Omar Sherbini

STATISTCS. 1
 Omar Sherbini

Chapter One : - First : Correlation

Types of Correlation :-

y y y

x x Fig (3)
x
Fig (1) Fig (2)
There is an inverse Linear Corr. There is a Direct linear Corr
There is no Correlation

*Important Notes -1 Zero 1

‫ و مقالش انه‬Strongest/Weakest ‫خلي بالك لو قالك‬ Inverse Correlation Direct Correlation

‫ هو عمره م هيقول‬... Direct ‫ يبقي اكيد‬Inverse

Perfect inverse Perfect Direct
. ‫ الن ده الطبيعي‬Direct Correlation
No Correlation
Correlation

Example :-  ( - 0.8 , - 0.5 , 0.4 , 0.7 )

- Strongest correlation coefficient is 0.7

Direct ‫مش هقول‬ - Weakest correlation coefficient is 0.4
Direct ‫بس اكيد‬ - Strongest Inverse correlation coeff. Is - 0.8
- Weakest Inverse correlation coeff. Is - 0.5

Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients : Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficients :

𝑛 ∑𝑥 𝑦 − ∑𝑥 × ∑𝑦 6 ∑ 𝐷2
𝑟= 𝑟 =1−
√𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − ( ∑ 𝑥 )2 × √𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 − ( ∑ 𝑦 )2 𝑛 ( 𝑛2 − 1 )

1 The next table shows the marks of 10 students in the history and geography subjects.

History x 75 80 93 65 87 71 98 69 84 78
Geography y 82 78 86 72 91 80 95 73 89 74

Required is to calculate the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient between the two variables x and y and
identify the type of the Correlation .
Solution
We Form the next Table
x y 𝑥2 𝑦2 xy
75 82 5625 6724 6150
80 78 6400 6084 6240
93 86 8649 7396 7998
𝑛 ∑𝑥 𝑦 −( ∑ 𝑥 × ∑ 𝑦 )
65 72 4225 5184 4680 ∵𝑟 =
√𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −( ∑𝑥 )2 √𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 −( ∑ 𝑦)2
87 91 7569 8281 7917
71 80 5041 6400 5680 10 × 66260 − ( 800 ×820 )
98 95 9604 9025 9310 ∴𝑟 =
√10 × 65014 − ( 800 )2 √10 × 67820−(820)2
69 73 4761 5329 5037
84 89 7056 7921 7476 6006
= ≈ 0.8608 The Correlation is Direct
78 74 6084 5476 5772 √10140 √5800
෍𝒙 ෍𝒚 ෍ 𝒙𝟐 ෍ 𝒚𝟐 ෍𝒙 𝒚

= 800 = 820 =65014 =67820 = 66260

STATISTCS. 2
 Omar Sherbini

2 Find the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the two variables x and y and identify its type if :-

∑ x = 68 , ∑ y = 36 , ∑ x y = 348

∑𝑥 2 = 620 , ∑ 𝑦 2 = 204 , n=8

Solution
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 𝑦 −( ∑ 𝑥 × ∑ 𝑦 )
∵ 𝑟=
√𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −( ∑𝑥 )2 √𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 −( ∑ 𝑦)2

8 × 348 − ( 68 × 36 ) 336
∴𝑟 = = =1
√8 × 620 − ( 68 )2 √8 ×204 − ( 36 )2 √336 √336

The value of the correlation coefficient (+1) means that the relation between the two variables x and y
is perfect direct .

3 Find the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and identify its type

Subject 1 Weak Pass Weak Good Weak Excellent Very good

Subject 2 Weak Pass Good Pass Weak Very good pass

Solution

. " ‫ رتب عادي و بعدين هنحل مشكله التكرار " في االخر‬, ‫ و سيبك من التكرار‬.. ‫ هنرتب كل صف من الصغير للكبير‬: ً‫* أوال‬

R(x) 1 4 2 5 3 7 6

R(y) 1 3 6 4 2 7 5

II
III

‫مجموعهم‬
. ‫عددهم‬
‫ نحل مشكله التكرار ب اننا هنكتب لكل المتكرر نفس الرقم و هو‬: ‫* ثانيا‬

1+2+3 1+2 3+4+5

I 3
=2 II = 1.5 III =4
2 3

‫عددهم‬
" D = R(x) – R(y) " ‫ نظبط الجدول و نعمل‬: ‫*ثالثا‬

R(x) R(y) D 𝑫𝟐
2 1.5 0.5 0.25 N=7 "‫"عددهم‬
4 4 0 0
6 ∑ 𝐷2
2 6 -4 16 ∴ 𝑟 =1−
5 4 1 1 (−4)2
𝑛 ( 𝑛2 − 1 )
2 1.5 0.5 0.25 6 × 21.5
7 7 0 0 = 1−
7 ( 49 − 1 )
6 4 2 4
∑𝐷 2 = 21.5 = 0.6161 It’s Direct Correlation

STATISTCS. 3
 Omar Sherbini
Choose the correct answer :
4
1) The strongest correlation coefficient of the following is :
a) - 0.94 b) Zero c) 0.5 d) 0.85
2) The strongest inverse correlation coefficient of the following is :
a) - 0.2 b) – 0.5 c) - 0.7 d) - 0.8
3) The scatter diagram representing inverse correlation is :
.... ........... ... ... . .. .
..............
a) b) c) d)
. ..... ..... . ...... .. .. ... ..
.... . . ... ...... . .

