EXPLORING THE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC BIKES OVER FUEL-POWERED

MOTORBIKES: A QUALITATIVE STUDY IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A Research
Presented to the
Bauan Technical Integrated High School

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements
In Practical Research I

By:

ESCALON, PHILLIP JEROME D.

MEDINA, KARL MARX A.
QUIAÑO, RENZ JOSEPH B.
SEBOLINO, JADE ALLEN E.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

I. CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

A. Introduction 1

B. Statement of the Problem 3

C. Conceptual Framework 4

D. Assumptions 6

E. Significance of the Study 6

F. Scope and Delimitations 8

G. Definition of Terms 8

II. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A. Related Literature 11

1. Electric Vehicle: Historical Evolution and Downfall 11

2. The Emergence of the First Motorcycle 14

16
3. The Rising Interest on Electric Vehicles: The Return
4. Electric Bikes: Early Glory 18

B. Related Studies 20

C. Synthesis 23
III. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design 25

B. Data Reference and Sources 26

C. Data Collection Technique 26

D. Analytical Treatment of Data 27

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

A. Introduction

The 21st century has witnessed an evolutionary shift in the way we

envision urban mobility. The ever-changing evolution of land transportation has

become a necessity nowadays. In response to the need for cleaner and more

sustainable transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as the leading

candidate in this technological revolution. These innovative vehicles offer a

convincing alternative to traditional fuel-powered automobiles, promising a

significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By mitigating

the dependency and reliance on fossil fuels, EVs play a crucial part towards

reducing the environmental impact of our transportation systems. Moreover, the

potential for cost savings associated with lower energy consumption and reduced

reliance on traditional fuel sources further strengthens the appeal of EVs as the

future of sustainable mobility.

Within the vast spectrum of EVs, electric bikes bring transformative

solutions on the table, for personal transportation within various urban

environments. E-bikes address the complex challenges plaguing urban mobility

on several perspectives. They provide a convenient and healthy mode of

transport, offering users the physical benefits of cycling while mitigating the
1
exertion associated with traditional bicycles, particularly over longer distances, or

hilly terrain. Furthermore, e-bikes contribute to lessening traffic congestion by

offering a space-efficient and agile alternative to larger vehicles. Additionally, their

reliance on electric power significantly reduces their contribution to air pollution,

promoting cleaner air and improved public health in urban areas.

On the same page, mechanical engineers possess great role and

responsibility in the field of designing, testing, and inspecting all mechanical

systems1 within e-bikes before production and its release to the market. As the

cornerstones of the process, they play a crucial role in guaranteeing the seamless

operation of equipment, environmental systems, and machinery within e-bikes.

In the same vein, consumers may have a sense of interest in different

design prototypes and their corresponding evaluation to their performance. In

certain cases, they assess a fitting design that suits the consumer’s compatibility.

As gleaned from these circumstances, it is challenging to weigh out which design

or prototypes the consumers should choose. It might be deemed unjust on the

part of the consumer who chose a design that is held unfit for the purpose of their

choice. Additionally, it might be hard for consumers to decide, as they must have

a standard mode of comparison of e-bikes’ capabilities over motorbikes’, due to

their preferences.

2
 From the perspective of the consumer, it can be difficult to establish the

potential benefits and drawbacks of e-bikes and motorbikes, referencing what the

consumer prefers.

With this situation laid out, this study delves into the different design

considerations and performance evaluation, with a focus on comparing and

clarifying the differences between e-bikes and fuel-powered motorbikes. To

achieve this, it is vital to examine varying design considerations of e-bikes and

motorbikes from different manufacturers, from local to international perspective.

Ultimately, the aim is to establish research that consumers will use as a concrete

basis for making the decision to purchase e-bikes over fuel-powered motorbikes.

B. Statement of the Problem

The qualitative study primarily seeks to explore the design considerations

and performance of electric bikes compared to fuel-powered motorbikes.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How do the fundamental principles and technologies regarding electric

and fuel-powered motorbikes vary, in terms of:

a. Overall design;

b. Performance characteristics?

