Module 3 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Grade 8 – SCIENCE GENETICS MENDELIAN Q4: Module 3 – Week 4

How is the behavior of the

chromosomes during meiosis related
to heredity?
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1.What demonstrates the differences

among individuals?
a. Chromosomes c. Heredity
b. Genes d. Variation
2.The dominant trait dominates or

prevents the expression of the recessive
trait.
a. Law of Dominance
b. Law of Segregation
c. Law of Mendel
d. Law of Recessive
3. Which of the following is a

phenotype of genotype RRYy?
a. Round, green
b. Wrinkled, yellow
c. Round, yellow
d. wrinkled, green
4. What is the ratio of the cross between Rr

and rr?
a. ½ round; ½ wrinkled
b. 100% round
c. 1/3 round; ¼ wrinkled
d. ¼ wrinkled; 1/3 round
5. When he has pure-breeding plants,

Mendel began cross-pollinating peas
with contrasting traits. The pure-
breeding peas constituted the
______ .
a. F1 b. F2 c. F3 d.P1
6. What principle states that dominant

trait dominates or prevents the expression
of the recessive trait.
a. Principle of Segregation
b. Principle of Dominance
c. Principle of Codominance
d. Principle of Variation
7. What will be the genotypic ratio of the

cross DD and Dd?
a. 25% DD; 50% dd; 25% Dd
b. 50% DD; 50% Dd
b. 50% DD; 50% dd
d. 50% Dd; 50% dd
8. How many numbers of

chromosomes do humans have?
a. 23 b. 46 c. 47 d. 49
9. Based on the Punnett square produced

when you crossed XX and XY, what percent
of children would you expect to be male?
a. 25% c. 75%
b. 50% d. 100%
10. What will be the sex of a child produced

when an egg is fertilized by a sperm that
has a Y chromosome?
a. Female c. Neither of the two
b. Male d. Cannot be determined
2.The dominant trait dominates or

prevents the expression of the recessive
trait.
a. Law of Dominance
b. Law of Segregation
c. Law of Mendel
d. Law of Recessive
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
At the end of lesson, learners should be able to:

Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following
simple patterns of inheritance (S8LT-IVf-18)
At the end of lesson, learners should be able to:

Explain the importance of Mendel’s experiment
to the science of heredity.
Distinguish between phenotype and genotype.
Solve problems on monohybrid and dihybrid
crosses given the phenotypes and genotypes of
parents.
How is the behavior of the chromosomes during meiosis

related to heredity? In order to answer this question, we must
first look back at the experiments of Gregor Mendel. The
results of his garden experiments laid down the foundations of
Modern Genetics.
Mendel’s Discovery of the

Principles of Heredity
Gregor Mendel
✓ was an Augustinian monk in a monastery in Brünn,
Austria-Hungarian Empire (now Brno, Czech
Republic).
✓ He was interested in investigating how individual traits
were inherited.
✓ He wanted to find out whether both parents
contributed equally to the traits of the offspring.
✓ He also wanted to know if the traits present in the
offspring were produced by the blending of the traits
of the parents.
Garden Pea
(Pisum sativum)
Before he started his experiments, Mendel first produced

pure-breeding plants. Mendel allowed his pea plants to self-
pollinate for many generations until all the offspring had the
same features as the parents, generation after generation.
First filial (F ) generation

1
- the offspring of the parental cross

- Also known as HYBRIDS, because they resulted
from a cross between two pure-breeding plants with
contrasting traits
- (for example, pea plants with round seeds crossed
with pea plants with wrinkled seeds).
When the plants from the F1 generation were crossed with each other or self-pollinated, the offspring (F2 or second
filial generation) were of two types.
Based on the results of his experiments,

Mendel hypothesized that there was a
factor in the plants which controlled the
appearance of a trait. These factors are
what we call genes today.
Since two alternative expressions of a trait (e.g., round or wrinkled seed) were possible, he hypothesized that traits
were controlled by a pair of genes, now called alleles. Mendel’s first hypothesis was: in each organism, there is a
pair of factors which controls the appearance of a particular trait.
Mendel's laws include the:

1. Law of Dominance and Uniformity,
2. The Law of Segregation, and
3. The Law of Independent Assortment.
Which one is recessive and dominant?

Principle of dominance: The dominant trait dominates

or prevents the expression of the recessive trait.
A. Dominant - one trait that dominates the other.

- represented by letter R
A. Recessive - appearance was either prevented
or hidden by the dominant trait.
- represented by a small letter r.
Since genes occur in

pairs, a pure-breeding
round-seed plant is
symbolized as RR and
pure-breeding wrinkled-
seed pea plant as rr.
Law of Segregation
The pair of genes segregate or separate from each other
during gamete formation.
Before Mendel’s time, it was believed that all traits become mixed when they are transmitted from generation to
generation, as red and blue paints mix to give a violet color. However, when Mendel crossed pure-breeding pea
plants, the pea plants did not produce offspring with blended or intermediate traits.
In Mendel’s experiments, the pure-breeding parent plants had two identical genes for a trait: round seed = RR,
wrinkled seed = rr.
Genes and Gametes