4) The weakest correlation coefficient of the following is :

a) - 1.2 b) – 0.7 c) 0.12 d) 0.9
5) One of the next numbers can represent the strongest inverse correlation coefficient between two
variables :
a) 0.3 b) 0.9 c) – 1.1 d) – 0.95

Solution

1) 2) 3) b) 5) ( 0.3 , 0.9 )
‫ ف كده‬Inverse ‫" هنا هو مقالش‬ Inverse ‫"عايز أقوي‬ Not Inverse
" Direct ‫هو يقصد‬ ‫ف كده هو يقصد أقرب‬ 4) ( -1.1 )
" -1 ‫رقم لل‬ ‫"عايز أضعف يعني أقرب رقم‬ Not Correlation
-1 ‫هختار اقرب رقم ل‬ d) – 0.8 "0 ‫لل‬ −1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1
d) 0.85 e)0.12 "‫ طبعا‬+ve ‫"الزم‬ ∴ d) – 0.95

Calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation between x and y through the data of the next table :
5
X 4 7 8 5 8 12
y 7 6 6 4 6 10

Solution

3 ‫هنرتب االرقام من الصغير للكبير و نعمل نفس الكالم زي رقم‬

From the next Table:

X Y Ranks x Ranks y D D2
4 7 1 5 -4 16
7 6 3 3 0 0
8 6 4.5 3 1.5 2.25
5 4 2 1 1 1
8 6 4.5 3 1.5 2.25
12 10 6 6 0 0
෍ 𝐷2 = 21.5
6 ∑ 𝐷2
∵𝑟 = 1−
𝑛 ( 𝑛2 −1 )

6 × 21.5
∴1= ≈ 0.3857 The correlation is direct
6 ( 36−1 )

STATISTCS. 4
 Omar Sherbini
Second : Regression

∑ 𝑦 − 𝑏 × ∑𝑥
𝑎=
𝑦 =𝑎+𝑏𝑥 𝑛
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = |𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 𝑦 − ∑𝑥 × ∑𝑦
𝑏=
𝑛 ∑𝑥 2 − (∑𝑥)2

1 The next table illustrates the production of a summer crop ( y ) of the cultivated land ( x ) in Feddan

Cultivated land (x) in 50 200 110 80 120 74.5 88.9 5.7 11 3.2
feddan
Production of (y) in kg 140 500 400 300 356 240.5 200.6 33.5 69.8 18.7
First : find the regression line equation.
Second : predict the value of the production in kg if the cultivated land is 100 feddans.
Third : Find the error in the production if you know that the cultivated land is 120 feddans.

Solution

X y 𝑥2 𝑦2 Xy First :-
50 140 2,500 19,600 7,000 ∴∑ x =743.3 , ∑ y = 2259.1
200 500 40,000 250,000 100,000
∑ 𝑥 2 = 89017.19 , ∑ x y = 254489.18
110 400 12,100 160,000 44,000
80 300 6,400 90,000 24,000 𝑛 ∑𝑥 𝑦 − ∑𝑥 ∑𝑦 10 ×(254489.18)−(743.3)×(2259.1)
∴𝑏 = =
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −( ∑ 𝑥)2 10 ×(89017.19)−(743.3)2
120 356 14,400 126,736 42,720
74.5 240.5 5,550.25 57,840.25 17,917.25 = 2.5637
88.9 200.6 7,903.21 40,240.36 17,833.34 ∑ 𝑦 − 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 2259.1 − 2.5637 × 743.3
𝑎= =
5.7 33.5 32.49 1,122.25 190.95 𝑛 10
11 69.8 121 4,872.04 767.8 = 35.35
3.2 18.7 10.24 349.69 59.84
∴ The regression line equation is y = 35.35 + 2.5637x
Second : y = ?? , x = 100 Third : 𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑟 = |𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑒𝑞. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒| at x =120
By substitute at the equation y = 35.35 + 2.5637 x 100 y = 35.35 + 2.5637 x 120 = 343 “eq. value”
= 291.72 Kg y = 356 “table value”
error = | 356 – 343 | = 13

2 Mining the following table shows the data about the average price of the oil barrel and the rates of the
economic growth in a country within eight years . Required is to :
Price of the oil barrel (x) 36 40 36.2 31.1 29.7 16.3 18.7 14.6
Rates of the economic growth (y) 0.91 3.5 3.2 2.7 2.3 -1 - 0.9 - 1.6
First : graph the scatter diagram and show the type of the correlation
Second : Find the regression line equation of the given data
Third : Predict the economic growth when the price of the oil barrel is $15 , then when the price is $35

Solution
Y
First
3
The opposite figure
2
represents the scatter 1 X
diagram and it shows also the
-1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
correlation is direct .
-2

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 Omar Sherbini
X Y 𝑥2 𝑦2 Xy Second : we calculate the value of the constant b from
36 0.91 1296 0.8281 32.76 the relation :
40 3.5 1600 12.25 140
36.2 3.2 1310.44 10.24 115.84 𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 𝑦 − ∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦 8 × 384.39 − (222.6 × 9.11)
𝑏= =
31.1 2.7 967.21 7.29 83.97 𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − ( ∑ 𝑥)2 8 × 6884.28 − (222.6)2
29.7 2.3 882.09 5.29 68.31
16.3 -1 265.69 1 -16.3 ≈ 0.1896
18.7 -0.9 349.69 0.81 -16.83 ∑ 𝑦−𝑏 ∑ 𝑥 9.11−( 0.1896 ×222.6)
14.6 -1.6 213.16 2.56 -23.36 ∵𝑎 = ∴𝑎 = ≈ − 4.1368
𝑛 8
∵The regression line equation is : 𝑦̂ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
222.6 9.11 6884.28 40.2681 384.39 Y = - 4.1368 + 0.1896 x
From the table data:
Third
∑ y = 9.11 , ∑x = 222.6 , ∑ x y = 384.39 ,
When x = 15 , then: y = 0.1896 x 15 – 4.1368 ≈ - 1.2928
∑𝑥 2 =6884.28 , ∑ 𝑦 2 = 40.2681 When x = 35 , then: y = 0.1896 x 35 – 4.1368 ≈ 2.4992

