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Control of growth Streptococcus mutans isolated from saliva and dental caries
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Gamal Elsherbiny
Al-Azhar University
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Gamal M. El-Sherbiny*
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive, tooth decay (David et al., 2011). The mutans
non-motile, non-spore forming, catalase- streptococci comprise a group of seven
negative, facultative anaerobic cocci species, of which Streptococcus mutans and
bacterium commonly found in the human Streptococcus sobrinus are the predominant
oral cavity, is a significant contributor to species isolated from human saliva and
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(10) 1-10
dental plaque (Loesche, 1986). It has also tetracycline and chloramphenicol are used
been reported that S. mutans adhere to treatment dental caries In the recent years, a
damaged cardiac tissues which is marked as shift from narrows spectrum antibiotic
a significant event in the pathogenesis of prescriptions which included penicillin to
chronic infective endocarditis (Miller- broad-spectrum aminopenicillins which
Torbert et al., 2008) with a death rate of up include amoxicillin by dental professionals
to 50% in spite of antibiotic treatments has been reported and the increase of
(Nakano et al., 2007). Experiments with bacterial isolates resistant to the former
gnotobiotic hamsters revealed these to be the antibiotics is blamed for such a shift in
main initiator microorganisms in dental prescription practices (AI-Haroni and
caries disease (Fitzgerald and Keyes, 1960). Skaug, 2007). The antimicrobial effects of
Dental caries is a common infectious disease dental luting glass ionomer cements on
world-wide. The aetiology of the disease is Streptococcus mutans (Sina et al., 2014).
multifactorial, life habits and mutans Worldwide, hundreds of plants are used in
streptococcus infection being the most traditional medicine as treatment for
important factors (Johnson, 1991; Bratthall, bacterial infections. Conventional drugs
1997). In the disease process, the calcified usually provide effective antibiotic therapy
tissues of the tooth are demineralized and for bacterial infections, however there is an
the organic substance is broken down. increasing problem of antibiotics resistance
Streptococcus mutans metabolize and continuing need for new solution.
carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose,
to produce acid and enhance biofilm Although natural product is not necessarily
formation with the early colonizing bacteria safer than synthetic antibiotics, some
to induce dental caries. Streptococcus patients prefer to use herbal medicines. Thus
mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and heath care professionals should aware of the
Lactobacillus are all capable of available evidence for herbal antibiotics.
demineralizing enamel by producing an Garlic (Allium Sativa) is one of the most
acidic environment (Loesche, 1986) and extensively researched medicinal plants and
(Featherstone, 2008). Therefore, control of its typical odor and antibacterial activity
the bacterial biofilm on teeth is essential for depends on allicin produced enzymatic
the maintenance of oral health. Xylitol, a activity of allinase (a cysteine sulfoxide
five-carbon natural sugar alcohol, has been lyase) on alliin after crushing or cutting
used as a substitute for sugar to inhibit garlic clove (Ross et al., 2001; Ellmore and
dental caries (Twetman and Stecksen- Feldberg, 1994; Farzaneh et al., 2013). They
Blicks, 2003; Autio, 2002; Sung et al., are extensive literature on antibacterial
2012). Various mechanisms for prevention effect of fresh garlic, garlic extract has been
of dental caries by xylitol have been reported to inhibition growth of various
suggested (Makinen, 1985) and (Makinen Gram- positive and Gram- negative bacteria
and Isokangas, 1988). Not only is xylitol including Micrococcus, Enterobacter.
unfermented by most dental plaque Escherichia, Klebsiella, Lactobacilli,
microorganisms but it also interferes with in Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus
vitro growth of the microorganisms, and Helicobacter pylori (Ross et al., 2001),
including mutans streptococci (Knuuttila (Tsao and Yin, 2001) and (Sivam et al.,
and Makinen, 1975) and (Vadeboncoeur et 1997). The paper aims control of growth
al., 1983). The antibiotics such as penicillin Streptococcus mutans isolated from saliva
amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin and dental caries.
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(10) 1-10
Materials and Methods shaking water both at 37°C for 8h. Growth
was followed by measuring the absorbance
Samples collection
at a wavelength of 660 nm and calculated
The samples used on this study were inhibition growth percentage. The
collected from the tooth of a patient estimation effect of carbon sources on pH,
diagnosed with dental caries by a physician. prepare BHI medium and BHI without
The patient was receiving treatment at the carbon source and add 1% from sucrose or
outpatient clinic, Faculty of Dental glucose or xylitol and adjacent pH at 7.2,
Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, sterilized, inoculation with S. mutans
Egypt, 2012. The infected area of the tooth isolates and incubation in shaking water
was swabbed with sterile cotton wool and both at 37°C measurement pH after 10, 20,
saliva transferred to a sterile screw capped 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 hours from incubation
tube that contained 5.0 ml of Reduced period.
Transport Fluid (RTF) with aseptic
precautions, vortex mixed for 1minute, to Antibiotics sensitivity screening of
disperse the bacteria. A loopful of dispersed Streptococcus mutans isolates
samples was inoculated on various media.
