Kocuzqnri r,rgcJreaBaHzq e Brnralvfr

Tori,r4 Cocpraa.1983

E'oneapcrca arcadetrtun Ha HaAKume

Editorial Board
K.' .S:rafimozr (Edit_or-in-Chief), _D. Mishea (Secretary), .1. Kutieu, S. Chapkunoa,
M. Gogosheu, A. Bocheu, II. Spiridonou

PeAaNtuonsa Ko,[efurr

K. Ccpa$.uu_oo (rnanet, peTaxrop), n,. Muutee (ceNperap), LI.KAmuee, C. Van-

M. foeowee, A. Eo,aee, X. Cnupu)orrce
K6t-Loe,

Address

Space Qesearch in Bulgaria

Central Laboratory for Space Research
Bulgaria, 1000 Sofia, 1 Rouski Blvd.

A4pec

KocMI4qHIz I43c,'IeABaFII4a n 6:n,rrapnn

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; 1000 CoQun, 6yn. ,,Pycru,, I,lb I

I-{eurpa*ra .la6oparopua flo KocM]IqHn rI3cd'IeABaHnt

@ Prt5t,
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I4s4are.ncrno Ha Er,"trapcKara ara1eMr4f, Ha HayKrzre

PeAaKrop H. tlaKano\d Koper(rop E. Kpz,cmanoaa TexH. peAaKrop A. I(anHnoia
8960 AaAeHa 3a ua6op ua 17. IrI. 1983 r. IIo4n, sa neqar ira S. VlI._ lgg3 r. _-
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 lssN 0204-9104

Volume 4. Sofia lgBB

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Contents
K, B. Seraf imov-On the l(inetic processes intheMicldle Ionosl
saf during Sun-
V. M. Ba.lebanov, fvlr-ry M. bub'ini'n,'1.
Pgcl g or n i y, I(. B. ^G"g'o.t.,.'u,'E.
S e rff i m ou-bn Sorlb;"bt.;
S. utier', I. M.
with the Help of Satellites on polar Orbits ysics Solved
orhits
T. I(. Yanev, D. N. Mishev, M. G. Gilct jikova, U. b.'p'eio a Statistical
T:J:llgl.qp between Aeronomic_ana b.oprrygitui' priul".t.i for- the South
Atlantic Geomagnetic Anomaly Region
D. N, M11 hev, K. p. Eakalouo-'fvfuiiirp.ctral Imagery ana 27
Ef fects
it.i.'i." iiti.i
S. I(. Str a ptiul o", i.'N. I'va no'vu,b.'1.' ca'ui.'ui.i -_'pioul Related to tfr.
Body Pote_ntial of Large Sateilites ancl Thejr particufai'n lution with the
- trutgarian pfobe Experiment I,viilr Lttercosrnos_lg Satellite ao
Jarres
James Lr. Walker-iorrelation
L. G.
C. warkef
-correratior wind and-Electric Field
of
oiWi,ra-and.Electric Fielrt i't irr
_ Regiotr
FI. B. Spirido_nov, A. H. I(rumov, N. X.'X atzl<ov,S.N.yovcl
ev Measure-
ntent Results and Conclusions on the SpecLral R'eflective Cr -
icients of Vol-
canites, Granitoides ar-rd Gneisses . . : .
G. A. Stanev, L. G. Bankov, D. I(, Teocl osiev_Asvmmetrvin ,rity li.-
tribution of Both Hemispheres Obtained by Spheriial lorr'Tla ancl Langmulr
Probes
70

Coaepx{aHr4e
K. E.CepaQlrMoB-O raueruqecr(flx npoqeccaK u cpe4rreii pe rpa 3aKare
Co,rsqa
B. M. ba.re6anoe, M. M. I'o r o ur. o,' g. ,vl.' A V O'r it rn n, vt. c.'r<
Ilogrbpuu, K. E. Cepa$uMoB-O Hexoropux npodle reoQrr3rrKIl,
peuaeMblx c lroMotrlblo cflynu.rKoB Ha fl)Jtflpubtx op6ara,r
X. CnspuAoHoB, E. f pnropoBa-Conocrauenuq ceficunqso n c paSnoMHblMl{ 46
crpyt(rypaMl,I, noryqeHHblMn npra'ueunQpoBaHl.lt{ KocMnqecKu CHITMKOB

K, n, Baxa-iona - I4urepQepeHrIHoHIIbIe lplrnbrpbl B cneKrpaJlbublx pu6opax 6es Honu- 52

rrlnpyouefi o[rl4KIt
M. H. f ylr-en a - Hanoaunepuuftnpeo6pasoBarareJlbror-Hanpflxell C ABTOMATI4qCCKI,IM
56
nepeKnroqeHueM IrSMeplITenE'Horo [aana3oHa . , .
T. VlsaHoBa -feneparop pasBeprxl{ Anl 3ou,qonoro Ha Meteopotorl-
rrecKoft paKere 60
ren 66
T. P. TrrJIqeB Peueuue npo6aeltlt o BpaIqeHI'Ill fle6ecublx
-
BULGARIAN ACADEMY oF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 4

Sofia 1983

On the Kinetic Processes

Ionosphere during Sunset
K. B. Serafimoa

The formation of a deep "valley" abov

formations observed within it and th
known for a long tirne. Thus in 11,2,
appears on the ionograms obtained by
ic latitudes mainly at sunrise-sunset pe
of shielding of the daytime EJayer. I
dependence on the solar zenith angle
of the diiference d:foE2-foE*in the
record the presence of the E2 layer.
formations in the valley during the nig
are fairly well known. In particular, our
data from Arecibo (,p:18.4oN, X,:66.8o
ence of multilayer-like structure in the
which is moving alniost permanently
again the data from this incoherent sc
ment and patterns of determination of t
see in [5,6,7]). The necessity of their
in terms of possibilities to define some
The problems, of nighttime and
density N" over Arecibo have been disc
etc. In [9] an attempt has been tnade t
effective recombination coefficient s"rr
variations. Based on the profiles used in
new possibilities for correct analysis of io
es in the middle ionosphere. BY th
understand the part between 10C and 1
in [3] as the basis analysis would refer
The principal balance equation fron t

(1) a#:q
rvhere 4 is thr!'ion production rate,
can iind in [9] that the time variation
presents alrnost a straight ut is why the auilrors f the same paper
llqe, Tt
:t^q.Tlh. s,!r,vrrq!rr-"-^\,/
- dependence- ai'q*.0
aL q7r\) to
^(D oerr canru 6e accurateiy reallz
ue iluculalely reali for the sunrise-su ;et
period and the coefficient be defined as an al
straight line (2) obtained by-integrating (t):
ang r coefficient of t he
(2)
Nu:u$tt+Co'
on this an altit inal
is
determined in IOt
l" l,
ic coefficients of the
ates great differe
of the discussed iegion lovei f7O frrn) is .smatter than t "(l)two in the upper rt
cients a"(O[) and orlNo+) and at the'bottom part specific ffi-
of the ion (about 140 n)
the o"1, thus calculated is almost equal to oo1'lrtOn;^,io
Or+), which is ra her
impossible due to the abundance ol Or* ions at
these ghts. Therefore, the
nt from all av e
vertical distrib ion
ces are interp
0z(7"") with res
0, because a ce
But the eva
here (Zo; Ip, r

A, etc.) defini
radiations dis
n has to penetr
itnportance to the
relatively high level of th-e es, but" clou be of minimum in-
portance. dqiing the sunrise ,'o",,(Z;
ihere are no serious argum nts
to explain the great differe disl ibutions obtained by
the elect-ron density profile, and the the retical and labora )ry
values of the recombination coefficient on the other, ar defined in [9].
. The significant differenc ls between -u,",, values calculat from Arecibo
spheric data and the theoretical and laboiatory data val es of this magnit
may be explained considering the strong motion of sun t-sunrise ionosp
fe
and, in particular, the intensive vertical movements bet een 130 and 200 k l1.l
over the earth during these transition periods. This rea nable physical
sideration requires the application of the followingwett_ own form of the
lance equation (see for ex. [3]) in (1):
dN
(3)
-9:q-UN .z-div(N"V),
where V is the total plasma bulk velocity. The familiar expressions includling
the. diffusion qry be applied to the divergent term in '3), but
ronlzation transfer is determinant for the suiset-r.ise plas
the vertlcal
motions betwAen
130 and 200km. That is why the divergent term in (3 is often
replaced by
its . vertical part only. Takirig into cons-iderrfion ilrui-, in -examirheil I

period and denoting div(ru"V)l-M, from (3) we ontiin ' - "0 the

dN
(4) -,yig:- -sN"z-M.
4
 In the time integration of (4) we obtain first
(5) +
:(-,-#-,) ,*r,.
approkimation

"

oi'flf.1"J,{r;,ijl$nlni,J:fl"-
i, possible
is ",lX!:'t1,",','Ji,:iJ"\,,11:l ll':qi':?r3,'Jr'"1"'i:;.
only"when the factor before-ilre ilirti-r i.
-."nriint,
i. e.
(6) 0 .M
Frv z:const'

Tlre constant of the right-hand sicle is equal to accorclin$ to form ula (2).
_uu_,,
The
.str_aight linear dependence between t7lr" u"o /'i$ confirmed by al
data available
.,d-Ld from Arecl00
avaraale rrom Arecibo'for
ror thd sunset period. rneieioid,li-n"i^'n.ni.iti"i
perioo. ThereforQ,.if not negle-ctin5
urotions, we should consider them as rnodifying u",, o inciedi-b,.
ed *it! uu,r.,
"rt comDar
from (6) that
"
laboratory measurements and th?or& *i
;rr;,il;;i",ir. f"ii;;,
(7) !_:.q,
-
l1-2

where the A value is constant at sunrise-sunset period but changes

allitude Z. with th
,. .Th" dependence-(7) is of. particular interest because it clemonstrates that
the time variations of the motion contribution to ttre rniOot. lOnospheric nufuiic"
during srrnrise-sunset period are proportional to it. ,q""ie of the electron
density, i. e.
(B) : . lr(t)1,:"ou,1:AN"2(t)1,:,on,t,

of the motions M. In order to obtain

M, we have to proceed as f ollows :
coefficient o as an etfective coeffici
a medium with significant concentration of molecular Or+ arrd NO+ ions
qo(ozj )[ol l2+"o(trro+)[No+]
(e) s _ .
lo2+l+[No+ ]+[o+]
The yield of (9) shows the fact that the total ion concdntration between
130 and 200km is defined by the sum of flre denominator uricler tl-re
examined
conditions, i. e.
(l 0) [or+ ] 1 [NO +]
+ [O+] - Nr At. :
In order to define altitudinal variations of o, we use most {ecentlv determin-
ed values of the temperature depenclence of or(Of) an{ or(NOzj which
)
according to [10] are:
(11) uo(ot): r.ox ro-'(fr)--o'tt ,

(12) a,(No r7 : 4 2Xto-'(fr) -o

"
 When ihere is no avZiif.\ble evidence ou the :rti I distributions o the
ion densities over A{ecibo, for'the examined period we the data on th 1e-
lative ion densities: [Of]/ll" and [NO+]7ff" according to he IRI rnodel [11 We
also apply the IRI model for the vertical distributionlo the electron tet ra'

km
i,)1

/1

3 -t.,o3,r-t
| e
')(10-1 cm".s
x lo

Fig.1 Fig.2

ture T"(Z) but with the corrections fron't our mea nts performed with
IRI the Vertical series rockets (see [12]). It we denote K :[Oz+]/N" and No*
: [NO+]/A/", we shall obtain
(13) u : oa(Oz+)ffot + oD(NO +)Kuo +

for u according to [9]. The vertical profiles of a2(Or+) nd or(NO+) are built
according to [11], [12] and the T"(Z) vertic-a-l profile-- according to IRI and
the corrections flom [12]. The coefficients Koi. and K1 + are determined no
__b

IRI, and the altitudinal profile of l/ is defined from [1 11. as shown in F 1.

The sane Figure demonstrates as an example- th! pr( ile of o"rr as o ined
in [9] on data from sunset values of N-(1, Z) lot S , 1966 and calc ted
according to fotmula (2),. i. e. neglecting motiogst analysis of av ble
-con.tpuT"d
sunset-sunrise data froil'Arecibo, by fbimula (2) although wit cer-
tain variations, confirms the curve in Fig. 1. The data scatter is shown with
hatched area in the Figure. In first approximation we m y consider the lues
of clul, from [9] as close to the average ones for this antity obtained with
the frimitive- analysis performed by lormula (2). The c moarison between the-
oretical s and the field of o",, values shows that the viations between hese
two values are not a random phenomenon but are r ther of a basic tufe.
This confirms .the important role of motions in the noct al middle ion here
and Fig. 1 clearly shows tl-rat q is greater than all the values of crulp ob
for Z;Ig}km and o(oslp for heights Z<I60km. A approximate eq
exists between 160 and 190km and for the particular case of Sept. 9, I 966
this equalization appears at 170 km.
The altitudinal profile for
(l 4) A(21:o"t,-"

0
c€n be built using euaqtions (5), (6) and (7). Figure 2 stlows this profile
the conditions in IO].
Figure 3 de,mon'strates three vertical profiles of M tpr the sunset pe
of Sept. 9, 1966 (for the beginning of the sunset at 18 h 28 min LT; fof a

It is seen from Fig. 3 that the value M(Z) changes in sign at altitu
of about 165km, It is clear from Fig. 1 for the dependenqe (14) that for t
altitudinal region fron.r 160 to 190km
of M Ior all cases available in Arecib
increases the electron density and in
ar ionizing factor. The reverse phe
the electron transfer decreases the
neutralization increase,
' Of course, factor M is not precisely adequate to the contribution of m
tions in the balance equation (3,; because the coefficient o was theoretical
found and all the measurement errors as well as the deviations of the IRI rn
del from reality are included in the magnitude M. But id .first approximatir
we may consider that M represents values similar to the {ivergent term in (
and when using other methods to find for instance the qlectron temperatu
and the ion composition the contribution of the motions can be determinr
accurately.
conclusion that the of I
tio cture of the middl is
to sis of the neutralizi can
be eduilibrium onlv. th t
th
we assume that it is useful and important to defi re the colrstant ratio betwt
motions M contribtion to the squared electron density (sef formula (6).
Acknowledgement. The author expresses his gratitude to the DirBctory of Arecibo
vatory (National Astronomical and Ionospheric Center by the Cornell University).
the data provided and for the possibility
oossibilitv to visit the Observatory. - USA
Observatorv. He is particularly
particularlv
L
grate
r

for the siientific discussions witir the foimer Head of the Io rosph'eric Depariment in Are'cibo
Dr, J. C. I. Walker. To him and E. Serafimova he exDresses his sincele thanks.
 -\
References
I. Q.raf imov, I(., D. Samard j iev. - Compt, rend. Acad. bul sci., 16, 1963, 4, p.
?'Qt"apA)r(r4eB,4., K. Ce pa{rnrr.rou. feorprae. lrrrcr. H, 4, 1963, c. 109,
3. Cepaipnuon, K. Ouauxa cpe[neir zouoc{epu. -l4sB,C., BAH, 1970.
4. Ceparf nuos, K. 1978, Nbi.
-Cr,o6ur-errrar,
5. Golc[ on, W. E., L. M, LaLonde. IRE Trans., 9Ap, 1961, 17.
- York), 1 965,
Ionosph. Center (

p.3165,
p. 132.
. Brace, H. C, Br
t o n.
11. - S.J.Ramak
Ra,wer, R.,
Geophys. Res., 81, 1976, p. 5578.
rishnan, D. Bilitza. prelimina Profiles for Elec
and Ion Densities and Temperatures prop. for the Intern. lonosphere. I
Sci. Rep. W. B. 2, 1975.
12, Cepa$nrr,ron, K. Xocttrzrrec(fle r,rccJre[oBaHutr B Eo.rrrapaa, C., I 979,

rO rnuernqecKr4x rrpoqeccax B cpeAHer? HoHocoepe

.rrpu 3aKaTe co.tHqa
K. E. Cepafiuuoa

Pesrolre)
floxaeauo, rlfo A,trfl rroJlHolreHHoto arraJru3a BpeMeHHbIx rr COTIIbIX I43MCHE HU
anekrpouHofi xoHqeurparlur.r B Hor{Hori n BocxoAHo-BaKarHo cpeAHerl KoH
(e npeAerax or 130 Ao 200km saA 3eu;reri) Heo6xoAzMo Vq[ITbIBATb OC
e"rIeKTpoHoB H HoHoB. Vqer aroro flepeHoca no AaHHbIIvI t4n HTHOI'O pa
e Arecibo .nprrBoAur K BbrBoAy, r{ro BpeMeHHbre rrBMeHeH rrepeHoca Ha AaH
nocrorrHHorl Bbrcore rponoprlHoHanbH;r N"2. Zcxo4r rs oAe./rr IRI a AaH
-06 sreKrpoHHori KoHueHrparlr.rH, [onyqeHHbrx n Arecibo, PCACJICHbI TCO
r{ecKr4e IzgMeHeHr4s eQSexrueHoro pexorvr6uHaLlrroHHoro III,IeHTa 0, a
ero pa3Ho.cTflM, c SHarIeHVflMa4 Os11' BbIgHC/IeHHbrMr4 rro troHoc 4auunru (
Heopetafl ABr4)KeHHrrMa), BbMacJreHbr BbrcorHble 14gMeHeHurr 14BepteHTHoro
,8, o,cHoBHoM ypaBHeHHa 1atauca 3JreKrpoHHofi rouq h.
 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 4

