 Introduction: The Concepts of POLITICS and GOVERNANCE

 - denotes a social activity - is the creation, maintenance and amendment of

social norms or rules. - an art and science of the government.
 - the realm of public affairs or the state. - Accdg. to Plato, POLITICS is the
study of affairs of the Polis (city- state),which he defined as the most sovereign
and inclusive association - Accdg to Robert Dahl, POLITICS is the existence of
rules or authority within the state.
 - it is therefore the study of POWER relationship among the people in a given
society as well as those relationships among states in the internal community .
(Lazo, 2009) - The exercise of power, the science of government, the making of
collective decisions, the allocation of scarce resources and the practice of
deception and manipulation.
 POLIS – city-state POLITES – citizens POLITIKOS – government officials
 As a concept, it is associated to the culture of cooperation one side and
differing conflict on the oth.er side
 POLITICS is… - Exercise of power, making political decisions, practice of
deception and manipulation, exercise of authority, allocation of limited
resources - Use force to affect the behavior of another person or group
 Didyouknow? - People who are unaware or are only partly unaware and
uninformed of what is going on is called idiotes. - Idiots for Ancient Greeks
means a person who: does not vote, does not discuss public issues, and does not
involve himself in government affairs.
 BASIC ISSUES IN POLITICS: LEGITIMACY SOVEREIGNTY
AUTHORITY
 LEGITIMACY - Attitude of the people about what they consider in mind
that government is a rightful ruler over them - Legal and Psychological right to
govern - Compels people to believe and follow orders
 - It is the right of the government to rule and the right of a government of
leadership to exist - The right of a leader to rule and control not only his
subjects but also the territory over which citizens live and prosper
SOVEREIGNTY
 - It is the power of the leader to rule and the power to exact obedience on his
people. It is based on an acknowledged duty to obey rather than on any form of
coercion or manipulation. - It exists when subordinates acknowledged the right
of superiors to give orders. - Right to act rather than the power to do so
AUTHORITY
 14. Classifications of Authority (Max Weber) 1. Traditional Authority A.
Inheritance or succession a. Datu Puti 2. Rational-Legal/ Bureaucratic Authority
B. Legality of formal rules b. Pres. Roa Duterte 3. Charismatic Authority C.
Gift of grace c. Brother Villanueva
 15. Classifications of Authority (Max Weber) Type of Authority Description
Examples Traditional - legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted
practice Datu Puti Rational-Legal/ Bureaucratic Authority - power made
legitimate by law Pres. Rodrigo Roa Duterte Charismatic Authority - leader's
exceptional personal or emotional appeal to followers Bro. Eddie Villanueva
 16. NOTE: Authority relies on the obligation of the people to obey their
leaders by virtue of the legitimate power of his or her office. Effective authority
requires firm, fair, and wise leadership.
 17. BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS ORDER POWER JUSTICE
 18. 1. ORDER - the central to the study of politics because it shows different
components of human society
 19. Structures of Order a. Community - the central to the study of politics
because it shows different components of human society b. Government - the
central to the study of politics because it shows different components of human
society c. State - is the largest social order today and in which the term politics
originally derived.
 20. 2. POWER - The main source of reign of the government. The
possession to govern or rule the state.
 21. 3. JUSTICE - The process of legalizing and penalizing the abuse of
political power and power to rule.
 22. VALUE OF POLITICS will help you to know your rights clarifies
what you yourself believes is a living, breathing subject helps you to
understand our nation's parties prepares you for adult life
 23. It enables us… - to understand how Political System works - to
understand the functions and role of the government
 24. - to develop political awareness - to understand socio-political issues and
their implications - to cultivate responsive citizenship and effective participation
in government
 25. TWO APPROACHES to the STUDY of POLITICS
 26. 1. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY - It is the traditional approach in which
the primary goal is to understand the essence or the truth about politics.
 27. 2. POLITICAL SCIENCE - It is the empirical/ objective approach in
which it places little emphasis on abstract and normative question, and
concentrates on a dispassionate and objective of the realities of politics.
 28. Important Personalities: Jean Bodin French Philosopher, who first
called the study of state as Political Science Niccolo Machiavelli  Father of
Modern Political Science Jean Jacques Rousseau  Father of Modern
Democracy
 29. Is the exercise of power/ authority by political leader for the well being
at their country’s citizens or subject. Refers to the manner of steering/
governing and or directing and controlling a group of people/ the state.
 30. 3 Legs of Governance 1. Economic Governance - country's economic
activities and its relationships with other economies 2. Political Governance - to
formulate policy 3. Administrative Governance - system of policy
implementation
 31. Characteristics of Good Governance
 32. 1. Participation - participation by both men and women - Participation is
one of the strengths of Philippine governance - The 1987 Philippine
Constitution is replete of provisions dealing with relational and inter- sectoral
governance.
 33. - The Local Government Act of 1989 was borne out of the need for
decentralization in Philippine governance. - As such, these and other related
legislations may be considered as normative standards for good governance.
 34. - legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially - Democracy
is essentially the rule of law - Rule of law demands that the people and the civil
society render habitual obedience to the law. 2. Rule of Law
 35. - It also demands that the government acts within the limits of the powers
