the Team or Followers, based on a high level of identification with, admiration
of, or respect for the powerholder/ leader.
Nationalism, patriotism, celebrities, mass leaders and widely-respected people are examples of referent
power in effect.
Refers to the ability of a leader to influence a follower because of the follower's loyalty, respect,
friendship, admiration, affection, or a desire to gain approval.
Gained by a leader who has strong interpersonal relationship skills.
 Coercive Power
Coercive power is based on the subordinate’s fear of the leader; maintained by the use of threats and
punishment. It’s often considered the most extreme form of autocratic leaders. Frequent use of
reprimands and a hostile attitude, threatening subordinates with the loss of status, loss of employment or
in extreme cases physical force. Staff are often scared of being shouted at or being sacked. This fear
empowers the manager.
 Reward Power
Reward power is when someone is given a reward for good work. To motivated employees to work harder.
 Expert Power
Ability to influence other parties based on expertise and knowledge. Expert power in an organization is the
ability to influence the behavior of others in the organization based solely on past experience and
expertise in a specific area.
Consequences of Power
Activity #3
 What is Power in your own definition?

 Why most of the people are want to have a Power?
 How Power can help you as a person?
Chapter IV: States, Nations, and Globalization
State - a people permanently occupying a fixed territory bound together by common habits and custom into
one body politic exercising, through the medium of an organized government.
Nation - self-identification of a people, common identity may be built upon a common language, history, race,
or culture, or simply upon a fact that this group occupied the same territory.
Connection to Politics
- When states and nations do not coincide, it can cause explosive political conflict.
- Some nations have been divided into two or more states for political reasons.
- There is a difference between the terms nation, state,and country, even though the words are often used
interchangeably. Country and State are synonymous terms that both apply to self-governing political entities.
A Nation, however, is a group of people who share the same culture but do not have sovereignty.
What is globalization?
 Globalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the
result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange.
 It is a common belief that globalization plays a role just at international levels of trade and commerce,
but the fact is that it has played an important role in making our lives much more comfortable too.
 The formation of a global village - closer contact between different parts of the world, with increasing
possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendship between "world citizens".
 Economic globalization - "free trade" and increasing relations among members of an industry in
different parts of the world (globalization of an industry), with a corresponding erosion of National
Sovereignty in the economic sphere.
Signs of globalization
Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy.
Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct investment .

Greater transborder data flow, using such technologies such as the Internet, communication satellites
and telephones.
Greater international cultural exchange, for example through the export of Hollywood and Bollywood
movies.
Some argue that even terrorism has undergone globalization. Terrorists now have attacked places all
over the world.
Spreading of multiculturalism and better individual access to cultural diversity, with on the other hand,
some reduction in diversity through assimilation, hybridization, Westernization, Americanization or
Sinosization of cultures.
Erosion of national sovereignty and national borders through international agreements leading to
organizations like the WTO and OPEC.
Greater international travel and tourism.
Greater immigration, including illegal immigration.
Development of global telecommunications infrastructure.
Development of a global financial systems.
Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations.
Advantages of Globalization Disadvantages of Globalization

 Peaceful Relations  Health Issues
 Employment  Loss of Culture
 Education  Uneven Wealth Distribution
 Product Quality  Environment Degradation
 Cheaper Prices  Disparity
 Transportation  Conflicts
 GDP Increase  Cut-throat Competition
 Free Trade
 Travel and Tourism
 External Borrowing
ACTIVITY #4
A. Complete the Venn diagram below by writing down the differences and similarities of Nations and
States.
Points Possible Points Earned

Give the definition of Nation clearly and the difference of 5
it in State.
Give the definition of State clearly and the difference of 5
it in Nation.
Clearly inlude the similarities of Nation and State. 5
Total Score
B. What is Globalization in one word for you and why? (5 points).

Chapter V: Philippine Democratic Politics
Historical Background of Philippine Democratic Politics
THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the Philippines was composed of settlements or villages, each called
barangay, named after balangay, a Malayan word meaning “boat”.
 Every barangay was virtually a state, for it possessed the four basic elements of statehood. At times,
however, some barangays joined together as “confederations” mainly for the purpose of mutual
protection against common enemies.
 Each barangay was ruled by a chief called Datu in some places, and rajah, sultan or hadji in others. He was
its chief executive, law giver, chief judge, and military head. In the performance of his duties, however, he
was assisted usually by a council of elders (maginoos) which served as his advertisers. In form, the
barangay was monarchy with the wealth, or physical prowess.
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE BARANGAY

 Nobility (maharlika)
 Freemen (timawa)
 Serfs (aliping namamhay)
 Slaves (aliping sagigilid)
EARLY LAWS
- The early Filipinos had both written and unwritten laws. The written laws were promulgated by the
datus. The two known written codes in the preSpanish era are the “Maragtas Code” which was said to
have been written about 1250 A.D by Datu Sumakwel of Panay, and the Kalantiaw Code written in 1433
A.D by Datu Kalantiaw, also of Panay.
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD
 SPAIN’S TITLE TO THE PHILIPPINES

