Biodiversity of medicinal and aromatic plants found in Odisha

Department of Zoology, Centurion University of Technology and Management,

Pramod Kumar Subudhi

Abstract:

In nature, medicinal and aromatic plants are distributed throughout the world; among them,
Odisha, India, is considered one of the important hubs of diverse medicinal plant species. The
use of medicinal plants is an important source of therapeutic resources, especially in tribal &
rural communities, and the wide versatility of some species may attract interest for
prospecting studies. In Odisha, different tribal communities, including Santhal, Munda,
Bhuiyan, and primitive groups, are totally reliant on the natural raw forest products for their
livelihood and well-being. But sometimes, due to urbanization, anthropogenic activities,
utilization of allopathic medicines and overexploitation, the importance of these medicinal
plants becomes less apparent to the local community day by day. Therefore, documentation of
the inherited traditional knowledge and therapeutic uses of these medicinal plants from the
local tribals can make people aware about the conservation. Thus, the present study aims to
highlight in the first part about 15 medicinal plants along with their scientific names, habits,
and medicinal uses to address them for sustainable utilization and conservation plan through
field and literature survey. The captivating world of Odisha's aromatic flora, presenting an
exploration of the diverse and fragrant plant life that thrives in this region. Known for its rich
biodiversity, Odisha serves as an aromatic oasis, offering a tapestry of scents that range from
sweet and floral to earthy and spicy. The study aims to uncover the hidden gems within the
state's botanical landscape, showcasing the unique olfactory experiences that can be derived
from its indigenous plant species. The aromatic oasis not only contributes to the traditional
practices and rituals of the local communities but also holds the potential for economic
development through the extraction of essential oils and other aromatic compounds (Chand et
al., 2008) [1]. Furthermore, the abstract discusses the conservation efforts and sustainable
practices essential for preserving Odisha's aromatic biodiversity. By understanding the
ecological importance of these fragrant flora, policymakers and environmentalists can work
together to ensure the long-term viability of these natural resources.
Introduction:

Medicinal and aromatic plants have been playing an essential role in the development of
human culture. As a source of medicine, Medicinal plants have always been at forefront
virtually all cultures of civilizations. Medicinal plants are regarded as rich resources of
traditional medicines and from these plants many of the modern medicines are produced. For
thousands of years medicinal plants have been used to treat health disorders, to add flavor and
conserve food and to prevent diseases epidemics. The microbial growth in diverse situations
is controlled by plant derived products. In this review we gave general overview of the
medicinal and aromatic plants found in odisha. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO) about 65-80% of the world’s population in developing countries depends essentially
on plants for their primary healthcare due to poverty and lack of access to modern medicine
(Awoyemi OK et al., 2012) [2]. Thousands of plants are used by rural and tribal communities
to make crude drugs to cure various ailments. India is a highly populated country and it is
difficult to provide medicine for all the people. However, the majority of the rural people use
the plants as it is or their parts which are found in and around their locality as primary health
care (Ramesh et al., 2014) [3]. Therefore, it is important to protect and restore the plants
around their living place. Odisha, a land steeped in ancient traditions and natural splendor, is
home to a rich tapestry of biodiversity that includes a treasure trove of aromatic flora. Nestled
in the eastern part of India, this region boasts a diverse range of ecosystems, from lush forests
to coastal plains, providing an ideal habitat for a plethora of aromatic plants (Alam et al.,
2022) [4]. The aromatic flora of Odisha not only contributes to the state's ecological balance
but also plays a pivotal role in traditional practices, cultural rituals, and the thriving herbal
industry. From the sacred groves of Similipal to the dense jungles of Bhitarkanika, these
botanical wonders are an integral part of the state's natural heritage. The aromatic diversity of
Odisha encompasses fragrant flowers, leaves, barks, and roots, which have been utilized by
local communities for generations in various aspects of daily life. The traditional knowledge
and practices associated with Odisha's aromatic flora have been passed down through
generations, forming an intricate link between Nature and the cultural fabric of the region.
Herbal remedies, fragrant oils, and incense derived from indigenous aromatic plants have
been used in Ayurveda and other traditional healing systems, showcasing the profound
connection between nature and well-being (Tripathi et al., 2015) [5]. This review delves into
the diverse medicinal and aromatic plant species that contribute to the sensory tapestry of this
culturally rich state.

