States of — kinetic Oa 4 ACES 8 i) Ponticls ome in fhandow motion: i) | Volume 9 pawkele is negligible due to grealer distance —blw the posticle o me Ganer idlea| Real Gan eo Tdeal Sa% ( asumphows ) ‘) No iml&wolecular forces 4) | Volume 5) porkcles aeao Perzec ty elashe (No w) Al Colligiow one loss mn 93 Y 4 wole = 602 x10 particles RS / mole wk atoms lousSTATES Of MATTER goreous Stale (Idea) Gos 4) Boyle's Vow @- (Temp, tovstaut) no: \deal Real pa \ “whe co ea v Pa v \ : C66 Ve J v 4 “Vp Pow Vv AN = & Ved vel eek P2Ne = 2 v (P) tv) < pv = ivy = Pie Awe d z' CHARLES LAW Noe 7 (P= wustaut) NO =eT N Noel T Noe Na T YN Ty Avoqadho's law 8- 22 Awole = 6:02%1D Noa MD OY mole By bom binin Boyle's > Chonle's and Prog adhos law . Gevenal gas demved PVN a nT units 2 Pa simon Pag R= B31 5 [tes mot Gwaaal Han Cows tant Nz n0:O} moles= 4 i z NIm* on Po \ OV X10 = kelvin ( °C + a3) 2 = ™ 8 TP (22-4 dr?) Re Pv wit ge 8 31 T]eewol => Gos t v PN =o kT tomeral gon e4 ushoe 5 Am? clow dm 2 fh? = Woo ew 3 cme: 4m — \0 emNolume = Temperature z 3 3 Adm = loootm eelviw > 3 (¢o +093) =% 4m = \000 dw 3 & tm = lo tm? fusrner demvalow & = PNan 2T Ps kT N= Gone. Vv Sen 2 mca's = PNW RT = Maw Ww a31 Calculate the volume occupied by 0,500.mal of carbon dioxide at a pressure of 150 kPa and a temperature of 19 °C, — (R = 8.31) K-! mol?) 2 P= 'SokPa —* ($0 x1o Pa Te 14% — (19 +993) = 292k ne oS Ne ™? Ve net 2 oe tw? —> 1000 dm e ve Co-s) (9-31) (292) (50x10?) -3 Ne 8-04 xIo on? x 1000 Ne 8: 04% du ® 10" > 2 A flask of volume 5.00 dm? contained 4.00 g of oxygen. a Calculate the pressure exerted by the gas at a temperature of 127 °C. (R = 8.31) K-? mol}; mM, oxygen = 32.0) PVe n eT P= mam (@)LT) ma LN) p= (4)C 8-31) ( Woo) (32) (Sx1073) Pe @ 231 KD" Pastal-i077 en A flask of volume 2.00 dm? was found to contain 5.28 of a gas. The pressure in the flask was 200 kPa and the temperature was 20 °C. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the Jas. 2. o@x\e? (R= 8.31) Kk mol}) 4093 PVE wom 2 T MA Mye mow 2T ev waz (6-28)(631)( 299) (acoxw?) ax) MA: 32-0\ = 32 4 Or ae Get ore meh Pa a ri PVe= RT Homes. i -R © Bus 2k @© ac ice Puttin phy vale $ Rin ay O FE = EE | cow bie ym bare 4 ca ’ eeNay + 3Haigy — ants ——— q ency No actuatou. tT ogy vm ey echive Collisiow eatst athvatiow Qoe@ 7s ective @) Conisiow ACTIVATION 8— Minimom amount omer negured to intalé [ stort oa Cnemical Aeacthow\Reactants —> Product T Reaction Kinetics t— Rale 4 neackon: Rate of ReacKows- TL if the change in tonce nha how eh Aeactants ON peodocts px unit hme: rats = Of R/p} Time ContembWbahow <= mol s aw? [ ] eqs (8) covcenviakiow a 9 (Hev] cove. HCI Ralé Oh heachion caw be obtained ey talualakug the Axa Mca: Oo woncem Wahow - hme ara ph Time Time 7 Roe oH heathow at time ‘t? —> gnaciient =os SnCollision - Teo “4 oo fon, Hae particles Yo neact «with eacw Ottrer 4 Hey must coiltde in the Comect ohi¢mta How anh wily emergy gpealer haw on equal to he