3
 2. How do the design and performance characteristics of electric and fuel-

powered motorbikes influence their suitability in terms of:

a. Varying terrain types;

b. Weather conditions;

c. riding preferences?

3. How do the following limitations of electric bikes affect user preferences

for commute distances compared to fuel-powered motorbikes:

a. Charging stations; and

b. Range with respect to the battery capacity?

4. How do riders weigh out the potential benefits and drawbacks of electric

and fuel-powered motorbikes in terms of:

a. Accessibility for different age groups;

b. Physical capabilities; and

c. Maintenance requirements?

C. Conceptual Framework

With the purpose of exacting the limitations on exploring the design

considerations and performance evaluation of electric bikes over fuel-powered

motorbikes, local and international databases will be analyzed. Additionally, local,

4
and international databases from different manufacturers will also be studied.

Moreover, local, and global articles, studies, research, and theses regarding

design considerations and performance evaluation of e-bikes and fuel-powered

motorbikes will be compared, analyzed, and described to establish differential

gaps between e-bikes and fuel-powered motorbikes. Finally, the output is based

on the data collected, analyzed, and interpreted.

•Local and international databases

•Local and international databases from different manufacturers
•Related local and global studies, research, and theses involving design considerations
and performance evaluation of e-bikes and motorbikes
•Local and international online articles regarding design considerations and performance
Input evaluation

•Research, comparison, and analysis of the different instruments regarding design

considerations and performance evaluation of e-bikes and fuel-powered motorbikes.

Process

•Proposed publication of a complete comparative analysis involving design

considerations and performance evaluation of electric bikes and fuel-powered
motorbikes
Output

5
 Figure 1.1 Conceptual Paradigm

D. Assumptions

1. The differences between e-bikes and fuel-powered motorbikes in terms

of design and performance is established and well-differentiated within the

consumer.

2. The potential drawbacks of e-bikes might outweigh the benefits seen

within the use of e-bikes.

3. The personal preferences of consumers play a significant role in the

decision-making of choosing between e-bikes and motorbikes.

4. The consumers have great foundation regarding the benefits and

drawbacks between e-bikes and motorbikes, thus deciding in between the two

with great comprehension.

E. Significance of the Study

The study would be useful and beneficial to the following:

1. Motorbike Enthusiasts. By defining the extremities of the gaps between

e-bikes and motorbikes, this study can provide great contribution to preaching the

results of this study to motorbike enthusiasts. This can result to a better

understanding of motorbikes’ design consideration and performance.

6
 2. Electric Bike Enthusiasts. Electric bike users can also benefit from the

results of the study, as they can clearly understand e-bikes’ potential in the aspect

of urban transportation. This knowledge can help them establish a footing on the

benefits of the implementation of e-bike transportation in the field of urban

mobility.

3. Motorbike Manufacturer/s. The findings of this study may have

suggestions for the process of manufacturing. It could influence how

manufacturers change or modify their design choices to further fit to the

consumers’ preferences.

4. Electric Bike Manufacturer/s. This study may also touch on e-bike

manufacturers for the same reasoning. It could encourage how manufacturers

change or modify their design prototypes to further address pre-existing

dilemmas in using e-bikes.

5. Mechanical Engineers. This study can help mechanical engineers to

explore different key components that affects the performance of e-bikes and

motorbikes. This is crucial for them, as they can potentially adapt these key

components to their future projects around Mechanical Engineering.

6. Component Manufacturer/s. This study may also assist manufacturers

that produce different components, such as batteries, brake systems, etc. This can

7
potentially help them to improve their products, to further improve the overall

performance of both e-bikes and motorbikes.

F. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study will focus on exploring different design considerations of e-bikes

and motorbikes. The study will delve into the varying design choices between e-

bikes and motorbikes and analyzing every potential benefit and drawback of some

popular design choices. The study also explores and analyzes the evaluation of e-

bikes and motorbikes regarding their performance, to further interpret how it will

collectively fit to the consumers’ likings.