3 Choose the correct answer:

1) the statistical equation of the regression line equation where b is the regression coefficient is :
a) 𝑦̂ = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 b) 𝑦̂ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 c) 𝑦̂ = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏 d) 𝑦̂ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦
2) if the regression line equation is : 𝑦̂ = 2 + 0.5 𝑥 , then the value of y expected when x = 6 is :
a) 4 b) 5 c) 7 d) 8
3) if the two points ( 11.5 , 10 ) and ( 6.5 , 5 ) lie on the regression line y on x , then the correlation
between x and y is :
a) Direct b) Inverse c) Perfect d) Nihilistic
4) if the two points ( 5 , 13 ) and ( 14 , 4 ) lie on the regression line y on x , then all the following points
lie on the same line except :
a) ( 15 , 5 ) b) ( 10 , 8 ) c) ( 6 , 12 ) d) ( 5 , 13 )
5) if all the points in a scatter diagram lie on straight line whose slope is negative , then the correlation
coefficient between the two variables equals :
a) 1 b) zero c) – 0.5 d) – 1
6) if all the points in a scatter diagram lie on a straight line whose slope is positive , then the correlation
coefficient between the two variables equals :
1
a) -1 b) Zero c) 2 d) 1

Solution

4−13 5) d) -1
1) b) y = a + bx 4) 𝑚 = 14−5 = −1

4−5 ‫ واحد تبقي‬Line ‫"طالما‬

a) 14−15 = 1
"Perfect
2) y = 2 + 0.5 x 6 4−8 "3 ‫"زي‬
b) 14−10 = −1
= b) 5
4−12
c) 14−6 = −1 6) d) 1
(11.5 , 10)
4−13
d) 14−5 = −1

3)
(6.5 , 5)
c) perfect  a) ( 15 , 5 )

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 Omar Sherbini
Chapter 2 : Rules Of Probability

1) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 2) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)

3) 𝑃(𝐴́) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) 4) 𝑃(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

5) 𝑃(𝐴 ́ ∪ 𝐵 ́ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) Or 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵́)

6) 𝑃(𝐴́ ∩ 𝐵́) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) 7) 𝑃(𝐵́ ∩ 𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ ) “Important”

Mutually Exclusive Events 1) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) Two Independent Events: -

𝐴 ⊂𝐵 {
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0 2) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)

𝑃 (𝐴∩𝐵́)
Conditional Probability : Note : 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵′ ) = 𝑃 ( 𝐵́)
𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = =
𝑃(𝐵) 1 − 𝑃(𝐵)

Remember That :-
1) And  X
2) Or  +

1 A regular die has been rolled once. Calculate 3 From the data in the next table :
the probability of appearing the number 2 Case Number of people
known that the number appeared is even Wear glasses Do not wear glasses

Solution Man 800 600

Sample Space 𝑆 = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } , A = { 2 } Woman 400 200
3 1 1 Find the probability of a woman wearing
B = { 2 , 4 , 6 } Then, 𝑃(𝐵) = = , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) =
6 2 6
glasses
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
∵ 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = B: no. is even Has been randomly chosen
𝑃(𝐵) Solution
A : no. is 2
1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = ÷ = × 2 = ‫ بشرط‬A ‫ و ده هعتبره‬Women ‫"هو هنا طالب احتمال اني اختار‬
6 2 6 3
". B ‫انها تكون البسه نضاره عموما و ده هعتبره‬
2 If A and B are two events of the sample space
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
where P(A) = 0.45 , P(B) = 0.6 , P(B|A) = 0.8 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐵)
Find :
a) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) b)𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) c)𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) d)𝑃(𝐵̀ |𝐴) and : ‫ركز هنا‬
Solution 400 1 ‫ االثنين حصلوا‬B , A ‫"يعني‬
𝑃(𝐴 ∩𝐵)= =
𝑃(𝐵∩𝐴) 2000 5 "‫مع بعض‬
a) ∵𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = "‫"نستغلها االول‬
𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
∴ 0.8 = 1200 3
0.45 𝑃(𝐵) = 2000 = 5 "‫ حصلت‬B ‫"يعني‬
∴𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.8 × 0.45 = 0.36
b) ∵𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) " ‫ هي انه يكون البس نظاره عموما سواء رجل او ست‬B ‫" هنا ال‬
= 0.45 + 0.6 – 0.36 = 0.69
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 0.36
c)𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = = = 0.6 1 3
𝑃(𝐵) 0.6 ∴ (𝑃|𝐵) = ÷
5 5
𝑃(𝐵′ ∩𝐴) 𝑃(𝐴−𝐵)
d)𝑃(𝐵′ |𝐴) = = 1
𝑃(𝐴) 𝑃(𝐴) =
3
𝑃(𝐴)−𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 0.45−0.36
= 𝑃(𝐴)
= 0.45
= 0.2