It was based on the discovery made by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, consummated by its conquest
by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi 45 years later and long possession for almost four centuries, until it was
terminated in 1898, when by the Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United
States.
 SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

- From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was indirectly governed by the King of Spain through Mexico.
From 1821 when Mexico obtained her independence from Spain, to 1898, the Philippines was ruled
directly from Spain.
 SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
- From 1863, the military of Ultramar (colonies) exercised general powers of supervision over
Philippine affairs. Three times during the Spanish period (1810-1813, 1820-1823, and 1836-1837),
the Philippines was given representation in the Spanish cortes, the legislative body of Spain.
 GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINE UNITARY
- The government which Spain established in the Philippines was centralized in structure and
national in scope. The barangays were consolidated into towns each headed by a
GOBERNADORCILLO, popularly called capitan, and the towns into provinces, each headed by a
governor who represented the Governor General in the province
 THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
- The power of the government were actually exercised by the Governor-General who resided in
Manila. He was “Governor-General” “Captain-General”, and “vice-royal patron.” As Governor-
General, he had executive, administrative, legislative and judicial powers.
- As Captain-General, he was Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces in the Philippines. As the
viceroyal patron, he exercised certain religious powers. Because of these broad powers, it has been
said that the Governor General enjoyed more powers than the King of Spain himself. This was
justified, however, because of the distance of the Philippines from Spain.
- In the administration of the Philippines, the Governor-General was assisted by many boards and
officers, particularly the Board of Authorities and the Council of Administration.
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of that Period
 THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

The Katipunan was secret society that precipitated our glorious revolution on August 26, 1896. It
was organized by Andres Bonifacio. The central government of the Katipunan was vested in a
Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian). In each province there was a Provincial Council
(Sangguniang Balangay) and in each town, a Popular Council (Sanggunian Bayan).
The Judicial Power was exercised by a Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman). The Katipunan was
replaced by another government whose officials headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as President,
were elected in the Tejeros Convention held on March 22, 1897.
 THE BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC

On November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen. Aguinaldo in Biak-na-Bato (now San
Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan). It had a constitution which was to take effect for two years only.
It declared that the aim of the revolutions was the “separation of the Philippines from the Spanish
monarchy and their formation into an independence state.” The Biak-na-Bato Republic lasted up to
December 15, 1897, with conclusion of the “Pact of Biak-na-Bato.”
 THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT

Following the outbreak of the Spanish-American war on April 25, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo in view of
the chaotic conditions in the country, established the Dictatorial Government on May 24, 1898.
The most important achievements of the Dictatorial Government were the Proclamation of the
Philippine Independence at Kawit on June 12, 1898 and the reorganization of local governments.
 THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

In the administration of the Philippines, the Governor-General was assisted by many boards and
officers, particularly the Board of Authorities and the Council of Administration.
On June 23, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established the Revolutionary Government replacing the
Dictatorial Government.
The decree-making such change stated that the aims of the new government were “struggle for the
independence of the Philippines, until all nations including Spain will expressly recognize it,” and
“to prepare the country for the establishment of a real Republic.”
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of that Period
 THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT

The American military rule in the Philippines began on April 4, 1898, the day after the capture of
Manila. The existence of was gave the President of the United States the power to establish a
Military Government in the Philippines, as Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces of the United
States.
His authority was delegated to the military governor who exercised as long as the war lasted, all
powers of government – executive, legislative and judicial. The first American Military Governor
was General Wesley Merritt, the second was General Elwell E. Otis, and the third and last was
Major General Arthur MacArthur.
 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT

- Pursuant to the so-called Spooner Amendment (on the army appropriation act passed in the US
Congress on March 3, 1901) which ended the military regime in the Philippines, the Civil
Government was inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901.
- The Civil Governor whose positions was created on October 29, 1901. The Civil Governor, also
exercised legislative powers. He remained as President of the Philippine Comission, the sole law-
making body of the government from 1901 to 1907.
- From 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission acted as the upper house of the legislative branch
with the Philippine Assembly serving as the lower house. With the passage of the Spooner Law in
1916, these two bodies gave way to the Philippine Legislature. The Philippines was represented in
the United States by two Resident Commissioners who were elected the Philippine Legislature.
 COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
- The next stage in the political development of the Filipinos was the establishment of the
Commonwealth Government of the Philippines pursuant to an act of the United States Congress on
March 24, 1934, commonly known was the TydingsMcDuffie Law.
- Among other things, the law provided for a transition period of ten years during which the
Philippines Commonwealth would operate and at the expiration of said period on July 4, 1896, the
independence of the Philippines would be proclaimed and established.
- The new government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, deemed successor to the
Government of the Philippine Islands, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935, following the first
national election under the 1935 Constitution held on September 12, 1935, with Manuel L. Quezon
and Sergio Osmeña, as President and Vice-President, respectively.
Governments of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
 THE JAPANESE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION

