CT 04 - FINISHING MASONRY (LECTURE)

MIDTERM TOPICS REVIEWER

I - SAFETY PRACTICES
II - FINISHING MASONRY TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
III - PROPER HANDLING AND MAINTENANCE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
IV - FINISHING MASONRY MATERIALS
V - BILL OF MATERIALS AND ESTIMATE
VI - MENSURATION AND CALCULATIONS
VII - READING BLUEPRINTS
VIII - MORTAR MIXTURE AND PROPORTIONS
IX - CEMENT MORTAR PLASTER FINISH

I – SAFETY PRACTICES

 5S METHODOLOGY
- a system for organizing spaces so work can be performed efficiently, effectively and safely.
- the purpose is to improve workplace effectiveness and productivity by establishing a tidy,
orderly and secure workplace.
- the benefits are optimized organization, improved efficiency, greater storage density, increased
safety, and improve workspace morale.

 COMPONENTS OF 5S METHODOLOGY
- sort (seiri): to remove clutter and clear up the area by removing things.
- set in order (seiton): to put everything in its place and in proper order.
- shine (seiso): to keep work area clean.
- standardize (seiketsu): to work in standard.
- sustain (shitsuke): to make 5S methodology strong in habit.

 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

- Occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong
focus on primary prevention of hazards. - World Health Organization (WHO)
- was formulated in 1978 in compliance with the constitutional mandate to safeguard the worker’s
social and economic well-being as well as his physical safety and health.

 HEALTH
- a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease. - World Health Organization (WHO)

 SAFETY
- a state of being protected from potential harm or something that has been designed to protect
and prevent harm.

 UNSAFE ACT
- a violation of an accepted safe procedure which could permit the occurrence of an
accident or a man-made accident.
  UNSAFE CONDITION
- a hazardous physical condition or circumstance which could directly permit the occurrence of an
accident.

 HAZARD
- any source of potential damage, harm or adverse

 PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN MASONRY

- Inspect work area, tools, and equipment before work starts for possible hazard.
- Keep tools and equipment in good working order.
- Do not wear loose clothing around rotating parts or machinery
- Wear appropriate eye protection, hearing protection, footwear, and other protective equipment
for the task.
- Disconnect the power to any machine when you have to fix an issue, or change parts.

 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

- a clothing or equipment designed to reduce employee exposure to chemical, biological, and
physical hazards when on a worksite.
- examples of PPEs:
Hard Hat - to protect the head from injury due to falling objects and impacts.
Safety Goggles - to protect the eyes from particulates, debris, or chemicals.
Hand Gloves - protect your hands from sharp edges, slivers, dirt, vibration and electric shock.
Safety Clothes - to protect the skin from exposure in hazardous things.
Safety Vest - to protect workers while working during night time.

II – FINISHING MASONRY TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

 FINISHING MASONRY
- involves the final touches applied to brick, stone, or concrete structures, including tasks like
cleaning, jointing, and applying coatings for aesthetics and protection.

 FINISHING MASONRY TOOLS

1. Mixing and Placing Tools
Trowel - used for smoothing and polishing the surface of the mortar.
Finishing Trowel - has a wide, flat blade made of stainless steel or aluminum.
Pointing Trowel - has a wide, flat blade for spreading with a pointed tip for joints.
Margin Trowel – has a smaller blade used to create clean, finished edges along corners and openings.
Corner Trowel - has a triangular blade for creating clean, finished corners.
Brick Hammer - has a heavy, steel head used to drive the chisel into the masonry work.
Joint Rule - ensures the surface of the masonry is level.
Straightedge - verifies that the surface of the masonry is straight.
Mortar Rake - used to level and shape the new mortar joints.
Grout Mix - mixture that is used to fill the joints between the masonry units with a finer texture.
Mortar Mix - mixture that is used to fill the joints between the masonry units.
 2. Cutting and Shaping Tools
Brick Chisel - used to remove damaged masonry units or to create new openings in the masonry.
Cold Chisel - used to cut through hard materials like brick and stone.