Biodiversity of medicinal plants in odisha

Cultural Significance:

Medicinal plants have been deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric of Odisha, playing a vital
role in traditional healthcare systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Indigenous
communities across the state have long relied on the knowledge passed down through
generations to harness the healing properties of these plants. Moreover, many rituals,
festivals, and religious ceremonies in Odisha incorporate the use of medicinal herbs,
highlighting their sacred significance in the local ethos.

Therapeutic Properties:

The medicinal flora of Odisha encompasses a wide array of plant species, each with unique
therapeutic properties. Some of the prominent medicinal plants found in the region include:

1.Neem (Azadirachta indica): Neem, has thrown the light worldwide in recent years, due to
its wide range of medicinal properties. The tree has been largely used in Naturopathy, Unani
and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a lodestar of current medicine. Further it
elaborates a vast array of biologically active compounds that are chemically diverse and
structurally complex. More than 150 compounds have been isolated from different parts of
neem and these have been divided into two major classes isoprenoids and non-isoprenoids,
which are proteins and carbohydrates. Further, it consists of sulphurous compounds,
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids and their glycosides, dihydrochalcone,
coumarin, tannins and aliphatic compounds. All parts of the neem tree viz., leaves, flowers,
seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation,
infections, fever, skin diseases, dental disorders, etc. Every part of the neem tree viz., roots,
seeds, flowers, bark, leaves, fruit pulp and its constituents have been demonstrated to exhibit
immune modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti hypergly-caemic, antiulcer, antimalarial,
antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antidiabetic and
anticarcinogenic properties. (Reddy I. V. Srinivasa et al 2022) [6].

2.Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum): Tulsi has got the great medicinal value. Studies have also shown
Tulsi to be effective for diabetes, by reducing blood glucose levels. The same study showed
significant reduction in total cholesterol levels with Tulsi. Another study showed that Tulsi's
beneficial effect on blood glucose levels is due to its antioxidant properties. The Rama Tulsi
is the effective remedy for the severe acute Respiratory Syndrome. Juice of its leaves gives
relief in cold, fever, bronchitis and cough. Tulsi oil is also used as the ear drop. Tulsi helps in
curing malaria. It si very effective against indigestion, headache, hysteria, insomnia and
cholera. The fresh leaves of Tulsi are taken by the millions of people every day. For over the
centuries Tulsi (the queen of herbs) has been known for its remarkable healing properties.
Modern scientific research offers impressive evidence that Tulsi reduces stress, enhances
stamina, relieves inflammation, lowers cholesterol, eliminates toxins, protects against
radiation, prevents gastric ulcers, lowers fevers, improves digestion and provides a rich
supply of antioxidants and other nutrients. Tulsi is especially effective in supporting the heart,
blood vessels, liver and lungs and also regulates blood pressure and blood sugar. Recent
studies suggest that Tulsi may be a COX-2 inhibitor, like many modern painkillers, due to its
high concentration of eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene). Tulsi also shows some
promise for protection from poisoning and cataracts. The oil extracted from the Karpoora
Tulsi is mostly used in the herbal toiletry. Its oil is also used against the insects and bacteria.
Tulsi can not only keep the dreaded Swine flu or H1N1 flu at bay but also help in fast
recovery of an afflicted person, Ayurvedic practitioners claim. "The anti-flu property of Tulsi
has been discovered by medical experts across the world quite recently. Tulsi improves the
body's overall defence mechanism including its ability to fight viral diseases (Kumar KP
Sampath et al.,2013) [7].
3.Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Widely regarded as the "Indian Ginseng,"
ashwagandha is prized for its adaptogenic and rejuvenating properties. It is utilized in
traditional medicine to enhance vitality, manage stress, and improve cognitive function.
Withania somnifera is a pantropic native medicinal plant growing all over western and central
India. Ashwagandha is characterized by the presence of steroidal lactones (withanolides),
alkaloids and flavonoids. Root contains maximum amount of alkaloids - nicotine, sominine,
somniferin, somniferinine, withanine, withanonine, pseudo-withanine, tropin, withanolides
etc. These compounds show relaxant and antispasmotic effects against several plasmogens on
intestine, uterine, bronchial, tracheal, and blood vascular muscles. Roots of the plant show
hypotensive, bradycardic, antitumor, respiratory stimulant activities and radiosensitizing
effects in animals.(Verma K.C.2012) [8].