The study will not extensively discuss other aspects beyond the design

considerations and performance evaluation of both e-bikes and fuel-powered

motorbikes. While there may be relevant discussion on other aspects of the

subject, the primary focus will only remain on design choices and evaluation of

performance.

F. Definition of Terms

An understanding of the later terms is crucial for the points of the study:

Design. A drawing or set of drawings showing how a building or product is

8
to be made and how it will work and look.1

Performance. How well a person, machine, etc. does a piece of work or an

activity.2

Evaluation. The process of judging or calculating the quality, importance,

amount, or value of something.3

Enthusiast. A person who is extremely interested in and involved with a

particular subject or activity.4

Transportation. A vehicle or system of vehicles, such as buses, trains,

etc. for getting from one place to another.5

Urban Environments. Refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. An urban area

includes the city itself, as well as the surrounding areas.6

Terrain. An area of land, when considering its natural features.7

Manufacturer. A company that produces goods in large numbers.8

1 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/design (last

accessed March 11, 2024)
2 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/performance
(last accessed March 11, 2024)
3 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/evaluation
(last accessed March 11, 2024)
4 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/enthusiast
(last accessed March 11, 2024)
5 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/transportation
(last accessed March 11, 2024)
6 National Geographic Society available at https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/urban-
area/ (last accessed March 11, 2024)
7 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/terrain (last
accessed March 11, 2024)
8 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/manufacturer
(last accessed March 11, 2024)
9
 Preference. The fact that you like something or someone more than

another thing or person.9

Component. A part that combines with other parts to form something

bigger.10

Maintenance. The work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in

good condition.11

Accessibility. The ability to get something easily.12

9 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/preference

(last accessed March 11, 2024)
10 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/component#
(last accessed March 11, 2024)
11 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/maintenance
(last accessed March 11, 2024)
12 Cambridge Dictionary available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/accessibility
(last accessed March 11, 2024)
10
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The succeeding paragraphs will discuss the related literature and studies

sourced from various books, articles, online websites, research, and theses that

were reviewed which driven the conduct of this study.

A. Related Literature

1. Electric Vehicle Technology: Historical Evolution and Downfall

Electric vehicles have a long and storied history. The interest for them

varied over the years due to environmental issues and available energy resources.

The first electric cars were built in the 1830s, immediately after the development of

the first electrical machines. In the next period, numerous electrical vehicles were

constructed but without a significant breakthrough in transportation. The real need

for the first engine-based transportation was raised for a very simple reason. In the

1890s, the world’s most developed cities faced serious environmental and health

problems from horse manure. In London alone, more than 300,000 horses roamed

the streets, each producing around 10 kg of manure and 1 L of urine per day.

Manure releases methane gas, which has four times the greenhouse effect of

11
carbon dioxide. With the rapid development of industry and transportation, the

disposal of this waste has become difficult13.

Over the last few years, electric transport has been largely promoted by

governments as an effort to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and air pollution

from vehicles propelled by internal combustion engines (ICEs). Electric vehicles

(EVs) have become an important component in this subject due to the advantages

presented compared to ICE vehicles, i.e., reduction of noise and notable decrease

in greenhouse gases release. Furthermore, a massive introduction of EVs in the

power distribution networks leads to adverse effects in terms of voltage drops, non-

desired load peaks, increment in energy losses, overload on grid components, load

factor reduction, reliability indices deterioration, and power quality issues.14

After enjoying success at the beginning of the 20th century, the electric

car began to lose its position in the automobile market. Several developments

contributed to this situation. By the 1920s an improved road infrastructure improved

travel times, creating a need for vehicles with a greater range than that offered by

electric cars. Worldwide discoveries of large petroleum reserves led to the wide

availability of affordable petrol, making petrol-powered cars cheaper to operate

13 Szabo, L., & Iulia, V. (2022). A brief history of electric vehicles. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363520342_A_Brief_History_of_Electric_Vehicles (last
accessed March 13, 2024)
14 Arias-Londoño, A., Montoya, O. D., & Grisales-Noreña, L. F. (2020). A Chronological Literature
Review of Electric Vehicle Interactions with Power Distribution Systems. Energies, 13(11), 3016.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en13113016 (last accessed March 13, 2024)
12
over long distances.15 Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow speed