Sofia 1983

On Some Problems in Geophysics Solved

with the tr-lelp of Satellites on Polar Orbits
V. A4. Balebanoo, M. M. Oogoshea, E. M. Dubirdin,
I. S. Kutieo, L M. Podgorniy, K. B. Serafimoa

L Convection

The initial in situ measurements on board Injun-S and OFO-6 have showr
the existence of two vortex convection l!, 2]. one of the rhajor factors defin.
ing this picture is the direction the interplanetary nragnetic field (lMF)
'l'he convective fluxes in the polarofcap become asymmetri( in dependence or
tlre sign of the magnetic field componenl By, irr their slrift to morning o
evening side. Measurements on board AE-C provided for certain precision ot
this model [3]. The change ol convection direction was found to occur ir
sufficiently narrow longitudinal band located near noon. Expfriments u'ith labr
suttlclently labo
ratory magnetospheric model [4, 5] have shown that in depehdence on the sig
of
ur the
lflrre vertical componenr ol
verrlcar component or the
rlle lnterplanetary etic lleld
interplanetary mag etlc B",the
field IJ2, tne directioni
dlrectlon o
convection changes to reverse in the polar cap. It was sho[,vn that magneto
spheric field lines materialize into interplanetary field linQs in the region o
the polar casp. This gives evidence to the existence of rfagnetic field line
colnmon lor the earth dipole and the solar wind. If we use tl]re concepts of tl
classical magnetic hydrodynamics, we may say that in the riegion of the pol
casp reconnection of earth magnetic lines with sol rr wind t4kes tqkes place.
In dependence on the vertical component of the interglanetary .field B
the reconnection appears either near the equatorial or the polar boundary c
the casp. The convection in the po
of the interplanetary magnetic flefd
from the Sun. This fact has been confi
B">0 the convection from the Sun is
increasing the positive value of 8,, Ih
irle in the polar cap region. A typic
(E ) electric field component on B, in
of thd morning.evening
under rundisturbed super--
sonic flux interacting with the magne is givpn in Fig. 1.
Besides the effects of reconnection factor deterrrinant of the
convection picture are the viscous processes at the rnagnetQspheric boundary.
It is ryell seen in Fig. 1 that the 6ign of the electric -fiel( in the polar cap
and therefore the convection direction changes me feverse onl
sufficiently large positive values ol 8".
Important consequence from the viscous interaction effects is the fact that
part of the convective currents generated by the solar ind plasma flux i the

-90 - 00 .-30

Fig. 1. Electric field dependence on tlle lue

an*d the sisn of the ver[lcal component (Br) the
rnagnetic f.i"eld irr irec flux (model experi lnt)
for the polar cap.

.%
€

Fis. 2. Electric field depertdencc orr the ve

coirponent (balloon measuremetrls) for the
cap.

boundary magnetospheric layer is located at closed fiel lines [4]. Consid ing
the south component of the interplanetary magnetic field, he convection ins
in general the same but new convection fluxes appear n the open field ines
in the polar cap. Although the conclusions based on lab atory experimen afe
confirmed by some ground-based observations' they still require t ther
illumination.

l0
 Information obtained from measurements over: the earth polar cap is oft
contradictory, i, e. the correct electric {ield meastYerirents f,re not yet a relial
method. Balloon measurements [6], carried out by M.ci'Zf r as early as.11
(Fig. 2), agree father well with'the laboratory data but the large scatter

3hi

/u71t
IJT l7:5i)
,1 45.?-

Ml.'i 06 : 0ll

UTr I 7 ;55, l8: l5

I 46.21 55.4,
MLT'06:03 | 7: 00r

.., 0000'

F'ig. 3. Electric field distribulion in the polar cap under the nQrthern component
of four-r,ortex convection model (a), three-vortex model (6)

the points in Fig. 2 makes questionable the statement tt[at at large positi
B, values the plasma drift in the polar cap is really rei'rersive to the sol
wind. Many geophysicists even do not consider the possi$ility of existence
such dritt phenomenon. Additional evidence on the correctness of the resu
obtained for the existence of the polar cap convection add sun convection
B")0 was obtained recently.
Data frorn [7] rvhich give results from measurements 1of the electric fi
on board the polar satellite S3-2 show that at the northedn comp.onent of
interplanetary field, a clearly expressed convection in thq polar cap is to
seen oriented sunward. Nevertheless. it is difficult to stalte that the situati
is completely comprehensive. Thus, for instance, some aufihors based on m(
surements from S3-2 conclude on the generation of two additional vortex s'
tems in the polar cap under the northern component of If4F (two convecti
vortex systems result from effects of the viscous interaction and other two
from effects of the reconnection) (Fig. 3a). There is anolher interpretation
the same data given in [8]. Crooker considers the noithern component
IMF to add only one convective nucleus to the polar cap (Fig. 3b). Thgs, t
results shown h6re demonstrate the n....tlty-'ot '.ysi.triil.t eiectrii field m
surements in auroral regions and in the polar cap. I
 2. Field-Aligned Currentq
The. f ield-a'ligned cui'ients play a key role in the ener transler from soflar
wind to polai
polar ionosphere. Magnetic iield field disturbances d"ri to the field-aliErled
r

curLents have been studied for years. The basic porti of the data on
field-aligned current distribution \'as obtained on TRIAD satellite. The res
from these measurements are already well known ancl it aimless to cons
them ln
Inem in oetart.
detail. ljriet
Brief summary
summaiy on the results might be resented as foll
l/. t*g
1),
sysie.ms (t)
twg current syste.ms dnd (2) are availabld (Fig.
(1) and 1Fig. a' The current syst
(l) coinc_ides approximately with ihe polar portion "ot i auroral oval
system (2)(2)-with
with its equatorial portion ; 2)
equaiorial portionl 21 the current
current ir system (1) flows
-
the ionosphgre-in
iohosphere-in the evening side; ihe
evenino side: directinn nf
the'direction of rrents in sy51gm
is reverse; 3) current in systeni(1) exceeds, on the ave , the current fl
in system (2).
We should note that only the magnetic measurement perfornred on
Triad satellite coilposed the 'experirnent. Charged particl and electric fie
experiments were not envolved in this program.
Many results support the fact of incre-ased informati ity in simultane NS
measurements of charged particles and field-aligned cur nts. This is clea 1y
expressed in the experimerits on ISIS-2 [9, l0]. -The clata omparison betwe 3n
magnetic measurements and simultaneons eleciron fluxes rements wi in
the energy range of 0,15-10 keV enabled the discoverv oi new interesting a-
tures. The poleward boundary of the current svstem (l) co ncicles with the hi
latitudinal boundary of pla-sma layer. In thi case 'oi B, (lMF)<1y, morni
and evening sectors, change of convection direction ofterj takes place at
latitudes, compared to the latitude at which flre outer undary in p
layer is projected_. This proviCes for the very important conclusion that
outer region of the plasma layer at low altituiles, ivhere I e convection is
ented from the Sun, is projected in the viscous boundarv yer adjacent to
nagnetosphere boundary.'Ihis result supports conclusiond hed on the
of laboratory modelling. It is interesting to note that gh electric fi
rneasurements were not periormed on boarri ISIS-2, the pi ure, of convecti
was reconstructed by magnetic measurements only. The'n netic lines w
can be considered as elasfic strings, convect in i conduc e ionosphere a

w
8,1*l
isrs-t
<

Polar Eap uP [.i.-Irl

oowx [ll[]J

Fig. 4, Fielrl-alignetl curr cnt picture for .By)O and on TRIAD ctltir
autl ou ISIS-2 data. Convection rlircctious are given r'vith ^By(O
a

therefore experience a force JXB, This force, acting in irection opposite

the convection, would resul in a slight change of t"he n netic field vec
Thus, we gray judge by the sign of t[e distur6ance about convective
directibn. The orientati-cn accuiacy of ISIS-2 satellite was lo which na
lo
IL
 dence for the reversive convection change in the polar
.up
t;J; uil'JJti
component of IMF'
vertical component tgr:9.!
shows the fiependend" "isib_i[ro,
B]
MF built ,,p in "! aiJtuinuni"-'[B;";;
,i"d-l;;; trre oolar

Polar cap

.G
r* *ffXot
8o *ae*ed
i:l ecf
JJ

1 I -L-*--r)---'-
2. 3'
4. 6, x lo_scsl
Fig' 5' Mrgnetic fielct clisturbances rlepe'de'ce (aB") on (Br) value a'cl sign

The nature of this dependence is similar to_ raboratory

naturall-y
.*p.rfr.,rts
the statistics of the negative la. .ori.r;;";iG'i" tair(Fig. l) bu.
convectior
i'":lflit"'-.ji.Y"',?,Y::"?:^'.;j:vjiJ,
constructed,.on .1 thouicr b; ;;;;;;;,o'a'*'", a,,^,a -:^trre
-T.agl:tic data gnly, is somewhat ide on;i
change of the fiekl line depends bn the ionosptreric
L?:{^l-".llj::tl^l-ty.^,11:,r_.j?l:, data, obtained
^f;;; may
onal
 the polar
should

s in the Polar i
ry
of the interPlane .in
satellites on ecli
re than 20 RB ( d
5'

easurements shoul{ be
d plasma, A retar{ing
or sum oi drift velPci'
lar and energy chafac'
ws for the corfect
rent magnetosP
regions and the Polar ionosPhere,

3. Anomalous Resistance and Double Layers

stance are

along the field

ways correct.
rlined: (1) anonz
reaches certain cr1-
distribution of do ble
drop were o fv-
ical works. hey
and when Prec t-
* oft'l';f:fHr? in detail the
ennel [11] have initiallv .disc.ussed nt of plasmaPro
11

w VCS
of stabilitY of lield-ali
ration of a ous
are the instability and the
resistance at altitudes ot>1000 km ion-acous
it is ell
In terms of ion-acoustic instability
ion-cvclotron wave instbility.
i,;;ffiil;i-in pir.tu with 7"7r, the critical drift velo ity appears when the
in threshold up
instability is zuo- 4rl'tTl*.In isothermal plasma the
:ris-
to o*,-,lrQt*^us. Landau danping f"t j::^t-*rt?T:,:": ry strong. Cliari
lenght of the o roi
ii. ilto"*i.t of it'.t" waves ,oldo,
shown
correspond.to wa
nV ennel, within a I irge
Debay'radius.
"*"nJ But as. .already ,,lln9lt ino, for
and ion teinperature iatios (e-', g" .ln hvilroqen plasma
"i";i;it* ttt. threshold bf excitation P-t,,fh^"" ".l"tl
bli'5r.irSo.s; r6stati-c ioh-cYclc :ron

;;;J i!'i"*Jidun [tt" corlesponding threshold of the ion sound. For e am-

pl e, a t'r' .- T r o vp- B rl-2 r J n' w hen the i-o n; qy cl o t ronic hreshold of the sta"
'uttuiit"tl, wuu.s. ot .
slightlv
.
g the cyclotronic fre-
;;iitt'is
oiii';L; *.";;;;';tea 1rq-t.7o H'..Jo,i ra-r, :::t*l
It:1'9TtiSf,. and ,1.5OH' tor Tu) rJ.
" rrrv v of the Larmou ion
irun.ir.r." wivelength oI
TfanSVefse wavelengtn df sucn ocullrallurrD r'
such occillations 9f tl9
is vr
he increase of cu
'ent
;jil.. unA tft" fieldlaligned-10 Larmour radii' With
are excited' It is interestin
interesting to note that the i
u.io.ltv
velocitv tit"
the next harmonics
waves. Other rStS
ti.# #^ h;;Ul;;; inio the light co.rrelate, hvdrogen plasma ,sho<
* illt :t t"-Y:: fluxes (0,074-5.04 ev)
itt. i"n-.y.1otron no ise clea?ly It is inte ing to note that one
"i
r"O'.i"i6t1r"'"il ti"to-utigned electric fields'

l4
 .l
I

| .10
N.

;;:*-*;;r;
Flg. 6 Critical cnrrent dependence of treight
- - --lon sound

ratio of ion-cyclotron waves. This is

malous resistance calculated on the n
n-102o/m (for comparison we shall
lombs resisiance is i0-se/m i. e. bv
field-aligned electric field' c'an be "e
i. e. if an anomalous resistance
-lmVim ntial
'?di
could
critical current velocity was not attained
harmonics of ion hydrogen cyclotron f
in Fig. 6, the ion-cycldtron "turbulenc
corresponding to heavier ions, i. e., oxv
The instruments on board S3-3-
with {requencies of >30-50"fl2. That is why AC electric f lds
at lower :frequencies are ndcessary in order whether wav of
frequencies of nffi are excited at-heights -1,000 km, the ther
of ion-cyclotron instability and increases the range of elec.firon and ion tentl )ta-
ture rat"io, at which ion-cyclotronic turbulence is sti]ll dominant' Rou hly
soeakins, the critical drift velocity in muiticonponent pfasma r'viih respec to
tfie ion"sound is basically defined by light ions, whilel for the ion-cyclo ron
*uu.r this is performed- by th. hea.vy ions. The. I initial the ,excitation
of
ion-cvclotron waves starts it frequencies correspondi49 to cycf ron
f requ'encies of heavier ions O+, foliowed Oy H..* and H
F., This is well een
in Fis. 6, where critical current values are shown, eNciting various t1
ol w-avei depending on altitude. At
o! waves 4t low curreni
cuf defrsity, tne
rent deFslty, tlt. lon-(
ion-cy :lo-
tion waves wiih treq"uencies corresponding to rclotron f
requencies of h ro-
gen nre excited a
ians are
rren ions a ,' en-
sitv increases, the regi e or-
reiponding to heavier gi
current densit5r values a
the maximutn currents were observed in the curlent sysFm oI type (t) yl hin
the reglon
ite ,egion 7_B
/ -d hrs.
nrs. MLT /r^o ^1^^r-^-^ ^*-2 ^ -t\ : ^ -*^n4ino11.' SUCh ur-
rettts nlay easilY excits ement of
.i.Ctti. tietcs aia tne a confir
these conclusions [12-13] the ri
0.5-16 KHz wittr wrde"'band receiver (ion-cyclo ron frefiuerrcy corresponl ing
to- ihe hydrogen ions is of the order of . 1 )0 9H1): 'Ihe ,. ion-cyclo ron
SA
.5s
no-

be
It
rn-
)lp

ant
/en

all
ify
ICT

rlc
€S'
ric

ve
IS
value should be considered carefully as {ar as the efror i
tion of the antenna at strong field-aligned electric field
augment this value. If such electric fields really exist, it
to interpret them rith the anomalous resistance effects

3ls+ 4fs*

e2xr I N

<.9.2x1(
l/'A
F \--r'/\
v nt"t, \ vvrl
5
o_
*\
I s.:xrc

9,2X l0 | i
2E0l

Frequency, Hzi

Fig, 7. Energy spectrum of ion-cyclotron turbulence a

on board S3-3 satellite

such case have to attain values of about tens of V/m. w

cantly-the level of recorded noises). Obviously they are
tion of so-called double layers in the plasma.- Dou6le la
by Langmuir some 50 yeais ago in stridies of gas disch
p_henomenon of anomalous resistance, the doubG layer
the current density starts to exceed some threshol "
observed in the magnetosphere, the low-potential
further from the Earth than the high-poteritial one.
tial jump in the double layer, the elecirons are enhanced
the ions in another. In order to generate a double layer,r
particles distribution is required. Their trajectories -shou1
enable abundance of one charge compared to the other
o-oundaries.
In the theoretical models of double lavers the probl
charged particle populations is very imporiant (as a rule
only steady-state solutions are consideied, i. e.'the self-c
rather complicated).
Obviously the model of thermal electron ancl ion dist
spheric ions move upward and hot electrons move earth
able for the magnetosphere. But the problem of how the
functions are built to generate a doubie layer is still un
only the evolution of distribution functions-is not studied
even to the steady-state charged particle distribution.
reflects upward acceleration of ion's and provides for p

KocMHr{ecKH uscle4naHua xx, 4

 red
rse
in
ed.

)us
resistanceor double layers would result from field--alienbd current insta ily.
Therefore, further study on double layers is required,- f;asec.l on three-c<

fa-
:S ),
ICe
.on
re-

sly
ro-
ily
re-
he
71
'1.