3. Cleaning and Finishing Tools

Joint Brush - removes any loose debris from the surface of the masonry.
Tuck Pointer - has a pointed chisel on one end to remove mortar and a flat chisel on the other end to replace.
Jointer - has a narrow blade with a v-shaped notch to create neat and uniform joints between the masonry units.
Sponge - used to clean the surface of the masonry after applying the grout.
Sanding Block - used to hold the sandpaper while sanding the masonry to create a smooth, even surface.

4. Mixers
Mortar Mixer - used in the construction industry for mixing mortar and plaster.
Concrete Mixer - used to mix large quantities of concrete for use in masonry work.

5. Cutters
Masonry Saw - used to bricks, concrete blocks, partition blocks, lintel blocks, or pavers.
Angle Grinders - used to grind and shape the masonry.

6. Other Essentials
Hammer Drill - used to drill holes in concrete to pin wall forms and wall framing.
Ladders - used to access the upper parts of the masonry structure.
Caulking Gun - used to apply sealant to the joints.
Paint Brush - used to apply coating to the surface of the masonry.

7. Scaffolding
- used to provide a safe and stable platform for the workers to work on the masonry structure.
Scaffolding System
- are temporary structures erected to provide support and access for workers and materials during
construction, maintenance, and repair work at heights.
System Scaffolding - prefabricated with fixed connection points for quick assembly and disassembly.
Tube and Coupler Scaffolding - it uses tubes and couplers to create various configurations.
Frame Scaffolding - frames that are stacked to create the desired height.
Suspended Scaffolding - supported from above using ropes or cables.

III - PROPER HANDLING AND MAINTENANCE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

 IMPORTANCE
- crucial for efficiency and safety, reducing the risk of malfunctions or accidents.
- prolongs their lifespan, saving costs on replacements.
- enhance productivity as they perform tasks more efficiently.

 TROWELS
Handling:
- apply even pressure while smoothing the surface.
 - make overlapping passes for a slight angle and use a steady controlled motion to prevent
material buildup.
Maintenance:
- clean your finishing trowel thoroughly after each use to prevent material buildup.
- store in a dry place to avoid rust.
- keep the blade sharp, and periodically apply coat of oil to protect against rust.

 CUTTING AND SHAPING TOOLS

Handling:
- always wear safety gear including goggles, gloves, and dusk mask to protect against debris and
dust.
- inspect the blade for any signs of damage.
- keep the blades sharp to work efficiently.
Maintenance:
- after use, clean it thoroughly and store it in a dry place.

 CLEANING AND FINISHING TOOLS

Handling:
- hold it firmly and use it to remove excess mortar or debris from the surface or joints.
- work in a controlled manner to avoid damaging surrounding surfaces.
Maintenance:
- clean it thoroughly and store it in a dry place.

 POWER TOOLS
Handling:
- wear appropriate safety gear, including gloves, goggles, and a dust mask to protect yourself
from debris.
- ensure that it is on stable and securely position.
- inspect if all the parts are working before turning it on.
Maintenance:
- disconnect the power source after use, allow it to cool and store it safety.

 SCAFFOLDINGS
Handling:
- ensure all components are properly inspected before use.
- wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including a harness and hard hat.
- verify that the scaffold is securely anchored and balanced.
Maintenance:
- regularly inspect the scaffolding for any signs of damage or lose joints.

IV – FINISHING MASONRY MATERIALS

 SEALANTS
- these are often used to prevent water damage from penetrating the cracks in bricks and mortar
joints.
- Water based Latex, Acrylic, Butyl, Polysulfide, Silicone Polyisobutylene, Polyurethane
  STAINS
– it penetrates the concrete’s surface by creating long-lasting color that won’t chip, peel, or fade.
Usually, they come in earth tones and impart rich, translucent, variegated colors to indoor and
outdoor concrete.
 PAINT
- any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin
layer is converted to an opaque solid film.

