IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 17, No.

2; April 2010 465

Recurrent Plot Analysis of Leakage Current

on Flashover Performance
of Rime-iced Composite Insulator
Yong Liu and B. X. Du
Key Laboratory of Power System Simulation and Control of Ministry of Education
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

ABSTRACT
Due to the wide application of composite insulators in the power industry, the insulator
performance is challenged by various environments. To determine the flashover
performance of rime-iced composite insulator, laboratory investigation was carried out
in an artificial climate chamber to simulate different rime-ice morphology on the
insulator surface. The configuration and characteristics of the rime-ice were
demonstrated to establish the relationship between the rime-ice parameters and the
flashover performance. In accordance with the discharge phenomena, the transition of
leakage current (LC) until the flashover was analyzed by using a recurrent plot
approach. After extracting the high frequency components by using a wavelet
transform technique, the LC just before the flashover was extended to m dimensional
phase space based on a phase space reconstructed method. The recurrent plot was
obtained to reveal the non-linear characteristics of LC for identifying the dynamic
behaviors on the insulator surface. It is shown that the propagation and properties of
the discharges can be graphically projected on the topological structure of recurrent
plot as a function of the rime-ice parameters. The process and underlying mechanism
of flashover performance of rime-iced composite insulator can be visually reflected by
the recurrent plot and the quantitative indicators of LC.

Index Terms — composite insulator, rime-iced condition, flashover, leakage current,

recurrent plot, dynamic behavior.

1 INTRODUCTION The rime-iced condition often has the meteorological

COMPOSITE insulators made of silicone rubber are
proverbially used as outdoor insulation due to their
advantages of light weight, higher impact strength, better
anti-contamination performance and lower cost [1-3]. As the
insulators are subject to various environments including
soluble and non-soluble contamination, the surface
performance in severe conditions has caused more concerns
about the reliability of transmission and distribution lines as
well as the substation equipments [4, 5]. With the required
application in cold or high-altitude regions, snow, ice and
rime-iced conditions are the inevitable climate factors which
influence the operating performance of outdoor insulators [6-
10]. In addition to mechanical damages caused by excessive
and dynamic loads, the rime-ice accumulated on the insulator
surface will induce a substantial decrease in the electrical
insulation, even lead to flashover [7-9].
Manuscript received on 16 May 2009, in final form 1 November 2009.
characteristics as follows [11]: i) most days of rime are
in winter characterized by a time varying feature; ii) high
relative humidity with large number of floating moisture;
iɿi) stable atmospheric inversion and wet-fallouts; iv)
ambient temperature below -3 oC, associated with multi-
weather conditions of glaze, ice freezing and so on. Once
the rime-ice generates on the insulator surface, the
distribution of electric field will be changed. When the
electric field is enhanced more to cause surface
discharges, the rime-ice will be partially melted to form
the conductive layer. Leakage current (LC) driven by the
source voltage becomes much higher to pass through the
layer and causes dry-band discharges. With the initiation
and development of discharges, flashover may take place
and affect the operating reliability of power systems.
Therefore, it is essential to investigate the process and
mechanism of rime-ice flashover phenomena for the
reliable application of composite insulators in such
severe climate conditions.

