Personal and Professional Development Simulation 1

<University>

Personal and Professional Simulation

<Author>

23 April 2024

<Professor’s name>

<Program of Study>
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 2

Personal and Professional Development Simulation

Executive Summary

Group dynamics set the precedence for goal attainment and task assignment.

Furthermore, a more diverse group that comprises of individuals from broad set of

backgrounds enriches the group with different cultural values and perceptions. Ideally, our

group was set to experience these benefits were it not for the great communication barrier and

lack of proper adherence to group dynamics in some of the members. Communication was a

significant challenge in the group as it affected our ability to communicate effectively. Some

of the group members also stopped making contributions due to the limited contributions

made by other members. Virtual learning significantly contributed to these barriers since

some group members would mute themselves and hide their identity – making it difficult to

achieve group cohesiveness. This paper explores both HRM and OS themes related to this

personal and professional development simulation where one HRM theme and two OS

themes would be incorporated. HRM theme to be discussed in this paper are learning and

training whereas OS themes to be discussed are leadership and team working across cultures.

Essentially, diversity of group members can be used as a great asset since it facilitates

different views to existing problems that may face a group. The lack of proper group

dynamics that include adherence to guidelines became the biggest hinderance for our group

to attain high levels of cohesiveness and teamwork.

Report

Situational leadership recognizes the diverse nature of the taskforce and therefore

presents different tasks to group members in relation to their competence and commitment

levels. Leaders who use situational leadership theory understand the relevance of placing

different degrees of emphasis on a task to individuals due to their variation in levels of

 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 3

commitment and competence (Tortorella & Fogillatto, 2017). It is for this reason that

situational leadership theory emphasizes on developing a leader’s skillset ability. Leaders

using situational leadership theory need to be highly skilled and meticulous so that they can

incorporate the dynamic techniques related to the theory in a more effective manner.

Furthermore, it is essential for leaders to develop creative and adaptive ways of improving

the levels of competency and commitment of group members while concurrently ensuring

that all the objectives of a particular task are met (Tortorella & Fogillatto, 2017). This way,

group members not only learn to value their growth process but also feel valued since their

contribution to the success of the group is acknowledged. Virtual learning or education is the

process in which people engage in various learning processes without the face-to-face

engagement with their instructors or teachers. Instead, various technological means are used

to teach people at the convenience of their homes or workplaces without necessarily being

physically in learning institutions. Our group was set to experience these benefits were it not

for the great communication barrier and lack of proper adherence to group dynamics in some

of the members. Communication was a significant challenge in the group as it affected our

ability to communicate effectively. Some of the group members also stopped making

contributions due to the limited contributions made by other members. Virtual learning

significantly contributed to these barriers since some group members would mute themselves

and hide their identity – making it difficult to achieve group cohesiveness. With the

development of the internet, people are increasingly dependent on online activities such as

virtual learning and shopping. Also, due to the coronavirus pandemic, people have been left

with no other option than to use the internet to attend to their daily chores such as working

learning and shopping, to mention but a few. This paper is particularly based on the issue of

virtual learning as it relates to global and media studies.

 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 4

Situational leadership theory makes significant contributions to the leadership culture

of a given group . This is primarily because situational leadership theory makes leaders

become more adaptive to the modus operandi of group members (Perna 2016, p.1). This

means that instead of group members being forced to adapt to the prevailing changes in a

given group , their leader is the one tasked with this adaptation. As such, leaders not only

learn how to effectively manage group members that have different competencies and

commitment levels but also appreciate the growth process of group members (Tortorella &