S,,,,

in
rts

1n
he

en
on
:ry
he
plasmasphere is filled with sufficient Ie-
rates the electromagnetic ion-cyclotro on
waves, ions fall into the loss cone an he
ion-cyclotron turbulence could heat th at
ch
on
ch
c).
uut regardless of the fact that this theory correcflv predidts red arcs locati )Ilt
it does not.explain how the energy transferred to electronls is transported fr )m
the equatorial regions, where thJheating takes place, ddrvnward io the io

18 l
 e1
sphere, For example, el
sphefe, t
^,10 become
-,10 eV could become
e.

therefore a
-10-5s-1),
should also note that o
which may be identified as ion-cyclo , r^11 ,
;;^t';;;;;puni.d uy"onlyuny ctrange iii pitch angular distributib-n- of ions [21].
board Hawkeye-l were observed in l8
such events wefe
Hawkeye-l only 5 suc-ii 18 montns
months peflo(
Pel
atttrougtr in 14 cases when considerableweakening in D.1 ( 25y) was observ
ed, ndion-cyclotron turbuletrce was recordei I??1. . 1_,_r r,-:^
This :^ ^r+^^tr
[23] another mechanistn of electron heating is sugg{sted.
In 'thb is attac
ed to kinetic Alfven waves dissipation. Such lvaves (of transverse to t
magnetic field wavelength of the orcler of ^the ion.Larmdur radius),:"111-
ttt. .*p.ti..-of conversion from '\1HD-surface vfaves. Field-al
"*ii.,i "t
electric fields exiiting in these waves could heat c,oid eleqtro.ns by, reso
;;4.(l/^: l.7Vr")"1{"eating is of local nature along t-shelvep since its veloci
rapidly ciecre"ses moving il,vay from the resonance. Such fnechanism provid
a
toi direct
ioi direct -of heate
heate the wfvelenetn apqq
the . wfvelength along j
field line i to the f self . Indirect support t-o 1

tnechanism d with gr ic meas{rements [,2J].- L'3

fluxes of electrons also reported in ln [25]'
[zo]' Trot
uuiioor hypotheses interpreting red arcs are available. F(r the proper unde
.COing i,i tt-t"it generatinn
"mechanism,.
it
il ne.ressary to ,p9Il:]T ::Tg1:
simultaneou, rn.u.ur.t"ott on potar oibit satellite on p[ecii'itate-a partic
fluxes, wave meas1rements, Space scanning oi red line e4issions. In order
obtain information on the i'ing current situ"ation, Lhe oper4tion of another I

ellite is required as its orJrit*should cross the r:gion of the ring current
plasmaspher'e at low latitudes. Very important ar: the grpuncl observation
magnetic field pulsation'

5. Active Experiment

pitation would appear aiter plasma fill

of wave measurements would enable
records of artificially excited auror
togefler with ground photographic
- Compact plasma beam maY be

ous iechnical fields,including spacecrafts. If bari

material, we may observe the whole injection pro +
near the terminator including the delicate effects
in {iald in}prenfinns 'lhese ohservations could ha
9
 the
rtal

reI
t he

6. The Midlatitudinal Trough

Specific. for the uppgr ionosphere is the existence of sufficienily narrow
:l,l"y ion density..Recently the.morphology of such troughi lmia-ar
a re
f1 th

ic
LA-
en-
in their turn quickly recombine and the total ion dehsitvi lowers. There is an-
other hypothesis for the trough formation given in [27].- lnsofar as plasrila on-
at ronospneilc
vection ar heights ls
ionospheric nelgnfs is oerlned ry electrig
both by
defined notn electric tields,
fields, generated
g'enerat by
solar wind interf,ctions
interhctions with the
the n tag-
:ion
:lds
the
B)
of
sht

m-
tly
re-
ric

t,iif:"
N\
.
-E;:Z ) -/.,/ with mass-ener
rer
ral
ptasma in the trlugrr iegions,
f eglon zq
,4 _- ^r_, ^
'_
enable , r- ,
the
of these i
Fig. 8. Scheme of generation mechanism
of the midlatitudinal frough. In the D-re-
gion the flux is defined by the electric fielcl,
wh.ile in.the .A-region it ia determined ythe T. ElgCt
field related to the earth rotation. i ttre al IOnOS
intermediary regions B and C the flux lirec-
tion changes from east to west. The ,,sta-
gnation" region E-W velocity component We should ric
Decomes zero. - field mea :ial
ionosphere, sincel recent expeiime tal
data provide eviddnce on the interacti
between the electric fiel at ionospheric treigtrts and th" orientation of
interplanetary magnetic f eld [28, zs;. rne eleitric field i{r the magnetosphr
tail is usually oriented from riorninf to evening side (ttfis tieta is" eithei ro-
jected in tail by the solar wind or is induced 6y viscou$ plasma fierd i
-
action at thc magnetospheric b
field cannot penetrate itrto the
polarizing charges 'formed near
field with the characteristic time of il

from evening to morning side inside th

dependence of the electric field on the

8. AltitLrdinal Thermal Plasma Distribution

Problems referring to thermal plasma dis
interest, together with relations betwee
time thermal proton fluxes from the i
tubes. During the night the recombina
the energy stored in the
fluxes from the plasmasphe
between these two regions
netospheric disturbances, pl

hich refills the plasmaspheqe. The plasma

o,I,,l
' fff,',',1 H :1"{r J"f Effil, l ",'J,t'.'.
o;,1'Jo'ji$d',n"
"fu
li'S,'lli,';, itlH"fil]:
the .F-layer. Thus, Jor instance, an
northern hemisphere will result in al
the drag force between ions and neutr
vity, density gradier-rt and polarization
lishing the diff usive equilibrium in
the characteristic time of wind system
may suggest that the shift of the F-layer
and decrease of the ion density at
that the global measurement of tl-re" ion
layer maximum are important for the
in the night midlatitudinal F-region. In order to avoid effbcts of altitudinal
change in the ion density, it is-necessary to have a circular orbit satellite.
Basic difficulty in the interpretation on the experimental data is the neces-
sity to select effects related to the different behaviour of Oll and H+ density.
As shown in. [30], the sharp decrease of the boundary ahqve which the H+

91
ion density slightly changes with the altitude, is observqd during the nii at
magnetic latitudes of -l-30o. The boundary at these lqtitudes is loca at
height of
-600ofkm, It appears that the ion density is approximately the
at both ends the field tube at i000 km where the invariant latituc latitr 1S
A:30-50", independent of how low the O+ion density jis. This brings to the
idea rnat H+
loea that lon in
nt ion ln distribution
OlstflDutlon along ,magnetlc field
atong ,magnetic llnes is
llel0 Ii lines ls contrQll
contrqlle by
tt 11 - t ! a! tJ ,..1 ,-l J I t l-,-- ,l
equalizing the pressure along the entire field tube and dcies not depend se ere-
^^,,^1:-t,---

ly on O+
f,,.
J-
n+ and Lr+ interactions
--i H+ :-+^-^^+i-^ :-
in +L^
the :^-^^-L^-^
ionosphere- c,.^*l^^-^r..^i^s
Such I conclusion means
^^^^. hat
measurements at heights of about 1,00Q km of H+ density reflect the d
mics of plasmasphere rather than that of the ionospherei
I

9. Equatorial Anomaly
Figure 9 illustrates light ion distribution at 1,000 km at night [32]. iis
well seen :that the distribution of hydrogen ions is bi-rfraximal. Minimum H+
density is to be found in the equatorial region. Hydrogen ion density alls
sharply after latitude, forming the equaiorial boundary of the midl itu-
-40o
dinal trough of light ions. 'lhe anomaly appears also iri the ion composi ion
and temperature. Such minimum and two maxima in t$e equatorial
equatorial F:re1 ion
1-.^,,-^ _^ ,-^^,,1L _X 1____ D\/D J.
^ -tJ^_1_r )to

property largely depr

on longitude. Longitudinal variations of equatorial iohosohere
ioll result f
uprvard and downward plasma motion effects. In theirl turn, the latter

o 900 kn.
lr l000krn
O l0llC krn
: ! l00 kttt

Fig. 9. Light ions distribution at height ot-1,gggkm ffom latitude

I

large degree are determined by the neutral winds, Simullaneous measuren

of electric fields; electron and ion density distrib ttiott anil velocity of cha
particles drift on board polar orbit
standing of the entire qomplex of so

oo

l
10. Circulation in the Thermo,,gphere
Certain ionospheric phenomena are directly linked to winds in the upper atm
sphere. Interaction between solar wind and atmosp rere is efflected by two bas
mechanisms: (1) auroral particle precipitation; dissipation of ionospheric cu
systems. These processes take place in general at high-latitudp qtmosphere, whil
ultraviolet heating has maximum at the subsolar point. The relafiively constant hea
ing by the solar uv generates thermospheric circulation fhich is the reaso
of the global wind system generation at heights of 1Q0 km, described i
[33, 34]. The Joule heating and heating from precipitated particles due to
above-mentioned process results in generation of a secondarJ, wind system oI v
riable eQuatorial boundary in dependence on the magnetic activity. Typical circul

T__- \/ _-__::_

, 35, 361. The for

o low geographi
titude regions bt
 In equinox periods the
le clrcrllation
circnlation due to solar ultraviolet is rmanife ted
by upward motion over the geographic equator with a subsequent ard
streaming. The secondary circulation dqe to auroral heating has a reverse di-
rection from the pole to the equator and its equatorial bouhrdar:y depends on the
energy -supplied into the atmosphere. During magnetic $ubstorms the nal
circulation is constrained only to heights lower than 150 km krn and to
to low rnd
mid-geograpl-ric latitudes.
Durins the solar solstice
During sol the circulation due to thi: solar ultraviolet
direction
ulrecuon from
rrom summer to winter
wlnter hemisphere.
l-lemisphere. Aurrral atmpspheric heating gi es
rise to circulation from pole to equator in the winter herhis-phere. Its eq"uit
a! boundary shifts depending on the degree of the m{gn^etic disturbance In
the summer hemisphere the circulation is maintained at its normal state.
changes described above are the major motions of thermospheric circulatio
wtrich the _Eerth upper atmosphere is involved during rqalnetic distruban
ons are also observed. l

the three-dimentional circulation ol thr:rmosphere un

their initial oh
The .complete understanding of these processes would pr of
the ionospheric effect on circulation. Simultaneous meas nts of the di f e-
fential
renilat c.harge- partlcte spectrum and the dissipation of cirrre
cnarge particle current systems wo td
enable the definition of total energv flux at sub uroral hnd aur-oral latituc )s.
1\ possibility to establish a model of earth atmospherici circulatiou em
from combined data on air-glow emissions [38]. ,

1 1. Plasma Irregularities in the Ionosphere

Measurements performed on board satellites [32, 39] enalled the discovery of
irregularities in the ionospheric plasma at reiatively high ilatitudes. The spa ial
sizes of these irregularities
.' rangi: between 30 and 50 krh. These irregulari ies
play o- importanl
nlou an im^^-+^-i *^1^ {^-
role problem of
the ^-^L1^*
lor +L^ ^f spaceborne
^^^^^L^--^ | -^.,^
lradiocommun-icati ns.
,Particularly interesting is the shortwave irregularities pheriomenon (10-1001 n).
ln order to measure irrcgularities in ionospheric plasrna ; density, ihe appli
tion of Langmuir probes may be useful. It is substantihl to rinderstand
main mechanisms of irregularity generation. Particularly thrge irregularities
observed in the region of the midlatitudinal trough which coul-rl result,

of

al^
p

gularities in the equatorial ionosphere. The nonreliability ofi satellite communi

tion systems contributes to the increased interest tow{rd this phenomen
vHF-signals ernitted by satellites and received on earthiare largely deforn
in the equatorial region.

Conclusion

The data presented in this work clearly show that the launch of satelli
with circular polar orbits at heights of about 1,000 krn wlould permit to so
a series of important problems related to phenomena in inferplaietary medi
magnetosphere, ionosphere and earth atmosphere, i

NA
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21. Taylor, 177'
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Raitt, P. M. B'arit<s. - J. Geophys. Res.,80, 1975,3-12-l
tf. S;ito, ri. W., Fi. A. Heelig, w. ^n. F.Ian^son. - J. Geophvs.,$es"$3' r,s!:'p; !75-2
tb: K'.ii"'v, lnll b; B. G. Feier, c' A. Gonzales' --Geophys. Res. Lett',6, 1

p.301'
29,Galperin, Yu. I., V.N.Ponomarev' A. G' Zosimovh.-J'Geophys'
 o HeKoropbrx npo6JreMax reo0'3r.rKt4, peuraeMbrx c noMorrlbr.o
cnyrHr.rKoB Ha floJrrrpHux opSurax

Fr 4, Bane6anoe, M._M^l-ozowee, E, M, .nyfuunuru, I.I'i C, Ky,ture,

14. M. Ilodeopru.u, K. E. Cepafiunoe i

(Peerove) j

Paccuarpunaercr BogMo)I(Hocrb ycraHoBJreHzrr sasHcr4r,roc,i14 Mexnv en

uarnaroc$epnott [JragMbI r{ MarHrnrHbIM noJre}I Hfl
Tpr4qecKofo H .MarHLITHoro no.nerl n pefficrparlnlt
^-^.J11",:^-?*!n:!1_":nrhr
Moryr 6n:rr eHnorHe orl
oJrfp
op6urax KaK c rlenbro BbIfBJreHHs KOHBeT(qr.rH B oOnacTH yaruurHoir ruanr<n, AK
il 4ilfl r{3yqeHr.rfl flBJreHr,trLB sKBaropuaJrbHbrx paftonax In rbpmocsepuoli
t{yJtn\hn,

2;5..
 /

BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARI^A, 4

Sofia 1983

Statistical Relationship between Aerondmic

and Geophysical Parameters
for the South Atlantic Geomagnetic
An omaly Region
T. K, Yaneu, D. N. Misheo, M. G. Gerdiihova, N. D. Pelooa

The examination of the results f rom the systematic observations on aeronor

and geophysical parameters in the South Atlantic B.gigl rps.ults in the concl
iion T6ut t"h" region westward from the mid-Atla rtic ridgq is of particular i
teiest to meteor?logy and geophysics. 'l'his is based _on .thp analysis 9f 95 t
rameters lor which-data were brbvided by meteorologicail-,_ geophysic.al a
space observations: (l) average atmospheric temperature.of .the contact layer
s'umrner; (2) auerag6 surfice watei ternperature; (3) deficit of irligati
;;l;i-;;r.)itl"n g50'rbi (+) deficit_of irrigation poirif. qrore that 500 m
(51uu.tug. air pressure of thd contact layer (6) 4ean air t3ln9tatt
h:IO liir-summer; (7) mean air pressure - 9um.rySr.;
h:10 km- qummer; (B) avera
annual ,ii t.mp.rutuie'h:10 km; (-9) average anrual air pressure h:l0k
(i-o j totur clouhiness ; (11) northern iomponEnt of the. g.gol?gngjic filed

dip
ma
ic
Z'h:10 km; (31) nondiPole ge
northern component of nondiPole
somponent of the nondiPole geoma
 I

component of nondipole geomagnetic f ield

km i (3S) nondipole
magnetic field inteniity H, r:5bO t<rn. 5,,,h:350
,ll. fll.l,relaiionships characterizing'various in hature processes re
.-..r11 In general,
studied. these are.meteorological" .elements ({emperature, pressu g)
_- "^._ geomagnetic
b"""::Fuvr-rL rrvru _ uurErvrru and
field ir:ond^ipot", .rir-.ii
alru niLrlcllpole,
sllcsil
^.r^_. ;_
:"qT3:1.:1.^:l_t^T
^l phenolnena resulting cnarac tl-
from the-"observcd
solar activity.
th::" are staristically ' processed.
I