(no more than 24–32 km/h or 15–20 mph) and low range (50–65 km or 30–40

miles), and gasoline cars were now able to travel farther and faster than equivalent

electrics.16

Gasoline cars also overcame much of their negatives compared to

electrics, in several areas. Whereas ICE cars originally had to be hand-cranked to

start – a difficult and sometimes dangerous activity – the invention of the electric

starter by Charles Kettering in 191217 eliminated the need of a hand starting crank.

Further, while gasoline engines are inherently noisier than electric motors, the

invention of the muffler by Milton O. Reeves and Marshall T. Reeves in 1897

significantly reduced the noise to tolerable levels. Finally, the initiation of mass

production of gas-powered vehicles by Henry Ford brought their price down. 18 By

contrast, the price of similar electric vehicles continued to rise; by 1912, an electric

car sold for almost double the price of a gasoline car.19

Most electric car makers stopped production at some point in the 1910s.

Electric vehicles became popular for certain applications where their limited range

15 Wikipedia available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicle#1920s

%E2%80%931950s:_Dark_age_of_Electric_Vehicles (last accessed March 28, 2024)
16 Britannica available at https://www.britannica.com/technology/automobile/Early-electric-
automobiles (last accessed March 28, 2024)
17 Matthe, Roland & Eberle, Ulrich. (2014). The Voltec System: Energy Storage and Electric
Propulsion. 10.1016/B978-0-444-59513-3.00008-X. (last accessed March 28, 2024)
18 Some EV History / History of Electric Cars and other Vehicles. (n.d.).
https://www.econogics.com/ev/evhistry.htm (last accessed March 28, 2024)
19 Bellis, M. (2019, March 23). The history of electric vehicles began in 1830. ThoughtCo.
https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-electric-vehicles-1991603 (last accessed March 28, 2024)
13
did not pose major problems. Forklift trucks were electrically powered when they

were introduced by Yale in 1923. 20 In Europe, especially the United Kingdom, milk

floats were powered by electricity, and for most of the 20th century most of the

world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats. 21. By the 1920s, the

early heyday of electric cars had passed, and a decade later, the electric

automobile industry had effectively disappeared.22

Despite Kilowatt's improved performance with respect to previous

electric cars, it was about double the cost of a regular gasoline-powered Dauphine,

and production ended in 1961.23

2. The Emergence of the First Motorcycle

In 1885, Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler built what was

considered the first motorcycle. It consisted of a wooden frame and four wooden

wheels. The engine was a combustion engine, developing 0.5 hp, 164 ccs, and

reaching a speed of 18 km/h. Around 1894, Hildebrand and Wolfmüller created the

first motorcycle intended for series production. The model was presented in

Munich, Germany. In the same year, two Russian brothers living in Paris designed

the first two-wheeled motorcycle, incorporating the engine in the front wheel.
20 Why Yale Lift Truck Equipment and Technology | Yale. (n.d.).
https://www.yale.com/en-gb/emea/why-yale/ (last accessed March 28, 2024)
21 Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle*. (n.d.).
https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202136/http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~racowan/escape.html
(last accessed March 28, 2024)
22 Schiffer, M. (2010). Taking charge: The Electric Automobile in America. National Geographic
Books. (last accessed March 28, 2024)
23
14
 With the focus on further developments and the development of different

models, the first scooter appeared in 1902. The concept was designed by

Frenchman Georges Gauthier. Concerning his project, he presented a bicycle with

small wheels, an open frame, and a protective cover with the aim that the driver

could ride comfortably seated, with his feet on a flat base and that more

accessories could be added, such as a small box or a spare wheel.