- It was established in Manila on January 3, 1942, one day after its occupation. Under a
proclamation issued by the Japanese High Command, the sovereignty of United States over the
Philippines was declared terminated.
 THE PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE COMMISSION
- A Civil government known as the Philippine Executive Commission composed of Filipinos with
Jorge B. Vargas as Chairman, was organized by the military forces of occupation. The commission
exercised both the executive and legislative powers.
- The laws enacted were, however, subject to the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the
Japanese Forces. The Judiciary continued in the same form as it was under the Commonwealth.
However, it functioned without the independence which it had traditionally enjoyed.
 JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

- On October 14, 1943, the so-called Japanesesponsored Republic of the Philippines was
inaugurated with Jose P. Laurel as President. It was the same character as the Philippine Executive
Commission.
- Like the latter, the ultimate source of its authority was the Japanese military authority and
government, on August 17, 1945. President Laurel proclaimed the dissolution of the Republic.
The Evolution of Philippine Politics, Government, and Governance
Republic of the Philippines: Third Republic of the Philippines

 Manuel Roxas
 Elpidio Quirino
 Ramon Magsaysay
 Carlos P. Garcia
 Diosdado Macapagal
Republic of the Philippines: Martial Law Era

 Ferdinand Marcos
 Benigno Aquino, Jr.
 EDSA Revolution
Republic of the Philippines: Fifth Republic of the Philippine

 Corazon Aquino
 Fidel Ramos
 Joseph Estrada
 EDSA II
 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
 Benigno Aquino III
Activity #5
 Give a brieft background to the following Evolution of Philippine Political, Government and Governance.
 Philippines during the Pre-Spanish period

 Philippines during the Spanish period
 Philippines during the American period
 Philippines during the Japanese period
 Third Republic of the Philippines
 Martial Law Era
 Fifth Republic of the Philippines
Chapter VI: The Executive
The role of the Philippine President in relation to his/her powers.
 The Executive Branch

Charged with the execution and administration of a country’s laws In general, the executive branch
sets the direction of national policy Executive power in the Philippine government is vested in the
office of the President of the Republic.
 Running for President

o Natural born citizen of the Philippines Registered voter Literate (can read and write)
o At least 40 years old on election day
o Resident of the country for 10 years
o Elected at large by plurality
 Term Limits
o The term of the President is for six years (no re-election)
o No person who has succeeded and served as President for four (4) years can run again
o Vice-President: maximum two (2) terms
Presidential Privileges
 Appoint the heads of the different executive departments
 Appoint ambassadors, consuls and public ministers
 Appoint armed forces personnel from the rank of colonel or naval captain
 Contract / guarantee foreign loans
 Negotiate foreign treaties
 Make appointments not otherwise provided for by law
 Suspend the writ of habeas corpus
 Declare martial law
 Prepare the national budget
 Perform acts of clemency
The President Cannot

 Hold any other office or enjoy any other form of employment
 Make appointments two months prior to the next elections
 Make appointments within the 4th civil degree of consanguinity
 Increase his/her salary or that of the Vice-President during his/her term
 Ratify foreign treaties
 Grant clemency in cases of impeachment.

Causes of Vacancy
 Death
 Permanent Disability
 Resignation
 Impeachment
 Written declaration that s/he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the Office
 If a majority of the Cabinet makes a written declaration that the President cannot discharge the
powers and duties of the Office
“The executive branch consists of the President and his Cabinet. The Senate and
the House of Representatives make up the bicameral legislature. The Supreme
Court heads the systems of courts under the judicial branch.”
Activity #6
Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine President.
Chapter VII: The Legislative
The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Legislative Branch

From the Latin lex, legis meaning law
The legislative branch broadly deals with the making, deliberation over, enactment,
amendment and repealing of laws.
Basic Structure Legislative Branch

There are two basic structures for legislative branches of government:
1. Unicameral › The legislative branch consists of one chamber/house
2. Bicameral › Legislative power is vested in two chambers/houses
The Philippine Congress

-The Philippine Congress is the country’s legislative department (Art. VI, Sec. 1)
 Congress is bicameral
 Upper House: Senate
Composition 24 Senators elected
Qualifications Natural-born citizen

At least 35 years old on election day
Literate (can read and write)
Registered voter
Philippine resident for 2 years prior to election day
Terms of Office 6 years

Maximum: 2 terms
 Lower House: House of Representatives
Composition 200 district reps, 50 party list

Qualifications Natural-born citizen
At least 25 years old on election day
Literate (can read and write)
Registered voter of the district

District resident for 1 year prior to election day
Terms of Office 3 years

Maximum: 3 terms
 In Case of Vacancy
 Vacancy can be filled through regular election