4.Aloe Vera: The purpose of this review is to discuss about the interesting History,
Cultivation and medicinal uses of Aloe vera. Aloe vera is the oldest and the most applied
medicinal plant worldwide. The Aloe vera plant is a member of lily plant known as Aloe
barbadensis which is full of juice and closes similar to a cactus. Due to its cactus like feel,
Aloe is often mistakenly called a "Desert Cacti". There are over 250 species of aloe grown
around the world. However, only two species are grown today commercially, with Aloe
barbadensis Miller and Aloe arborescens being the most popular. Aloe is native to North
Africa and Spain, now the plant is also grown in the hot dry regions of Asia, Europe and
America. For centuries, it has been medicinally used for an array of ailments such as mild
fever, wounds and burns, gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, sexual vitality and fertility
problems to cancer, immune modulation, AIDS and various skin diseases. In the
pharmaceutical industry, it has been used for the manufacture of topical products such as
ointments and gel preparations, as well as in the production of tablets and capsules. So, there
is an urgent need to educate about the miraculous uses of Aloe vera along with its cultivation
methods for human race and popularize it for greater interest. (Karkala Manvitha, Bhushan
Bidya 2014) [9].

Conservation Efforts:

Despite their cultural and medicinal significance, many medicinal plants in Odisha face
threats due to habitat destruction, overexploitation, and unsustainable harvesting practices.
Recognizing the importance of preserving this biodiversity, various governmental and non-
governmental organizations have initiated conservation efforts.

Biodiversity Conservation Areas: Odisha is home to several protected areas and biodiversity
hotspots where efforts are underway to conserve native flora and fauna, including medicinal
plants. These include national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.

Cultivation and Sustainable Harvesting: Promoting the cultivation of medicinal plants

through agroforestry and community-based initiatives helps reduce pressure on wild
populations while providing sustainable livelihood opportunities to local communities.

Ethnobotanical Research: Documenting traditional knowledge and practices related to

medicinal plants through ethnobotanical studies not only helps preserve indigenous wisdom
but also informs conservation strategies and sustainable utilization practices
Biodiversity of Aromatic Plants:

Floral Diversity Uncover the myriad of aromatic plant species that grace the landscapes of
Odisha, from the sacred groves to the lush forests. The forests of Odisha are home to an
abundance of aromatic plants, ranging from herbs to towering trees. The dense jungles of
Similipal and the Eastern Ghats are particularly noteworthy for hosting a diverse range of
aromatic flora, each species offering a distinct scent profile Explore the unique fragrances
that emanate from flowers like jasmine, champaka, basil, mint, aromatic grasses etc.
contributing to the state's rich botanical heritage.

Aromatic flora in Odisha

There are various aromatic plants are found in Odisha. Some predominant species are
described below:
Aromatic grasses In Odisha, a state in eastern India, various aromatic grasses are found.
These grasses are often valued for their fragrance and are used in traditional practices,
including religious rituals traditional medicine, and cultural ceremonies. Some of the
aromatic grasses found in Odisha may include:
Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) is a fragrant grass with deep roots that is commonly used to
make traditional perfumes, essential oils, and cooling mats. It is also used in religious
ceremonies. It generally found in many riverside villages of Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara,
Bhadrak, Jajpur and Balasore district of Odisha (Mohanty and Panda, 2021) [10].

Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus): Citronella found in different districts of Odisha &
it is known for its citrusy fragrance and is often used as an insect repellent. The oil extracted
from this grass is used in the production of perfumes, soaps, and candles.

Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii): Palmarosa is another aromatic grass that is known for
its sweet, floral fragrance. Its essential oil is used in the fragrance industry and in the
production of soaps and cosmetics. These plants are cultivated by tribal people in different
area of Mayurbhanj district.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus): Lemongrass is widely used in culinary applications for

its citrus flavor, but it also has aromatic properties. The essential oil from lemongrass is used
in perfumes and aromatherapy (Ranade, 2004) [11]. The different districts like Koraput,
Gajapati, Boudh and Mayurbhanj are quite suitable for cultivation of lemon grass.
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin): Patchouli is a fragrant herb that belongs to the mint family.
It is known for its strong, earthy aroma and is commonly used in perfumes, incense, and
traditional medicine. These plants are grown mostly commercial purpose in different places
of western Odisha like Paralakhemundi, Berhmpur and Koraput.
These aromatic grasses contribute not only to the cultural and religious practices in Odisha
but also to the economic activities, as they are often harvested for the extraction of
essentialoils and other aromatic compounds. It's important to note that the availability of
these grasses may vary across different regions of Odisha.

Basil: Basil, including aromatic varieties like sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), is commonly
cultivated in various regions, including Odisha. In Odisha it is grown all over the state in the
backyard of every house. Basil is often grown for culinary and medicinal purposes due to its
distinctive flavor and aromatic properties. The combination of different compounds like
Linalool, Methyl chavicol, Eugenol, Cineole gives Basil unique and pleasant scent.

Mint: Mint plants, which belong to the genus Mentha, are known for their aromatic leaves
and are commonly used in culinary and medicinal applications (Singh, 2007) [12]. Mentha
spp. Cultivation is possible in the high altitude places in Odisha like Thuamul Rampur of
Phulbani Districts, Pottangi of koraput and Daringbadi under irrigated condition.

Sandal Wood: Sandalwood (Santalum album) is a fragrant and valuable tree known for its
aromatic heartwood, which is used to extract essential oil. Red sandalwood is found in
Garabandh, Goshani, Gandahati, Narayanpur, Jalanga and Kitchlingi forests in Gajapati
District and also found in several area in Kalahandi, Gajapati and Ganjam districts of Odisha.
Generally this plant survives 20-25 years and it attains maximum girth upto 40-60 cm.
Sandalwood is often associated with religious ceremonies and is used in the creation of
religious artifacts, incense, and oils. It holds cultural significance in many parts of the world.

Jasmine: Jasmine (Jasminum officinale): Known for its delicate fragrance, Jasmine is widely
used in religious and cultural ceremonies. It symbolizes purity and love. This plant is
cultivated several region of Odisha for traditional and economical purpose. The yield of
flowers per hectare in 25003000 kg and cost is around Rs 200 per kg.

Kewda Flower: Although kewda plants (Pandanus fascicularis) can be found through most
of India, 90% of the commercial production of the kewda flower is estimated to occur in the
Odisha state (Dey 2016) [13] . Kewda scent is generally produced in Chhatrapur, Brahmapur,
Gopalpur and Jagannathpur in the district of Ganjam, Odisha.
Kewra Attar has about 3% to 5% Kewra oil, and the remainder is Sandalwood oil. This is the
most popular perfume used in India. The perfume is also added to various cosmetics (Nasim
et al., 2021) [14] .

Rose flower: The aroma of a rose (Rosa indica) is not only appreciated for its beauty but has
also been used in various cultural and commercial applications. Rose essential oil is
commonly used in perfumery, cosmetics, and aromatherapy due to its pleasing and calming
scent. Additionally, rose petals are used in the preparation of teas, potpourri, and certain
culinary dishes for their aromatic qualities. The different species of rose variety cultivate on
in some regions of Odisha based on soil composition and local climatic condition.