 FINISHING MATERIALS USED FOR INTERIOR OR EXTERIOR FINISHING

Traditional finishing material - A traditional finishing material is natural stone. Facing products
are produced from granite, syenite, gabbro, limestone, marble, and quartzite.
Glass finishing materials - which have a wide range of colors, excellent service qualities, and
durability, are used mainly for the exterior finishing of public buildings and structures (window
glass, stained glass, glass blocks, marbled glass, molded glass, and mosaic glass).
Wood finishing materials - facing products are produced not only from decorative natural woods,
such as oak, beech, and walnut, but also from carefully processed common species, such as birch
and pine.
Wallpapers - it is usually sold in rolls and are put onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers
can come either plain (so that it can be painted), or with patterned graphics.
Paints - synthetic paints and varnishes have become widespread in modern construction; they
make possible a substantial reduction in the labor-intensiveness of finishing operations and an
improvement in the protective and decorative properties of structures.
Grout - is a cement-based bonding material used for filling joints between tiles and comes in
almost as many colors.

 TECHNIQUES FOR MASONRY SURFACES

Stucco Finish - a popular finishing material made from cement, sand, and lime. It provides a
textured, weather-resistant surface ideal for both interior and exterior masonry walls.

Paint Finish - painting masonry surfaces offer a wide range of colors and finishes while providing
protection against moisture and UV damage.
Sealant Finish - sealants are applied to masonry surfaces to protect against water penetration and
damage from freeze-thaw cycles.

V - BILL OF MATERIALS AND ESTIMATE

 BILL OF MATERIALS
- refers to a detailed list of all the materials required to complete a specific construction project.
- Contents of Bill of Materials
1. Quantity - the number of units to be bought.
2. Unit – Name of the item to be purchased.
3. Unit Description - Provide a detailed description of a unit that includes the specifications.
4. Unit Cost- The cost of one unit.
 5. Amount- An amount of whole item or object in terms of their size, value, or scope.

 MATERIALS ESTIMATE
- refers to the process of calculating the quantity and cost of materials required to complete a
specific masonry project.

VI - MENSURATION AND CALCULATIONS

 UNIT OF MEASURE
- 2 Systems of Measurement
English system - originated from England, common units (yard, foot, inch, mile)
Metric system - originated from France, common units (km, m, cm, dm, mm)

 MENSURATION
- the branch of geometry that deals with the measurement of length, area, and volume.
VII - READING BLUEPRINTS

 BLUEPRINT
- a two-dimensional set of drawings that provides a detailed visual representation of how an
architect wants a building to look. Blueprints typically specify a building's dimensions,
construction materials, and the exact placement of all its components.

 8 TYPES OF DRAWING IN A SET OF BLUEPRINTS

1. G SHEETS (GENERAL SHEETS)
- General sheets contain the cover sheet, plan index, and plot plans.
2. A SHEETS (ARCHITECTURAL PLANS)
- Architectural drawings depict ceiling plans, roof plans, floor plans, building sections, and wall
sections.
3. S SHEETS (STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PLANS)
- Structural drawings depict framing plans, foundation plans, and roof structure plans.
4. E SHEETS (ELECTRICAL PLANS)
- These plans show the location of all electrical fixtures, circuits, and panel boxes. Electrical
schematics show the function of the actual electrical circuit, while wiring diagrams indicate the
physical layout of the wires.
5. M SHEETS (MECHANICAL PLANS)
- Mechanical drawings contain information related to HVAC systems, refrigerant piping, control
wiring, and duct work.
6. P SHEETS (PLUMBING PLANS)
- Plumbing plans show the location and type of plumbing in a structure.
7. DOOR SCHEDULE, WINDOW SCHEDULE, & FINISH SCHEDULE
- Schedules describe the size, material, and style of the doors, windows, and other types of
finishes.
8. SPECIFICATIONS SHEETS
- These sheets contain detailed descriptions of all the materials.
 3 TYPES OF VIEW IN BLUEPRINTS
1. Plan View Drawing - A plan view is a drawing on a horizontal plane depicting a bird's eye view
of a structure from above. Each floor in the building has its own plan view drawing.
2. Elevation View Drawing - An elevation view is a drawing on a vertical plane that depicts how
the building looks when viewed from the front, back, left, or right side. There are both interior
elevation drawings and exterior elevation drawings.
3. Section Drawing - A section view is a drawing on a vertical plane that slices through solid
space to depict the inside of a certain section of the structure. A cross-section view shows
elements such as insulation, wall studs, and sheathing.