Fogillatto, 2017). This approach is set to have significant benefits to the culture of a given

group since individuals do not feel coerced to adapt to many changes, which can overwhelm

them and negatively affect their levels of productivity (Perna 2016, p.1). Furthermore, this

approach appreciates the efforts made by individuals that are highly committed to their work

since it awards them with higher ranks and more power over their juniors. It is also important

to point out that leaders that practice the techniques related to situational leadership theory

win the confidence and favor of their group members. This is because such leaders can

effectively address problems within the group and take charge in a manner that also

motivates and inspires group members (Mwai, 2011). It is through situational leadership that

leaders can relay an understanding of the relationship between a group member’s readiness

for a specific task and their relative efficacy in leading their counterparts (Mwai, 2011). It is

thus evident that leaders who practice the techniques outlined in situation leadership theory

are great assets to their group since they significantly contribute to the group’s success. This

topic is related to the media because the internet is a form of media, and virtual learning helps

scholars study the development of globalization, which causes effects on internet media. The

concept of virtual learning is one of the most current issues in the universe. This is because it

entails advancements in technology, which is evidently the primary attribute to most

transformations. A recent study on the perceptions of teachers and students on the issue of
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 5

virtual learning revealed that students perceived stronger teacher and social preferences in the

online section compared to face-to-face section (Bower and Kumar 1). This ascertains the

relevance of online education regarding global and media studies as well as its contribution to

scholarly conversations.

The theories of situational leadership are House and Mitchell’s path-goal theory,

Fielder’s contingency model and Hersey and Blanchard’s life-cycle theory.

Fielder’s contingency model

According to Fred E. Fielder, focus on a given task or people is divided into three

variables namely task structure (structured or unstructured), leader-member relations (good or

poor) and leader position power (strong or weak) (McCleskey & Allen 2014, p.114). These

three factors are associated with a leader’s situation as per the given time. In essence, it is

paramount that a leader using situational leadership theory learns to be flexible and adaptive

to the existing changes within the environment. This is because situational leadership theory

advocates for innovation in leadership approaches, especially in new environments. As such,

it is not prudent to use one leadership style to all environments (McCleskey & Allen 2014,

p.114).

Fielder’s contingency model is advantageous in the sense that it is highly detailed in

relation to leadership and the roles that a leader is tasked with. It is as a result of this

meticulousness that group s that use this approach to leadership are very successful

(McCleskey & Allen 2014, p.114). However, limitations of this theory is that it is not only

extensive but it is also based on numerous assumptions (McCleskey & Allen 2014, p.114).

For instance, it makes the assumption that leaders would be perfectly employ strategies that

effectively address issues faced in their diverse environments.

House and Mitchell’s path-goal theory

 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 6

House and Mitchell’s path-goal theory is premised on the expectancy theory of

motivation (Walls 2019, p.32). As such, the theory functions on the notion that leaders have

the ability to influence the motivation of their subordinates through tailoring rewards that

meet the needs of group members, teach group members what they need in order to retain

competency and gain rewards and lastly, leaders act as support system for group members.

House and Mitchell’s path-goal theory is advantageous to group members since they not only

learn to gain more competency but also gain incentives that motivates their growth. However,

one of the main limitations of the theory is that it grants significant power to leaders so that

their behavior is considered acceptable and satisfactory to all group members (Walls 2019,

p.32).

Hersey and Blanchard’s life-cycle theory

Hersey and Blanchard’s life-cycle theory is premised on the evolutionary process of

career and leadership wherein an individual evolves from the autocratic to the free rein

(Walls 2019, p.32). This means that when a group member is new to a given task, he or she

will experience the autocratic supervision/leadership. However, as the group member gains

mastery over the task, there is need to exercise less supervision as they group member grows

and makes meaningful contributions to the group . The main advantage of this approach is

growth and sustainability since it motivates growth in group members. However, the main

shortcoming of this theory is that it is highly reliant on mastery thus, group members who

attain highest levels of mastery become less motivated. Online education helps students learn

effectively because it does not limit time, location, and language. At the same time, virtual

learning requires stronger self-learning as well as self-management ability. This means that it

is not an ideal form of learning for everyone as it requires proper timing and network

availability. During this period, when COVID-19 and every normal functioning change have

hit the whole world, it leaves virtual learning not just the best but the only option to continue
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 7

the learning process. In a study aimed at comparing virtual learning and face to face

education formats, J.K. Cavanaugh and Stephen J Jacquemin found out that “Overall, online

education is largely viewed by education professionals as being equivalent to instruction

conducted face-to-face” (1). The use of internet-based learning has gained more popularity in

the current days due to restrictions imposed to contain coronavirus. Measures such as social

distancing and avoiding crowded places leave virtual learning as the only way to keep up

with life during this pandemic time. Despite the reinforcement being due to unavoidable

circumstances, it is one of the best development programs, and it will continue to yield

positive results even after COVID-19 is over.