After the end of the Second World War, in 1945, the custom motorcycle

was born. The evolution of the motorcycle engine and some structural changes in

motorcycles gave rise to the first custom bikes, a style of motorcycle characterized

by its low and long motorbike design, with the same diameter and thickness of front

and rear wheel. Their tires mimic the old style, and their rims are usually classic

wheel rods.

The 1970s saw some interesting and amazing changes, such as the

appearance of the 4-cylinder. Japanese models also arrived, and with them came

electronic ignition and other features picked up from racing, which boosted

production and sales.

From the 1970s onwards, innovations became more and more constant.

Power ratings were higher and designs more modern. However, the big surprise

came in 1996, with the Scoot’ elec, based on electric power as a substitute for fuel.

There have indeed been attempts to use this source since 1869, but it was not until

15
the 1990s that the first mass-produced units were sold, which were useful for their

range and speed.24

3. The Rising Interest on Electric Vehicles: The Return

On 31 July 1971, an electric car received the unique distinction of

becoming the first crewed vehicle to drive on the Moon; that car was the Lunar

Roving Vehicle, which was first deployed during the Apollo 15 mission. The "Moon

buggy" was developed by Boeing and GM subsidiary Delco Electronics (co-

founded by Kettering)25 featured a DC drive motor in each wheel, and a pair of 36-

volt silver-zinc potassium hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries.

After years outside the limelight, the energy crises of the 1970s and

1980s brought about renewed interest in the perceived independence electric cars

had from the fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market. From the 1960s to the

1990s, several companies made battery electric vehicles converted from existing

manufactured models, often using gliders. None were sold in large numbers, with

sales hampered by high cost and a limited range. Most of these vehicles were sold

to government agencies and electric utility companies.26

In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the

24 Rossvolt. (2022, August 8). Motorcycle evolution, from 1867 to Rossvolt. Rossvolt.
https://www.rossvolt.com/motorcycle-evolution/ (last accessed March 30, 2024)
25 Matthé, R., & Eberle, U. (2014). The VOLTEC System—Energy storage and electric propulsion. In
Elsevier eBooks (pp. 151–176). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-59513-3.00008-x (last accessed
March 29, 2024)
26 Thompson, C. (2017, July 2). How the electric car became the future of transportation. Business
Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/electric-car-history-2017-5 (last accessed March 29, 2024)
16
government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient,

lower-emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions

vehicles such as electric vehicles.27 In response, automakers developed electric

models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and

S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV

miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. The Altra was notable for being the first

production EV to use lithium-ion batteries.28 The automakers were accused of

pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in

the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric

vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in

the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's

mandate.

GM's program came under scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers

were not allowed to purchase EV1s, but were instead asked to sign closed-end

leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease

period, with no option to purchase, despite lease interest in continuing to own the

cars.29

27 Sperling, D., & Gordon, D. (2009). Two billion cars: Driving toward sustainability. Oxford University
Press, USA. (last accessed March 29, 2024)
28 California Commuter". EV World. EV World: (n.d.).
https://web.archive.org/web/20071117214154/http://www.evworld.com/archives/testdrives/altra.html
(last accessed March 29, 2024)
29 Who killed the electric car? - Box office Mojo. (n.d.). Box Office Mojo.
https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1498514945/weekend/ (last accessed March 29, 2024)
17
 Throughout the 1990s, interest in fuel-efficient or environmentally

friendly cars declined among consumers in the United States, who instead favored

sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel

efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. Domestic U.S. automakers chose to

focus their product lines on truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit

margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan.

4. Electric Bikes: Early Glory

E-bikes have been around for decades now, the very first motor-powered

bicycles were documented at the end of the 19th century. However, pedal-assisted

bikes did not spark interest until recently; making a breakthrough towards the end

of the 20th century then led to the most significant improvements before the great

bicycle boom of 2020 where it became more attractive to millions of commuters.

Throughout history, individual transport modes have evolved at different

rates and times which led us to the rise of electric bicycles. Cycling was first

developed in the UK in the late 19th century, primarily as a leisure activity for

wealthier people. By the late 1940s, the number of bicycles in the UK peaked and

cycling was only second to the bus as a means of transport to commute.