1070-9878/10/$25.00 © 2010 IEEE

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466 Y. Liu and B. X. Du: Recurrent Plot Analysis of Leakage Current on Flashover Performance of Rime-iced Composite Insulator
Besides the flashover voltage, the LC is one of the most
widely used investigating methods for outdoor insulator,
which effectively provides the valuable information of the
insulator performance [5, 12-19]. Based on the temporal
analysis of LC, the peak recording, surge counting and
charge measurement have been employed for the
investigation [12-14]. Although these researches established
the relationship between the insulator performance and the
temporal characteristics of LC, the discharge activities were
found to be closely related to the frequency properties of LC
[15]. The methods of Fourier series, wavelet transform and
spectral analysis were employed to extract the harmonic
components of LC for evaluating the insulator performance
with variation of environmental factors [15-19]. However, it
was found that the behaviors on the insulator surface showed
nonlinear properties during the flashover process [20]. The
information provided by the time and frequency analysis of
LC can not well reflect such nonlinear transition of surface
discharges which are essential to the flashover. The
appropriate diagnostic methods are still required for the
estimation and evaluation of the insulator performance [1].
In this paper, a recurrent plot technique was proposed to
analyze nonlinear characteristics of LC with the purpose of
investigating the flashover performance of rime-iced
composite insulator. The experiments were carried out by
simulating different rime-ice conditions on the insulator
surface without the deposit of non-soluble contamination.
Associated with the observation of the insulator surface, the
recurrent plot of LC can serve as a visual method to
understand the process and mechanism of the rime-ice
flashover.
2 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT
The experimental set-up is shown in Figure 1. The
insulator-type specimens with straight shed were made of
high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber with alumina
trihydrate filler contents of 38 parts per hundred by weight,
having the height of 80 mm, the rod diameter of 24 mm, the
shed diameter of 100 mm with the inclined angle of 20° and
the leakage distance of 180 mm. All the experiments were
carried out in an artificial climate chamber equipped with a
condensing system, having the dimensions of 1000 mm×480
mm×1015 mm.
The experimental procedure is as follows: Firstly, surfaces
of the specimens were cleaned by ethyl alcohol and dried in a
desiccator with silica gel at room temperature for 24 h before
the experiments. Immediately after the specimen was
vertically hung through an insulating rod in the chamber, the
HV windings were connected to the upper end-fittings and
the LV windings were connected to the bottom end-fittings.
o
The ambient temperature was controlled around -15 C by
using a temperature controller. Then the salt fog, generated
by an ultrasonic vibration salt-fog generator filled with saline
water, was injected into the chamber making the ESDD on
the sample surface at 1.0 mS/cm. The saline water was made
by the mixture of distilled water and sodium chloride. The
conductance was measured and controlled at 1.0 mS/cm by a
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conductance measurement meter (MODEL SC82). The ac
power source with the rated voltage of 100 kV and the rated
capacity of 140 kVA was applied as the experimental power
supply. Once the experimental condition was sustained for 3,
5, 9 and 15 h respectively, ac voltage of 30 kVrms at 50 Hz
was maintained until the flashover occurred. The dynamic
behaviors on the sample surface were captured by a high-
speed camera. The LC was recorded by using a measuring
resistor in connection with an analog to digital (A/D)
converter, with the sampling frequency of 10 kHz.
Figure 1. Experimental set-up.
3 RECURRENT PROPERTIES OF
LEAKAGE CURRENT
3.1 PROOF OF RECURRENT PLOT
TECHNIQUE FOR LEAKAGE CURRENT
The proof of chaotic characteristic of LC is helpful to
apply the recurrent plot technique to the current analysis [21].
Lyapunov exponent can characterize the exponential
divergence of neighbor embedding vectors in phase space. It
is considered as one necessary and sufficient parameter to
confirm the chaos of dynamic systems [22]. When one or
more value is positive, the system proves to have chaotic
properties. Generally, the largest value of Lyapunov
exponent is calculated for the proof. Figure 2 shows an
example of typical LC and the largest Lyapunov exponent by