STATISTCS. 7
 Omar Sherbini
A bag contains 10 white balls and 15 red balls. 6 Choose the Correct answer : -
4
Two balls have been consecutively drawn 1) in an experiment for tossing a regular coin
without replacing . What is the probability the twice, the probability of appearing Tail in the second
two drawn balls are white ? toss if Head appears in the first toss equals :
1 1 3
Solution a) 4 b) 2 c) 4 d) 1
10 9 3 2)in an experiment for rolling a regular die once, the
× = probability of appearing a prime even , number
25 24 20
greater than 1 :
5 100 learners are studying in a language institute. 1 2 3 4
The number of learners studying English is 60, the a) 5 b) 5 c) 5 d) 5
number of the learners studying French is 50 and 3) in an experiment for rolling a regular die once, the
the number of the learners studying both probability of appearing the number 3 known that
languages is 35. If a learner has been randomly the appearing number is odd is :
chosen from the institute, Find the probability the 1 1 1 3
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 4
learner studies: -
2 4
a) a language at least. 4) 𝑖𝑓 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = , 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) =
5 5
b) English if he ( she ) studies French. 1 8 1 2
a) 2 b) 28 c) 4 d) 5
c) French if he ( she ) studies English.
1 12
5) 𝑖𝑓 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = 3 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 25 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =
Solution 4 1 25 16
a) b) c) d)
25 4 36 25
60
*𝑃(𝐴) = 100 = 0.6 “𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉”
Solution
50 1) 2) S = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 }
H
𝑃(𝐵) = 100 = 0.5 "𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒉"
H T
H H A : Prime Even
35 T
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 100 = 0.35 T
B : Greater Than 1
H H
T T
a) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = ? ? T H
T 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) S = { (H,H,H) , (H,H,T) 𝑃(𝐵)
1
(H,T,H) , (H,T,T) 1
= 0.6 + 0.5 – 0.35 = 6
5 = 𝑎)
(T,H,H) , (T,H,T) 5
6
= 0.75 (T,T,H) , (T,T,T) }
3) S = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 }
b) 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = ? ? 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0.35 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = = 2
𝑃(𝐵) 0.5 1
= 8
4 = 𝑏) 1
2 1
= 0.7
8 = 6 = 𝑏)
3 3
6
c) 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = ? ?
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵∩ 𝐴) 5) 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0.35 4) 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = = 𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴) 0.6 1 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
2  = 12
3
=0.583 5 1 25
= = 𝑎)
4 2
5 1 12
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = ×
3 25
4
𝑎)
25

STATISTCS. 8
 Omar Sherbini
7 What is the probability of appearing Head 10 A bag contains 6 blue balls and 4 red balls . A
and number 5 in an experiment of tossing a ball is randomly drawn , then it is turned back
coin once , then rolling a dice ? to the bag , then another ball is drawn. What
is the probability :
Solution
a) The two balls are red in the two times
6
b) The two balls are blue in the two times
5
c) The first ball is red and the second is blue
4
d) One ball is red and the other is blue
3
Solution
2
4 4 4
a) 10
× 10 = 25
1
6 6 9
b) × =
10 10 25
H T
4 6 6
1 c) 10
× 10 = 25
𝑃(𝐴) =
12 4 6 6 4 12
d) × + × =
10 10 10 10 25
8 If A and B are two events of a sample space of a
random experiment S and red and blue or blue and red
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.5 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.8 If S is the sample space of a random experiment
Explain if A and B are two independent events.
11
where S ={ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 }
,A ={ 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 } and B ={ 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 }
Solution
Are A and B two independent events ? explain
∵𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
∴𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.5 + 0.6 − 0.8 = 0.3 (𝟏) Solution
∵𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.5 × 0.6 = 0.3 (2) 4 1 4 1
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = = ∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = =
From (1) and (2) ,A and B are two independent events. 8 2 8 2
1
A man and his wife have insured their life at a
∵𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { 2 } ∴ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 8 (𝟏)
9
life insurance company. If the company has estimated the 1 1 1
∵𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) = × = (2)
probability that the man will live more than 20 years to be 0.2 2 2 4
and the probability that his wife will live more than 20 years to From (1) and (2) , 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ≠ 𝑷(𝑨) × 𝑷(𝑩)
be 0.3 , Find the probability that : - So , A and B are dependent events
a) the man and his wife will live more than 20 years together
b) At least one of them will live more than 20 years A bag contains 6 blue balls and 4 red balls. If two
12
c) only one of them will live more than 20 years balls are drawn one after another without

Solution replacing. What is the probability:

Independent ‫ بيبقوا‬A,B ‫واضح طبعا ان‬ a) The two balls are red ?
Let A be the event that the man will live more than 20 years
b) The two balls are blue ?
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.2
B the event that the wife will live more than 20 years c) The first ball is red and the second is blue ?
∴𝑃(𝐵) = 0.3
a)The probability that the man and his wife live more than Solution
20 years together = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
4 3 2
∵𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) a) ×9=
10 15
∴ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2 × 0.3 = 0.06
b)The probability that at least one of them will live more than 6 5 1
=𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) b) ×9=
10 3
∵ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
4 6 4
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.2 + 0.3 − 0.06 = 0.44 c) ×9=
c)The probability that only one of them will live more than 20 years 10 15

= 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.44 − 0.06 = 0.38

STATISTCS. 9
 Omar Sherbini
Choose the correct answer :
13 Solution of no 14
1) If A and B are two independent events,
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.2, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.6 , then 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 1) Mutually Exclusive  𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = ∅

a) 0.12 b) 0.32 c) 0.68 d) 0.8 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