 WORKING DRAWINGS
PERSPECTIVE DRAWING - The graphic presentation in 3-dimensional style of the project
showing how it would appear when finished.
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN/PLOT PLAN - The outline and measurements of proposed
building and its placement on the property are designated
LOCATION MAP - A drawing at a reduced scale which shows legibly, by dimension or other
means, enough are beyond the bounds of the proposed subdivision within the city and the
relationship of the site to the community facilities which serve or influence the property.
FLOOR PLANS - Drawings showing the outline and arrangement of the rooms inside the
building as seen from a horizontal plane cutting thru the walls about one meter above the floor
line.
ELEVATION - Drawing representing the projection of any part of a structure on a vertical plane
directly facing.
SECTION - A drawing that reveals the innards of the structure. A full section cut along the longer
axis is called LONGITUDINAL SECTION and the shorter axis is called TRANSVERSE/CROSS
SECTION.
FOUNDATION PLAN - Showing the structural supports of the proposed structure at the ground
level, and/or basement level if a basement is incorporated in the building plan.
DETAIL DRAWINGS - Enlarged drawings which focus only on selected portions of a structure
to show in greater detail those parts of the construction.
SCHEDULE OF DOORS AND WINDOWS - Used for identifying each door and window which
is more fully described in the specification.
VIII - MORTAR MIXTURE AND PROPORTIONS

 MORTAR
- a homogenous mixture of cement, sand and water.

 TYPES OF MORTAR
Cement-Lime Mortar - produced by blending lime-sand mortar with ordinary Portland cement.
Masonry Cement Mortar - produced by blending Portland cement and sand.
Mortar Cement Mix - prepacked mixture of cement mortar.
IX - CEMENT MORTAR PLASTER FINISH

 PLASTERING
- refers to the material spread over the surface of irregular and coarse textured wall, column, and
ceiling to provide a smooth, hard and leveled finish which can be painted for good appearance.

 COMMON DEFECTS OBSERVED IN PLASTERING

1. Unevenness on Plastered Surface
- becomes prominent only due to poor workmanship of the plastering work.
2. Plaster Debonding
- occurs when a plaster is separated from the wall. It can be caused by an excessively thick plaster
layer, inadequate substrate preparation or may be due to a dusty, oily or dry substrate.
3. Cracks in Plastering
- cracks can be formed due to thermal expansion or rapid drying, movements in the background
or in the plaster itself, improper preparation of the old surface, poor workmanship or due to
excessive shrinkage of the plaster which occurs when the coat is too thick.

 TYPES OF PLASTERING
1. Smooth Cast Plaster Finish
- a smooth and leveled plastered surface is obtained.
2. Sand-Faced Finish
- sand-faced finish is when the plastering is done in two coats.
3. Roughcast Plaster Finish
- mortar consists of coarse aggregate.
4. Pebble Dash Finish
- stones are gently squeezed into the mortar utilizing a wooden float.
5. Stucco Finish
- created by having 3 coats. Scratch coat is the first coat; a finer coat of brown coat is the second
coat, and a white coat or finishing coat is the third coat.