using the algorithm described in [23]. It is found that the
largest Lyapunov exponent equals to 0.050665, which
indicates the LC has the chaotic properties.
3.2 RECURRENT PLOT ANALYSIS OF
LEAKAGE CURRENT
Recurrent plot (RP) technique is a useful data processing
tool since it can provide a graphical framework for extracting
information from time series of signals [24]. Visible
rectangular block structures with higher density of points in
the RP map indicate the non-linear characteristics of dynamic
courses within the signal. If the texture of the pattern within
such a block is homogeneous, stationary can be assumed for
the given signal within the corresponding period of time. In
this paper, the RP of LC is obtained by using the calculation
method given in our published manuscripts [20, 21]. As
the high frequency (1.25-2.5 kHz) components of LC are
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
(a) Example of LC waveform
(b) Calculation of the largest Lyapunov exponent
Figure 2. Estimate of the largest Lyapunov exponent.
effective to provide the useful information of insulator
performance [20], wavelet transform is conducted to extract
these components for the analysis.
Figure 3 shows an example of RP drawing from a typical
current waveform during the flashover process. Figures 3a
and 3c show the original current waveform and its RP. It was
found that the discharge appears frequently at the positive
and negative peaks of the waveform. Due to the applied
voltage, the current waveform has the power frequency
components, which are reflected in the RP as the recurrent
points mainly parallel to the diagonal. The recurrent
distribution of sinusoidal series in RP is determined by the
recurrent technique. The periodic characteristic covers the
nonlinear features and acts as the adverse factor for the
nonlinear analysis. Figures 3b and 3d show the processed
current sequence by the wavelet transform and its RP. After
the data preprocessing, it was found that the recurrent points
randomly distribute in the RP map and the topological
structure can actually reflect the nonlinear characteristics.
From the topological structures of RP shown in Figure 3,
geometrical properties of the plots can provide complexity
and local rate of divergence estimates. The RP consists of
isolated dots, dots joining into line segments (two or more
adjacent dots) and white spaces. Point density and white
segments are in accordance with nonlinear features of the
current. A recurrent point means that the distance of two
neighborhood vectors in phase space is less than or equal to
the threshold value. The main diagonal exists in all the
structures, which corresponds to the fact that the distance
between vector and itself is zero. The higher point density
means that the distance between reconstructed vectors in
phase space changes slowly. It indicates that the embedding
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Vol. 17, No. 2; April 2010 467
vectors are very similar to the neighbor vectors in m-
dimensional phase space. Lower point density stands for a
relatively dispersal process. The white space indicates the
rapid changes of the amplitude.
In order to quantitatively describe the characteristics of
RP, the recurrent rate (RR) and determinism (DET) were
calculated. RR denotes the nearness degree of the vectors in
the phase space. A bigger value of RR means the closer
distance between the vectors. DET differentiates the recurrent
points connected with each other in the diagonal direction
from the isolated recurrent points in a RP map. A smaller
value of DET denotes the investigated system has less
deterministic ingredient.
4 VISUAL OBSERVATION
4.1 SURFACE OBSERVATION
Figure 4 shows the accumulated rime-ice conditions on the
sample surface, including both upper surface and subsurface.
When the fog was injected into the chamber, the insulator
was surrounded by numerous super cooled fog droplets,
continuously accumulating and freezing to form the rime-ice
on the sample surface. There are many air gaps between the
rime-ice points, typically showing white appearance and
grainy structure. The main features of the rime-ice are as
follows: small particle size, light specific gravity, less
cohesion and soft structure including many air holes.
However, by comparing the rime condition between the
upper surface and the subsurface, due to the difference in the
shed structure, there are many distinctions in the rime-ice
formation, configuration, coverage and physical nature.
For the upper surface as shown in Figure 4a, the micro
rime firstly began to form near the shed. With the deposition
of fog droplets, the grainy rime-ice locally appeared and
gradually increased. Then the upper surface was covered by