Aromatic rice: Odisha produces aromatic rice similar to famous Basmati rice and have
quality like pleasant fragrance with small and round grains, white colour and softness without
much elongation in cooking. This indigenous scented rice mainly Kalajeera, Neelabati,
Krushnabhog, Padmakeshari, Tulasiphoola are predominant in costal belts of the state.

Cultural Significance
Aromatic plants play a significant role in the cultural landscape of Odisha, a state in eastern
India. The use of aromatic plants is deeply rooted in the traditions, rituals, cuisine, and daily
life of the people (Das et al., 2014) [15]. Here are some aspects of the cultural significance of
aromatic plants in Odisha:

Religious and Ritualistic Importance: Aromatic plants are often used in religious
ceremonies, rituals, and festivals. The fragrant nature of these plants is believed to purify the
surroundings and create a divine atmosphere. During religious ceremonies and festivals,
people use aromatic plants like jasmine, champaka, and sandalwood to decorate temples,
deities, and homes (James 2016) [16].

Traditional Medicine (Ayurveda): Odisha has a rich tradition of herbal medicine, and many
aromatic plants are used in traditional healing practices. The fragrant oils and extracts from
these plants are believed to have therapeutic properties. Plants like tulsi (holy basil), neem,
and vetiver are commonly used in Ayurvedic preparations for their medicinal value (Rahman
et al., 2015) [17] .

Culinary Uses: Aromatic herbs and spices are integral to Odia cuisine. Ingredients like curry
leaves, coriander, mint, and fenugreek contribute to the distinctive flavors of the local dishes.
The use of aromatic spices in traditional recipes reflects the cultural identity and culinary
heritage of the region.

Ceremonial Offerings: Aromatic flowers and leaves are often used as offerings in various
ceremonies and pujas. This practice is not only symbolic but also adds a pleasant fragrance to
the environment. Flowers like marigold and jasmine are commonly used in ceremonial
garlands and decorations.

Traditional Attire and Adornments: Aromatic plants are sometimes incorporated into
traditional attire and adornments. For instance, women may wear flowers in their hair,
contributing to the overall aesthetics and cultural identity (Padhy et al., 2016) [18]. Fragrant
oils derived from plants like sandalwood are also used in perfumes and as beauty products.

Cultural Festivals: Festivals in Odisha often involve the use of aromatic plants in the form
of floral decorations, garlands, and incense. The fragrances contribute to the festive ambiance
and are associated with joy and auspiciousness (Das et al., 2018) [19].
Traditional Crafts: Aromatic plants are sometimes used in traditional crafts. For example,
sandalwood may be carved into intricate designs for religious or artistic purposes.

Medicinal Marvels
In Odisha, like in many other regions of India, aromatic plants are not only valued for their
fragrance but also for their medicinal properties. The rich biodiversity in the state provides a
wealth of aromatic plants that have been traditionally used in various forms of traditional
medicine, including Ayurveda (Behera et al., 2014) [20]. Here are some aromatic plants in
Odisha known for their medicinal marvels:

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum): Also known as holy basil, Tulsi is highly revered for its medicinal
properties. It is considered an adaptogen, helping the body adapt to stress. Tulsi is used to
treat respiratory disorders, as an immune system booster, and for its anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant properties.

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides): Vetiver is valued for its cooling properties. The roots of the
plant are used to make essential oil, which is known for its calming and grounding effects. It
is used in traditional medicine for conditions such as stress, anxiety, and insomnia.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb that has been

used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine. It is believed to help the body cope with stress,
improve energy levels, and enhance overall wellbeing. Ashwagandha is also used for its
potential benefits in supporting the immune system and promoting vitality.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale): While commonly used as a spice, ginger also possesses
medicinal properties. It is used to alleviate digestive issues, reduce inflammation, and relieve
nausea. Ginger is often consumed in various forms, including as a tea or in traditional
recipes.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Turmeric, with its active compound curcumin, is a powerful
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. It is used in Ayurveda for its healing properties and is
believed to support joint health, digestive function, and overall immunity (Babu et al., 2015)
[21].

Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi): Ajwain, or carom seeds, is known for its digestive
properties. It is often used to alleviate stomach discomfort, indigestion, and flatulence.
Ajwain seeds are commonly used in culinary preparations and traditional remedies.

Sandalwood (Santalum album): Sandalwood is known for its aromatic wood and essential
oil. It is used in traditional medicine for its skin-healing properties, anti-inflammatory effects,
and its calming fragrance, which is believed to promote mental clarity and relaxation.
The traditional use of these aromatic plants in Odisha's medicinal practices reflects the deep-
rooted knowledge of the local communities and their reliance on natural remedies for
maintaining health and well-being.
Sustainable Harvesting Practices
In an attempt to investigate the sustainable harvesting practices employed by local
communities to ensure the preservation of aromatic plant species and to learn about
initiatives and efforts to balance the demand for these precious plants with environmental
conservation, fostering a harmonious coexistence, here are some recommended sustainable
harvesting practices for aromatic plants in the region:

Community Involvement and Education: Local communities should be engaged in the

conservation and sustainable harvesting of aromatic plants. Conducting awareness programs
are required to educate harvesters about the importance of sustainable practices and the long-
term benefits of conservation.

Harvesting Guidelines: Development and implementation of clear guidelines for the

selective harvesting of aromatic plants, emphasizing the need to preserve the reproductive
structures of the plants to allow for natural regeneration is highly needed along with
encouraging the harvesting methods that minimize impact, such as handpicking instead of
uprooting entire plants (Chand et al., 2008) [22].

Harvesting Seasons: Identification of specific harvesting seasons for each aromatic plant
species is essential to coincide with their growth and reproductive cycles. Regulations are to
be established to prohibit harvesting during critical periods like flowering and seed setting to
allow the plants to propagate naturally.

Cultivation and Agroforestry: Promotion of the cultivation of aromatic plants in

agroforestry systems to reduce pressure on wild populations; and providing training and
resources to local farmers for sustainable cultivation practices, ensuring the maintenance of
plant health and quality are needed (Kumar et al., 2018) [23].

Rotation and Rest Periods: Implementation of rotational harvesting practices, allowing

harvested areas to recover and regenerate; establishing rest periods for specific areas to
prevent over-exploitation and maintain the overall health of the ecosystem are required.

Regulation and Monitoring: It includes enforcement and strengthening of regulations

related to the harvesting of aromatic plants, including the issuance of permits along with
implementation of monitoring programs to assess the impact of harvesting on plant
populations and ecosystems.

Fair Trade and Ethical Sourcing: Encouraging fair trade practices to ensure that harvesters
receive fair compensation for their efforts and promoting ethical sourcing practices among
industries that utilize aromatic plants to create a market for sustainably harvested products.

Value Addition and Diversification: Supporting value addition initiatives to encourage the
sustainable use of aromatic plants. Encouraging the development of products such as
essential oils, perfumes, and herbal medicines to increase the economic value of these
resources.
Research and Development: Investing in research to understand the biology and ecology of
aromatic plants, helping to develop better management strategies. Exploring sustainable
extraction methods to minimize environmental impact during processing.

Collaboration and Partnerships: Fostering collaboration between government agencies,

non-governmental organizations, local communities, and industries to create holistic and
effective strategies for sustainable harvesting.

Implementing these sustainable harvesting practices will contribute to the conservation of

Odisha's aromatic plant species, support local livelihoods, and ensure the long-term
availability of these valuable botanical resource.