= 0.2 + 0.4 − 0
2) If A and B are two independent events = 𝑐) 0.8 Note:
𝑃(𝐵′ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.25, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.4 , then 𝑃(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐵) = 0.4
a) 0.1 b) 0.15 c) 0.3 d) 0.65
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵)
2) 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 {
3) If A and B are two independent events 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.3 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑥 , 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.72 7
∵ 𝑃(𝐴′ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) ∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − = 0.3
then x equals: 10
a) 0.24 b) 0.28 c) 0.4 d) 0.6 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.3
Solution ∴𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) =
(𝐴∩𝐵)
=
0.3
1 = 0.6 = 𝑏)
3
𝑃(𝐵) 5
1) Independent  𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) 2

∴𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2 × 0.6 = 0.12

∴𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= 0.2 + 0.6 − 0.12 =
2) Independent  𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
∴𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.25 × 0.4 = 0.1
𝑃(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑐) 0.15
3) ∵ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
∴ 0.72 = 0.3 + 𝑥 − 0.3𝑥
"Independent ‫"علشان‬
∴0.72 − 0.3 = 0.7𝑥
∴𝑥 = 𝑑) 0.6
3) Independent  𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
c) 0.68 ∴𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2 × 0.5 =
𝑑) 0.1
4) ∵ 𝑆 = { 𝐴 , 𝐵 , 𝐶 }
∴𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) = 1
∴𝑃(𝐶) = 1 − 0.4 − 0.25 =
𝑐) 0.35
5) Let 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑥
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

Choose the correct answer: ∴0.68 = 𝑥 + 0.6 − 0.6𝑥

14
1) If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, ∴𝑥 = 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑎) 0.2

𝑃(𝐴) = 0.2 and 𝑃(𝐵’) = 0.6, then 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) =

a) 0.4 b) 0.6 c) 0.8 d) 1.2
7 1
2) If A ⊂ B, 𝑃(𝐴’) = and 𝑃(𝐵) = then 𝑃 (𝐴 | 𝐵) =
10 2
1 3 4 3
a) b) c) d)
5 5 5 20

3) If A and B are two independent events, 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.2

and 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.5, then 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =
a) 0.7 b) 0.4 c) 0.3 d) 0.1
4)If S={ A, B, C } and A, B and C are mutually exclusive
events where 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.25 and 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.4, then P(C) =
a) 0.1 b) 0.15 c) 0.35 d) 0.65
5) If A and B are two independent events of S where
𝑃(𝐵) = 0.6 and 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.68, then 𝑃(𝐴) =
a) 0.2 b) 0.3 c) 0.4 d) 0.5

STATISTCS. 10
 Omar Sherbini
First : Discrete Random Variable
Chapter 3 :

෍𝐹 = 1 "𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕" 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜇) = ෍ 𝑥 . 𝑓 "𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏" 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜎) = √𝜎 2

𝜎
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ( 𝜎 2 ) = ෍ 𝑥 2 . 𝑓 − (𝜇)2 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( × 100)%
𝜇

Second : Continuous Random Variable

𝜑, 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏 1
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑝 (𝐿 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜇) = [ 𝑓(𝐿) + 𝑓(𝜇) ] × (𝜇 − 𝐿)
0, 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 2

𝑝 (𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏) = 1 𝑝(𝑥 ≥ 𝐿) = 𝑝(𝐿 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏)

"‫"البدايه و النهايه االساسيين‬ "‫ لكن مش معايا نهايه فهاخد النهايه االساسيه‬L ‫"معايا البدايه‬

𝑝(𝑥 ≤ 𝐿) = 𝑝(𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿) "‫ بس مش معايا البدايه فهاخد البدايه االساسيه‬L ‫" معايا النهايه‬

1 If x is a discrete random variable whose probability 3 If X is a discrete random variable whose probability
𝑥+4
distribution is shown in the below table : distribution function is 𝑓(𝑥) =
16
Xr -1 0 1 2 3 where x = - 2 , m , 1 , 2 Find the value of m, then find
F(xr) 0.3 0.1 0.1 a 0.2 the mean and the variance of the discrete random
First : find the value of a
variable X .
Second : find the expectation (Mean)
Solution
Solution x f(x) x.f 𝑥 2. 𝑓
First
-2 −2 + 4 2 4 8
∵ ∑𝑓 = 1 = −
16 16 16 16
∴ 0.3 + 0.1 + 0.1 + a + 0.2 = 1 -1 −1 + 4 3 3 3
∴ a = 0.3 = −
16 16 16 16
Second 1 1+4 5 5 5
=
"‫ و اجمعها‬x . f ‫ هجيب خانه لل‬μ = ∑ x . f ‫" علشان اجيب‬ 16 16 16 16
X.f - 0.3 0 0.1 0.6 0.6 2 6 12 24
16 16 16
∴ 𝝁 = ∑ x . f = - 0.3 + 0.1 + 0.6 + 0.6 = 1 5 5
‫الزم اجيب جدول‬ ෍ 𝑥. 𝑓 = ෍ 𝑥2. 𝑓 =
“Mean” 8 2
2 𝑚+4 5 6
2 If x is a discrete random variable whose probability ∵∑f=1  + + + =1
16 16 16 16
distribution is shown as follows 2+𝑚+4+5+6
 =1
Xr 0 1 2 b 6 16
F(xr) 0.1 0.1 0.3 a 0.3 𝑚 + 17 1
 =
Find The value of a and b if the expectation 𝜇 = 3.5 16 1

 m + 17= 16  m = -1
Solution 5
∵ ∑ 𝑓 = 1  0.1 + 0.1 + 0.3 + a + 0.3 = 1 𝜇= ∑x . f =
8
2 2 5 5 2 135
 a = 0.2 𝜎 = ∑𝑥 . 𝑓 – ( 𝜇 )2 = −( ) =
2 8 64