the rime-ice with the soft structure and increasing thickness.
For the subsurface, the discrete tiny ice crystal started to form
at first. Accompanied by the adhesion of fog droplets, the
distribution density of tiny ice crystal increased but still in
discrete state. With increasing the lapse time, the rime-ice
layer on the insulator surface became more compact.
For the upper surface as shown in Figure 4a, the micro
rime firstly began to form near the shed. With the deposition
of fog droplets, the grainy rime-ice locally appeared and
gradually increased. Then the upper surface was covered by
the rime-ice with the soft structure and increasing thickness.
For the subsurface, the discrete tiny ice crystal started to form
at first. Accompanied by the adhesion of fog droplets, the
distribution density of tiny ice crystal increased but still in
discrete state. With increasing the lapse time, the rime-ice
layer on the insulator surface became more compact.
4.2 PROCESS OF RIME-ICE FLASHOVER
According to the visual observation, the flashover process of
insulator under rime-ice conditions can be separated into six
468 Y. Liu and B. X. Du: Recurrent Plot Analysis of Leakage Current on Flashover Performance of Rime-iced Composite Insulator
(a) Example of LC waveform
(c) RP of LC before wavelet transform
Figure 3. An example of RP of LC.
(a) Upper surface situation
(b) Subsurface situation
Figure 4. Rime-ice performance on the sample surface
stages. The typical phenomena and discharge characteristics
at each stage are shown in Figure 5 and described as follows.
Stage I: This is the process of melting rime and forming
conductive layer on the insulator surface. Due to the small
particle size and soft structure, the charged particles are
vibrated under the applied ac electric field, causing the
melting of rime and the formation of conductive layer. The
LC will be driven passing through the layer to accelerate
melting the rime and reducing the surface resistance. At this
stage, the current is continuously increased and no apparent
discharges are observed on the insulator surface, as shown in
Figure 5a.
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(b) LC waveform after wavelet transform
(d) RP of LC after wavelet transform
Stage II: There are weak discharges continually appearing at
the edge of the shed. The difference in the rime distribution
significantly affects the flowing path and distributing density of
LC, leading to different thermal effects on the insulator surface.
At the edge of the shed, the rime layer is thin enough to be
easily melted and evaporated, and then the dry-band activities
appear, resulting in the partially enhanced electric field. Once
the electric strength achieves the breakdown strength of air, the
weak discharges occur, as shown in Figure 5b.
Stage III: Strong discharges appear around the HV
electrode, as shown in Figure 5c. As the current density
around the HV electrode is much higher, the rime is
accelerated to melt and evaporated to cause the dry-band
discharges.
Stage IV: With the appearance of discharges around the
HV electrode and the shed edge, the rime on the upper
surface is being partially melted. Due to the uneven
distribution of the rime and the coinstantaneous occurrence of
melting and evaporation, the forming location of dry band is
ever-changing, causing the random phenomena of transient
local discharges.
Stage V: With effects of local arcing discharges, the
surface resistance is significantly reduced to induce more
dry-band activities. Once the electrical strength of these dry
bands achieves the breakdown strength of air, more arcing
discharges will appear. When the local arc along the
subsurface extends to the shed edge, there are two developing
cases: one is to still continue the extension along the upper
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
surface; the other is to drift away the insulator surface and
generate the arcing discharge among the air gaps.
Stage VI: With the continuous development of local arcs,
they extend forward to each other and bring together to form
longer arcs. Once the arcing channel reaches the total length
by 60%~80%, the local arc rapidly expands to cause the
flashover, as shown in Figure 5f.
Figure 5. Process of the rime-ice flashover
5 ANALYSIS OF LEAKAGE CURRENT
5.1 TRANSITION OF LEAKAGE CURRENT
The transition of LC is well consistent with the dynamic
performance during the flashover process. Based on the
stages shown in Figure 5, the typical waveform and its
frequency characteristics at each stage are shown in Figure 6
and described as follows.
Stage I: The current waveforms are almost the sinusoidal
due to the resistive current driven by the source voltage. As