Aromatic Trails and Gardens

There are various aromatic trails and gardens in Odisha that showcase the diverse flora and
offer a sensory experience. Here are some places that were known for their aromatic trails
and gardens in Odisha:

Ekamra Kanan Botanical Gardens, Bhubaneswar: Ekamra Kanan Botanical Gardens in

Bhubaneswar is known for its diverse collection of plant species.

Regional Plant Resource Centre (RPRC) Garden, Bhubaneswar: RPRC in Bhubaneswar

is focused on the conservation of plant biodiversity. The garden showcases a variety of plant
species, including those with aromatic properties. It serves as an educational and research
center for plant resources.

Nandankanan Botanical Park, Bhubaneswar:

Nandankanan Botanical park, located near Bhubaneswar, is famous for its botanical garden.
The garden includes a variety of plant species, including those with aromatic qualities.
Visitors can explore the lush greenery and enjoy the natural scents.

Indira Gandhi Park, Bhubaneswar: Indira Gandhi Park in Bhubaneswar is a popular

recreational area with wellmaintained greenery. While not exclusively dedicated to aromatic
plants, it provides a pleasant environment for visitors to enjoy nature.

Challenges and Conservation

Conserving aromatic plants in Odisha faces several challenges that are often interconnected
with broader environmental, economic, and social issues. Here are some key challenges and
considerations for the conservation of aromatic plants in Odisha.

Habitat Loss and Degradation: Urbanization, agricultural expansion, and deforestation

contribute to the loss and degradation of natural habitats where aromatic plants thrive.
This leads to a decline in plant populations and biodiversity.
Illegal Harvesting and Trade: Aromatic plants are often targeted for their essential oils,
which are in high demand for various industries, including perfumery and pharmaceuticals.
Overharvesting, often illegal, can deplete populations and threaten the survival of certain
species.

Lack of Awareness: Limited awareness about the importance of aromatic plant species and
their role in ecosystems can contribute to inadequate conservation efforts. Public awareness
and education campaigns are crucial for promoting the value of these plants and the need for
their protection.

Climate Change: Changes in climate patterns, such as shifts in temperature and

precipitation, can impact the distribution and growth of aromatic plants. Climate change may
alter the conditions required for specific plant species, affecting their survival and
abundance.

Invasive Species: The introduction of invasive plant species can outcompete native aromatic
plants for resources, leading to a decline in their populations. Managing and controlling
invasive species is essential for the conservation of native flora.

Fragmentation of Habitats: Fragmentation of natural habitats due to infrastructure

development can isolate populations of aromatic plants, making it difficult for them to
reproduce and maintain genetic diversity.

Limited Research and Documentation: Insufficient research on the ecology, distribution,

and population dynamics of aromatic plants in Odisha may hinder effective conservation
strategies. Comprehensive studies are needed to understand the specific needs of these plants
and their ecosystems.

Poverty and Livelihoods: In some cases, local communities may resort to unsustainable
harvesting of aromatic plants for economic reasons. Addressing poverty and providing
alternative livelihoods can help reduce pressure on natural resources.

Conservation Strategies: Protected Areas and Reserves: Establishing and effectively

managing protected areas and reserves can provide safe havens for aromatic plants, allowing
them to thrive in undisturbed environments.

Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in conservation efforts and ensuring

that they benefit from sustainable practices can foster a sense of responsibility and
stewardship.

Legal Frameworks: Strengthening and enforcing legal frameworks for the protection of
aromatic plants can deter illegal harvesting and trade.
Research and Monitoring: Conducting research on aromatic plants, their ecosystems, and
population dynamics is crucial for developing informed conservation strategies. Regular
monitoring helps assess the success of conservation efforts.

Education and Awareness: Increasing awareness about the importance of aromatic plants,
their cultural significance, and the need for conservation can garner support from the public
and policymakers. Sustainable conservation efforts often involve a combination of these
strategies, tailored to the specific needs and challenges faced by aromatic plant species in
Odisha. Collaboration between government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, local
communities, and researchers is key to achieving effective and lasting conservation outcome.