E-bike’s history surprisingly also goes back to the 19th century when

inventors and engineers were trying to convert safety bicycles into powered

bicycles. The first bicycles with electric motors appeared at the end of that century

18
and in the following years, the design was tested and improved. While for the most

part of the 20th century, there was low interest in cycling.

Despite the introduction of EVs, consumers didn’t worry about fuel-

efficient vehicles. The automotive industry was benefiting from cheap oil, which

reinforced the image of the car as a symbol of progress and innovation. As the

mass-production assembly lines for cars and motorbikes became ever more

efficient, interest in cycling began to decrease.

As the price of oil quadrupled in 1973, this took both a toll on both

energy consumption and the world’s opinion on oil-fueled cars. As the industry

entered the new millennium, the manufacture and use of electric bikes saw a

complete resurgence. Production began to grow again, where e-bikes now made

use of technological advancements such as modern electric motors and highly

efficient batteries.30

B. Related Studies

A motorcycle chassis is a motorcycle's core structure. The chassis acts

as a skeleton for the vehicle on which different components are mounted using

bolted applications providing them with strength and rigidity so that they can carry

30 Chatel, E. (2022b, January 31). A brief history of electric bikes - FuroSystems. FuroSystems.
https://www.furosystems.com/news/a-brief-history-of-electric-bikes/
19
out their desired operations. Power generating components (IC engine for a

conventional fossil fuel vehicle while motor and batteries for an electric vehicle) are

mounted on the chassis in such a way that they are protected in cases of accidents

and impacts while ensuring there is no hindrance in their smooth functioning. The

chassis provides the hinge points for both front and rear suspension and supports

the rider and any pillion or luggage. It is required to sustain numerous forces and

torques induced by bumping, braking, and acceleration.

A chassis design is dependent on the suspension, steering, and

transmission subassembly of the vehicle and hence gives the flexibility to optimize

it in terms of weight and durability. Among all the structural components of the

vehicle, the chassis is the most important part. The centralization and reduction in

weight of the chassis improve the vehicle's handling and performance. Under

normal operating conditions, it is subjected to dynamic forces transmitted from the

front and rear suspension systems. It also encounters time-varying loads during its

service life which may lead to fatigue failure. Thus, in the design and optimization

of a motorcycle chassis, the weight must be minimized, centralized, and lowered,

while factors such as strength, stiffness, and durability should fulfill the design

targets.

An effective design performs the required task efficiently and is safe

under extreme operating conditions while being economical in the material used as

20
well as the manufacturing process needed yet having an aesthetic appeal. Analysis

facilitates understanding the behavior of a component under a particular loading

cycle for both failures and redundancies. Therefore, the analysis provides us with a

mathematical model which indicates the scope for optimization and weight

reduction for an overdesigned component.31

Criteria have been defined to evaluate the performance of electric

bicycles. These are technical performance, practicability, design, environmental

friendliness, and cost and economics. The subcategories of all criteria, apart from

the technical performance and cost and economics, are practicability, design, and

environmental criteria. The technical performance characteristics such as power,

torque, and speed have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally

and are discussed in the “Investigation of Technical Performance Requirements”

section.

Even though the technical maturity of electric bicycles has been, and is

still, improving, still more work needs to be done to make electric bicycles

competitive with other vehicles. This includes more research on the durability and

lifetime of such bicycles, the long charging time of batteries, and the sparse

availability of charging stations.32

31 Arnob, F. F., Khan, M. S., & Bhuiyan, M. H. K. (2022). Design, fabrication and analysis of chassis
for electric bike. International Online Medical Council. https://doi.org/10.35248/ijirset.22.3(4).25-31
(last accessed March 31, 2024)
32 Muetze, A. & Tan, Ying. (2007). Electric bicycles - A performance evaluation. Industry Applications
Magazine, IEEE. 13. 12 - 21. 10.1109/MIA.2007.4283505. (last accessed March 31, 2024)
21
 Engine is the most important part of motorcycle. As an example, a four-

stroke engine can provide continuous power for motorcycle with the circulation of

four strokes: intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke and exhaust stroke.