X.f 0 0.1 0.6 0.2 b 1.8

∵ 𝜇 = 3.5  ∑ x . f = 3.5
 0.1 + 0.6 + 0.2 b + 1.8 = 3.5
b=5

STATISTCS. 11
 Omar Sherbini
4 A box contains 6 cards ; 2 cards carry the number two , 3 6 If x is a continuous random variable whose
cards carry the number 3 and a card carries the number probability density function is :
11 , if a card has been randomly drawn and the discrete 1
(2𝑥 − 1), 1≤𝑥≤3
random variable X is defined as “ the appeared number 𝑓(𝑥) = { 6
on the drawn card “ 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 , 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Find : a) Prove That : F(x) is probability density function
a) The probability distribution function of the variable x .
b) Expectation and standard deviation of the variable x . b) Find 𝑝(𝑋 ≤ 2), 𝑝(𝑋 > 2.5), 𝑝(2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 2.5)
c) The coefficient of variation.
Solution
1
a) 𝑝(1 < 𝑥 < 3) = [ 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(3) ] × (3 − 1)
2
Solution
𝑥 ∈ {2 , 3 , 11} *We get
x ‫"االرقام الي علي الكروت هي‬ 1 1
2 1 F(1) = 6 (2 × 1 − 1) = 6
𝑓(2) = =
6 3
1 1 1 5
𝑓(3) = , 𝑓(11) = F(3) = 6 ( 2 × 3 − 1 ) = 6
2 6
‫عدد الكروت المطلوبه‬ 1 1 5
: ‫" الحظ‬ ∴𝑝(1 < 𝑥 < 3) =
2
[6 + 6] × (2) = 1
‫عدد كل الكروت‬ “proof‫“ده ال‬

xr F(xr) Xr . f(xr) 𝑥𝑟 2 . 𝑓(𝑥𝑟 ) b) 𝑝(𝑥 ≤ 2) = 𝑝 (1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2) 𝑝(𝑥 ≤ 2.5) = 𝑝 (2.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3)

a) 𝜇= ∑x.f = 4
2 2 4 8 1 1
= [ 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2)] × (2 − 1) = [ 𝑓(2.5) + 𝑓(3)] × (3 − 2.5)
6 6 6 b) 𝜎 2 = 𝑥 2 . 𝑓 − (𝜇)2 2 2
3 3 9 27 1 1 3 1 1 4 5 3
= 26 – (4)2 = 10 = [ + ]×(1)= = [ + ] × ( 0.5) =
6 6 6 2 6 6 3 2 6 6 8
11 1 11 121 𝜎
c) 𝐶 = ( × 100) % 7
6 6 6 𝜇 𝑝(2 < 𝑥 < 2.5) = ⋯ = 24
= 79 %
Total 4 26
If x is a continuous random variable whose
7
5 Choose the correct answer : probability density function is :
1) if the probability distribution of the discrete random 2𝑥 + 𝑘
𝑓(𝑥) = { , 1<𝑥<4
variable X is { (0 , 0.25) , (1 , 0.5) , (2 , 0.25) } then its expectation 24
equals : 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 , 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
a) 0.5 b) 1 c) 1.25 d) 1.5 a) Find the value of k b) Find 𝑝(𝑋 > 3)
2)If X 𝒏is a discrete random variable and the expectation equals
0.6 , ෍ 𝒙 𝟐 . 𝒇(𝒙 ) = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟔 then it’s standard deviation equals:
𝒓 𝒓
Solution
𝒓=𝟏 a) We know that
a) 1.94 b) 2 c) 3.76 d) 4 𝑝(1 < 𝑥 < 4) = 1
1
3)if x is a discrete random variable and the expectation equals
𝒏
∴2 [ 𝑓(1) + 𝑓 (4) ] × (4 − 1) = 1
0.4 , ෍ 𝒙𝒓 𝟐 . 𝒇(𝒙𝒓 ) = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟔 then it’s variance equals
𝒓=𝟏
x = 1 ‫ عوض فوق عند‬f(1) ‫علشان تجيب‬
a) 2.4 b) 5.76 c) 6 d) 6.56 1 2+𝑘 8+𝑘
∴2 [ 24
+ 24
] × (3) = 1
Solution 3 2+𝑘+8+𝑘
∴2 [ 24
]=1
1) 10 + 2𝑘 2
2) 𝜇 = 0.6 ,∑𝑥 2 . 𝑓 = 4.36 =
X 0 1 2 24 3
F(x) 0.25 0.5 0.25 ∴𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 . 𝑓 − (𝜇)2 10 + 2 k = 16  k=3
x.f 0 0.5 0.5
=4
M=∑x.f =0 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 1 b) 𝑝(𝑥 > 3) = 𝑝(3 < 𝑥 < 4)
∴𝜎 = √4 = 2
b) 1 Standard
Deviation
b) 2 1
= [ 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(4) ] × (4 − 3)
2
3) 𝜎 = 6.16 − ( 0.4) = 6 2 2
Variance 1 9 11 5
C) 6 = [ + ] × (1) =
2 24 24 12

STATISTCS. 12
 Omar Sherbini
8 If x is a continuous random variable whose probability density function is :
1
(𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = { 32 + 4) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑘
𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 , 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Find:-
1) The value of K 2) 𝑝 ( 𝑥 ≤ 0 ) 3) 𝑝( −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 )