_r"
the ,11:,311=l- -prllTeters unJ i"gr"r.ive' dependil;;; This comp
determination of iorrerative
of #;.Ji"'"t'o
graphic changes the. geophysical prrameters-r stuaieoi ft. pr*ia*,
t_:'j::::l yjt ql'li'licat firoderi ano
(regressive moclel) but in this case the"'ssentiauy "p;;;;i, a moder probl
model iJ i"tirary-Euir-'.rrtiiur.'itr'j
-ar{n,ro
internretarion rhp -,r"^- ^^-r..f
i*T*"^T^|:..1:111":,9i{ect,physical
the model were to obtain th;"
the.regression line, which expr
studied parameters, are defined
the
rne parameters armed aimed at better
i. e,'better .rr"ru.i-.rirution- ti't .'pro..r.u, ;;;h;";;"i;';ffi.u-.il^"ft;;
theless, data on single parameiei" ao-not reter'io on.lr"o the
sea level height, ThereTore, changes of the temperaiure-u[d'ilr" same a
dry air
sure, a, weri u, oril,-"".i'!,ffi:fi: ;i th.';il',ffi",jil: 1l$J";J'{rf;[1',]
(s5-g^ level), h:r}-r,m
::::t:l lj^h:.'.qlll
the ?t, 4:o .r<qrn)sso r,r laugruge bottom tou
(.i"...rrTi'ir;j;ii;;y
|:rt
Ierence
troposphere),
"^r to measurements _and
for parameter wo'23;.
height iviih
- Based on the results obtiined in [6, 7] afid revealing sone interesti bo
dependences between the components " ot tne g."*;;;ti? field,
hqnrl aaA +L^ ^^L -' i- ''- I on the o
- on th%
n ;h?;,;t"' emphasis of t e
r, *a" "",1 in3' Tii.li,i"r:'Tflnfi '',?l,l tr
ones already defined. As far as fl e
etecrological and geomagnetic fie
ol the relationships obtained are n
{rr Pcrttluular lmportance ancl do not contain qualitatively inew information
tne processes observed, further discussions would not refer to them. Thc
would.be. replaced by data which may help to specify ana dlnfin the relatior
ships defined.
. In order to collect data on the nentioned paramet.rr, i*. use the resr
which in one form or another are already pubtistred oi'at - ttr. given ini
conditions are computed with reference to" ti," ol"
",ir"""" -[ their%pplicali
th t s;'"i'i#5iil't'
tfre initial data.
At n ot the parame
ly*_it, r3li,fl,
ted as
taken in the netwo
of available, the pproxin
-
calculations is s but ot
tne same ror
i^"rlllll:,,t,]:
ls applled tor I"p, .the.parameters considered. ilhc same procedu
the cases where the data are taken by the rdspective cataloEu
or are co.mputed. In this case tlte calculation is perlormeO lwittr tfre ineiiti?-
sweep. The parametric values are calculated in-zb-p"i,iiJip..iiting
from the Atlantic ocean with the above-given .ooiainut"r.l-- the.iegi;
values both for observed and lor no"ndipole g.o*ugn"di. ti.ta, and use
in the analysis of the geomagnetic field curponen-t d;t": iii; data are obtaine
as the geomagnetic potentia! is expanded to'a ser,ies of sphJJicat harmonic
fu
9.R
tions with accuracy up to the 100th term ({or the obsprved
obsi geomagne
field) and the firstterm of the developnqnt representing th{ dipole geom
ic field is substracted for the nondioole field.
The parametric data are statistically processed and arf sl.udied by
correlative analysis and correlative 'atio.
The results from the linea,r correlative analvsis are eldments of the nd

parameters lvith respect to the straight line is evaluated thr$ugh the coeffi
of the colnmon linear correlation
n

(1) I r:t
) On-ntr @irai)
6,;6"i

b.,,
n _:_:L
n

where 47 is the coefffcient of mutual and the 7-t

variables, oo
- standard deviation, o;1, ith and j-t
variables, z-number of observation f.ot a, an
a1 tor the case h:70).
The existence of functional dependence
-this between a givlen couple of
ables without revealing the type ol dependence is evalfiated by the
lative ratio given in expression
nti
)l @,-Vtzn,
1lt: -'.
l':1
,n ni ,
(2)
, \@,,-nY
i:l /:1

,i
"i 'i
2o,, 2 2@,t
i--1 t:t r
m

Wnefe Cl,:-.
' tli A : ---ii-, n:1n,, lz is the number
experimental data for a, and di, lni is the nunber of intervpls of ai (along t
X-axis);
a,
mj:8,
where
Ay is the complete interval oI ai variation observed, 6j is the o7 measu
ment accuracy (indeterminancy interval of a).
For the purpose of this work a polynomial
with respect to the constants s of the assumed
 ai
(3) i,: i'a,,at)'rt'
I:I

The set {ar.} incorporates components of observed 4nd nondipole ge rag-

netic fields for heiehts of km and h:350 km, and the set
le:10 l^*-^.
l.at|
rneteoelements as average montn
represents certain meteoelements --.,ri-.rt-
mciirttr anoi
andi
^,^)t annual
^-^.-^1 tempera
temper? ure
and pressure for dry air at h:10 km and velocity of silace charged par icle
precipitation. The accuracy r,vith which the model a, deqcribes the availa ex-
perimental data has been determined through Fischer's (riterion

(4)

Table I

Dependence between
parametcrs Nos Fischer's crlterlon .lc

6-15 24:562
7-t5 17.2t7
6-ll) 33.205
9-15 16.044
o-lo 128.984
7-16 84.02r1
6-lo 138,683
9-16 97.46V
o-t / 169.284
7-r7 194,753
8-17 l82.S8,
9-t7 rs8.00E
6-18 4r.963
7-18 58l'854
8-l 8 35.886
9-18 56.233
6-28 6.31?
7-28 8,749
8-28 3.e7li
9-28 I1.025
6-29 32.tt2
7-29 2634d,
8-29 35.652
9-29 23.65q
6-30 457.028
7-30 2t1.722
8-30 503.402
9-30 204.835
6-31 716.24 i

7-31 470.OlZ
8-31 813.282
9-31 392.186
23-19 3s.8rq
23-20 2r.872
23-21 8,2r2
/ I 1,1.
23-22 a.ar ri
23-32 18.662
23-33 7.68q
23-34 14.06?
23-35 14.863
I

30 :

'
wherer ?, ir the calculated a, valueq.according to the mo{el,7 is the av
'age cri value.
The evaluation of th el accuracy
iidence level of p:0.05 owers of f r
equal to the power ft of nd for the
Resulting from the a regression
regression fron first to fourth power in agreement with eqfiation (3), the forn
of the best ,regression models describing the experimental data is obtained
The statistical characteristics of some of them, as polynomlal power, Fischer'
criterion and regression coefficients are listed in Tables I and 2.
As already shown, the major characteristic of the studied regression

T able 2

Regresslon coef Ilcients

I)ependence between paramelers
Nos I

0-lb 1 896.4082
v-t5 -42.7813
264.1711 rq82,054
8-15 2645.8073
9- 15 -46,7699
270.0776 3172.8139
o-ro
7-16 -44.0839
263.4516
-2tut.rc
B-16 -4q705,367
v-Io -48.10348
267.0065 -2V27,7.75
6-17 -4q133.273
959.172r
t-tt -33.7062
285.0156
8-17 --34,9268 r2t6.ss42 -8899.355
9-t7 285.2434
6-18 -7688.215
7 -r8 -29.8447
296.5337
I
-2100.906
8-18 4L
-5136.988
9-18 -30.77 -2507.963
296.417
6-28 -4513,433
14656.716
7-28 -4r.322r
267.1776 -
8-28 -5083.813 r482r.469
9-28 -44.203
271.1931 37053.063
6-29 4785.293
7-29 -48.7036
253.546r -191.4451
--404,1636 9922.5461
.8-29 6297.5352
9-29 -54.1898
268.156 -244.3384
6-30 -284.437
44.1034 157.1682
7-30 -35.2721
283.42F3 - - 1241 9.1 99
94.8064
8-30 57.8803
9-30 -40.091
278.7434 - 84.0031
O-.J I - 481.9697
I -51 -32.2859
228.4802 ----1045.3175
8-s 1
9-31 -33.1792
289.3406 - 607.8804 :
23-19 104.2394 - 918.3919
23-20 1.8724
-526.9827
22216.097
23-2t - 2.75185 161.1247 -3975742
23-22 28.0485 -u1341.81 -39591.88
4422.418
23-32 7.5785 -
23-33 r'- 8.9018 -390.6569 30352.238
23-34 18.43375 34244.r88 -18628128
144292.13
23-35 18.651 1 -447.606 -1955.16
-582.01953 -n9720.7
fegression rtrodels obtained and shown in Table 1 shoulfl have a conlid
level of p40.01. As it can be seen from thii Table, ahirost all values
are greater than the numbers corresponding to a confidence level of p:
but conclusions on the significance of the model can be valid only Ior p:
due to n<700. This is not contradictory to the comparative model anal
but we have to keep in mind that all models are al confidence levelp:
(or 95 o/s reliability from a statistical point of view).
unoer these
Under condltlons we can see that between allr
tnese conditions all, the 4u
40 regresslon
regressi
dels. there is a group of 15 models for which the F'-valueis significantly I
er (about one or two orders more) than the value of {he remaining one
Figures 1-4 show the type iome model :egressiye
tvpe of dome curves, d'escril
:egressive curves,
the correspondent experimental data.
Ihe study of the experimental data with the mult multiple regressive anal
qpplying a step
applylng steg regression
regresslon trom fourth p )wer shows that betwee
from first to lourth between in-
dices Nos 6, 17; 7, 17 ;7, 18;6, 30; 7, 30;6, 31 ; 7,i 31 there is a cl Lrly
expressed curvilinear dependence desclibed by curvesi from iirst to fo rth
power. 'l'his is conlirmed
I nls ls confirmed by the high values oi of t[e
the f.-ratio
F-ratio ((Table
l'abl 1).
But in solne
olne cases the genera[ grouoinE of experimental
seneral grouping exoerimental data considerablv d
da;ta considerably di ers
from the model curve ol o-l tained-with step regression. This is due to
tained"with sTep to ihe
the act
that ue
tnat the program used torfor the polynomial step regressiog
regressio4 provides for the ex-
amination of dependences only by polynomials from first to fourth power. As
a regular sequence the models defined by bv the orosrari
prograni as best cannot be
considered best in general. There are cases when altholiohalthough the Drosram
program
shown a given curve of the same power qs the best iregression model ot
two ditferent dependences, this curve does no't describe lthe scatter of ex ri-

he
m-

Table 3
Confldence lnt!rvals
Dependence between Corfelatlve
parameters Nos, coefllcients r

5-32 i-0.8957
6-27 -0.9013
0.9411 -0.909
0.9366 i o.g447
6-30 i-0.9186
6-3s -0.9231
0.9503 -0.9275
0.9478 i 0.9536
/.'JD 0.9127 0.909 I 0.9154
8-27 0.9536 0.9508 I 0,9562
8-30 i-0.9354
6-,JD -0.9386
0.963 -0.9425
0,9611 0.9661

Table 4

8-17 0.8182 r82.982

8-30 0.9797 50E.402
8-31 0.9672 813.287
9-17 0.7962 15$.002
9-30 0.9386 201.853
9-31 0.87t2 392.186

32
 The presence in experimental data of one or two values much"larger than
the other ones or different in sign results in sisnificant chdnge of the model
curve type. In consequence, the regression mocleT becomes u/orse. This can be

012 0.10 0.08 ' 0.00 '0.04

{t

qr/

Fig. Regtession dependence.betweeu_the intensity of the

l.
nondipole geomagnelic fleld (h:lo km) and the avgfage
atmospheric temperature (r:10 kn)

elliminated by rejection of the single vaules because their presence may be ol

incidental nature with respect to ihe examined nroblem.
As already mentioned, both ved and irondipole geomag-
netic lield obtained by the exclu field eff{cts are subject to
statistical processing. The compa tained shqws that when the
nondipole field is processed, the relationships determined b{tween the indices
of vaiious gfoups (different nature) are more strongly expressed and clear
nonlinearity of the dependences is obs
cantly greater values of the F-ratio (e
Resulting .from the application of
examined 35 parameters, the depende
high coetficient of the common correl
-10.7 <r<l-1. The correlative coefficie
indices of various nature (Table, 3) are
coeflicients refer to relationships betw
nents of the nondipole geomagnetic fie
meter-s and yhe components of the obs

3 Kocu*cecxfi H3tneABaHHt, KH. 4

for many nonlinear dependences having high values for the F-ratio the ll-
cient of the linear correlation is also high, as this is ivalid for all the lnear
models from Table L The comparison performed confiims the- expressed unc-
tional dependence between variables observed (Table 3). The value of cof-

xrotroi

2861

,0;
282t

278

@" e/
274i

270'

266

262

258

254

Oe 0,20 0,l8

Fig. 2. Regression dependence between the intensity of the nondipole

geomagnetic field (ft:10 km) and the average atmospheric pressure
(lt: l0 km)

relative ratios (Table 4) for some of the discussed relationships shows the
presence of strong lunctional dependence which confirnis the reliability the
relationship defined. I

Results obtained permit to draw the following conblusions :

1. The application of data related with the nondiporle part of the rag-
netic field results in stronger manifestation of the rel4tionships observ and
provides for relatively better interpretation from physiQal point of view.
2. Strongly expressed functional dependences are determined betwee the
intensity of the nondipole geomagnetic field ft (level h=I0 km) and the ave-
rage air pressure and temperature (for the sarne level) (Figs. 1 and 2), as well
as between the vertical component of the nondipole geQrnagnetic field anr the
same paralreters (for h:IO km, Figs. 3 and 4). The experimental data sr tter
is described for these dependencies with model curVeS of secohd or f urth
power.
It can be seen forrn the comparison of the results from the statistical a na-
lysis that the functional dependences obtained, where cfmponents of the on-

34
 \

oa0

'b

I
\\
\

'0.10 0.20 ()c

Fis. 4. Regression dependence between the vertical of the uon-

difrole geoinagnetic field (r-10) and the average c pfessure
(ft:10 km)
35
 f;t"|." g.:::rg:,.,i:,.fj.l*
ur. otpo,rated,, are - .more stronsly expressed t ln
l1: ?:.r, ::l1l*. y,ith.
" 'l;""1..'1"";i"il:
t hc, c o mp
-t_n:on 6nrs
"i't
r,. r, ;;; J ;;;?ae;t";ufil'T''otll'.," is
::1i: ,::t^',":* ii.i",'o""f"iill'"u'?"1f
smooth development of sp tial variations results in .poii.tirig;;or
"
tu.
'jiii tS
pendences and does nof provide for the exanrined e-
manifeslation o-f peculiarities
r;eculiarities of
fii1r"lXql::' j:1d I : gf e; trv ar,re i! uila*il- ;
a grven : revel. *H .f
lnat,is y!,{,1h.
why the reduction
1
reauctiofi"s-Ti;_il-p;.,iil,.'
i
of the iripole t.il
term piii,d.l
provides
;t"i"fl1ff1i,]..:.l,.ll'.1,.p
Irt":trllly^|" jIlI -jJhea relationsrriq j$ gJ tr'e "I-tri."f,d,i;'
; nonoipor.""g.-orrgn"tic
";; field w
#. :lb-'..""
ll._jl.:, 1,': 1 !;i A fi ; b i;i;;i i# "til ffi " : ;:.i,
""1: d on e a La m uf 4'r.;; .I.ily ;;il" ,.''t;' "i;
:.^6 :.1 .

:l e
: performed i?:"'". rll'r#l'.ri ri|..,' T
analysis confirms this fait as wett.
/

References
l' But'i,i#.,1",1?; I4. o,rr, B. v\. ca3orros. corHrre u aruocrpepa 3en.,*r.
ApoMereor43na,r, I97 _. ,rt.,
2. r.: ^!"r,!;
3. f ru j:
o.:l;o; U ;,l,I"ij,* "n;" f ,*i:*:^.lf::lL*.: *T srr,nrcaeuun. M i, H ayxa, r e7 r .
4. _
f5r""lc,'a*craqec*u.
c s o n o n, E. 14. B,
;.-:"j;:;,siiiXtrillEiififi: i)ii:fililXl; i86l:
'il^;'";ffi::iiiil;,1'in[,fr-a, rsr'8.
,ie; iiij;';;;"._2'2|"ir.;
a
EoxaHor, E. C., LI. H.'Svr-'""1'C;;;;;;;"
lla M'nfnrhrkrnnv' o6dxra.
Ha MHoro(Fnxropnu - l.exuur,a,
^Ri,,^.. C., .^ciI MeroAI'I 3a MoAenupaHe r ofr?zMler4
n'^-.----. t-975.
6, I e p o , rqDyrLyrrvruLrn ;;;;;;
T"',T"","^1;,y,:,..* :lf lyd MclKAy aepoHoMvttru
p" q,{a
.rl reorlusi uun noKa3aTeJIH
.r.r IeOQIIB|TIHH
ii ttfl IP,,*T.1:."#1.:^-1*,,..o*u.nilr"u'ur-,-o*r""
B
" "oMr.r
t'.n.oX;no.Jilr"jl. jf 1973, T: (_unpublisl.ied).
cil"d'l,,,iiTlTi;T:N:""d"'t'J.r?."a._,co,ntes re
Acad._Bu1g. Sci,, Bt, 1tu, No 9.
Janev, r' r', mL c'-c.t,t1i-t ova.-comtes re'cl, Acad. Burg. sci.,38, 19g0, Nor0.