A group ’s management control system is an elaborate plan that makes necessary

adjustments to resume its course in the event that a group deviates away from their standards

or/and goals (Bierman & Torres, 2016). The process encompasses four steps namely the

establishment of performance standards, the measurement of performance, the comparison of

performance against standards and the evaluation and implementation of corrective action

(Bierman & Torres., 2016). Since group al control is an essential aspect of management, there

are points of measurements related to planning programs wherein performance can be

measured, and managers can receive signals relating to the progress. It is these signals that

direct managers on ways of implementing strategies to address areas that show poor

performance. Contrary to popular view, online classes not as easy as people tend to believe

they are. Many people believe that online classes are easy because one does not need to

attend the classes physically; and this gives them a sense of freedom (Cavanaugh &

Jacquemin). However, as it is commonly known, ‘with great freedom comes a great deal of

responsibility’. Handling freedom can be problematic since one may believe that they are at

liberty to do as they please. However, this is not always the case, because within a society,

the expression of one’s freedom may, to some degree, limit the expression of another’s
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 8

freedom. Having outlined all these factors, an understanding and prior experience with online

classes makes one more eligible for online classes. In order for one to perform well in online

classes, one needs to possess skills such as computer knowledge, good communication skills,

good reading and writing ability, become aware of one’s learning styles, have motivation for

studying and possess time management skills.

The three types of control include feedback controls, feedforward controls and

concurrent controls. Feedback controls are essential the last forms of control since they give

details of performance after the two types of controls are complete (Plunkett et al., 2013).

During a quality assurance audit, errors identified are fed back into a processor for correction.

Concurrent controls are used during the management control process. They include budgets,

hiring and training programs, and anti-virus which are used to prevent issues from arising

during the process (Plunkett et al, 2013.). Feedforward controls are premised on prevention

and are the initial forms of management control. They intend to prevent deviation from the

standards that have already been put into place. An assessment of the effectiveness of

controls is determined by their levels of comprehensibility, their accuracy and their economic

feasibility. Computer savviness is one of the most important skills that one requires in order

to perform well in online classes. It is essential for one to be computer savvy the essence of

online classes is based on using the computer (Bower and Kumar 1). For instance, in an

online class, one should use the databases for research materials. Research materials such as

peer-reviewed journals act as sources of credible information and are effective in supporting

one’s argument in essays. The documents such as MS Word to type the assignments is also

an important form of knowledge and the lack of this understanding can be detrimental to

one’s online academic success. Computer knowledge also helps online students to converse

with the professor and manoeuvre through the content for the course with minimal
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 9

difficulties. Evidently, computer knowledge is essential for an online class. Great frustration

is likely to be encountered if one takes an online class but is not computer savvy.

Situational leadership is effective in changing the leadership culture of group s

because it takes into consideration the different attributes and capabilities of group members,

in addition to taking into consideration dynamic social situations (Thompson & Glaso, 2015).

Situational leadership is also known as the Blanchard-Hersey Situational Leadership since its

proponents are Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey (Lynch et al. 2011, p.1058). In reference

to the theory, a leader who uses situational leadership theory is effective since he or she

adjusts according to the prevailing demands that are presented in the work environment. In

essence, situational leadership theory advocates for a change in leadership in relation to the

changes presented within the work environment as opposed to group member adaptation to

the changes presented (Lynch et al. 2011, p.1058). Situational leadership makes leaders more

adaptive and dynamic in their leadership styles. This is because this leadership approach

enables leaders to effectively and skilfully navigate through the demands presented to them –

which is a valuable tool in the contemporary world where changes occur more rapidly