 Special elections can be called for the purpose of filling the vacancy
 In either circumstance, the one elected merely sits for the unexpired term
 Parliament Privilages
-Congressmen have two parliamentary privileges while Congress is in session:
1. Privilege from arrest › Immunity from offenses punishable by not more than
six years imprisonment.
2. Privilege of speech and debate › Immunity from libel and slander.
 Transperancy
-Elected Congressmen must:

1. Fully disclose their financial and business interests
2. Disclose potential conflicts of interests that arise in the course of legislation.
3. Keep from any other office or employment (appointed or otherwise), forfeit
his/her seat to do so.
 Power of Congress
1. Appointment of Public Officials

2. Legislative inquiry and investigation
3. Declare the existence of a state of war
4. Ratify the country’s international treaties (Senate)
5. Authorize limited emergency powers for the President
6. Approve the government budget
7. Undertake projects under the CDF
8. Propose, review, and adopt bills for enactment into law
9. Overturn a Presidential veto with respect to proposed legislation 10. Allow for
referendum
11. Propose amendments to the constitution and call for a constitutional convention
 Legislative Limitation
-Congress may not:

1. Increase appropriations recommended by the executive branch
2. Pass tax exemptions without the concurrence of a majority of its members
3. Grant titles of nobility
4. Pass ex post facto bills
5. Pass bills of attainder
How bill becomes a Law?
Approve
-------------- President
--------------- Veto 30 days
Referral to Committee Debate

1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading
1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading

Referral c to Committee Debate
House of Representatives
Activity #7
Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives.
Chapter VIII: The Judiciary
The Judicial Branch of the Philippines
Judiciary
- (also known as the judicial system or 'court system) is the system of courts that interprets and applies
the law in the name of the state. The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes.
-This branch of the state is often tasked with ensuring equal justice under law. It usually consists of a
court of final appeal (called the "Supreme court” or "Constitutional court"), together with lower courts.
Judicial Department
• Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the lower courts, as established by law (Art. VIII,
sec. 1 of the 1987 Constitution). Its duty is to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally
demandable and enforceable (Art. VIII Sec. 1 (2)).
• The judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy. Its appropriation may not be reduced by the Legislature below
the appropriated amount the previous year (Art. VIII, sec. 2).
Supreme Court of the Philippines - Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas
• The highest court in the Philippines. It has an administrative supervision over all courts and the
personnel.
• The court consists of 14 associate justices and 1 Chief Justice.
• The powers of the Supreme Court are defined in Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution.
• These functions may be generally divided into two – judicial functions and administrative functions
• The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine
judiciary and its employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar.
• The Court is further authorized to promulgate the rules for admission to the practice of law, for legal
assistance to the underprivileged, and the procedural rules to be observed in all courts.
Court of Appeals - Hukuman ng Paghahabol ng Pilipinas
• Is the Philippines' second-highest judicial court, just after the Supreme Court. The court consists of 68
Associate Justices and 1 Presiding Justice.
• The Court of Appeals was established under Batas Pambansa Bilang 129 known as "The Judiciary
Reorganization Act of 1980".
Guidelines and Qualifications for Appointment in the Judiciary
Members of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Court of Tax Appeals

• Natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
• At least 40 years old;
• At least 15 years of practice as a judge of a lower court ; or At least 15 years of law practice in
the Philippines.
Members of the Sandiganbayan
• At least 10 years of practice as a judge of a court of record; or At least 10 years of law practice
in the Philippines; or At least 10 years holding an office requiring admission to the bar as a
prerequisite.
Judges of the Regional Trial Courts
• At least 10 years of law practice in the Philippines; or At least 10 years holding an office
requiring admission to the bar as a prerequisite.
Judges of the First Level Courts
• At least 5 years of law practice in the Philippines; or At least 5 years holding an office requiring
admission to the bars a prerequisite.
Activity #8
1. Explain the things that the picture portraying.