With the application of Variable Valve Timing (VVT) technology 33 and Variable

Intake Manifold (VIM) System34, engineers can enhance the engine power by

controlling the switching time of valves, and then improve the dynamic

performance. Generally, the dynamic performance can be described as effective

torque, effective power, average effective pressure, and rotational speed, in which

effective torque is preferred as the key index to reflect the engine’s working ability.

Besides that, fuel economy, compactness, reliability, and durability should be

considered synthetically when evaluating an engine’s performance. Considering

the complicated interaction among different evaluation indexes, engineers usually

rely on simulation software (such as CAE, GT series, Converge, etc.) to imitate the

operation process of engine35, and then optimize the design.36

C. Synthesis

33 P. Mohammad, K. Amir, Precise lift control in a new variable valve actuation system using
discrete-time sliding mode control, Mechanism and machine theory, 2016, 99: 217-235. (last
accessed March 31, 2024)
34 F. Zhao, A review of research about variable intake manifold, machinery, materials science and
engineering applications, 2011, 228: 299-302. (last accessed March 31, 2024)
35 R. Alessandro, T. Marco, Dynamic analysis of a motorbike engine timing system: Experimental
and numerical investigation of the geartrain, Mechanical systems and signal processing, 2014, 48 (1-
2):325-338. (last accessed March 31, 2024)
36 Li, Y., Zhang, S., & Wang, J. (2017). Research on the Optimization Design of Motorcycle Engine
based on DOE Methodology. Procedia Engineering, 174, 740–747.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.216 (last accessed March 31, 2024)
22
 Electric vehicles (EVs) and motorcycles have a long and intertwined

history. The first EVs appeared in the 1830s, but their short range and slow speeds

limited their adoption. Meanwhile, motorcycles powered by combustion engines

gained popularity due to their greater range and speed.

By the 1920s, the discovery of large oil reserves and mass production of

gasoline-powered cars with electric starters made them cheaper and more

convenient than electric vehicles. This led to a decline in EVs, which became

relegated to niche applications like industrial forklifts and milk floats. Motorcycles

continued to evolve with advancements in engines and designs, solidifying their

place as a distinct mode of transportation.

Renewed interest in EVs emerged in the 1970s due to energy crises and

concerns about oil dependence. Regulations in California in the 1990s further

encouraged development of electric car models. However, high costs, limited

range, and a lack of consumer interest hindered widespread adoption.

Electric bicycles (e-bikes) also saw a rise in popularity in the late 20th

century, fueled by advancements in motor and battery technology. The "great

bicycle boom" of the 2020s further propelled the popularity of e-bikes for

commuting and recreation.

Both electric vehicles and motorcycles continue to face challenges.

23
These include limited range compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, the need for

more widespread charging infrastructure for EVs, and the need for advancements

in battery technology to improve range and lifespan. Additionally, the large-scale

adoption of EVs raises concerns about potential impacts on power distribution

networks.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This part of the study states the research design, explains the data collection

technique used, and discusses how the data gathered are analyzed and interpreted

to form the conclusions and recommendations.

24
 A. Research Design

Conceptual research and comparative research were utilized in conducting

the study. On one hand, conceptual legal research is defined as a methodology

wherein research is conducted by observing and analyzing already present

information on a given topic. It doesn’t involve conducting any practical experiments.

It is related to abstract concepts or ideas. 37 This method was utilized in the research

to produce parameters on design and performance of both e-bikes and motorbikes.