Solution
1) We know that
1 1 1 1
𝑝( −𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑘) = 1 𝑓(−𝑘) = (−𝑘 + 4 ) ∴ [ (−𝑘 + 4) + (𝑘 + 4) ] (2𝑘) = 1
32 2 32 32
1
∴2 [ 𝑓(−𝑘) + 𝑓(𝑘)](𝑘 − (−𝑘)) = 1 1 1 4 1
[ − 32 𝑘 + 32 + 32 𝑘 + 32] × 𝑘
4
𝑓(𝑘) = (𝑘 + 4)
32
8
 =1  k=4
32𝑘

2) 𝑝(𝑥 < 0) = 𝑝 (−4 < 𝑥 < 0) 3) 𝑝(−2 < 𝑥 < 2) = ⋯

First : Normal Distribution

Chapter 4 :
. P(b) ‫ نفس الكالم لو‬... ‫ يبقي انا قصدي دي الي هنجيب منها الجدول‬P(a) ‫ لما هكتب‬... ‫*ركز كده‬
First :-
Rules
I III
1 ) 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎) = 𝑃(𝑎) 1
1 ) 𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 𝑎) = 2 − 𝑃(𝑎)

0 a

2 ) 𝑃(−𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0) = 𝑃(𝑎)
a

-a 0 1
2 ) 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 𝑎) = 2 + 𝑃(𝑎)
II
1 ) 𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏)
= 𝑃(𝑏) − 𝑃(𝑎) a

a b
1
3 ) 𝑃(𝑥 ≥ −𝑎) = 2 + 𝑃(𝑎)
2 ) 𝑃(−𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −𝑏)

= 𝑃(𝑎) − 𝑃(𝑏)
-a
-a -b

1
4 ) 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ −𝑎) = 2 − 𝑃(𝑎)
3 ) 𝑃(−𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏)

= 𝑃(𝑎) + 𝑃(𝑏)
-a b
-a

STATISTCS. 13
 Omar Sherbini
Second : ( 𝝁 , 𝝈 )

If 𝑃(𝑥 > 𝑎) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑡 Standard Normal Variable

‫ 𝝈 علي طول خد‬, 𝝁 ‫لو جالك المسأله فيها‬
𝑎−𝜇
 Coefficient of 𝝈
𝜎

Example : 𝑃(𝑥 < 𝜇 − 1.56 ) = 𝑃(𝑥 < − 1.5 )

𝑃( 𝜇 − 1.96 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜇 + 1.26 )
= 𝑃(−1.9 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.2)
𝑃(𝜇 < 𝑥 < 𝜇 + 𝜎) = 𝑃( 0< 𝑥 < 1)

Third : to Find K

‫رقم معروف‬ II 1 𝑚>

1
‫لو‬
𝑚> ‫لو‬ 2
2
1) 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐾) = 𝒎 𝑃(𝐾) =
‫ 𝑚 لو‬− 0.5
 𝑃(𝐾) = 𝑚 𝑃(𝐾) =
‫ 𝑚 لو‬− 0.5 ‫ۓ‬
‫ۓ‬ ۖ 𝐾 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒
"‫ من الجدول‬K ‫"هات ال‬ ۖ 𝐾 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒 2) 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 𝐾)
1) 𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 𝐾) ‫۔‬
‫۔‬ ۖ 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.5 − 𝑚
ۖ 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.5 − 𝑚 ‫ە‬ 𝐾 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒
2)𝑃(−𝐾 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0) = 𝒎 ‫ە‬ 𝐾 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒
 𝑃(𝐾) = 𝑚 1 1
𝑚< ‫لو‬ 𝑚< ‫لو‬
2 2

First 4 𝑃( −1.25 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0) 8 𝑃( −0.7 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.4)

solution solution
1 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.63)
= 𝑃(1.25) = 𝑃(0.7) + 𝑃(2.4)
solution = 0.3944 = 0.2580 + 0.4918
𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.63) = 𝑃(0.63) = 0.7498
5 𝑃( 𝑧 ≤ −1.6 )
0.0 0.01 0.2 0.3 …
9 𝑃( 0.4 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.6)
0.1 … solution
… … solution
= 0.5 − 𝑃(1.6)
0.6 0.2357
= 0.5 − 0.4452 = 𝑃(1.6) − 𝑃(0.4)
= 0.0548 0.4452 − 0.1554
∴𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.63) = 0.2357
6 = 0.2898
"‫"بص علي الجدول‬ 𝑃( 𝑧 ≥ −2.32)
2 𝑃( 𝑧 ≤ 1.4) solution 10 𝑃( −1.4 < 𝑧 < −0.34)
solution solution
= 0.5 + 𝑃(2.32)
= 0.5 + 𝑃(1.4) = 0.5 + 0.4898 = 𝑃(1.4) − 𝑃(0.34)
= 0.5 + 0.4192 0.9898 0.4192 − 0.1331
=0.9192 = 0.2861
7 𝑃( −1.4 ≤ 𝑧 < 1.4)
3 𝑃( 𝑧 ≥ 0.95)
solution
solution = 𝑃(1.4) + 𝑃(1.4)
= 0.4192 + 0.4192
= 0.5 + 𝑃(0.95)
= 0.8384
= 0.5 + 0.3289
= 0.1711

STATISTCS. 14
 Omar Sherbini
Second 𝑃(−0.44 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝐾) = 0.5588
3