Homozygous and Heterozygous
Genotype and Phenotype
Mendel’s law of segregation states that the

genes of a pair, for example RR, separate during
gamete formation.
Now recall what we have learned

in meiosis. During anaphase I of
meiosis I, the chromosome pairs
separate and move to opposite
poles. Now remember that a trait
is governed by a pair of alleles.
Each allele is found in a
chromosome of a chromosome
pair. In other words, the
chromosomes serve as vehicles
for these alleles.
At fertilization, when the gametes formed during gametogenesis by RR and rr plants

unite, all the zygotes will have the genotype Rr (Figure 9). Thus, all the F1 plants will
have a genotype of Rr. An individual with contrasting alleles (a dominant and a
recessive allele) for a particular character is said to have a heterozygous genotype.
However, Rr individuals will still produce round seeds because of the presence of
the dominant allele R. These will be just as round as all the seeds produced by the
RR parents. The expression of the genotype of an individual for a particular
character is referred to as its phenotype
Genotype-the genetic
composition of a trait.
Phenotype -the physical

appearance or feature of a trait.
Knowing the Genotype

1. Self-fertilization Technique
When self-fertilized, homozygotes always produce pure-breeding plants. Thus,
round-seeded peas will breed only round-seeded peas. What about heterozygotes?
Heterozygous round F1 peas produce round and wrinkled seeds in the ratio three
round seeds to one wrinkled seed. This ratio (3:1) is called a phenotypic ratio.
Self-fertilization enables us to determine whether an individual is homozygous or

heterozygous for a given trait by observing the phenotype(s) of its offspring.
Homozygotes are pure-breeding. Heterozygotes produce two kinds of offspring;
three out of four offspring show the dominant trait and one out of four excessive the
recessive trait.
2. Testcross Technique
Testcross involves a cross between the recessive parental type (rr in

our sample cross) and the individual with the dominant trait but with
unknown genotype. You will observe in Figure 10 that homozygote
dominants, when crossed with recessives, produce only one kind of
offspring and all exhibit the dominant trait. Heterozygotes, on the
other hand, when crossed with recessives, produce two kinds of
offspring. About one-half of the offspring show the dominant trait while
the other half exhibit the recessive trait.
Diagramming a Cross
Mendel’s crosses can be recorded in a chart called a
Punnett square. The Punnett square helps us to predict
the outcome of a given cross. It allows us to determine the
possible combinations of genes in a cross.
The use of the Punnett square can be best illustrated by

solving an actual problem, like determining the expected
result when two hybrid round-seeded peas are crossed.
From previous discussions, you know that the expected
phenotypic ratio from this cross is 3:1. This time, we will
determine the expected genotype of the offspring.
Answer the following monohybrid crosses:
1. A plant can produce either a white flower or a

purple flower, with the purple flower allele being
dominant. If a heterozygous purple flower producing
plant is matched with a white flower, what are the
possible offspring?
Cross with Two Factors

(Dihybrid Cross)
Mendel also studied the inheritance of two

pairs of factors in an individual. A cross
between individuals that involve two
heterozygous pairs of genes is called a
dihybrid cross.
Mendel crossed a plant with genotype RRYY (round, yellow

seeds) and a plant with genotype rryy (wrinkled, green
seeds). The F peas exhibited the dominant traits for the
1
heterozygous genotype RrYy. Assuming Mendel’s Law of

Segregation, each pair will segregate during the formation of
gametes. Each gamete will therefore receive one allele from
each pair. If the pairs of alleles are found on different
chromosomes, then each dihybrid will produce four different
types of gametes with ¼ probability each .
Self-fertilization of F1 peas
produced four phenotypes. The
phenotypes with a ratio 9:3:3:1 are
as follows:
9 (round, yellow seed)
3 (round, green seed)
3 (wrinkled, yellow seed)
1 (wrinkled, green seed)
Can you show, using a Punnett

square, how this phenotype is
obtained?
Law of Independent Assortment

From the results obtained from his hybrid crosses, Mendel formulated his last
hypothesis: The distribution or assortment of one pair of factors is independent of
the distribution of the other pair.
The law of independent assortment explains why traits are inherited independent
of each other. The law applies to factors (or genes) that are found on separate
chromosomes. Since they are found on separate chromosomes, the segregation
of one pair of factors is not affected by the segregation of the other pair. Therefore,
their distribution in the resulting gametes will be at random (Figure 13).

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Grade 8 – SCIENCE GENETICS MENDELIAN Q4: Module 3 – Week 4

Grade 8 – SCIENCE GENETICS MENDELIAN Q4: Module 3 – Week 4

How is the behavior of the

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1.What demonstrates the differences

2.The dominant trait dominates or

3. Which of the following is a

4. What is the ratio of the cross between Rr

5. When he has pure-breeding plants,

6. What principle states that dominant

7. What will be the genotypic ratio of the

8. How many numbers of

9. Based on the Punnett square produced

10. What will be the sex of a child produced

2.The dominant trait dominates or

At the end of lesson, learners should be able to:

At the end of lesson, learners should be able to:

How is the behavior of the chromosomes during meiosis

Mendel’s Discovery of the

Before he started his experiments, Mendel first produced

First filial (F ) generation

- the offspring of the parental cross

Based on the results of his experiments,

Mendel's laws include the:

Which one is recessive and dominant?

Principle of dominance: The dominant trait dominates

A. Dominant - one trait that dominates the other.

Since genes occur in

Genes and Gametes

Mendel’s law of segregation states that the

Now recall what we have learned

At fertilization, when the gametes formed during gametogenesis by RR and rr plants

Phenotype -the physical

Knowing the Genotype

Self-fertilization enables us to determine whether an individual is homozygous or

Testcross involves a cross between the recessive parental type (rr in

The use of the Punnett square can be best illustrated by

Answer the following monohybrid crosses:

1. A plant can produce either a white flower or a

Cross with Two Factors

Mendel also studied the inheritance of two

Mendel crossed a plant with genotype RRYY (round, yellow

heterozygous genotype RrYy. Assuming Mendel’s Law of

Can you show, using a Punnett

Law of Independent Assortment

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