(Thompson & Glaso, 2015). Furthermore, it is through situational leadership that leaders can

effectively compete in the global marketplace which requires a great deal of dynamism in

leadership styles. Accordingly, global markets comprise of highly skilled and diverse

workforces and it is therefore paramount that leaders adapt situational leadership styles which

enable them to effectively manoeuvre through the changes. Good communication skills are

essential for online learning. It includes the establishment of interpersonal relationships

among the online community. Good communication skills include being able to communicate

in a respectful manner with classmates, especially when commenting on an assignment that

they have worked on (Bower and Kumar 2). It is easy to agree with someone if they present

views that one supports. However, in the event that one presents conflicting views, one might
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 10

be tempted to attack another person’s perspective. Virtual learning enhances good

communication skills since most classes have strict policies concerning cyber bullying and

being rude to other student’s work. Thus, individuals are forced to learn adaptive

communication skills that includes opposing another person’s viewpoint in a respectful

manner.

Financial management and planning were one of the critical objectives in our group.

The main tool used for financial control is the budget. The primary function of a financial

plan is to manage and control the operating costs of a group (Plunkett et al., 2013). It includes

a detailed report of the costs and incomes over a given time frame and provides measures to

control these parameters. A financial plan can play an important role of being the standard

measure in relation to a group’s performance and subsequently enable managers to compare

the costs and actual incomes (Plunkett et al., 2013). It is through financial plans that

managers can make comprehensive plans relating to the progress and growth of the group.

For instance, financial plans dictate the ideal and most feasible approach to the allocation of

resources and assets. As such, it equips managers with relevant information required to make

sound decisions. Since the operating budget encompasses costs and incomes, these act as

important sources of information relating to financial management and growth. Income is the

revenue generated from the services rendered by the group whereas costs are expenses that

the group incurs in order to sustain itself and continue being in operation (Plunkett et al.,

2013). It is therefore important for a group to ensure that its costs does not exceed its income

for example, the amount used to pay salaries, internet connections and allowances should not

exceed the amount of money generated by the group. A budget helps companies to control

their checks and balances for the growth and sustenance of the group (Plunkett et al., 2013).

For example, it is through the budget that one determines the feasibility of hiring new staff

members or expansion plans.

 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 11

Performance management systems are tasked with the provision of a framework used

to implement strategy, to measure the progress of group members and improve overall

performance. Additional tasks include setting the priorities for the group and channelling

resources to achieve the goals set. It is important that the performance management systems

provide feedback about the progress of the group so as to make all the necessary

improvements. There are important processes that occur within performance management

systems which include KPI selection and KPI design, KPI measurement, gathering of data

relating to KPIs and KPI reporting. Performance architects are tasked with the coordination

of the KPI implementation project. They are also involved with the design of frameworks and

instruments to be used for the project implementation. Additionally, it is important that the

strategy managers provide support to KPI owners and data custodians as well as facilitating

meetings concerned with performance review while making sure to maintain an updated

performance management system. Reading and writing abilities are also some of the key

requirements for online classes. Reading boosts one’s levels of understanding and writing

skills (Bower and Kumar 3). In a growing culture where videos take a significant portion of

one’s life, reading requires great discipline. One may start by reading fictional novels since

many find them interesting and mysterious. With time, one is likely to become more

acquainted to reading as it is essential for online learning. It is through reading that one is

able to understand the various prompts of the essays as well as answer them accordingly.

Furthermore, one is required to read through the course materials and there is more of a self-

teaching attribute that results from virtual learning due to reading and researching

extensively. Learning styles are important for the understanding of the content highlighted in

the course. There are three main types of learning styles namely visual learning style,

kinaesthetic learning style, audio learning style and reading and writing learning style

(Newton & Miah). The kinaesthetic learning style implies that one needs to incorporate the
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 12

use of motor skills such as hand movement, in order to understand a specific phenomenon.

Visionary learning styles means that one needs the aid of visionary elements such as charts

and graphs in order to understand the different types of content. Reading through the text is

also a form of visionary learning style that would help students who take online classes

understand the course material more extensively. The reading and writing learning style is

commonly known wherein students read material and write down what they have learnt

simultaneously. All these learning styles are aimed at understanding new information and

retaining what is taught. It is therefore important that online learners understand their

respective learning styles.