and functions prescribed by the law. - The Philippines does not fare well in this
aspect of good governance. - In spite of being one of the oldest democracies in
the region, the Philippines ranked as last among seven indexed Asian countries
according to the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index.
 36. - Generally, the reasons for ranking last are “lack of respect for law,”
“pervasive and systemic corruption in the government,” and “circumvention of
the law.” - Lack of respect for law is generally caused by distrust on the
integrity of law enforcement agencies. - Order and security are compromised
and criminal justice is rendered ineffectual.
 37. - Free flow of information - Transparency, as an indicator of good
governance, means that people are open to information regarding decision-
making process and the implementation of the same. 3. Transparency
 38. - In legal terms, it means that information on matters of public concern
are made available to the citizens or those who will be directly affected. - It also
means that transactions involving public interests must be fully disclosed and
made accessible to the people.
 39. - Efforts were made in pursuit of transparency in Philippine governance.
- As far as the government sector is concerned, the current administration,
consistent with its drive of curbing corruption, promotes honesty and integrity
in public service.
 40. - It is currently pursuing the passage of the Freedom of Information Bill
and other related legislations, as well as intensifying people’s engagement in
local governance. - Transparency in budget and disbursements are, however,
still far from being substantially implemented.
 41. - serve all stakeholders - means that institutions and processes serve all
stakeholders in a timely and appropriate manner. - It also means that actors and
structures of governance easily give genuine expression to the will or desire of
the people. 4. Responsiveness
 42. - Some of the important efforts made to attain responsive governance in
the Philippines are decentralization, creation of citizen’s charter in all frontline
agencies (as required by ARTA), and gender sensitivity programs. - First,
through decentralization, local governments, which are more proximate to their
constituents, serve more promptly the people, who in turn become more
involved in decision-making.
 43. - Second, every government agency now has it Citizen’s Charter, which
provides timeframes for every step in attaining frontline services. - Agencies
now must also respond to written queries sent by the stakeholders or interested
parties within a period of ten days, otherwise there will be delayed service.
 44. - However, this aspect of governance still remains to be one of the causes
for the decline of public’s confidence in the public sector. - Although the ARTA
has been passed, there is still so much delay in public service delivery. - The
failure of the government agencies to explain the charters to the stakeholders is
one of the main reasons why there is still delay.
 45. - mediates differing interests 5. Consensus Oriented
 46. - all have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being 6. Equity
and Inclusiveness
 47. - produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources
- actors meet the needs of the society means that there is effective governance.
7. Effectiveness and Efficiency
 48. - That the valuable resources are utilized, without wasting or
underutilizing any of them, means that there is efficient governance. -
enhancement and standardization of the quality of public service delivery
consistent with international standards, professionalization of bureaucracy.
 49. - Efforts were made to attain effectiveness and efficiency in Philippine
governance. - The Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (ARTA), for instance, was
passed to require the setting up of Citizen’s Charter for a simplified procedure
and to facilitate governmental transactions. - Also, many government
departments and agencies pursued a rationalization program to check excessive
and redundant staffing.
 50. - accountable to the public 8. Accountability
 51. Importance of Studying Governance - Governance, the people, most
especially the citizens, will be aware of the need for good governance. -
Consequently, such awareness should move them to action
 52. - For their continued empowerment and sustainable development, they
have to know how to fight for their rights by knowing what to expect from
Philippine governance.
 53. PROCESSES AND ACTORS IN GOVERNANCE Decision-Making
and Implementation - Decision-making refers the process by which a person or
group of persons, guided by socio- political structures, arrive at a decision
involving their individual and communal needs and wants. - Implementation is
the process that logically follows the decision.
 54. Actors and Structures - An actor is a sector or group or institution that
participates in the process of decision- making implementation. - A structure
refers to an organization or mechanism that formally or informally guides the
decision- making process and sets into motion the different actors and
apparatuses in the implementation process.
 55. Informal Actors and Bad Governance - Their influence is felt more
clearly in local governments, such as organized crime syndicates and powerful
families, and in rural and urban areas. - Most often than not, these actors are the
cause of corruption, in that legitimate government objectives are distorted by
their illegal and private interests.
 56. - Worse, they manipulate government officials and agencies, and cause
widespread yet organized violence in the community. - In urban and rural areas,
for example, the rich and powerful families control the economy by controlling
the local government officials. - They bring about a controlled environment so
that decisions must always favor them.
 In Islamic art we can observe how artist are influenced by the notion
of the Tawid.
 Islamic art is characterized by designs of flowers, plant forms and
geometric designs. It is used in calligraphy, architecture painting,
clothing and other forms of fine art.

•One characteristic of Islamic art is the
absence of human form. This tradition comes
fr om t he be lie f t ha t a ny f igur a l
representation should not be used for the
purpose of worship.