2. What is Justice according to the picture?
Chapter IX: Decentralization and Local Governance
CENTRALISATION 
-The process of transferring and assigning decision making authority to higher levels of an
organizational hierarchy.
DECENTRALIZATION 
-The process of transferring and assigning decision making authority to lower levels of an
organizational hierarchy. 
-Knowledge, ideas and information are flowing from the bottom to the top of the organization.
THREE FORMS OF DECENTRALIZATION 
 Deconcentration 
 Delegation 
 Devolution
BENEFITS OF DECENTRALISATION
 Empowering Employees 
 Relieving the Burden 
 Preparing for Emergencies 
 More Efficient Decision-Making 
 Ease of Expansion
LIMITATIONS OF DECENTRALISATION 
 More cost 
 No Specialization 
 Need more specialists 
 No uniform action 
 No equitable distribution of work
Role of the Local Government
Section 76. of LGC of 1991 Organizational Structure and Staffing Pattern
-Every local government unit shall design and implement its own organizational structure and staffing
pattern taking into consideration its service requirements and financial capability, subject to the minimum
standards and guidelines prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.
The Role of the Local Government in Development
• In unitary states like the Philippines the supervision over local governments is done by the national
government.
• The UN defines local governments as “political subdivisions of a nation or state” (UN 1962); some authorities
refer to them as “parts” of the government of a nation or state.
• This entails assessment of the resources, leadership potentials and administrative capabilities of the
different levels of local government, which would be the basis for determining the powers, functions and
services to be devolved to them.
• Local government officials, as earlier mentioned, make political decisions. Like earmarking revenues for
different projects for the public good. These decisions generally take the form of ordinances.
On Development
• National development is a good achieved through an effective partnership between the central and local
governments, each one performing a service as an aspect of a function which it can adequately perform.
• The local government code (LGC) devolves to all local units the administration of five basic services :
agriculture, health, social welfare, maintenance of public works and highways, and environmental protection.
What this means is that the appointment of persons performing these functions in their local areas is now
done by the local chief executives. Their salaries are also paid from local funds.
Revenue Generation
 Local governments are authorized by law to impose certain taxes to support their activities. However,
their main source of revenue is the internal revenue tax, which is shared by the national government
with them. The Code raises their share of these taxes from 20 percent to 40 percent. It also modifies
the sharing schemes by providing for the following: 34 percent to the municipalities, 23 percent to the
cities, 23 percent to the provinces, and 20 percent to the barangays.
 Internal revenue allotments (IRA) are also divided according to other criteria: 50 percent by
population, 25 percent by area, and 25 percent in terms of equal sharing. Local units impose the
property realty tax, and much depends on their assessment and collection efficiency. They also tax
business. Cities and municipalities impose the amusement tax. Barangay clearance is now needed
before permits can be given by the cities and municipalities for businesses.
The MAJOR FEATURES Republic Act No. 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991
A. Sec. 17 of LGC of 1991, Basic Services and Facilities.
a. Local government units shall endeavor to be self-reliant and shall continue exercising the powers
and discharging the duties and functions currently vested upon them. They shall also discharge the functions
and responsibilities of national agencies and offices devolved to them pursuant to this Code. Local government
units shall likewise exercise such other powers and discharge such other functions and responsibilities as are
necessary, appropriate, or incidental to efficient and effective provision of the basic services and facilities
enumerated herein.
Devolved Basic Services
On Health and Social Services:

1. Include the implementation of programs and projects on primary health care, maternal and
child care, and communicable and no communicable disease control services;
2. Health services which access to secondary and tertiary health services;
3. Purchase of medicines, medical supplies, and equipment needed to carry out the services
4. Social welfare services which include programs and projects on child and youth welfare, family
and community welfare, women's welfare, welfare of the elderly and disabled persons;
On Environmental Management:
1. Solid waste disposal system;
2. Services or facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation;
3. Implementation of community-based forestry projects which include integrated social forestry

programs and similar projects;
4. Management and control of communal forests;
On Agriculture:
1. Inter -Barangay irrigation system;
2. Water and soil resource utilization and conservation projects;
3. Enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters including the conservation of mangroves;
On Infrastructure:
1. Maintenance and Rehabilitation of the following:
a. roads and bridges

b. school buildings and other facilities for public elementary and secondary schools;
c. clinics, health centers and other health facilities
d. small water impounding projects
e. fish ports; artesian wells, spring development, rainwater collectors and water supply
systems;
f. seawalls, dikes, drainage and sewerage, and flood control
g. traffic signals and road signs; and similar facilities;
On Tourism:
1. Tourism facilities and other tourist attractions;
2. Acquisition of equipment;
3. Regulation and supervision of business concessions; and
4. Security services for such facilities
Activity #9
 Conduct an interview with barangay officials on your community and ask their roles and
functions as a part of the Local Government Unit (LGU).
Name of the Barangay Official:
Position:
Address of the Barangay:
Piece of evidence:
Barangay Official’s Signature Over Printed Name

Chapter X: Elections and Political Parties
Elections
-An election is a formal decision making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold
public office.
-Elections are a democratic process where citizens aged 18 and over elect political candidates to
represent them and their interests locally, nationally or internationally.
-The process is determined by a voting system, where citizens vote for one candidate.
-The candidate with the majority of votes is elected.
Types of Elections
• Direct elections
• Indirect elections
Direct Election
-Describes a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the
person, persons or political party that they desire to see elected.
Indirect elections
-Is an election in which individual citizen’s vote for electors who will select a candidate.
- Voters don't vote for the candidate directly, choosing instead to put the decision in the hands of
others.
-Indirect elections are used in a number of ways in nations around the world, and, historically, indirect
elections were extremely common.
The Nominating Process for President (by State)
1. Self-announcement – person announces publicly that they will run