The 585 approach focuses on harnessing the human factor within a group so as to

harness the potential of group members and channel them towards the group’s goals. This

approach relies on the numbers, 5,8 and 5 to devise the necessary steps that are required for

maximum productivity. The first 5 represents five key actions that govern the management of

group member performance, the 8 represents eight steps that are essential in developing an

individual performance plan while the last number, 5, represents the five principles that one

needs to keep in mind along the way. The five key actions that govern the management of

group member performance are planning, monitoring, rating, managing and rewarding.

Planning involves setting the necessary goals in advance while envisioning the state of

performance that is desired. Monitoring involves taking into account and noting the progress

made whereas managing includes noting under-performed and over-performed departments

and making the necessary changes required. Rating involves analysing the performance of

group members over a time frame and developing internal benchmarking with the group

members. Lastly, rewarding is associated with gratifying ideal performances that work

towards the goals of the group. Many students are motivated to take online courses that are in

line with their passions and interests. Develop curiosity for understanding what is being
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 13

taught in each lesson can be an effective way of looking forwards to classes. It is very

important that students taking virtual learning adhere to a form of schedule religiously

(Newton & Miah). Adherence to this schedule requires high levels of discipline since it is

easy to fail to adhere to the specific timelines set for each work. This also helps me in time

management since students can schedule each task for the day accordingly. Online classes

should be included in this schedule so that one can easily incorporate them in their routine

and also be able to meet all my deadlines and submissions.

To make my paper more scholarly, I interviewed some of the group members to get

additional information concerning online learning. Through the interview, I was able to

confirm that virtual learning is by far better than face to face learning. My classmates shared

their opinions on my topic, and noticeably online education system is better in many ways.

Firstly, it enables an individual to engage in other activities such as working while also

schooling. Secondly, online training enables students to complete their training in their own

time and according to their schedules. Thirdly, during the time of pandemics such as

coronavirus, it remains the only option, and this ensures the continuation of learning, thus

avoiding time wastage. Whereas many students agreed that there are many advantages

relating to online learning, there are still a number of them that pointed out some

disadvantages. These disadvantages include the absence of face-to-face interaction with one’s

classmates and the need to adhere to a strict schedule.

Report Summary

Situational leadership recognizes the diverse nature of the taskforce and therefore

presents different tasks to group members in relation to their competence and commitment

levels. Leaders who use situational leadership theory understand the relevance of placing

different degrees of emphasis on a task to individuals due to their variation in levels of

 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 14

commitment and competence (Tortorella & Fogillatto, 2017). Situational leadership theory

makes significant contributions to the leadership culture of a given group . The theories of

situational leadership are House and Mitchell’s path-goal theory, Fielder’s contingency

model and Hersey and Blanchard’s life-cycle theory. A group’s management system is an

elaborate plan that makes necessary adjustments to resume its course in the event that the

group deviates away from their standards or/and goals (Bierman & Torres, 2016). The three

types of control include feedback controls, feedforward controls and concurrent controls.

Feedback controls are essential the last forms of control since they give details of

performance after the two types of controls are complete (Plunkett et al., 2013). During a

quality assurance audit, errors identified are fed back into a processor for correction.

Situational leadership is effective in changing the leadership culture of groups because it

takes into consideration the different attributes and capabilities of group members, in addition

to taking into consideration dynamic social situations (Thompson & Glaso, 2015). Situational

leadership is also known as the Blanchard-Hersey Situational Leadership since its proponents

are Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey (Lynch et al. 2011, p.1058). In reference to the

theory, a leader who uses situational leadership theory is effective since he or she adjusts

according to the prevailing demands that are presented in the work environment.

Enhancing group member motivation through work recognition

Recognition is deemed as the most effective way of boosting group member

productivity and creating value for work. It is through recognition that group members are

acknowledged and appreciated for making positive contribution to the success of the group.