3a suct II\aocTH MelKAy a gpoArzHaMgrre cKr.r Mr.r

u reoQusuqe_cKr,rMr.r napaMerpaMh
A,rr parloua loNHoar"naHruqbcrofi reonaarHzrHofi anoiatuu
T. K. flnea, .n. H. Mttrurea, M. f. fepducuaold, H.
.4. iliinoaa
(Pearorrle)
B uacronrqefi pa6ore paccMarp'BaFoTcff crarucrur{ecKae gaB,cr.rMocrr,
Mex
reo@Nszuecr.4Mr4 napaMerpa rlr
3:ff*f":yT^.-:I1y,1_",
qecxofi 4.rr pafioHa lOxsoar.nau:
feoMafHr4rH"t_11:y1rru. zccneryiJrc;3i"";;;;;rlplpi
ulux noBeAeHlre ,upunrepr.rs'pyl
HexoTopblx Mereono.rreri, [oBeAeHrze reor,,rirr]urHsrx _
nonefi H

fltf;11.*"1"*"1.j,?,T"*?T.-9.:,:^:11T.-npo""n."lrnconHeqHpltarrranuocru.rrf
MeHflercs KopDeflflrr4oHnufi u perpeccuoHHufi aHaJruB
a,u" oOpuOo;;;';;;;;
I(ax c.rercrs,e eroro rroJryqe'br narz.rryv'rrze pefpeccr4oHHbrq
Mo,4e./r[, olacbrB
ar(cnepnMeHra.,rlnue AaHHbre npn noMorr_tru rroJrHHoMoB
:j:^.".{T.-:T{tonIy.
BTopou Ao r{erBeprori creneHz.
vcraHosreHsi otleHr qeTro BbIpax{eHHbIe xpzno.ruuefiHbre
BaBr4ct4Mocril Mex(,
nolHofi lrHieHczsuocrbro HeAHrroniuoro reon4arHr{THoro
oAHor? cropoHbr, r4 reMneparypofi u
.,onfl A,rrrr h:10 km,
au"r".'i^r";;;"
TaKXe Me)KAy BeprLIKaJIbHori coctasnsorueft nao"non""o.o ;:"ib-iaoro."r.rrHoro ffr:'.1;.H,
14 reMn caMhrMr,r napaMerpaMH, cHoBa [o
Ans h:10 kh. B;;-or,r" on"ao,"arorcrr
JIHHoMaMr.r uropoft .nu6o uerneprori
c?erreHr.t. I

36
BUT,GARIAN ACADEA{Y OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCFI IN BULGARIA; 4

Sofia 1983

Multispectral Imagery
and Interference Filter Effects
D. N. Misheu, K. P. Bakaloaa

Tlie multispectral photography of the

mation both to science and oractic
space sensing. The multizonal camer
pose. The separation of the spectral
cially designed interference filters (lF) c
1r9 of steep s_l_olgs -and large luuiinirus transrnittance.Imagery of objects stu,
ied with the MKF-6^is re^clangular. The long. side
to an.angle of _sight 2o-":36o and the short side ."f IhF fiame^cor-respon<
to 2oi:25. [2]. It is a
sumed that such an angle of taking the image does - not af'fect slgniiicanfly fl
spectral brightness, related to the Increase of the angle 0 betweei the veitic
and the picture direction [1]. The cha
u'ith relatively large light beams are
an evaluation should be oerformed. Th
fects on the frame iinage in a given
studies qf other IF. This is based on
4ariotinc
teristics ^{ the IF
of +L- IF of
^t conrmon
^^--*^- principlc ur u!,trrarrur, rrrc specrral coerucl
--:-^:^l
of IF transrnission is described by the functlon [3]
(1) t().,0):I*:(, +) #FTu'
where

(2) 6(tu, e) :* ,n{-$+z*,

(3)

with the following denominations: l, --. wavelength in vac

falling light; n
ness of the same - refraction index of the filter intermediatr
ref lective cover ; ,Q cover reflective capacity and F:p{$.
-
Both the wave length 7,^ lor which r:1113x and the senriryidth A1" of the
tnission band and the value of maximal transmission, are functions of the
slope 0. Therefore, the IF effects on imagery would be rpve4led in two
tions :
a) redistribution of illuurination E(0) on the frame;
b) spectral range shift in which the object brightness is studied.
The illumination at one frame point at a - distance r from its
(r:ItS0, where / is the objective focal distance) may be represented as
I
(4) E (0): q(0)
-l I B(),)rs()")il,,
0

wh.ere.g(0). is. the_specific function of a given optical instrument showing he

light distribution along the field of sight ; B(1,) is the spectral brightness oT he
studied object; 16(1") spectral coefficient of IF transmissiorl in the case of pd
-
lel light beam.at angle 0. At equal exposure time, the negative density is
al-

fined from E(0) at a given point. Therefore, the IF effecfis expressed ihrc thro
0e(1"), we have examined the experimental dhta for ro(?")
the function 0o(1"), re(?") of sse
ral lf [4J. lt was defined there that the dependence r_(0) for 0<20o is ell
approximate9 rit! the f unction cos (ftO), where ft is a constant typical fo a
particular filter. For the samples studied ft- 1.15-2,65. The demiwidth
of the curves te(r)te(I) slightly increases with the 0 slope increase diff differe tlv
Irom r*.
function )

the resolu
0. Accord

Iz (0)

(5) E(e):.p(0)80(I)
-' / re(}.)dl.:q(e)Be
'^,{r, ") (t)4(e).

From the lunction /,(0) with which we have denominated

?'r(o)

(6) 1'(e):
I
?'r(o)
rs(X)d)\

and which may be considered as integral IF transmission for slope 0, the re-
distribution of energy over the frame is determined. The determination of he
dependence oi the integral IF transmission on the incident light angle is a v rry
fact in
interesting racr
lnteresung rn rrserr, It can be
itself. lt perrormeo in
oe performed dtllefent ways, for
ln different lof exa
exan rle
through measurement of the light energy transmitted by fhe IF for for varic
vario 0
with nonselective receiver of given sensitivity or by calgulating the int
1,(0). We shallI examlne
examine tnethe second case, as the calculation of 11(0)
1r(0) is perl
perf
geometric calculation of areas surrounded
ed through geometric_calculation surroUnded by theth9 exp€
experim al
curves t6(1,) avaitable. For the areas S(0) under the curvei ts()") the ts
presented in Table 1 were obtained. The maximum relatiye area variation n-
der the curves t6(1,) for the two IF (i, e. of /r(0)) is 3.3iand 1.50/e, respecti
ly. Therefore, we may consider with sufficiently good approximation
' that
iirtegral transmittance ot lp is constant by 0. i
(7) 4 (0): cottst: /.

3B
 Table I

s(s) 425 425 4ll 4r2 3.3

sr(o) 47t 475 478 472 1,5

Table 2
La, nm

0 0 480 540 600 660 720 840

I 1.5 479 539 599 659 719 839 40.6 101.5
10 20,0 477 b,Jb 596 bbb 715 834 42.6 106.5
15 33.5 473 532 591 650 709 827 46.2 115.5
lo
18 au,D
40,5 470
1, u 528
ozo 587
do, 646
uau 705
t vu 822
oaa 49.5 123.6

This means that IF would not introduce additional redistribu

changes within the operation range of IF, its effect is experfsed by _the_
cons--

it equally for all waves regardless of the angle of their piopaSJation. In ad

dition, the IF changes the spectral range in which t e avera$i
avera$ing of the measur
ed brightness Be(I) is performed in dependence on the slope e. Let

ed curves whose width equals the semiwidth Al, for thb slope 0, and the
height is equal to the maximal transmittance for the same slppe. Then, it fol-
1^,.,^ f-^*
lows from /c\
(6) and /'7\
^^A (7)

Ig(0)

(8)
I
?'(0)
r s(}")d.)' : t,(0)AX(0) : t,,(0)Al,(0)
as t.(0) and Al,(0) are dala trom the I
sider (3), we shall have an approximate
ranges introduced by the IF at diffe
results from these approximate calculati
Fig. 1, where the operation ranges
together with their shift in dependence of the distance r.
2) The brightness largely varies within the range qf fl(e)-Ir(O). We
shall consider the boundary case for such large variation, wfrete B(1,) changes
in steps
( B, X<)uc
B(I): {t u,
^ l';1"
Let 1." ( [].1(0), ]'2(e)l for soine of the filters. The illuminatiori distribution over
the frame from (4) is
N,

(e) E(e): q(e)B I "r6\ax.

|"
e(e)
The IF elfect on the illumination distributions in this case
c is defined b the
term
)c

.J
/z(0) = | rs()")d)"
),1(0)

.,a.k, tx.
I L

nrrnl N r

't0
.10

t0l
ir-
'' 0l

tric I

and can_ easily be calculated if we consider again the IF characterist

fl-shaped, with reference to (7) then we have -
:'c
Ir@)
^197
[ 1." - [s(o)],
l.* is the left end of the fl-sliaped characteristic.

where

. a:?t"r^(O),
b : tor(0)),*(0),
c: ), r*(0)AI(0).

( B, L>)".
Similarly, il B:
tO, f . ," and 1.,([].r(0), ],r(e)1,

, 1r(0): -o cos (40)+6 cos (ftg)

{ [q+'.
Let a diffusively reflecting object (which often occurs in nature) with a 3p-
like spectral characteristic fill up the entire field of sight of the MKF-6 ob ct-
Then. in dependence
ive. Then, denendence on the values of l,r, shrll ohhin
l"-. we shall diffcrcnf pict
obdain different ninfr es.
rld
be seen lor distances greater than r ior which 1,":1."(0), y:f lg0, ancl ith
the increase of r the negative density will augrnent giadually. The frame w

40
 Parameters Channel 2 Channel 5

r, mrn 4.3 12.6 18.2 2l.l' 27 4.3 9.4 l2.O 2l.l 27

d (r) 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.83 0.86 1.00 Oft o.es o.e3
look as if two objects were photographed : one round sh{pe, which does
emit within the filter range, and the second surounding the first one
brightness gradually increasing in radial
- b) let )," be close to l,(0) and the of the object
ling up the objective field of sight be i. e, limited f
bei-ow. Such an object would appear on biects : one in
centre with decreasing brightnesg and around it another cine with zero
brightness in this range.
Thus the effect of IF over tl-re frame image is the stroflger the less
the spectral characteristic of the studied object is. For exanfple, the spectral c{u'
racteiistic of grass permits to follow the decrease of its spbctral brightness wfth
the increase oi the distance r from the frame centre for the 2nd and Sth chanpel
of the MKF-6 camera for X.:540 and )':720 nm, respectivelv. For the purpo]se,
the densities of negatives representing grass (Dr)andwhite tissue (Dr)aren
ed with microdeniity meter at different places of the fralne. !TPictures are
with the MKF-6 camera on board the airplane laboratory AN-30 Cn
over a
search field in Bulgaria. For the white tissue we obtain fiom (5) and (7)
I\10)
Du@) En(g):q(0)Byl. Bil.f : const
-
and for the grass we obtain from (5) and (10)
(r D^d(O)
r) Dr(g) E,"(e): <P(e)d(e)
- -
or as

e:
arctg(rlf ),
D(r)
- D^(r)d(r),
from where we obtain thq function d(r) normalized by its maximum vafue
(Table 3). With the increase of r the value of d(r) decre{ses due. to...spectlral
iange shift, where the measured spectral brightness is avqraged. This illu
the effect of IF.
What type of practical conclusions may be drawq frqrn . this study. :r-
tainly to th-e-end
-expands. of-lhe frame the.spectral range shiits. t0 shorterwavel hs
and This effect is larger for the long-wave channels' The graph-i :al
present-ation of this shift is sufficiently clear. It is seen tliat changes introd
ed by IF can be entirely neglected in the frame centre. The size ot th
area is specific for the instrument applying the IF and dqpend on the char
teristics of therfilters themselves. For the examined case, the IF do not ch
picture in a ci
the -approximate us of about 22 mm cen -1
The c rformed may be consid ern of
evalualing the effe in the multispectral ph es b-
tained and also in truments similar to the
References
1. SxcnepuueHr ,Palyra"
- MHoro3oHarunoe {rororpafnpoeaune 3eyrr c KocMr.lqecr(oro
,,Cur3-2z', nKn-AH CCCP, n-254, I9?7.'
2. Design and technical partmeters of the MKF-6 Multispectral Camerh and the MSP-4 Mul
spectral Projector' Dr. A,
A. Zickler, FEB Carl Zeiss Jena
posium on
on Remote Sensins
nq_91 Aoril 1978,
of Environment. Anril - GDR,
197R. Manila,
Mar
International Sv
Philippines.
3. Eopn M.,3. BonI6. Ocnoeu"onruxu. lnvj1onpplj,
M,, 1973.
4. Bakalova, K. Interierential Filters in Spectral
Snectral Instruments
I withoilt'Collimation Optics.
space Res. in l3ulgaria, 3, 1980, 47-52.

B,raqurae r4Hrep+epeHunoHHbrx Snnurpor Ha noJryqaevlsre

c ux floMorrlbro MHorocrreKTpa/'rbHbre r,r3o6pa]KeHl4rr

I. H. Mu.utee, K. n. Earcanoea

(Pesnue)
B AaHnori pa6ore paccMarprrBaercrr BrHflHue r.inrepOepeHrlrroHHbrx Qurrlrpoe
MHofocrreKrpaJrbHr,re usoSpaxeuus, noJrylreHHbre KaMeporl MI{O-6. floragaso, q
B./II,ISHI.IC IIPOflBJIRCTC'I B CMCIIICHHI,T CTICKTPA.IIbHbIX ,4I{AIASOHOB
PA6OTU KAMC
c yBenHqeHr,reM paccroflHutr r or rIeHTpa K Kparo nora nso6pax(eHurr. B raqecr
nplrMepa paccMorpeHo yMeHbilreHr{e cnerrpa.lsHoli qpKoprr4 ofipeAeJreHHo
K Kpato Ka.u,pa ,qnfl Broporo (t=F540 nm) u nnro
o-O'be_Kra (,rroqepuHa)
(L:720 nm) (aHaflos rvruorbcrercrpanruofi Qororar,repsr MKO-6.

L9
BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 4

Sofi.a i983

Problems Related to the Body Potentiaf

of Large Satellites and Their Particular
Resolution with the Bulgarian Probe
Experiment with Intercosmos-19 Satelli{e
.S. K. Chapkunoe, T. N. Ioanoaa, A. L. Gdaleoicl,t'

,f certain period of time after the

automatic unified orbital station (A
and Intercosmos-l8) the body is char
reference to the potential of the studi
es are operating (illuminated object
fnr mensrrrcmenis of ihermal and lo
iments). Th Qbserved, exceedin
and -12 o$mos series aPPee
Intercosmo nth after the launc
cases this { value of -25 \
It is assumed that this is related to an error of systen]ratic or accidenta
orlgln.
origin.
- A precise analysis of the commands transmitted tq t1t4 spacecr.aft, of. th
operation of the complex scientific equipment (SE) and_of fhe service-syste.n
is required. Two major - iources .9!^tirge .neg.Stive body {otential generatio
are assumed at present f or the AUOS series [1] :
1. One of the possible causes is the wlglg couplipg of the n-qgativ
output terminal (of tie board power supply) -28V with_the spacecrafj. bod
throush a leakasi resistance of the ordei of tens or hundrbds of kO. The pi

surfaces under different potentials. In order to evaluate t|]1e phenomenon'

may consider_lhis system as two_electrodes with a voltagp.between them o
to the high eleciron mobility, from their the mal velocity 'rtru and the
collection at the expense of electrode motion with the satfllite velocity, onl
il os*o7r, a nonlinear characteristic is obtained. 'I'he equalization of the
tron and'ion currents of the double probe is possible only when the positiv
electrode is of 2+5V more positive-than PP and the negative receives pt
egative receives
tential around -25V,
 If the. patellite is well insulated, from the feeding output terminal
a fldating potential_(-a++1jv with reterence-to tiie pp from
::iy-..
oary'eltects
oary ' ellects (rectified HF antenna 'voltage,
antenna voltase. photoernisqions, charopd pa
ohotoernissions. charged n
rrq^ur,,!1L.1
fluxes,, etc.) regardless
regarqless of
oI the
tne solar
solar battlries. tsut at reducecl
batteries. But reduced insuration
insulation r
f,1,.: rllh respect
!f'"1]- ,to. -.28 V in a supply output terminat, the m
tude o_f the io.n currents is limited and-tfd-'sai;lift; coiiuctive surfa<
:Etg.q with.negative potentiat U.:U_*R,n,.1, ;r;i;h ;t l;," values of
-redjced
N, ilt aftain -zSV with ;"r;U.i"t"-t#'pt, "
\oLtt
and
:2. !h9 possibility of reakage for the- negative output te.ninal of the
supqly is rarger
larger rnan-
than-for posTtive, as far;.'ih;
ror the poslttve, far as the output teflninal _28
oripuT-i..,ninar
:.:ly,J^^,o- is
useo as common and is permanenfly passed to all the ^lnstruments. -28
The
mands are transmitted t 'flre positive 'outpui i.r*i"rT-J,i"tjt
tro,o *t.r, the
nonfunctioning instruments are switched off as well.
ble
ors
rts.
the
-s_pacecraft
.a) To increase-the effective surface (2.sryp only for AU
conductor and solar. battery panel shielding; coatitrg Li--non.onductive
face,(therrnal protective coaf with metal set"of S;;-ri;p;"
,.^9) No! to switch on a['the instruments to the negaiive output tern nal
-28v and to use it for all switchings und.or*und;.T;'ufifize as com ton
the positive output terminal f 28V; "
. c) -At -all test stages !or- lhe spacecraft (incruding cdmplex ones with lt-
acting feeding by illuminated batteries) to cbntrol th-e itriujution resista of
tne cnellrrcal and solar batteries circuits with reference to the satellite lv
withadditionalinstrtttirentatvoltageof100V.
B. As lhe' I;i;;;,j:ffi.-tln'ijl3*?":lr'"i"1 raunching, the constructors of
the instruments from the complex scientific equi ment- fiaa' io introduce sr me
changes in the electric circuiti:
, , t) ,A in
rruuuceu rn
troduced
gingfe command of switching on and off of d resistance l was ln-
the sareltlte-coutrolling
Tne
the spacecraft body and the supply-output t.
(SCB_4), U
satellite-controlling block (SCIJ_4). q pling
plin1 of
tl' *2 of le tk-
age tlom _ negative output terminal /, the
^t!g
V (excluding the case of short it at
can Lot
:*.:.S ;l? satei ite
-iesistence- R: I kg and short circuit of -28V, un uOOlii ral
bpdy). Under
gonslmptjon of 0.9 Ir{ appear_s. Besides; -;*h, the possible erlor at the telem .ry
input ii 0.0b 0/0, whiCh iJ pr"u;urv il.'i;;;';n""qi-r'i"i"irtli rry he
satellite variations ;
. b)ofTotheexecute
input
thorough control over ilre insulatibn resistance al
secondar.y sou"rces of feedi'g for each instifimeni-i;;;*ih.';
plex_ of 100V the resist"ance ot output-ii;;;ili.1t'Bv
-.28 ft body should be larger tnai iO Mo at normal h
drtv
otential would result in significant losses of scier tic
inrorma'on oDra,ned ;il1T:1:ll'."'fl3ii,i.,31.'e"',tt ch
';';'lJ'?q;["."'.Xo::i#"tt
instruments: have to consiiier'ttre "i"he
posiioiliit qperation rj
ii
i;p;il;g
voltages and the sw'eep size" to ttre' sens8rst'cs*d*.irii'"i
:jruncilonal
1T iltrtcapacity).
c' To iesolv6 the problem on the body potential for Intercosmor o
(AUos type) in the partii:ular case of combindd irrobe irJstiumeni dFrim 1 t_.