On the other hand, comparative research is a structured form of research involving

comparing elements to better understand the similarities and differences between

them, applying rigorous methods and analyzing the results to draw meaningful

conclusions. It helps to expand knowledge and provides a basis for informed

decisions. It is research designed to analyze and compare two or more elements or

phenomena to identify similarities, differences, and patterns between them. 38 This

form of research can be used to create the best solution to an issue at hand by

examining different frameworks. Comparative legal research was used to investigate

how electric bikes and motorbikes greatly differ from each other, in terms of certain

aspects in transportation, production, etc. Additionally, it was employed to identify

37 Bhat, A. (2023, November 24). Conceptual Research: Definition, framework, example and
Advantages. QuestionPro.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/conceptual-research/#:~:text=Conceptual%20research%20is
%20defined%20as,to%20abstract%20concepts%20or%20ideas. (last accessed March 30, 2024)
38 Roth, M. (2024, March 7). Comparative Research: Definition & Implementation | QuestionPro.
QuestionPro GmbH. https://www.questionpro.de/en/comparative-research/ (last accessed March 30,
2024)
25
potential areas where enhancements in the application of design and performance

improvement could be considered based on the comparative analysis.

B. Data Reference and Sources

This research primarily focused on the examination of key authorities,

including corporate databases in the Philippines, corporate databases within Asia,

and international databases related to the similarities and differences on the design

and performance between electric bikes and motorbikes. Secondary sources, such

as books, published and unpublished theses, news articles, journals, and online

resources, were also employed to augment the information derived from primary

authorities and to generate scholarly outcomes.

C. Data Collection Technique

This study primarily relied on the university library and the internet as the

primary sources for obtaining the necessary information required to establish the

study's context and achieve the intended outcomes. Government websites and

other reputable online information repositories were also accessed to locate

essential research materials.

D. Analytical Treatment of Data

The data collected from both primary and secondary sources underwent a

series of critical steps, including identification, categorization, tabulation, analysis,

and interpretation. These stages were crucial in analyzing the design considerations

26
and performance evaluation of electric bikes and motorbikes. The study placed

particular emphasis on the examination of existing research advancements in the

design and performance field of e-bikes and motorbikes.

To facilitate effective data analysis, the research adhered to the three phases

outlined by WJ Kamba in comparative research. In the initial descriptive phase, the

study provided essential context for the selected frameworks, establishing a

comprehensive understanding of their origins and fundamental principles.

Subsequently, during the comparative phase, the researcher conducted a thorough

comparison of the identified legal instruments. This process extracted findings that

highlighted both distinctions and commonalities among various designs. In the final

explanatory phase, the research delved into the significance of the findings. It

explored how these findings contributed to testing the study's hypothesis and

formed the basis for drawing conclusions and making recommendations. Following

the presentation of research findings and the formulation of conclusions, the study

integrated recommendations aimed at establishing clear guidelines regarding e-

bikes’ and motorbikes’ design and evaluation.

The research process adhered to a comprehensive and systematic

approach, ensuring that the result is grounded in a thorough analysis of studies,

and databases.

27
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

SECONDARY AUTHORITIES

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CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

FULL NAME : KARL MARX A. MEDINA

DATE OF BIRTH : March 31, 2007
PLACE OF BIRTH : Batangas City, Batangas
AGE : 17 years old
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
CIVIL STATUS : Single
GENDER : Male
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
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OCCUPATION : Area Bookkeeper
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PERSON TO CONTACT : 09987933235 / Baby Hidie Medina
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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

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FULL NAME : PHILLIP JEROME D. ESCALON

DATE OF BIRTH : March 21, 2007
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CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
CIVIL STATUS : Single
GENDER : Male
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FATHER’S NAME : Romeo M. Escalon
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MOTHER’S NAME : Jonalyn D. Escalon
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DATE OF BIRTH :
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OCCUPATION :
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PERSON TO CONTACT :
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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

FULL NAME : JADE ALLEN E. SEBOLINO

DATE OF BIRTH : April 20, 2007
PLACE OF BIRTH : Batangas City, Batangas
AGE : 17
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
CIVIL STATUS : Single
GENDER : Male
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME : Ernesto B. Sebolino
OCCUPATION : QA / QC Engineer
MOTHER’S NAME : Marichel E. Sebolino
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INCASE OF EMERGENCY

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

36