There are many theories that explain why recognition has such a positive impact on group

members. One of the most prevailing theories is Maslow’s theory, which points out that when

group members are recognized and appreciated for their efforts, their levels of self-esteem

and sense of belonging increases significantly. However, in relation to Herzberg’s motivation

 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 15

theory, recognition – among other motivation factors in the group - create both satisfaction

and dissatisfaction among group members. It is for this reason that recognition should be fair

and transparent. Recognition should also directly correlate with the contribution made by the

group member so as to become meaningful. It is also important to appreciate and recognize

group members day to day so as to increase the levels of motivation at the workplace.

Performance Review

First, it is important to point out that performance review meetings should be

conducted once in a while so as to give group members ample time to implement some of the

strategies taught, which aim at increasing work productivity. Different companies conduct

performance review meetings in different frequencies such as quarterly meetings, biannual

meetings and annual meetings. Quarterly meetings are conducted every three months in order

to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy suggested as well as evaluate whether the levels

of productivity of a group member have increased. Quarterly meetings are mostly

recommended to new group members who are still adjusting to the group’s dynamics. In as

much as quarterly performance meetings aim at yielding the best performance for group

members, some may feel overwhelmed by the recommendations given. Furthermore,

quarterly performance meetings may make group members feel micro-managed or under

surveillance, a factor that has negative effects on their levels of productivity. Biannual

meetings are held twice a year and are the most recommended period for performance

review. There are higher levels of success as a result of this time frame since goals and

recommendations are made at the beginning of the year while their effectiveness is evaluated

mid-year. Lastly, annual meetings are held once a year. The performance of the group

member is compared to their levels of productivity from the previous year and meaningful

changes are made accordingly.

 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 16

Recommendations

In as much as leaders engage with their group members differently, the size of the

group has a profound impact on the strategies used. A leader needs to understand the needs of

his or her group members and work collaboratively to address these needs. There is an

increase in demand for better working conditions and a better work experience than the

financial benefits. This is due to the enlightenment of the masses concerning the need for

better working conditions, which has a direct correlation with one’s health. The benefits

relating to a particular job and the group culture also plays a significant role in the

recruitment process. Employers ought to understand how the culture of a group, such as the

ideals of a group, have an impact on the contributions that are made by the group members.

Lastly, leaders should create a safe environment for their group members. This includes

making the group ’s culture safe enough for the group member to be themselves and express

themselves accordingly.

The process of creating initiatives proves to be easier than managing them and seeing

them through to the end. This is mostly because most of the initiatives can be more tasking

than expected whereas other unforeseen circumstances may cause significant delays to the

implementation of the initiatives. It is for these reasons that managing initiatives is important.

One of the most effective ways of managing initiatives is through developing portfolio of

initiatives. This makes it easy to have an overview of the projects occurring within the group

as well as take into account the time frame for their completion. An initiative documentation

form should be used to describe each initiative so as to create a better understanding of the

project. Initiative progress reports also proves to be effective tools for keeping track of the

implementation status of the initiatives.

There five ways of building a performance culture namely: engaging, stimulating,

training, rewarding and energizing. Engaging one’s group members is paramount to building
 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 17

a performance culture because it gives group members confidence to voice their opinions and

feel valued for their contribution. One of the most effective ways of stimulating the

motivation of group members is through using gratification in creative ways. Training one’s

staff enables them to be up to date with the prevailing changes within the contemporary

world. Rewards are effective ways of boosting productivity levels. However, rewards should

not be limited to financial bonuses as they could also include non-financial incentives.

Energizing group members is also an important way of boosting motivation and creating

teamwork within the group.

Conclusion

In order to build transparency within a group, individuals need to be acclimatized to

the values and principles of the group. It is these values and principles that eventually

contribute to the culture of a given group. Group culture is established through developing

means of sharing principles, opinions, ideas and attitudes between employers and group

members. It is through establishing a culture that is premised on trust, motivation,

communication and cooperation that subsequently leads to a powerful group. Both employers

and group members need to trust each other so that meaningful changes can be achieved

within a particular group. Transparency empowers group members since it not only gives

them a voice to air their opinion, but also builds the trust of the group member. The future

goals of the group should be brought into awareness so that all group members can work

collaboratively to achieve a given goal.

 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 18

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 Personal and Professional Development Simulation 19

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