44
 Fig, 1

The situation of the sensors to the P-4 instrument-ioh pL-Jgll.2

and the cylindric Langmuir. tlobe CLp-5 on therbody of tlretraps orienlea ;t.t
lite ,lntercoimos-19 is given in Fig. 1. The initial: veriion .bi ttre,p-4 in;lr;_
ment was designed Jor successive feeding of sawtooth voltales'(points
2 and.J

45.
of the time diagrams in Fig. 2) frorn the sweep generdtor, synchronized
the board pulses with quartz stabilized frequency boar-d-tirne 1 (Point 1
Fig. 2).
Regardless of the relatively large AUOS satellite size, the net condu
surface is small (2.5 m2) and slightly dilters from the surface of the

Pr..3e/l

Fig. 2

satellites from the Intercosmos series. The system trap-satellite repres( SA

double probe which collects electrons from all directions when a positiv po-
tential is fed to the IT while the satellite collects electrons only fron the
contrary flux. For slight potential vaiiations of the sat$llite it is necessa t4l

,*t'W^, where
":fl#(f-l'] .

bulk charge yer)

a plane rndi-
(under assum tion

46
 Table 1 rJ

Potential of I T, V 0 +5 +15
Coeffcient o 147 70 19.0
Required surface ratio 236 1t22 3045

that the conductive suriace is equally distributed). Hencp the ratio betr; )n
surfaces &/S,r:56. But most simple calculations with the given formulas )r
field height H:500km (perigee) al M;:14,7,:2590K And D:0.6cm st !V
that this ratio is much smaller than the required even at zero potential of T
(fable 1).
Therefore, for H:500 km we may neglect the applied to the IT v
tage effect over the satellite potential at ralio of the aftive surfaces
than 3,000. As f ar as this requirement was hardly patisfied, two m
of reducing this effect were suggested.
1. To use the Bulgarian traps supplied with a fourth outer shielding
(flown on two rocket experimentsalready-Ve'ticat and CentaurJl).
constructors did not permit a change of sensor with-7 larger size (R0:3.5c
and weight (B5g) due.to the. fact that the satellite had passed all test sta5
and was prepared for launching.
2. New cyclogram of the sensors IT operation (points 5 and 6 from Fig.
in argeement with the board-time 2 (point 4). But the cyclogram thus s
ed reduced two times' the instrument resolution (measurements by 16 s
sides, one of the IT would be in shadow and it will be difficult to determi
which information has to be processed. In addition, this satellite was not p:
vided with mass-spectrometer, thus the determination of the ion compositi
has to be performed with the IT measurements and this equired greater t
quency.
In the final version oI the cyclogram for the P-4 instrument operati
a sweep voltage is supplied to the PL:39/1 sensor only at an angle of '
of I/ (Fig. 1). This results from the fact that the instrumpnt is located on t
front plane bf the spacecraft and the possibility to flolw in an undisturb
plasma is greater, referring to disturbances provided by the solar ba
antennas, sinsor booms tor the other experiments, etc. The sensor P
is under floating potential in order to define the time interval for which
sawtooth voltage ii not fed to the PL-39/1 (this is replabed by a direct v
tage of This has to overlap with the bottom level of the meant
-5 2V).(point
board-time 7 |rom Fig. 2).
As the 6oard meander bbaril-time 1 is relatively afcurate (t):2.002
lo:1.998s) no problems occurred from the back front ol board'time I in I
synchronization of the sweep generator to
-" b) Introduction 'ioiIT.
-
Iniroduction of addifional block for tft.
addifioial block *"urorqr]o.nt of the floati:
the measurqr]nent floati
potential LGp on the insulated outer grid of IT. This is pefmanently controll
on PL-3912 and on PL-39/1 only in M-4 mode, when a srfeep voltage is f
there too. Then the Unp is nreasuted in sequence on thf two I'f with a
riod of 4s' with respect to the satellite body (and witt! reverse polarity
IT). It should be mentioned that we do not measure tl]e potential plas
spacecraft but'sensor-spacecraft and the floating potential of an insula
sensor is by 0.7+0.8V mote negative comnared vith the p-lasma. _-_.
Tho eriitting repeaters witti tri ce (O-A titn Ret inp,
measure the Uoo within a range of d frpm the, outputs t
voltage is theri'translated to tle tel e (0{:+6)V and is st
plied througlCia
mulaes. f or the
c) Range
on [,/pp.

{/pr.+oh,s

l-i -_"h-*'i-i,-*f**-' a 1S-r

P1.39/?i
,--lt.
i l';il
'\1"-,

P1.39/1.

ll';;'t-.-
t.::;'

Fig. 4

dicular to 7 (Fig. 1). The block diagram of the additiondlly designed sys
to this circuit is given in Fig. 4.
(measrired by the MP block) the range of sawtooth. voltagg variations is. swi
id on CLP:5 from (-1+f 7)V to (+O++14)V. T$is is re_alized in.t
high-frequency generator of the transformer (GT) of the LP, which
controlled by the:basic generator SWG to supply two elual
il - rr ---- r'- - t--
linearly inc
ing voltagei (the acceplable difference between'- them Pging nt rt\
0.1V) L-

eldctrodes"of CLP-5,,,as one of them is insulated from the spacecraft (

"to..t
ween the collector of CLP-5 and the amplifier input DA).
 In conclusion, we may say that problems related tollarge satellites a
of ins
lated surfaces increases the possibility of variations in thp spacecraft pote
tial of the order of tens of volts (see e. g. [51r, which pven under nortr
conditions (normal potential difference "plasma-satellite-) ryakes diflicult t
operation of the probe instruments mainly and also of all low-energy measu
ers (electrostatic and electromagnetic scientific equipment),
The problem of the optimum potential for this type bi measurements
much more complicated and this paper should be considerefl as a first attem
only to introduce recent Bulgarian contribution to this frew and importa
scientific field.

References
1 Marepuaru4 or c'bneflIaHr{ero l{a Pa6orrrara r pyfia tto so crrlnqe crh {usr.tr<a xtlr

4. Koeao u, O. B. 3;lertpnqecxlrfi soHA B nJra3Me. M., Aroil.trlsAar, 1969.

5. Parker, I. W. Differential charging and sheath assymetry of n$nconducting spacecra
due to plasma flows. Geophys, Res., 83, p. 10,
-J.

flpo6"rrerug, cBff3aFIHble c noreHrlr4aJroM Kopflyca crryTHaKoB

6omruux paaMepoB, qACTI4I{HOE HX perxeHHe npr4 rFpoBe/leHvu
14

ooJrrapcKoro 3oHAoBoro 3KC[epr4MeHTa Ha,,I4K-19u

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(Peercrue)

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r.rx Haxo)I(AeHHtr Ha ocBerrleHHblx qacrflx opoarbl. I,Iccn
AOBaHI4e BO3MOX(HbIX [pUr{HH elo BO3HI4KHOBeHI.Ifl I,I yMeH
rrreHnfl efo BJrr.rsuur.[o4po6Ho paccMorpenc,nyvali ,, I4l(-19" -(AVOC-3-ZI
soH4), a raK)Ke u3MeHeHnn, ueo6xoauylle^_ryl.lf.l:l:fi_*:i3
l|U't'eHquaJia Kolruyua cuyTHIzKa. Orttcslsarcrcg oco6eHHocra 6onrapcroro^..::"!,KoM
6uHuponanHoro uvarAvD
vrrrrrryvDqrrrrvrv goHAoBoro npn6opaq ,,ll4u,
ttrtr t BbIBeAeHH^rn
DDtDvAeLL sq hn6un\/ ^rIyTHI4Kol
,,14K-19u, B AByx ac[el{Tax: c oAsofi cropoHbl, yMe r;ruflHu
3r(cnepHMeHToB c TorrKH 3peHufl HapyixeHlzfl paBHoB Kopnyc
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ero pa6oru -lrpr.r BbIcoHoM rroreHrlnane Kopnyca.

4 KocNhqecKH H3cneABaHHg, l(H, 4

BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCIJ IN BULGARIA, 4

Sofia 1983

Correlation of Wind and Electric F ield

in the Nocturnal FRegion
James C. G. Walker
N.alional Astronomy and
-Ionosphere
AreciDo, Puerto Rico 00612, U.S.e.
Center, '--
-- --- ' Arecibo Obseraatoqt,

Introduction

fre-
!th
to
an
t
um-
L-
tis
di-
ec-
two

1S

n-
in
ral
lon
by
by
to

)o-
Ine
to-
gether influence the
height of the F-layer.
not affect the electron
sphere are large.

,V

NS
he
de
rd
lr-
ile

r
or

lrr
,+

ttt-
 Theoretical considerations
Three mechanisrirs have been suggested tct explain thg negativf corfela
between^zrr and-21. The-y- are ijn" drag (Doughert|, 1961 Rishb
et al., 1965; Behnhe, Harper, 1973; Thomas, W i1l iams,; 1975), .E

-ft
I
8 Nov 1974

I
4t)

\
I
q
/
IJ

-80

ro -- '
0
l____,
li
AST, h

52
achieved when tl-ret'e is no relatii'e mot
illustrated in Fig. 3.
'Ihere is no'doubt that the ion dr
negative correlation ct oy and oy T

.t

Fig. 3. The ion drag mecha

!J-a Ep

Fig. 4. The polarizat

See text for explana

ionosphere, is associated with the ti

neutral wind. Roughly speaking, the
only after all of the neutral atoms
(Rishbeth,Garriott, 1969). The
mechanism is therefore the inverse o
nocturnal ion densities less than 3X10
dently the ion drag mechanism cannot
and o1. on a time scale of an hour or
The polarization field mechanism
here that the northward component
downward increase in ot and, at t
ward f low of Pedersen e urrent in t
current is inhibited by horizontal variations in the t-
ivity or wind, charge will accumulate, and ane lon
electrostatic ield will develop to restrict the flow
f r-
sen current. The polarization field, in turn, will causf

Fig. 5. The diffusion mechanism. See text for explanation

in oy as shown in Fig. 4. In equilibrium there is no relative

rllati' motion of i
and neutrals and no current flow. The response of thd ne lo:ion velocity co
nents to a change in neutral wind is instantaneous, butLt, the polaization
mechanism works only if the flow of F-region current lt lsis inhibited by
zontal variations.
The difiusion mechanism is illustrated in Fig. 5. Herp it is supposed t t
lcrease in the eastward electric field cau
an increase causes an udward increase in I.
The vertical component oI zo1 r causes the F-layer
F-la to ilse from the posi
rlse frorn posit
shown on the left of the figure to that shown on the right. pecause the diffu
coefficient increases exponentially with increasing altitudl,thedownward di d
sion velocit!, oDt increases as the layer rises. 'lhe incrgasing diffusion v lu-
city appears in the data as a downward increase of zfr which accompar ies
the upward increase ol oy The characteristic tim: associ[ted with this mec
nism is the time for the height F-layer to respond to changes in externi tly
imposed vertical drift elocilv. Thebretical cohsideratibns i*ndicate that ris
time is less than about 15 min.

Comparison of the Theories

The three mechanisms therefore dilfer in several respecfs. The ion drag
difJusion mechanisms both assert that the basic cause of fluctuations in
and o1 is fluctuationsinthe externally imposed electric fipld. According to
ion_drag mechanism, the neutral wind contribution to all changes in respo
to t?re field induced change in o1; according to the diffrrrsion meghanism i 1S
tlre diffusion component ol o1 that responds to the change iri z_1. The a-
rization field mechanism differs from both ion drag and diffusion by att rt-
ing the fluctuations not to externally-imposed electric fiefd change but to X-
ternalll'-impqss6 change in the neutral wind, We do 1rot, at present, k

54
why eithet' the wind or the field should fluqtuate on a time scale of hou
during the-.lright, but identification of which of these mephanisms is respo
sible for the negative cotrelation of arr and z1 would tel[ us which fluctu
tion requires explanation.

Ion drag Polarization field Dtflqs ion

Fig. 6, Predictions of tl.re three mechanisms concerning lhe correlation

between change in F-layer height and char.rge in the velocity components

The three mechanisms dilfer also in their predictipns concerning t

time lag between fluctuations in one velocity cornponent and fluctuations i
the other. The time resolution of the dala is not good enough to permit
choice between the instantaneous response of the polariz@tion field mec
fl
nism and the 15-min. response of the diffusion mechanisfn, but it is
enough to rule out the 1 to 2 horr response of the ioh drag mechanis
mect
(see Fig.
Fig 2).

response of F-layer height to changes in ion drift velocitips. These

are compared in Fig. 6. According to the ion drag mec
crease tn upward ?1 Carses a rapid rise in F-layer height. Gradually ion dra
increases the northward neutral wind and an ncreases dciwnward. Increasin
houfs, the vve
sevfral hours,
negative aly drives the Flayer down again ur-rtil, after sev$ral
tical components of tt and wl are equal in magnitude b]ut opposite in si
F-laver has returned to its original
and the F-layer orisinal height.
heisht.
Accordirig to the polarization fie-lcl mech"anism, a s4dden downward i
crease in
I 211 is accompani
nism is
E-region, the conjugate
the ,b-feglon, coniugate point ionospnere, or ln
ionosphere, of in a horizoptal
not,zoptal circuit
clrcult throug
tnrol
the F-region. Therefore the upward increase in a1 is not a{ large as the dow do
ward
w qru increase
rrrLlLqoL in vll . As
trr zrr. nu a
u result,
ruourLt the Flayer moves do'Jgnward in respo
to a net downward cornponent of the combination oI oy /nd 'ay
According to the difiusion mechanism, a sudden up,']rard increase in e,
causes the F-layer to rise..As it rises the dorvnward dilfusipn velocity increar
es until a new balance is achieved, witl-r o1 :upward, a sm+ller zrr downwart
and the F-layer at a greater height than before. The irppot'tant distinctio
between the polarization and diffusion mechanisms, thefefore, is that th
lormer predicts a positive correlation between F-layer hpight and zrr whil
the latter prediqts a positive correlation between F-layer height and ay
 We therefore compare, in Fig. 7, the rneasured F:layer height and t he
measured velocity components for ustrated i!
rr the night illustrated
illustrated ih Fig.
Fip. 2. The cor la-
tion between Flayer height and r.t1 during the lattef halfriof the nigl is
striking. Unfortunately, there appears to be an equally $trong correlation 3t-

400

I Nov 1iJ74

4
J

,J
. il'i;ii"

rl 4
6
tl
I I
'a ouv
E
o
I
I
\
J
\u'

rB
AST,
Fig. 7. Measured F-layer height (doftecl line) compareo with measurfd velocity conlponen

w.een heighl and on during the first half of the night. lExamination of r
nights of Arecibo data lea?s to thr same result. The desative correlat of

reasons.