achvatow EAN Naw a 343.19) ant ig) (suceen ft Oo —O Pavoluct Coll’srow ) Oo O° oO Oo Endothermie reaction hale a. hea ctiow o% nale factons WEhecting ) | Premure (only iw go) >?) Tempera wre, freq vewcy o Hy ecHve — COlI'tow 4 seachow 3) loveentnattow ) cabiyst 4) Pontecle on tuniace Sine me= :) w) Creme «hale cy seackon PS —» 905 Pontclee —> Snequene 5 Aale ar inners tomer Close to 4 Collisiow each Oban inueowe loncenliathiow X hale 4 peachiow fone +t —> No- Powticles bu an Volume “4 4 inviennes th Posticle tine x _| Corision iMUeone- Nalé PS lange __, Susface ovea freq. 9 pale ole ye ome . 4 wollitiow — deucane deueoe lolalyst — imue are re ake bby lowes doww he En:Effect a Tempera hue BotamMann Dis TRIBUTION B= 4) The effect of temperature on rate of reaction can be shown in a Maxwell- Boltzmann distribution curve. A typical curve looks like this: gees auger ot eo) Conn na x Pee epee ° "0 2 30 ‘Afew partoes have cies faye onaee 3} ” Tewnp ig indle pendant to Ea = oe * aed wighe tea é 192 laxima deneané amd move fon # Be low les maxima o, _mucane and T: 9b" move back word: No: a porke le * Total Sun face o, Onea hemains a Ne SoC same. enemyTa nale Artanis ) This is because at higher temperature, the average kinetic energy of the particles increases, so: i. more reacting particles have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy, (Phiststhemajorreason) ii. the reacting particles travel at higher speed, the frequency of collision between the reacting particles increases. (‘Fhisis+theminerreasen) This causes the frequency of effective collision to increase. More products are formed per unit time and hence, the rate of reaction is higher. * fon eveny tot Avge iw Temp hale double (micas) Catan $7 &— Te ___speects up tre Chemical ae by \owesniw down ke attvalow enewy veng On, boy providiug allanale Palla wow to the Aeachow - Aemains uacharge al : 8 Catalysts 8 3 3 Coloured areas indicate the proportion = of molecules whose energy exceeds 5 ‘Molecules with the activation energies E,(cat) and E,. 2 these low energies 2 cannot react. ° ° Exc) E, Molecular energy9 Catalysis Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction. They do this by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction with lower activation energy. We can divide catalysts into two main classes. Catalysis ‘ ‘Tnpn ganic nic 4) ong eset” Homogeneous Catalysis Heterogeneous Catalysis Occurs when the catalysts in the same Occurs when the catalysts ina different phase to ST@IE| phase as the reaction mixture. For the reaction mixture. For example, decomposition example: hydrogen ions catalyse the of aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalysed by hydrolysis of esters. manganese(IV) oxide. few esl . No + 3M, = any, 804 oa) iy ty , Aleomol + CRad => Este thd; ¥yoil + Nig) Mo v4) ly ley) wo Na0oW $0a + 2 = $03 eq 4 Homog enous Codalyst NOr \ $ OS + O24) “9 03 pe — $03 + 96 Meeanisin &- Step 4 $02 Sle a. $0, + L Oa Nom, $03 aan eo a Fe pet! + 0a —> War - So ey Tas? HO + energy AeleagCHEMICAL ENERMETICS oem EmtHarey CHANGES: Types of Reackow } | Enclo tremmic —a Heat energy absorb fom Sumovn dings — Temp of sumounding (+) a) | &*0 es — eat exergy neleane ol to Sa sumnov nolings. S34 ‘Temp 4 Sumovnding imucase * BH 4 emthalpy Change (Heat energy Kilo Joules Change} mel ks [dS C + Or — Co, ous 154 yl Standard Enthal Py Change 3 Entinal py Chan ge at Standard conditions Symbeol (6) navt 6 AY AH + t ental ental Change: Cuan ie PY “4 at Standonrd at ony . Condit Kons Conali Hons- Stand and on dihons Te as P= 4 atm Concemhahon = 1 mol ne 4 mole alm 34) 2) 3) 4) ‘) 9 Types Gh Standard Stanolan cl Stand oval Stom dar ol Stan done Stomd on dd 3) | Standard Ss } On, 8— £tarm ples: t) CO2 Standard tm thalpy Chang w Entnalpy Change 6, heactiow ( one ) eniinalpy Change 9 frmabion ( on) Co emiralpy Change 4 Combustion (on) cea nol on mearal ns ty (DH Reo em¥inalpy Change. 4 rene.) atom emir, Ch e Solutiow “ri “sd + [oro em tral Chan Hy drahow Py e 4 : E ( Dunya) be knilvon t- (exo, endo) Enthal py Change whem 4 mole oO oO compound is foamed fom ih elements at Standard Stal&s under Standard condihons. e Walt he equa bons 4 Buy Cu + Oram a COayWi) Cry Cw 4 Hey — i) M0 Maw) + £02 —> iv) |_Ca¥s on AC 4 3Mr ey t YOr os Nao ») 2 Naw + 402 y— x) NiWo qe (wi) Nr (element) ) NH3_ Cong?) 1 Nay + 3 Hou 5 2 4 2 D « Imp = Enthalpy Change elements Wa; the “q NH3 = ey) 2 HO tty C2 Hs ou) Nalow 6 enn element ano 1N430g) 4 formatow tok alll Te Nr, aero: © e oua) Sanat orc enthalpy thawge a, woul Bue - (exotremnrc) Enthatpy Chang e whe 1 mole 4 any gvlstavce is completely womlousled wile owyge Uniden, Stomdord stale and tkandlord bondi How - Substance +0, — oxides equations - i) Convow u) Ha 6 cs Ge ce + 03 yy Or «) Hata N0a = HOW ) C2 Hoy) * Oa ( y a 0a, + 3420) — w) | Naw (ow?) nS 1 Nowy + 1 Oa —9 1 N22 0) 4 = t Reactant mole. thoulel not be thawged iw duc? ?m) | Standard — entha\ (nange 4. atomisahow PY 4 BHatow Lemdo the nmic ) emitnal py Cnawqe whew 4 mole , O qoreous atom is foame dd MCO S- ___ fom ik tlememt under ttandoud Stale undeu standard conditions 1 Clr ¢ 4 Clap 7 0 > 3 wl— Bho ww nog Brig 1 hw Tq a Navs) Na tg) 4 $su — +4 $y)Diiveur 8 lexotrenmic) én walpy nang e whow 1 mole Ol wale is formed whew aud and alicali is Aeacled with each otha inde Standard — wondi toms. + - Wing) + OKtmy HO wy NaoH + HCL —> Nall + 20 Owe - 5371 ky wl Naow + H2SOu — > Naz$0y + 420 Stiowgent more CxO amie ut + oH —>» HO e SH gor t— (exo, ecto) Eninalpy Change whew mole 4] Sole ig dissolve iw Solvent fo fam o@ dilulé solobow- NaClay + 420 —> NaCl taq) e OH so}* Measurin 4 em tral py Chawqes te Lex penimnen tally ) Heat Ht GOT absonb OA nelease- (ooles) me mas oO} wali C= tpedtc heat Capacity —> 418 P Saale pacity Tleq AT= Change in Yernpena hare waler dlemsity 14 lem? ; Soem a wale oe a wale as density % wale it wale 3 