1 If X is a normal random variable whose mean is solution

𝜇 and standard deviation is 𝜎 , Find :-
𝑃(0.44) + 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.5588
a) 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝜇 − 1.5 𝜎 ) ∴0.1700 + 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.5588
b) 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝜇 − 0.5 𝜎 ) 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.3888
c) 𝑃(𝜇 − 1.96 𝜎 < 𝑋 < 𝜇 + 1.96 𝜎) ∴𝐾 = 1.22

solution 4 𝑃(𝐾 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.1) = 0.2906

solution
a) 𝑃(𝑋 > −1.5) b) 𝑃(𝑋 < −0.5)
= 0.5 + 𝑃(1.5) = 0.5 + 𝑃(0.5) ∵ 𝑃(2.1) = 0.4821 “ > 0.2906”
= 0.5 + 0.4332 = 0.5 + 0.1915 ∴ 𝑃(𝐾 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.1)
= 0.9332 = 0.3085 = 𝑃(2.1) − 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.2906
∴0.4821 − 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.2906
c) 𝑃(−1.96 < 𝑥 < 1.96) ∴ 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.1915
= 𝑃(1.96) × 2 ∴ K = 0.5
= 0.4750 × 2
= 0.95
Third
2 If X is a normal random variable whose mean is 𝜇
and standard deviation is 𝜎 , Find :-
1 If the marks of the Students at a school are a
a) if: 𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 180) = 0.0062 , 𝜇 = 165 calculate 𝜎
normal random variable whose mean 𝜇 = 44
b) if: 𝑃(𝑥 > 35) = 0.8643 , 𝜎 = 5 calculate 𝜇 and its standard deviation is 𝜎 where 22.66%
c) if: 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 170) = 0.0228 , 𝜎 =7 calculate 𝜇 of students have got more than 50 marks.
d) if: 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 𝐾) = 0.8944 , 𝜇 = 125 , 𝜎 = 8 calculate K Find the value of 𝜎
e) if: 𝑃(𝑥 > 𝐾) = 0.9452 , 𝜇 = 50 , 𝜎 = 5 calculate K
solution
solution

a)Let 𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 𝐾) = 0.0062 b)Let 𝑃(𝑥 > 𝐾) = 0.8643 Let X be the normal random variable expressing
∴𝑃(𝐾) = 0.5 − 0.0062 ∴𝑃(𝐾) = 0.8643 − 0.5 the marks of the students
= 0.4938 = 0.3643 22.26
"‫"هندور في الجدول‬ ∴K= - 1.1 ∴𝑃(𝑋 > 50) =
100
∴ K = 2.5 35−𝜇
∴ 5 = −1.1 ∴𝑃 (𝑍 >
50−44
) = 0.2266
180−165
∴2.5 = ∴ 𝜇 = 40.5
𝜎
𝜎
6
∴𝜎 =6 𝝁 ∴𝑃(𝑍 > 𝐾) = 0.2266 Where K = 𝜎 . K > 0

c) Let 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 𝐾) = 0.0228 d) 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 𝐾) = 0.8944 ∴𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑧 < 𝐾) = 0.5 − 0.2266 = 0.2734
∴𝑃(𝐾) = 0.5 − 0.228 ∴𝑃(𝐾) = 0.8944 − 0.5 ∴K = 0.75
= 0.4772 = 0.3944
6
∴K=-2 ∴ K = 1.25 ∴ 𝜎 = 0.72
170−𝜇 𝐾−125
∴ = −2 ∴ = 1.25 6
7 8 ∴𝜎 = 0.75 = 8
∴𝜇 = 184 ∴𝐾 = 135

e) 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 𝐾) = 0.9452
∴𝑃(𝐾) = 0.9452 − 0.5
= 0.4452
∴ K = - 1.6
𝐾−50
∴ 5
= − 1.6
K
∴𝐾 = 42

STATISTCS. 15
 Omar Sherbini
2 In a math exam , the marks of the students have been followed a normal distribution whose mean is 70
and its standard deviation is 5 . Calculate the number of students whose marks are probably greater
3. than 78 if it is known that the number of students applied to this exam is 10000.

solution

μ = 70 𝜎=5 ‫امتحان‬
78 − 70
𝑃(𝑥 > 78) = 𝑃 (𝑥 > )
5
= 𝑃(𝑥 > 1.6)
= 0.5 − 𝑃(1.6)
=0.5 − 0.4452
= 0.0548
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 0.0548 × 10000
= 548

3 If the wages of the workers at a factory follow a normal distribution whose mean 𝜇 = 75 𝐿𝐸 and its
standard deviation 𝜎 = 10 , Find :-
3.
a) The Percentage of the workers whose wages are more than 90 LE
b) The percentage of the workers whose wages are less than 55 LE
c ) The Percentage of the workers whose wages range between 60 LE and 80 LE

solution
90−75
a) ∵𝑃(𝑋 > 90) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 10
)
= 0.5 − 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.5) = 0.5 − 0.4332 = 0.0668
∴The percentage of the workers whose wages are more than 90 LE = 6.68%

55−75
b) ∵𝑃(𝑋 < 55) = 𝑃 (𝑍 < 10
) = 𝑃(𝑍 < −2)
= 0.5 − 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2) = 0.5 − 0.4772 = 0.0228
∴The percentage of the workers whose wages are less than 55 LE = 2.28% of the total Number

60−75 80−75
c) ∵ 𝑃(60 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 80) = 𝑃 ( 10
≤𝑍≤ 10
)
= 𝑃(−1.5 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 0.5) = 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.5) + 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 0.5)
=0.1915 + 0.4332 = 0.6247
∴ The percentage of the workers whose wages range between 60 LE and 80 LE = 62.47% of the total
number of the workers at the factory.

STATISTCS. 16