56
Suggestjo-ns for Further Research
,r r l'i'
It mi$ht"'be possible to distinguish betvreen the polarization and dif
diffus
mechan,isms by cornparing F-layer height
ring ,F-layer changes at the lwo
fwo enos
ends oI
ot a
a g
magnetic fielci line.- Figure 8-indicatEs what th: two rpechanisms prgd

L)lflri ior
Pr'!,rii:ilion Iirirl

Up
ln tJp

Fig. B, Changes r'n F-layer. height a-t the ends

_o[ a
geomagnetic field line accord-
ing to the polarization fieltl aud diffusion mechauisms

According tq the polarization field mechanisln, an equat[rward wind at o

end of the field line causes the F-layer to rise while ddveloping a polari:
tion field that causes a downward a.L. The polarizatiori field, but not t
wind perturbation, is transmitted to the conjugate poinf by the large fiel
aligned electrical conductivity of the topside ionosphere and protonosphe:
Thus the F-layer rises in one hemisphere while falling id the other. The d
fusion mechanism, on the ,other hand, predicts that thQ F-layer will rise
both ends of the field line under the action of th: extern{lly imposed elect
static field. Changes in neutral wind are not in 'olved if this mechanism.
study by Petelski (1972, 1973) indicates that F-layqr height.changes
conjugate points are generally correlated positively, but the correlation l
not been investigated for stations at geomagnetic latitud(s as low as that
Arecibo (30'N).
The considerations described in this paper have beerf entirely qualitati
Quantitative theoretical analysis oi the various possible explanations for t
negative correlaticn of zn and zr combined with a cateiul comparison
theoretical predic can be expected to plarify the situatir
Scientists of any to use the observing facifities of the Areci
Observatory or o data to study this or alny other problem
ionospheric physi oI radar astronomy) are invited to conti
the Director of Observatory Operations, Arecibo Observatbry, P. O. Box 91
Arecibo, Puerto Rico 00612, U.S.A.

Conclusion
For reasons that are not known either the wind or. the eltctric field (or,'bot
in the nocturnal ,Eregion fluctuates in direction o11 a tilne scale of an
or two. The resultant fluctuations in the externaly imposefl ion drift veloci
nave a very large effect
would have tne structure of
erlect on the or the
rfle fiocturnal
pocturna io
were it
l not for the existence of an imperfectly understoQd negative
.nism that causes a negative
mechanism correlation between iofl drift velo
nesative correlation
ponents parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic
f {ield. This paper
called attention to the phenomenon and has offered
tions, but sufficient work has not yet been done
standing of the mechanism.

!!lf?t,Le(e:eyet2, The to
, ^ contributed.significantly_ datr shown in this paper werc provirled by R. M. Harper
also thc development of my thinking on thc sirbyect. The lrlati
norrurrurrrJ and
*:ll9no:"J arlu rc'nospnere
lonosphere Lenrer is operated
Center ls operated by
Dy Uofnell
Corhell Univ-ersity
University under contract w
with
National science Foundation. This work has beEn supported, in paitr, by the National
naulics ar.rd Space Administration uncler NASA Order No, W-14. ft3.'

References
rF--region pola
Behn ion transpoft at
J. Geophys. Res., 79, lgTB, 8222-8284.
cibo.
Dougherty, -J. P. Ori the influence of horizontal motion of the rleutral air on Lhe dj u-
. sion eqrlation of the F-region. J. Atmos. Terrest. phis., 20, 1961, 162-126,
Heelis,R,
ncerrs, A" p.
I(' {, ltendall, R. J. -Morreit,
u. Kendall,
r'. c. Mottett, l. D. w.-w;ili;,'neciiicii
w. windle, Flectrical .orfirin
coup of
the E-and F-region_s_anct its etfect on /"-region clrifts and winds. planei.
1ci.,22. 1974.748-256 -
Petelski,
P e t e I s k i, E. F. Real height vartations of the ionospheric
heisht varlations ionosnheric F2-ler]pr ,tr^.ro some
F2-laj,er above e^na pairs
n
_ .conjugate stations. - J. Atmos. T :rr. phys- 34, 1972, 1163-1i70.
geomagnetically
P e t e I r k:j, q. Dynamik'der ion"ospharisctreu F2-schichf M rile;;'B;;iten un.i eidmreneti
Koniugierten Punkten-M-essergebnisse. Ph. D. Dissertationf University of -C-ott
gen, 1973.
R ih, H. The effect of winds on the ionospheric F2 peak. J. Atrnos. Terr. phys.,
ishbe
1967,225_238. -
Rishbeth, H. The F-layer clynamo, planet. Space Sci., 19, l9[], 268-267.
Rishbeth,H. Polarizatiorr_ - bywindstnthe eqatgrial/r-region.-pla
^fle_l{s^produced t.
Space Sci., lg, 19Tt,85Z-969.
Rishbeth, H., o. K. Garriott. Introcluction to Ionospheric phygics. Newyork,Acade ic

in

cily in'the l'-region. J. Atnros. t.tr.-pdt;; Bi,'i9r;;"f2[i:tr,?t

-
Koppe.tla[I4ff Me)I(Ay BerpoM H 3JreKTpHqeCKr,rM no/reM
B CCTECTBCHHOIZ FO6 ilACTVI
.ntrc. C. .4,tr. Vorcep
(Pesrcrrle)

I4suepeuuan cr(opocrb HoHoB B E- H F-o6.nacrsx uoKa3brdaer orpHuareJrbH

KoppenqrlHro MexAy napaJrneabHori KoMnoHeHTofi 3JreKTpHqebKofo no,7lrr.
npeAcraBrrfler co6ofi KoM6HHHpoBaHHbrrisQ$exraHs4]yeu

rpuqecKr.tM [o.{eM. flpe4craa.ueHhr o6.bflcHeHHfr, aToil

cBflSaHO C HOHHbTM yBneqeHHeM, r(oTopoe BbI3brBaeT oT tfl
B
F-o6tacru flBJrreTcff npxuaaoft so-3HrdrflroseHHH rroJrspugaql{or{Hofo a/re
Koro ro.Irf, Koropoe Bbr3brBaer Apefio. llucryrnpoaar{bl BqSMoxHbIe c/IeAcrB tg
nr ACIICTBTTS
OT np#nnoud OTACilbHbIX
^TlarLUr MCXAHHSMOBI

58
BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
_____?63+a
SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 4

1983

Measurement Results and Conclusions

on the Spectral Reflective Coefficients Of Volcanite
Granitoides and Gneisses
H. B. Spiridonort, A. H. Krumou, N. K.Katzhotr, S. .Ay'. Yoac

l. Definition of the Problem

The remote sensing of the Earth by air- and space-b-orn hfgh sensitive it
ments provides for"images (photographs and. photoelectr.oir pictures) .of
and water surface in se*veral ranges (channels) of the visible atrd near inl
portion of the electromagnetic spectru
iion and the different lormations are
Based on this information, the geologi
the location, shape and sizes of vario
and circular structures are compiled.

lective characteristics (SRC). Referrin

Bulsaria in cataloguing the SRC of th

and the maident radiation on the reiere

reflective coefficient and spectral cha

2. Instruments and Measurements Techniques

loped a portable sPectromete
and obiects in oitro and
nsists of twentY channels wit
range of 400-800 nnn at
 I

-13o. The natural sunlight is used in fielcr work and u rf.non lamp with pr d/e r
of
ur ruu w or other
100 afilIlclal source of light,
orner artificial nolr_unifoiflllty to its
Iight, and the non-unr?rt4tiy
spectral characteristic of irradiation within -the range of 400-B00nril'd'oes not
exceed 300/0. A specially designed screen B0 mur in"dianheter is used as ir [er-
glcg 9U..J. The screen has a photometric characteristlc close to the on :of
ideal dillusion reflective '"vhite sirrface. The average sRCo lr'ouet-gso/o and
the no.n-uniformity of SRC within the ranse of 40"0-900 nm is i0.2s010'."
The irregular potyted If,
with nat aces was adclitior lly
Polislred, and the solar ze ith
angre va
angle much as possible
nossihle the
influence of the diffuse scattered light by the surroundi4g objects, the inr ru-
ld,un{ the,samp.les were placed bn black-mat tissue. t"n dependence on the
ted
ul -

3, Brief Petrographic Characteristics of the Rocks

samples to measure the coefficient of spcctral brightnesd are taken from I l-
ous outcrops observed in different parts on the Bulgartan territory and are
selected in such a way as to be repiesentatiu" of rnu-gmutic unJ"mdtu 1C
rocks,

o) Volcanites
samples_ from two big groups of volcanic rocks are seledted acid and r
ium ac-id. The samples are taken mainly from the Rhodlpes-and the wes tn
part of sredna Gora mountain, i. e. soirttr and of $rilgaria. rtre grou of
rqclp comprises rhyolites.(samples Nos. 1-6), -west
lgtd rtryodapttE (No. f, d?le tes
(Nos. B-9) and the medium aciri roiks are pLesented t{ No.' t0
No. 11
- ageandesite. - latite 0

of the volcanic rocks is paleogene and tfey are relatecl to

Alprne urugcrlrc
drprrrtr orogenic volcanism. Iney occur as llows,
volcanrsm. They florvs, subvolc4nic
subvolcdnic bodies and di
rntrud.ed in.the.crystalline.complex and the gr .oides of the Rhodope ma
as rvell as in,depres.sions located_between itJ or morflhostructures.
4.gng the acid volcanic rocks the rhyolites are wfldespread. Their c
llp_n _ryrlire.,
is the.presence of aphanitic .ground mass, cgmposed of potass 1m
telspar, quartz and volcanic glass. In it_phenocrysts df plagioclasa, fels of,
qraftz and sometimes bio.tite, amphibole and pyroxene are qbserv"ed. The grori Ld-
ii"::,_y:trg: por,phyry, individuals is. from-BS t_o 300/3. Th{ rhyolites,are"mai tly
of felsitic (samples Nos- 1-1), p.orphyry (No. 5) ,na" r.,virin.i
Accessory minerals it tF rtryoiitei ir6 iircon,'tourmaliidu-titu,itrr, 1No. ol t"ri
riagne te.
The rhyolite texture is fluidai banded.
Macroscopically the plagio.rhyolitb-rhyodacite (No. z) has fine e porphy
porphyr tic
rre- -. holocrystalline
texture ho [or'. the ground mass, The main rock-forming'nii r-
als are: plagioclase, felspar, biotite", amphibole unO lri.fv qiartr.
The coarse oorohvritic delenites are srhvoln"rtri" lX.lilo rr,
to medium-grained alotriomorphic texture. Main intratettuiic minerils are:
xene, amphibole, plagioclase, :quartz and felspa (sanidin{). Accessory: zi

00
apatite, tif4pite, magnetite, orthite, sorne secondary minerafls as epidote, chlo
rite, sericite also occur,
The mediunr acid volcanic rocks are plesented by flatite (No. 10) a
andesite (No. 11). These are melanocratic rocks with typica[ hialopilitic (and
site) texlure and massive stiucture. Microsconicallv the grqund mass is apha
sfiucture. Microscopically
nitic composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, volcanic glass. Forhyries"very of plagio
clase, pyroxene and amphibole may be observed here and rar-ely
olivine.

b) Granitoides
They are irom Rilo-Rhodopean batholites. Samples of glanodilrites, biotitr
granites and two-mica granites are collected. I{ere are sampleg of numbers : 4584
4732, 301 l, 7t07, 2086, ffi68, 2193, 8653, 3735, 2224,' I bnct IL
'I'he granitoides are mainly coarse- to medium-grainqd granular rocl<s
Their structure is mostly hipidiomorphic grauular, sometiges rporphyritic anr
in certain cases cataclr stic. Their texture is massive, sometimei Darallel
Main rock forming - minerals are: felspar, qtattz, plagioclase, biotite and two-mi
muscovite. Secondary and accessory ninerals are: orthite, tftanite, zircon, ap
tlte and ore rrinerals.

c) Oneisses
Two types are considered: biotite and two-mica (samplps Nos. 340, I
and 5005).
Gneisses are fine- to medium-srained rocks with lepid(granoblastic stru
ture and parallel texture. The main-rninerals are: plagioclase, quarlz, biotite at
muscovite. Accessories are: zircon, rutile, apatite and ore minerals,

4. Discussion of Results

Both within -the period of measurements and when dis(ussing the resul
the factors with greatest influence on the rock SRCO may bg defined separat
ly in two principal groups: internal and external.
Among the external factors the main role is played by the source o1
light, which may be of natural or artificial origin, but its lnfluence is known
as a rule and could be considered in data interoretation.
Among internal factors significant is the influence of ttje structural-textur
al feature, the mineral and chemical compositlon, the surface of the measured
samples, etc.
When measuring the spectral brightness of the differerft genetic
of rocks, sun was used as a source of light. The strength 0f solar irradiation
for the geographic latitude of Sofia (eastern longitude northern
latitude -- 4241'02") depends on solar location over-1320'45';
hQrizon, i. e, on the
zenith angle. Measurements were performed during the autrjmn of 1978, Sept.
30 and Oct. 3-+, within the interval 1l:23-15:51."During th{:se clays the zenith
angle changed from 46 to 65'. When comparing the measqred values of the
SRCO for the three days and for.the interval;of noorr-houis oi the aututnn
season, it was detelmined that the solar zenith angle is of weak irflportance
(Tables 1 and 2).
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"? cO c}r cO + $ N t-o) O O O C OO OH Oo)
c.l C\
N Cl CI Cl 6l C\ C'q Cl C'l 6l oO cfJ crJ cD CO crJ cO f€ cO C.l
6l
q e q g q,e u?q q g q u? q q g e q g g
"? f.,- N @ co co @ f--
c\ c'o ro 1r) (o t\
@ co f.- ao @ @ o)
i H H C\ Cn C.l 61 CN C.l c\.1 C.\1 N C.l C.l N C.l

a) OOO OOtrt OOO r)toOA 1rJ0 O O 6OO

g i
A a co
:t cacD .r: d <<j o o -.: 6i c.j + w + ro rj rj rj =i
{. d) cD cD m cD $ < $ til w!+ $<- :fi +< $
br
N aaqeQOoo tooooo ooOOlr oO
6i N d.-.: c.j c'1t crj <. u:.o t3; d
.R
\ Si C.l
c\l
rrj
S\ S\
Ct
AS !a -: (A
Ct C\ C..l cO
C1 cO cD $s + + \+ + s + <

eJ
R.
qr'

-a( z 8=Re336sh5=ggFFFSFSH
siq st(|r $ie !trrJ1l) 6@r
E

6s
r*6
62
 O '?'?q q q q u? q,o. q q C,? q h q.e q eq
b O, Or O) O c) d N f.- O i CD
N.- $ l+ !o (O t- (O t.- CO
i il : i i C.t C.l C\ C! N N C\ C\ N C.l C.]

il
ci odd -.j
c\ c\ c.l c..l cl c\ c\
c.i.i @ s-
6.1
o<i oi d €i
c\ c.l c.t crt
o5om
o ca
o cD
ca cr) m c$
-i ca
ci

N
s -,^^r^
c!
. . .-Y-?XY-'j-t:-i
cO cO cD n (O S.rrj F- ct) cr) O ct) O - '- H C.l d
r H F-
d c\ N c\ N c.l c\f c.l m cit cn co co m

\ .i .{ ".i'l
--tAr^'^-'A- .i'-.: Y.-..]
- -N C.l C\ C\ + $ F- t- cO O) O H H Cn H,r i Ci N Y Y H..l
N Ci
C.tC\ C'l C-.1 Ol C\ C'l C-l C.l C.l C\ m cO cD F: crf Fl m c6 cO

h-
qQ qo.i rj+.o
a c\ d N b: N N b: d ; N t-:N N N
c\ c{ ct N cl c\ c.t c.! c\ c\| c.l ct c\ N c\ c\ N N or

N -- *1 : Y:
q! c\ N ce s u? (o Y
- o) o) o d Y -.1 *i
- c\ c-t cj ro co co ct
e. -l ".: F-. Y \-i!1e.v.
$
=t C')
Ol C\ Cl C\ 61 C.l Ol C\ C\ cD cD cO ca c'O m cO (Y) m cn

OOOtl)TOtOOOOOTn^ . . .--YYY'?-?-'i
*
R v $ u5 rr] $ (.o CO O) O d C\ Ci C.t i C\ crj C\ cr) r+ c6
S $ VS rS $ $ $ LOIl) 14 rJ trJ tO 6tr) rO n rO h

b4 qqg g'?(l q u? '4 q o o u) L^ Ln o o o o

cd N F- d
"? cj o;
rov
d d d cat .o od t'..n xj oo d oo cj o;
Y Yv s I rrf, rrj LrJ 4 ro Lo trJ 1r) rotO ro(O 6

M tn. u?e u? qqq v? g q q4 q q q

cgc) : c\ 01 c\ c{ + m crj r+ $. u? qq
i o o) D d) s r/) @ o)
ro s.iln n n Lo lrj ro (o @ (o (o (o (o (D (o (o @ @