a gl ore Entralpy Gnamge dH = kTI/mo) helabow Dues V Heat absoAb OA” ia rcleage (mcot) Jout 0: moles (solute) y = Tovle ns Maw Me ye CXVNaow co 2g wale dz 4 -_ iwi tial . pike a Temp = 1B oq. dimab = 98.9% voy ° 42 mC OT = (60) (418) (10-8) 4 = aacz.2 7 ase aye — “Ie OM sol — Fe = G9 DH tomlo- qa GBText )) —— i 2 M=V ie Soem Entinal py Change 4 Solvtiow 2: OHs0} when 804 6 NaoH is dissolved in Soem> a wale at 18° » the fempera hure pises to) BBO. Colulale he enthalpy Chawge (94) pew mole whew Naor dissolves iw wale: = (£0) (18) (10-2) C=Ue y= gase-27 1000 4 2-a-aSt Icy few moles q Naow = 4o (MA) Naz 23 Orle ne 8 = 0:05 whl Hed UD —___ BHs- ast w 00s m OW = —45-1Y ey 16) uw emengy Aclease -qa) Bata mass o wale = Yooq tpedi &e Heak Capacity a wale = Us 3(9-e mam a NtyNO3) = a:leq initial Te mp cratune = 182°C ° | Sts enclo final Tem pera ture = 1a-3°C Ut) a = 22 Heo = SEK cat Hea om™m \ 4 O=-% = (100) (419) (19-8 =12-8) 4= aast27 = a-a54% kT moles NHyNOs =< FNo = = 00 Bermples- MAD albt 344 Bo Dus 2% ast 0-08S Ove t 95-3 leq lalEntnalpy Onang & of Combous Hon t— Ate The diagram below shows a simple apparatus to measure the enthalpy change of combustion for a fuel such as methanol. thermometer r ey metal calorimeter damp water shield alkane or cap for spirit bumer alcohol bummer fuel A—> © ote ( 80) 2— oC ore (=o) A— 68 ou et ©SP A —*, Hess's quo Ibe) (-) ou 4 (ete) (30) \ Jew oa tp SP © P 7 Ge), wv SEH few Vv CBT) Hess 2 law (- #0) = 1 + (ne)Hese'$ Law s— | aMarks) « Tne total em Hralpy Change 4 Oo neachow is independent to the patuway fottowecl by Neat how dinect = indirect Aowe Aowe Stoy t end Ie a Gao yee Hess's law Dun = OW + OD @ + Og \S0o COz 0 \\— iow co © (ed point) ———— AWC = ADBt coe oN YO a sontoe tore ‘To ued OW hom We vales 6) Tang”. (Eloments) Elements Hess |s law da = Ot + One dtazc Of. —Ot e e Cost fo fwd Btw hom Bite Valves: frank Reacrawts Paoduck — ) J Ou2 tommlovs Kove sucks end pout BY = Daw + OHy Dite= OW, = OWr(R— P) oe Coe L totes DUN y formatow (wxy”) data. Hess tycle- a’ Cp b fetvenis |" _, Te buy Oty We can use AH; of reactants and products of a reaction to find its enthalpy change. Take the following example: AH£(CO(g)) = =111 kJ mol AH#(CO,(g)) = -394 kJ mol AH?(Fe,O3(s)) = -822 kJ mol"! Given the above data, what is the ae change of the reaction shown below? e-P Cola + ou | 7 (Sco 7 a + 2Fe(s 3m) + A = (3%) + O is 33a) Cut At Fea] yp Hess's low 3(-344) = 3(-m) + [-2a3) + OM, pi, = — at ell4HCI(g) + 0,(g) = 2C1(g) + 2H,0() ‘The reaction is carried out at 400°C in the presence of a copper(II) chloride catalyst. (i) Use the data in the table to calculate the overall enthalpy change of reaction. enthalpy change of compound | formation /kmot HCI) ~92 H,0(g) 242 oP 4HCL + dz LY ads + atoo 4 42) \—S (anr)x2 Ma+ Ch +0r oP al-aua) = 4{-4) + OA -4sy = -~36%8 + OHM -4sy 4 369 = OW 4 Mankoe Ce | Jo ud Oty hom Bond -emerqy values: OHN an on ] OH oy = OHA + OD OHA = DH — OH.