Future Prospects
The future prospects for aromatic plants in Odisha hold promising opportunities across
various sectors, ranging from traditional practices and biodiversity conservation to economic
development and global markets. Here are some potential avenues for the future of aromatic
plants in Odisha:

Sustainable Agriculture and Agroforestry: Promoting sustainable cultivation practices for

aromatic plants can reduce pressure on wild populations. Encouraging agroforestry models
with aromatic plants can provide a supplementary income for farmers while contributing to
ecological balance.

Herbal and Ayurvedic Industries: Aromatic plants play a vital role in herbal and Ayurvedic
medicine. The development of herbal medicines and wellness products can create a niche
market. Establishing processing units for the extraction of essential oils from aromatic plants
can contribute to the herbal and pharmaceutical industries.

Eco-Tourism and Wellness Retreats: Capitalize on the aromatic diversity of the region to
develop eco-tourism initiatives and wellness retreats. Showcasing the cultural and medicinal
significance of aromatic plants can attract tourists interested in holistic experiences.

Research and Development: Invest in research to explore the untapped potential of

aromatic plants for new applications. Develop innovative products, such as natural
fragrances, cosmetics, and therapeutic oils, through continued research and development.

Biodiversity Conservation: Implement conservation programs to safeguard endangered or

rare aromatic plant species. Establish botanical gardens and conservation areas to preserve
and showcase the aromatic diversity of the region.

Skill Development and Training: Provide training programs to local communities on

sustainable harvesting, cultivation, and processing techniques. Empower local communities
with the skills needed to participate in the value chain of aromatic plants.

Global Market Opportunities: Tap into the global market for essential oils, natural
fragrances, and herbal products by adhering to sustainable practices and quality standards.
Establish partnerships with international markets for the export of Odisha's aromatic
products.
Climate-Resilient Species Cultivation: Research and promote the cultivation of aromatic
plant species that are resilient to changing climatic conditions. Foster the adoption of
climate-smart agricultural practices to ensure the continued growth of aromatic plants.

Community-Based Enterprises: Facilitate the establishment of community-based

enterprises for the sustainable management of aromatic plant resources. Empower local
communities to take ownership of their natural resources and benefit from the economic
opportunities presented by aromatic plants.

Government Policies and Support: Formulate and implement policies that encourage the
sustainable use of aromatic plants, balancing economic development with conservation goals.
Provide financial incentives and support for initiatives that promote the responsible
utilization of aromatic plant resources.
By strategically integrating these approaches, Odisha can harness the full potential of its
aromatic plant wealth, contributing to economic growth, environmental sustainability, and
the preservation of cultural and ecological heritage.
Conclusion

Urbanization has increased tremendously over the last 60 years around the world, with the
result that more than 50 percent of the world population now live in cities. Increasing
urbanization has serious consequences for the environment, as it fragments and changes
natural habitats and alters environmental conditions. Therefore, there is a need for more
exploration and awareness of research with the aim of conserving urban floras. The use of
local floras as primary medical resources and traditional practices of plant-based medico-
foods are still alive in the modern urban areas such as smart city (Bhubaneswar) of the State
of Odisha, India. The present study illustrates to what extent urban communities may depend
on various plants to meet their needs and to cure various diseases and disorders by means of
traditional medicines. Regional Institute of Education (NCERT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
highlights the uses of these plants by the local inhabitants for healthcare and the students of
the institute for the study of Ethnobotany, Medicinal importance and conservation
Appropriate conservation planning is therefore required to conserve these useful floras and to
maintain biodiversity in this urban area, which underpins traditional knowledge

In essence, the aromatic flora of Odisha weaves a fragrant tapestry that intertwines nature,
culture, and economy. Preserving and promoting sustainable practices will not only
safeguard the botanical treasures of the state but also contribute to the well-being of local
communities and the global appreciation of Odisha's aromatic legacy. As we celebrate the
scents that waft through the air, we embark on a journey to ensure that the aromatic flora of
Odisha flourishes for generations to come.
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