N
qu? q qqqqq qq "? f.- O
q,eq hu? q ri iqu?
N 1.. @ qo !.- oO O O <t rrJ (O t- O) PO O) (>
O O
c{ c.l N ci c\ cY) cD cfJ co m tr) ca $ cD $ + r$
co cD 1t

a
s o; s.d N + rj +<; <j@ b-
sYsYsYvYvsssYvrYvsvs
tct d rjb:d d N od @

qr

.3 O Oorooo v:oOoorr)u?qq 4 n qqd<c;

q
o; €; dd ci <l; N--.'6i d ++ + rj'ri.o ri<t
E
(t (10 co co co $ ca cD $ $ s s \tri+ $ rf. $ <. s<+

q 4 O OOO Or/)O O roOrr]c,. 4....-rl..j.:.--lY

u N cD', ro n f... (o oc) qo b.\ (l3) @ @ N
h rr) ro 1r) (o F- @crt t+
\l cDco cD crJ ca cia c/) v <f s $ T $ ir s.$ $ $ $

:
N

OLr) O to ri) rOrO O rOO 16O O v! O O O O O O

I o -.: -j -j -..i e.i cr; <o d :f
cd oi oi -j d l-.j od c.i 6:6i 6i
<f Y LrJ tn 1r] $llt 16 r) rf)
o' Y S S Y S S S$ S

$
:) u? qqg u? u? q g q gn,? g tC L? q
C qt u? e
hU s "? O) i C.l o) r/) $
Cl - F Cil + $ rr) rO S (O @ h f..-
Y S S S S Yr$.q 1r) rrj rorrJ 4 La 1l()vr () rD ro 6
rY
\D

F
c\q t{t O $ cO I (O f- t\ cO O,l O) H qO IrJ () ff) rrj C.l
ej -* C.l
z O V <.o O OS n O) d @ 6 H ; C\ -t 6N O
Y S $ SY $ u) rr) r) tO (O (O (O b- [.- N- N- tr- ts- cO
dil

?q
a) Volcanites
Data obtained by urements of acid volcanic locks show that h
est is the SRCO o. 1-rhyolite taken from the llastern Rhodo
- r the saine volcanic regiod is defined by 1o.,
Sarnple No. 2
indices of spectral samples do not differ in such struct
Both
indices as shape, size of porphyries, but there is considelable difference in the
quantity of ground mass. Referring to this index, the acid volcanic rocks

the
of

he
t he
rts,
lse
almost aphiric structure for the porphyry and holocrystalline for the gro Lnd
mass. This structurai index of the sanrple brings it closer- to the rhyol tes
the
UI
nt-
,le-

tIl1'
tp Lo 240/0 in the IR range. The other sample (No. B) df coarse-grained
phyric delenite does not diifer from No.
phvric No. 9 in structural indices (sizer (sizes Lnd
shape of rninerals) but its indices are with 1gc7o higheq on the averag€ average In
macroscopic comparison of the two samples a dilference betlir betlireen the surf ces
under which the measurements are taken, appeared. Fpr sample No. 9 is
rough and uneven, with difference between roughnesses {rp to 5 nm. At ual
other conditions one more index is introduced, namely the Surface of the nr uf-
ed samples. Under natural conditions, this index would probdbly be of er
importance because of physico-chemical rock weathering, dust, developmen UI ^I

microorganisms, etc.
The dominant colour of the acid volcanic rocks is rose-violet and ale
rose. The perlite (sample No. 6) represents an exception it is almost w Lite
and the rhyolite (sample No. 4) is of intensive red coldur. - And in fact, t lly
these rock samples have shown .SRCO indices which differ from the otl ers
and this influence is especially remarkable within the $hort-wave interval of
the electromagnetic spectrum, between 400-500 nm. In lhis range the pe ite
shows values of spectral brightness of 100/0 higher anfl _the {i.flere_1-c-e
-atiains ith
reference to the rliyolite of in"tensive teO ioioui 15070. This differe
is the smallest within the range of 546-557 nm.
The latite (sample No. 10) and the andesite (sample No" 11) refer refer to
medium-acid
rtreulurn-aclo Here a sleep
rocks. nere
um-acid rocKs, decrease or
steep oecrease the reflectivf
of rue reflectiv€ capacity is
retresrrvp caPacrly rs uur
obs
o
ed. A slow increase of the SRCO is found for the latite from 14 to I
-
detected between 753 and 802 nm: The latite demonstr{tes another pec
ty .- from 557 to 802 nm the values of SRCO are alqrost the sa4e. C
ously, within the increase of the dark-coloured mineralsJ the reflective c

64
city of the volcanic rocks
considerably decreases and this i$ to be traced wit
in the whole measurement range of the electromagnetic sppctrum.
The colour of the medium acid rocks is: grey-greenish for the latite a
dark grey for the a ndesite. The following peculiarity hag been determin

I
r bG -o
0

p--d ,yl t tu--+"

/.F.

t.,/
'3 r--+"o- -+'-
*d
,p--* J 7

e
JY fi- -''oo
.U
ta,.r-
-c'- -
u{4-JAr O- + v,--.n
-,-

4rg
DI
--sJ
2

if-^..-'
.a- v

titXlr

cufve
4,6- rllle;,7 plnglorhyoltte-rhyodac
curves samples -

cne,qBa
 il00l 5(J0 600

Fig. 2. SRCO curves of granitoides and gneisses

i#r'illl?'#,lii1't'o; ),ft';,?|!i,'.'.'.ur"$h. ?68?:,B|Bld?','
t:o-mr:a eralites
- r, rr; brouresra'
66
under all rneasurements the SRCC of the lathite is higher than the andesite
SRCO bv 4-501o on the average.
Measurements have shown that the rock surface influ{nces significantly

b) Granitoides
When measuring tl-re coefficient of ligirt brightness of granitQides, it was deter
mined that its highest value.s are attained with the two-mic4 granites and gra
dually decreases to the biotite. granites and tlre granodiqrites.
ihe two-mica granites perform SRCO changes from 48i510/o at-40[] nm
59-640/o at the neai infra-red region. The lower values of lample II compar
to sample I are drle to the gr the mineral grains.
The biotlte granites have 28 to 600/0. Their average- val
are between 35 Ind 56070 (Fig . Lowest are thd values of sam
No. 2224 (from 28 to 40"50/o). that this is due to the weathe
sample surface and the greater
-No. quantities of the biotite.I{ig{rest spectral bright
ness values has sarnole 2086 at 775 im 620/0. The reflective capacitl
- salic
increase results frorn-the augmented content of minefals as_the percent
age'of tire potassium felspal is particularly^ high' th"^!g
smooth. For-the cataclastic b:otite granite (Sample No.865,

salic minerals.

between 400-500 nm with very poor decrease within the inperval 4ll'425 nm
The second plateau is within the range of 700-802 nm also 'fvith weak decreasr
after 775 nm. In fact the two plateaux represent ranges within the optic spec
trum with width up to 100 nm, where the reflecti 'e capacilty is constant. Thi
refers to the group of acid and medillm acid rQcks'
 "'#F',r
t:

1.L

Fig. 3. SRCO averaged curves of volcanites, granitoids and gneisses

j,alli::i:lii. *'anite$: 2
- biotite granltes; J
- sranodiorites; 4
- rhyo[tes; ,t r-.] Bnetsses;

68'
 Another clearly exspressed peculiarity of .the studied s{mples is the r{Pi
increase of the spectral brightness within the interval of 500-700 nm. Thi
feature gradually decreases with the increase of the darli-coloured silicaiter

5, Conclusions
The measurements and the interpretations of the results oblained give ground
for the following conclusions:
l. Direct pioportional dependence - exists between the ground mass qqan
tity
" and the SRCO for the acid volcanic rocks.
2. Acid. rocks have higher sRCo values than the .m$diurn-acid and t
basic rocks.
3. The predominant quantity of salic minerals augments the SRCO a
vice versa.
4. The influence of the rock structure is manifested tfrrough the size
the minerals: at greater sizes of the porphyries the SRCO decreases and y
versa.
5. Smooth and polished rock surfaces increase^the^SBgO'
6. Samples of weathered surface have low^er ^s^RCo
^S^RCO
th{n
thfln the fresh
lthe ones of
7. Rock of massive texture have higher SRCO than lthe p
(banded)
' structure.
8. itre tlgtrter colour of rocks increases the SRCO and vice versa'

References
1. KpuHgE-r9.JI. C_n_er<rpanrHaa orpaxareJrbHas cnoco6nocrb npupgAHbl)r o6pasonanurl, M
"gitr

Pesynrrarbl Id uHTepnperauuff I4sMepeHHI?

cneKTpaJIbHbIx oTpaxaTeJlbHblx xapaKTepEcTIlK
ByJIKaHHTOB, TpaHaTOHAOB H rHellcoB

X. E. CnupudoHoe, A. X, Rpyuoa, H. R' Kattloa, C. H, (oauee

(Pesrcue)
B Aassoft pa6ore flplrBo.tl,flTcs pesyJlbrarbl uelrlepeunti c x orpax(areJl
Hbrx xapaxTepncrl,tK cKarbHblx o6pasqos BynKaultra,_rpaHar H meftca g
6oparoinslx ycnoennx c no-Mo-Ilrblo^ pasp a6oranuo no 6olrap c N CIEUHAJII4CTAM
no.rreBoro cnerrpoMepa I4COX-020 npn ecrecrBeHHoM
guu ConHqat
OCI{OBE NONYTIEHHbIX AAHHbIX CAEJIAHA HI{TCPIPETAqI4fl O BJIH r{r4 feoJlorfiqec
TH[a, CTpyKTypbl, oKpacKH H cocTo.sHl'Ifl noBepxHocTl't oo
Ha Hx c[eKTpaJIbHbIe OrPaxareJlbHble xapaKTepHCTI'lKH.
 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SPACE RESEARCH IN BULGARIA, 4

Sofia 1983

Distribution
ined by Spherical Ion Tra

C. A. Stanea, L. A. Bankor.t, D. K. Teoclosiea

Introduction

The . different irregularity characteristics in charged

- lherrnat particles d
:-ity have been studied relenily-in a_series of papeis us[ng various methc
Radio scintillation observations 1t, z1 give a good possib{ti& tJ tto study the tr
p o ra r v ar i at1 oii s ;r ti.:: T'1jL'Jil,
ffi-

h't i'" nq'"""'r', fl "; ! t#f ' i'lilr : f i1ln":Tr1 AS

he

polar bound.?ry ol the high latitu he

H a n s )n
[4J snow drtterent types'of ionos s, btained by
retarding potential ah-alyser on O aL
terent-types of irregularities are ot the if-
equal for the irregularities.. both. rn nlgh
anrr.f t^* +t^^ :--^-.,7^'",--
a own to
and n equatorial regi
describes diurnal%nd.ratitudes
,.uronrr ;h;";;: or hioh latituili
f

,S,:9,:,1_{.1^:t_:l
irregularities and I9]the difference in both the hemi ;i;;l-;i
trostatic probe. Ozer ov [7] examines the probabi ppearal
ru
in.dependence
utrptrrrugrruc ou on rrre
the geomagnetlc
georiragnetic latltude ind the
latitude and
help of spherical electlostatiE probe. It is shown that fdr given with t r

irr.gulu,
.:l:illted ratio sci'titlation index,.l-iii,riia f o the ;qi;i;;
-1-iievr
region latitudes, shows good
l3o,l',1",1::;,.1h^."
xperimental data tb1.
Several theories foi the lrr.g"-fariliei appearance ha ,e
!::l data
poor :ugg"stef [!,.^!0,.f1],
made difficult the
in m-etiroa$ and the relative \I
I interpretation. J

This paper treats the diurnal uu.futionr"oi it. "i,igr, :

ties in the fatitrrdinar irregula
Northern an-d Southern hemispheres. Resulti-ard ilrs"a on measul
f:iT.^:lto,r1t'1""-':: g-T:itv with sphericur .i"ciio"iuti.^flr"r" and the tar
muir probe data from Interc6smos-a
itzl ure us.d io. iorri''p*i."n.

7A
 '::
Experiment
Intercosmos-8, launched on Dec. l, I97
South pole and perigee oi 215 km ove
relatively fast, and by the end of Janu
in the Northern hemisphere, and perigee
close to the equator. This enables th
at different altitudes within a short per
orbits have been used within the perio
Description of some equipment i
results obtained by the equipment, ar
measure irregularities in the ion conc
body negative voltage -5V is supplie
period of about 3 s. The following 3 s
that period the concentration is measu
each 6 s. The high negative potential
collector current fluctuations depend
tration.
Bit level sensitivity in irregularity
5X10u cm-B it is 5o/6, respectively fo
space dimensions, which can be record
Parallel to that. the behaviour of
orobe is observed. Because oi the fact
bach 9 s cycle, the characteristics of t
but in the irregularity zone great scat
always observed.
Using collector current records, the
irregularities have been evaluated, and
been made. Regardless of the dilferent
the greater scatter, the same linear
tive amplitude with slope close to 1

Diurnal Variations of Irregularity

Appearance Limits in Polar Regio
In order to study the diurnal depende
ed them .into 3-hour intervals by loc
geonagnetic conditions
- fto<3, a
way, the equatorial boundary of hig
(solid line), have been determined.
difterent geomagnetic situation.
In the,Northern hemisphere (Fig.
poleward during noon hours at about
from the pole during night hours 21-
behaviour is maintained under inctease
equatorial boundary gene'rally shifts
(Fig. 1b). Satellite height changes in
Data on sector 06-09 are not availab
In the Southern hemisPhere (Fig.
during noon hours, at about 750 in
pole during night' hours 21-03h, at
 Southern hemispere and on fto;3 are insufficient, but show the same
ence (Fig. 1d), It is interesting to note that in the Southern
thern hemispher
hemisphere the
equatorial boundary in predawn sector 03-06h is obtaine{
obtaine for all fto very

I\
\r
l'r
It
'
,i1

t2

- highJatitudinal irregularities (sblid line). It is

high-latitudinal is given
kp-3(a)
tp=3^(?1. and at
ko<S(a'y to>3lr),
fo)3(D), as well
welf as for'the
welt for the Soufhern
Soulhern
Sc
Er>3(d). The eiluatorial bound4ry of the irregula-
Sasalvn et al. [6] is also sfown
bv Sagalyn
ionditions by
(dashed Iine)

to the pole at about 72o invariant latitude. Satellite altittfde changes from
to 650 km.
Poleward from the equatorial boundary, irregularitjy records were
hlways continuous. As a rule, we have observed simultdneous concentrat
decrease' and irregularity disappearance in the mi llatitudirial trough, around ts
minimum.
In the Northern hemisphere irregularity disappearance is observed at ut
7.3" invariant latitude, but there are orbits in which irrggularities in grea
lalia-.A^^
latitudes
ldtitudes are
^-^ continuously
^^-f:-..^.-^l-. available.
-,--:l^Ll^ In
r.. 1L- C^--aL---
the Southern ,l ,r
herqiiphere, ilregularit
herqisphele, irregr
have been observed up to 80o invariant latitude during p[eilawn hours.

72
Asymmetrir in Both Hemispheres

The comparison between the he high latitudi

irregularities, at Ao<3 in both the Southern
sphere the boundary is situated he Northern
 e due to several reascjns, e. g. to difie
of ISIS-I transits (2251i3526 krn) and Int
contribute to the dit{erences in equator

rrB, u
a
- comparison.between the equ_atoriar boundaiy of rrregurarif.res .with iadlo sciniiriatlon
--"""'-"
reglons [2] (stroked) and wlilr'plasmapause sttriafion tf71 (daslreA,iine)1----
 Fig, 3
6 Comoarison betw€en equatorial boutrdary
oi irregularltles with mldldtltudinal trough
- (dotiid llin) anil with iurdral
ftgl oval

time 21-00h.
""'"T"h;i-ame nig. 36 shows the electron trough in.the.f'trorthern hemispht
tfte,'locat time th'e behavi{ur of the electr
1f S1in:ttte night-iniervufs'-oi
 I

trough coindides with tlie behaviour of' the,botiridary; *di.n confirriisl well
observations, i. e. that irregularities appeal during night liours, immedietely
fore midlatitudinal ion trough.
:

Ref e rences

10,

6. Sagalyn.,^_|. C., M. pmiddy, M. Ahmed. Geophysl Res,,79,

p. 42b2. -.J. 197_4, No 28,

Acanrnrerpnq B pacnpeAeJreHzr,r HeeAHbpoAHocTert B AByx

noilycQepax rro AaHHbrM crryrHaKa,,Zireprocuoc-81,
f. A. Cmauer, JL f. Earurcoa, n. K. Teodocuee

(Pesronre)

Paccuorpeubr AaHHbIe nousori KoHqeH

cnyrHnKa,,L4ureprocMoc-8,, B neino4
AaHHbIe HeoAlropoAHocrefi rouqet{rparl
oT MeCTHOTO BpeMenr,r H reolaanrurHoft
noIyrreHHbIX B CeBepHOM .H rOXrrOM
cpaBHeHbI C p$yJrbTaTaMr,r, ro,{ylleHHbl

'1':. t

76