2. Caucus* – a group of people who think alike who come together to nominate someone (state-wide
town hall meetings)
3. Convention – members of a party meet to select delegates to later choose a nominee.
4. Primary* – election within a party for candidates (state-wide)
- Closed primary – only members of the party can vote
-Open primary – anyone can vote
5. Petition – voters sign petitions to select a candidate

Election System
• An election system determines how individual votes are counted.
• The mechanisms by which the preferences of citizens are translated into seats in representative institutions.
• Given the same votes, different election systems will give different results.
• Election systems impact the party systems in place and the type of democracy in a country.
Electoral Systems - Majoritarian Systems

Also Simple majority system and not necessarily to get over 50%
First Past the Post
Each voter has one vote.
The candidate with the largest number of votes wins the seat.
The party with the most seats forms the government.
Majoritarian Systems - The Alternative Vote System (AV)

(The winning candidate achieves more than 50% of the vote)
Voters rank candidates in order of preference.

Any candidate with 50%+ votes is elected.
If no-one gets 50%, votes are redistributed
This continues until someone wins.
Majority Systems - Supplementary Vote System (SVS)

Voters have first and second choice.
Candidates with 50%+ of votes are automatically elected.
If no-one has 50%, all candidates are eliminated except for the top two.
The votes of losing candidates are redistributed to second choices.
Majority Systems - The Second Ballot System

If the candidate does not win more than 50% of the vote, a second ballot takes place a week or two
later.
Sometimes the candidates with the least votes are eliminated.
Proportional Systems - List System (closed)

Voters only vote for a party, not a person.
The country is one large constituency.
The parties draw up a list of candidates and puts them in order.
Seats are allocated to parties according to the proportion of votes won.
These seats are then filled from the lists.
Proportional Systems - The List system (open)

The country is divided into large regional constituencies.
Parties can stand as many candidates as there are seats.
Voters choose a number of candidates.
Seats are allocated according to the number of votes.
The most popular candidates win the seats.
Proportional Systems - The Single transferable vote system

The country is divided into large regional constituencies.
The parties stand candidates for all the seats.
Voters put candidates in preference order.
Those who reach the quota are elected.
Votes of lowest candidates are transferred
Hybrid Systems - Additional Member System (AMS)

Voters vote for a constituency MP using First Past the Post.
They also vote for a party.

The Closed List System is used to allocate some seats to parties.
Parties that do badly with FPTP are compensated in through the PR seats.
 Why do we need an election?

 Countries, practically it is not possible for people to sit together every day and take all the decisions.
 Nor everyone has the time and knowledge to take decisions on all matters.
 So in most democracies people rule through their representatives.
 Election provides a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals
and change them if they wish to do so.
 So election are essential in any representative democracy.
Voting Activities in the Philippines
 Elections – citizenry selects person who will exercise governmental power

 Plebiscite - popular vote conducted to get electorate’s view on permanent changes to state’s political
structure.
 Referendum – popular vote regarding soundness of a law proposed
 Recall – constitutional measure which empowers citizenry to remove a local official.
 Initiative – a given percentage of voters
The Voting System in the
Philippines: Party-List
 Party-List System – Art. VI Sec. 5 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution - party-list representatives be
elected to constitute 20 percent of the total number of the seats in the House of the
Representative
 Provides opportunity for under-represented sectors and parties in Philippine society to have a
legitimate chance of winning representation in Congress
Quality of Elections in the Philippines
Anomalies in Philippine Elections:

1. Lack of human manpower in the COMELEC
2. influence of “gold, guns and goons”
3. Flying voters
4. Vote buying
5. Tampering with the election returns
6. “dagdag-bawas‟
Prevention of electoral frauds:
1. Vigilance of the citizens
2. Relevant government bodies
3. Reforms such as computerization and continuous registration
4. Political education
5. Poll observers (local and international) during elections
What is a Political Party?
 A political party is a group of like-minded people who hold similar views on political issues of the
country.
 It is an organized group seeking to gain power through democratic means.
 In pursuit of this objective, political parties field their candidates in the election held for the public
offices of the country
Basic Characteristics of a Party
• Unity of purpose: A political party can only function when all its members are united on basic issues and
policy matters.
• Organized system of working: The political party should follow some rules and regulations and maintain a
certain discipline.
• Constitutional means: It should work through democratic means to attain its objective.
• National interest: The parties working for groups such as scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, factory
workers are considered as political parties because they work on non-sectarian issues.
• Programmed & policy: A political party should certain aims and objectives
Types of Party Systems
1. Single-party party systems
• Legal or constitutional bans on opposition parties
2. Two-party system
• Periodic alternation in government and opposition, other minor parties exist in the electorate and
legislature
3. Moderate multi-party system
• Several (4/5) parties, none approaching 50% of votes/seats, coalition governments
4. Fragmented multiparty system
• Multiple parties (6+) in the legislature
Organization Structure of Parties
Political parties can be categorized in terms of two types of party structure:
• cadre parties and
• mass parties
Cadre parties
• A small fraction (between 2 and 5 percent) of the population formally belong to one of the political parties in
the sense of actually being members of one of the local clubs or organization.
• Most of the remainder of the population do, in fact, identify with one of the parties and call themselves (in
the United States) Democrats or Republicans.
• The work and the financing of the party is left to a small elite group of political activists.
Mass Parties
• Membership parties are more issue oriented than cadre parties.