there is no apparent discharge and the resistive performance
dominates the insulator surface, the magnitudes are small.
Due to the resistive and capacitive properties of insulator
surface, the frequency spectrum of LC contains the
prominent 50-Hz fundamental components and the harmonic
components induced by the discharges.
Stage II: The waveforms have a little distortion into the
sawtooth shape due to a few faint discharges occurring on the
insulator surface.
Stage III: The current waveforms become triangular due to
the appearance of intense local discharges. The tip part of the
current is sharper in the meantime and the peak value
increases from the start of voltage application.
Stage IV: The current waveforms become similar to the
pulse wave. The bigger distortion and larger peak value of
the current are in accordance with the propagation of the
local arcing discharges.
Stage V: The pulse waveforms having the largest
magnitudes are associated with intensive dry-band discharges,
which can be clearly observed on the insulator surface. With
the development of these arcs, they will connect together and
generate the arcing channel, which is the initial trace of the
flashover.
Stage VI: The flashover occurs on the insulator surface.
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Vol. 17, No. 2; April 2010 469
5.2 NONLINEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF
LEAKAGE CURRENT
As described in Figures 5 and 6, the process of rime-ice
flashover is associated with the surface discharges which are
reflected in the distortion of the current waveforms. The
substantial properties of these discharges on the insulator
surface are more useful for investigating the flashover
performance. Based on the practical consideration, the
information of LC before the flashover is more essential to
the operating safety and reliability of outdoor insulators. The
LC described in Figure 6 is divided into three stages: stages I
and II as the initial stage; stage III as the intermediate stage;
stages IV and V as the prior to flashover stage. Although the
LC levels are helpful to classify the stages during the rime-
ice flashover, the LC level itself does not always match the
discharge activities on the insulator surface [15]. As the
discharges randomly occur on the insulator surface, the LC
has complex and irregular properties. Analyzing the non-
linear characteristics of LC can assist to understand the
underlying mechanism of the flashover process [20].
Therefore, the recurrent plot technique is employed to
provide visualization and description of non-linear
characteristics of discharge current.
After extracting the high frequency components of LC, the
RP topological structures during the flashover process are
obtained as shown in Figure 7, which provide the non-linear
characteristics of LC. Visual assessment of the structures
indicates the transition of dynamic performance on the
insulator surface. It is found that there are apparently two
different properties: one is characterized by the recurrent
points forming the lines, which are parallel to the main
diagonal, as shown in Figure 7a; the other is characterized by
the alternation of concentrated recurrent points and white
space segments, as shown in Figure 7c. At the initial stage,
the parallel lines indicate the embedding vectors of LC have a
high correlation in m-dimensional space, while the discrete
points indicate the less correlation components in the LC.
Due to the resistive and capacitive properties, the
comparatively stationary performance dominates the insulator
surface. With the melting process of the rime-ice, the
conductive layer increasingly forms to reduce the surface
resistance. Then more conductive components appear in the
current, which have the same or very similar embedding
vectors in m-dimension phase space. It can be manifested in
RP as the regular distribution of recurrent points. The
deterministic structure and high degree of regularity suggest
fewer complex activities on the insulator surface. As
observed at this stage in Figures 5 and 6, only a few
discharges occurred on the insulator surface. The discharge
activities associated with the conductive current stably occur
at both positive and negative cycles of the sinusoidal
waveform. As the embedding vectors of the discharge
activities have a weak correlation, the RP topological
structure shows some random distribution of recurrent points.
The increasing number of recurrent points can well reflect the
substantial changes of discharge activities on the insulator
surface.
470 Y. Liu and B. X. Du: Recurrent Plot Analysis of Leakage Current on Flashover Performance of Rime-iced Composite Insulator