The antimicrobial sensitivity profile the
Isolation and characterization of forty S. mutans isolates to ten antibacterial
S. mutans drugs was determined according to the
method Bauer- Kirby (Bauer et al., 1966),
The samples were collected immediately (Forbes et al., 1998), (Lee et al., 2004) and
streaked on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), (Aqueveque et al., 2006) using disks of
Gold s Medium and azide blood agar, an antibiotics placed on surface of Brain Heart
inhibitory media incubated at 37°C for 24, Infusion (BHI) medium seeded with the test
48 72 h. Characteristic colonies were organism. Inhibition zone were measured
picked from the plates and purified by after 72h of incubation at 37 °C in the
repeated sub-culturing. S. mutans was presence of 5% CO2 interpretation of
identified using cultural, morphological and resistance was based on the National
bio-chemical characteristics as described Committee for Clinical Laboratory
(Cheesbrough, 2000; Slots and Taubman, Standards NCCLS criteria.
1992; Buchannan and Gibbon, 1974).
Garlic extract preparation
Xylitol inhibition test and Effect of
carbon sources on pH change Garlic extract was prepared according to
method described by (Bakri and Douglas,
The cells were cultured in 5ml Brain Heart 2005). Briefly the peeled fresh garlic 50.0 g
Infusion (BHI) overnight at 37 °C from was chopped and homogenized in 50 ml
stocks kept frozen to produce log-phase sterile distilled water, centrifuged, filtered
cells. The cells were transferred to fresh BHI through Wattman No. 1 filter paper and keep
on the morning. The growth medium in frozen until used
contained xylitol, the concentration ranging
from 0.001, 0.01 and 1.0% xylitol was Garlic extract sensitivity screening of
added to the sterile medium using filter Streptococcus mutans isolates
sterilization. The control medium contained
no added xylitol. The cells were cultured in The antimicrobial activity of garlic extract on
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(10) 1-10
antibiotics for prevention of dental caries is erythromycin 23.9 was recorded by (Fani et
not recommended, since there is risk of al., 2007). Hasan et al., (2014) used
development bacterial resistant. The data quercitrin in combination with
obtained from study revealed that xylitol deoxynojirimycin is synergistic across the
sugar was inhibited growth of Streptococcus range of cariogenic mechanisms of S.
mutans and not used as an energy source by mutans compared to their individual effect
the cariogenic bacteria and acid production combination to suppress the cariogenic
is reduced. Furthermore, xylitol may pathways of S. mutans. The in vitro
stimulate the existing defense mechanisms susceptibility of S. mutans isolates to
against the pathogenesis of dental caries, chlorhexidine revealed that all isolates
such as an increase in salivary flow and sensitive to chlorhexidine 2µg/ml (Table 6).
maintenance of high pH in the oral fluid and Susceptibility of S. mutans to chlorhexidine
the Plaque (Scheinin and Makinen, 1976). were studied by Grönroos et al., (1995) and
Acid produce play crucial roles in the found that S. mutans is more susceptible
pathogenesis of dental. Acidogenesis (acid than S. sobrinus, S. cricetus and S. rattus. Of
production) and aciduracity (acid tolerance) the 379 clinical isolates studied, 50% were
are key cariogenic virulence factors of S. inhibited at 1 g of chlorhexidine per ml,
mutans (Kuramitsu, 1993). Bearing these 90% were inhibited at 2 g/ml, and all were
properties, S. mutans has an upper hand over inhibited at 4 g/ml. The in vitro
less-acid-tolerant species and hence impose antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral
physiological stress on them. Thus, even in activities of garlic extract have been widely
stress conditions, it emerges out to be most recognized (Ross et al., 2001; Tsao and Yin,
prevalent inhabitant of cariogenic plaque. 2001; Sivam et al., 1997; Jain, 1998; Weber
Thus, stress tolerance plays a crucial role in et al., 1992). Moreover in vivo studies on
its pathogenesis. Therefore, xylitol is experimental animals also documented the
widely considered as an anticariogenic agent inhibitory activity of garlic extract on
and used to partially substitute sucrose in various infectious agents such as methicillin
human diet to prevent dental caries resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Tsao et
(Scheinin and Makinen, 1976).The al., 2003) Cytomegalovirus (Fang et al.,
susceptibility of S. mutans isolates to ten 1999) and Shigella sp. (Chowdhury et al.,
antibiotics exhibited highly sensitive to 1991). In vitro data obtained in this study
vancomycin with percentage 95%, penicillin revealed that garlic extract is good inhibited
80% and erythromycin 72.5% but highly growth of Streptococcus mutans. It is
resistant to ciprofloxacin with percentage thought that tooth paste or mouth wash
80%, bacitracin 75% and methicillin 55%. containing garlic extract might be useful for
The resistant of Streptococcus mutans to prevention of dental caries.
penicillin with percentage 22.8 % and
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(10) 1-10
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(10) 1-10
Table.4 Antibiotics sensitivity rate of 40 Streptococcus mutans isolated from dental caries by
Bauer- Kirby disc diffusion methods
Table.5 Inhibitory effect of garlic extract on the 40 Streptococcus mutans isolates isolated
from dental caries by disc diffusion methods
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(10) 1-10
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(10) 1-10
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