• An issue-oriented party system is consist of competing groups of people whose participation in politics
derives from their desire to translate certain policy preferences into public policy.
• One of the motives for joining a mass-membership party is a desire for job preferment and other advantages
that may accompany membership.
Functions of Political Parties

 Representation of societal interests in legislatures;
 Political socialization and participation;
 Political education and communication;
 Recruitment of political leaders;
 Policy formulation; and
 Working towards national cohesion.
Activity #10
 Describe the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines.
Chapter XI: Civil Society and Social Movements
Civil Society
- is comprised of groups or organizations working in the interest of the citizens but operating outside of
the governmental and for-profit sectors. Organizations and institutions that make up civil society include labor
unions, non-profit organizations, churches, and other service agencies that provide an important service to
society but generally ask for very little in return.
Non-governmental organization (NGO)
-is a non-profit, citizen-based group that functions independently of government. NGOs, sometimes
called civil societies, are organized on community, national and international levels to serve specific social or
political purposes, and are cooperative, rather than commercial, in nature.
Two broad groups of NGOs are:
 Operational NGOs, which focus on development projects.
 Advocacy NGOs, which are organized to promote particular causes.
How NGOs are funded:
As non-profits, NGOs rely on a variety of sources for funding, including:
 membership dues
 private donations
 the sale of goods and services
Types of NGOs
A number of NGO variations exist, including:

 BINGO: business-friendly international NGO (example: Red Cross)
 ENGO: environmental NGO (Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund)
 GONGO: government-organized non-governmental organization (International Union for Conservation

of Nature)
 INGO: international NGO (Oxfam)
 QUANGO: quasi-autonomous NGO (International Organization for Standardization [ISO])
Civil Society Organization
 As organizers: forming community & popular grassroots organization

 As advocates: mobilizing, articulating people’s interests, political demands, and institutional reforms
 As mediators: linking the powerful and disempowered strata of the society
 As deliverers: alternative mechanism for delivery of social services.
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
- Loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social goal, typically either the
implementation or the prevention of a change in society’s structure or values.
Types of Movements
 Reactionary
-These people desire to turn back changes that have occurred and return to an earlier time. An
example might be the KKK –they oppose the rights that minorities have been given
 Conservative
-These people work to prevent changes from taking place.
 Reformist (Revisionist)
-Also known as liberal, these people desire moderate changes.
Example: Movement to legalize the use of marijuana
 Revolutionary
This type of movement is designed to bring about major change, such as a coup or the movement to
legalize the use of all illegal substances
Example: Communists
 Escapist (Retreatist)
-People who belong to this type of movement “dropout” of society by isolating themselves. Such
groups could be religious cults or survivalist militias.
 Assimilationist
-This movement is designed to help minority groups become assimilated or accepted into society.
 Pluralist
-Rather than seeking assimilation, Pluralists seek acceptance without claiming to be the same as the
majority.
 Expressive
-Rather than be specific about their goals, an expressive movement tries to influence how people think
and then let them decide how to act.
 Alternative
-Seek to get people to change their lifestyle.
 Redemptive
-Attempt to get people to make life altering changes.
Types of Leaders
 Intellectual
-An intellectual leader is one whose words inspire others to act. They may or may not be actaal
members of the movement but their speeches or books inspire others to take action.
 Charismatic
-A charismatic leader has a magnetic personality. People are drawn to them.
They can electrify a crowd. They are the “faces” on the news because they have celebrity status so they get
the “soundbites”.
 Administrative
-These leaders are less identifiable to the public. They work behind the scenes making decisions such
as scheduling events, alerting the media, choosing a time and place for an action by the group, etc. They make
the everyday kind of “nut and bolt” decisions important to the success of the movement.
Types of Followers
 Converts
These people are the true “diehards” of the movement. They are willing to devote their life to the cause. They
will go to jail or even give their life to the cause. Theyeat, breath and sleep the movement.
 Adherents
Most people who belong to a movement fit into this category. They support the cause but only to a point.
They aren’t willing to break the law or give their life to the cause. They will donate money, subscribe to
newsletters or go to a rally, so long as it is convenient and doesn’t interfere in their other interests.
 Opportunists
These people support a movement because they see a way to advance their own lives in some way. A celebrity
who supports a popular cause or someone who can financially benefit from a movement would belong to this
category
 Adventurers
These supporters seek excitement. They belong to a movement because it is exciting to them, not because
they really support the cause.
Types of Tactics
 Educational
Designed to teach people the reasons why the movement exists and why they should care about it. Posters,
films, speeches, ads, etc. are used.
 Political
Working through the political system to bring about or prevent change.
Examples: support candidates for office, run for office, donate money to people running for office, write
letters to congressmen, etc.
 Direct
This is when social movements take matters into their own hands. They may take extreme measures such as
destroying an abortion clinic, freeing animals from an experimental lab, boycotting a business that uses slave
labor, etc.
Activity #11
1. Discuss the concept of Civil Society and Social Movements, and explain their contributions in
Philippine Democracy.
Civil Society Social Movements Contribution
Chapter XII: Citizenship
CITIZENSHIP
ARTICLE IV SECTION 1
The following are citizens of the Philippines:
 Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
 Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
 Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
 Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
MEANING OF CITIZENSHIP AND CITIZEN
 Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society.