Stage Current waveform Frequency spectrum

II

III

IV

VI

Figure 6. Transition of LC and the frequency characteristics during the rime-ice flashover

At the intermediate stage, with the increase of thermal
energy produced by the current, the melting of rime is
accelerated to form the electrolytic solution, which can also
be evaporated by the thermal energy. When the evaporation
rate is higher than the melting rate, dry-band activities appear
in the certain surface locations. With simultaneous
occurrence of enhanced electric field, the discharges
randomly occur across the dry band, resulting in little
correlation among the discharges. Thus the non-linear
characteristics are reflected by the disperse points, as shown
in Figure 7b. The parallel lines disappear and only the
discrete points remain in the RP. The increasing
nonstationarity and complexity in the RP structure indicate
that there are more randomly dynamic activities on the
insulator surface. Such transition shows the appearance of
local arcing discharges. It indicates that the current has less
correlation in m-dimension phase space, which is in
accordance with the randomness of discharge activities. And
the high density of RP points reflects the discharges become
denser on the insulator surface.
At the prior to flashover stage, the local discharges connect
and form the intensive arcing discharges. Once the intensive
discharges continuously appear and connect to form the
comparatively stable discharge channel, the station of

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IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
(a) Initial stage
Figure 7. RP of the high frequency components of LC during the rime-ice flashover.
insulator surface turns into stable dry-band discharges.
With the alternating discharges, the RP structure is
composed of white space segments and concentrated
recurrent points, as shown in Figure 7c. The white
segments indicate the intermission of intensive
discharges and the dense points indicate the intensive
arcing discharges. Such transition between the two
segments means the coming flashover. With
propagation of dry-band activities, the weak local arcs
join together to form the intensive dry-band discharges,
which are the essential cause of the flashover.
The RP structure manifested in Figure 7c is
significantly different from those shown in Figures 7a
and 7b. The dense points indicate the stationary state of
intensive dry-band discharges. The white blank
segments stand for the transition state, which means the
switches of different discharge states. The alternation
between the dense points and the blank segments
demonstrates the intermittent groups of dry-band
discharges. The scope of concentrative points shows
sustained duration of the discharges. Such highest
complexity of RP structure reveals intensive discharge
activities and their switches on the insulator surface,
which is an indication of the imminent flashover.
Therefore, the RP is well in accordance with the
transition performance of insulator surface during the
rime-iced flashover.
5.3 RP QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS
Figure 8 shows the quantitative indicators of RP of
LC during the rime-ice flashover. As shown in Figure 8,
the RR decreases from the initial stage to the just
before flashover stage, indicating the reduction of the
regular performance on the insulator surface. Such
decreasing tendency is due to the increasing faint
discharges, and then the weak local discharges, finally
the formation of intensive discharge channel. In Figure
8, the DET shows the decreasing variation to reveal the
decreasing deterministic ingredients in the current. It is
found that the variation of both RR and DET are well
related with the transition of RP topological structure
in Figure 7.
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Vol. 17, No. 2; April 2010 471
(b) Intermediate stage (c) Prior to flashover stage
By means of artificial experiments, this paper proposed a
recurrent plot technique to analyze non-linear
characteristics of LC for the purpose of investigating the
rime-iced flashover performance of outdoor insulators. The
RP of the high-frequency components gives a visual
monitoring method for insulator performance, which is
helpful to the comprehensive analysis on the insulator
performance in rime-iced environments. From the
viewpoint of the field application, further investigation
should be carried out to establish the database of RP graph
and its indicators to effectively identify the dynamic
performance of insulator surface. Thus the prediction of
contamination flashover will be fulfilled to enhance the
operating reliability of outdoor insulators and reduce the
risk of damage to people and properties caused by the
flashover accidents.
0.1 0.6
RR
DET
DET
RR
0.05 0.3
0
Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV Stage V
0
Figure 8. Quantitative indicator of the RP during the rime-ice flashover.
6 CONCLUSIONS
The flashover performance of rime-iced composite
insulator was investigated based on the recurrent plot
analysis of LC. According to the visual observation of
rime-ice morphologies and discharge activities on the
insulator surface, it was found that the discharges firstly
appeared at the edge of insulator shed which is dependent
upon the melting of rime-ice and the formation of
conductive layer. After extracting the high-frequency (1.25-
472 Y. Liu and B. X. Du: Recurrent Plot Analysis of Leakage Current on Flashover Performance of Rime-iced Composite Insulator
2.5 kHz) components of LC, the related recurrent plot was
obtained to reveal the nonlinear characteristics during the
process of rime-iced flashover. The recurrent plot technique
was effective for the identification of dynamic behaviors on
the insulator performance during the flashover process. It
graphically gave insight into the discharge associated with
the act of rime-ice melting and the discharge propagation
for the formation of flashover channel. The underlying
mechanism of the rime-ice flashover can be revealed by the
topological structure and the quantitative indicators of
recurrent plot.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research work is sponsored by National Nature
Science Foundation of China (NSFC 50777048) and
Tianjin Nature Science Foundation (No. 07JCYBJC07700).
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Yong Liu was born in Tangshan, China, on
December 8, 1980. He received the M.E. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical engineering from Tianjin
University, China, in 2006 and 2009, respectively.
He is currently working as a researcher at the
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
in Tianjin University. His research interests are
dielectric breakdown mechanisms of polymeric
insulating materials and monitoring of outdoor
insulators under multi-effect environments.
B. X. Du (M’00-SM’04) received the M.E. degree
in electrical engineering from Ibaraki University,
Hitachi, Japan and the Ph.D. degree from Tokyo
University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo,
Japan. During 1996-2002, he was with Niigata
College of Technology, Niigata, Japan and was an
Assistant Professor and then up to an Associated
Professor. From 2000 to 2002, he was a Visiting
Scientist at Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
Since 2002 he has been a Professor at the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tianjin
University, China. His research interests are focused on dielectric failure
mechanisms of polymer insulating materials, electrical insulation
technology and partial discharge measurements. He is a member of IEEJ
and senior member of CSEE.