 Citizen is person having the title of citizenship. He is a member of a democratic community who enjoys
full civil and political rights.
 Alien is a citizen of a country who is residing in or passing through another country.
GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
 Voluntary method – naturalization, cessation, conquest or treaty.

 Involuntary method – by birth, place of birth, or by blood relationship.
CITIZENSHIP BY BIRTH
 Jus Soli or loci – citizenship is determined by the place of birth

 Jus Sanguinis – citizenship is determined by blood relations
NATURALIZATION
 The act of formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of the state and giving him rights and
privileges of citizenship.
KINDS OF CITIZEN
 Natural-born are those who do not need to perform any act to acquire his Philippine citizenship.
 Naturalized are those who were originally citizens of another country, but who, by an intervening act,
have acquired new citizenship in a different country.
SECTION 2
 Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to
perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship
in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
SECTION 3
 Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
SECTION 4
 Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission
they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
SECTION 5
 Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.
IMPORTANT TERMS
 Expatriation refers to the voluntary loss or renunciation of citizenship.

 Expatriate are those who voluntarily lost or renounced their citizenship.
 Repatriation is the reacquisition of one's nationality by taking the necessary of oath of allegiance.
 Dual allegiance refers the continued allegiance of naturalized nationals to their mother country even
after acquiring Filipino citizenship.
 Dual citizenship refers to the possession of two citizenships by an individual.
Activity #12
Explain the process of Citizenship here in the Philippines.

Chapter XIII: Integration
Activity #13
Make a Scrapbook that has a compilation of your political engagement as a youth in the Philippine
Government from Chapter I to Chapter XII lesson.
https://www.slideshare.net/warywean/politics-and-governance-in-the-philippines
https://www.slideshare.net/MirsadiqSadiqzade/political-ideologies-53249150
http://www.quick-facts.co.uk/politics/ideologies.html
https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=ideologies&rlz=1C1NHXL_enPH716PH716&oq=ideologies&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i60l3j0l2.5109j1j7&sourcei
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Philippine Politics and Governance

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Philippine Politics and Governance

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Philippine Politics and Governance

PROCESSES AND ACTORS IN GOVERNANCE:

What is the important of Political System in our lives?

CHAPTER II: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

 Neoliberalism > economic strand

Chapter III: Power

The Meaning of Power

The Three Dimension of Power

 What is Power in your own definition?

Chapter IV: States, Nations, and Globalization

Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct investment .

Advantages of Globalization Disadvantages of Globalization

Points Possible Points Earned

B. What is Globalization in one word for you and why? (5 points).

Chapter V: Philippine Democratic Politics

Historical Background of Philippine Democratic Politics

THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE BARANGAY

PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD

 SPAIN’S TITLE TO THE PHILIPPINES

 SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of that Period

 THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

 THE BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC

 THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT

 THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of that Period

 THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT

 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT

Governments of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines

 THE JAPANESE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION

 JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Evolution of Philippine Politics, Government, and Governance

Republic of the Philippines: Third Republic of the Philippines

Republic of the Philippines: Martial Law Era

Republic of the Philippines: Fifth Republic of the Philippine

 Philippines during the Pre-Spanish period

Chapter VI: The Executive

The role of the Philippine President in relation to his/her powers.

 The Executive Branch

 Running for President

The President Cannot

 Grant clemency in cases of impeachment.

Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine President.

Chapter VII: The Legislative

The Legislative Branch

Basic Structure Legislative Branch

The Philippine Congress

Composition 24 Senators elected

Qualifications Natural-born citizen

Terms of Office 6 years

 Lower House: House of Representatives

Composition 200 district reps, 50 party list

Registered voter of the district

Terms of Office 3 years

 Vacancy can be filled through regular election

-Elected Congressmen must:

1. Appointment of Public Officials

-Congress may not:

How bill becomes a Law?

Referral to Committee Debate

1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading

1st Reading 2nd Reading 3rd Reading

Chapter VIII: The Judiciary