Nursing Care Of a family During a Surgical Intervention

for Birth Antibiotics

- involves taking care of the pregnant woman and her family
before, during, and after the surgery.
Amniotomy
- "breaking the water"
- a medical procedure performed during labor and delivery.
- It involves intentionally rupturing the amniotic sac using a
scalpel or tip of the syringe
- dorsal recumbent position
- If there's a risk of infection after amniotomy, antibiotics may
be prescribed to prevent it.
Pain Relief
- Offering pain relief measures if the mother experiences
discomfort during or after the procedure.
Episiotomy
- a surgical cut made in the perineum (the area between the
vagina and the anus) during childbirth

amniotic sac
- the fluid-filled membrane surrounding the
developing fetus in the uterus

2 types
1. Midline - heal easily
2. Mediolateral - done with local anesthesia

Episiorraphy
- surgical repair when episiotomy is done

Raphy = repair

Signs and Symptoms

Incision
Signs and Symptoms - A deliberate cut made by the healthcare provider to widen
the vaginal opening during childbirth.
Gush of Fluid Slight Bleeding: Some bleeding is common after the
- A sudden release of amniotic fluid, often described as a episiotomy.
warm gush.
Swelling and Discomfort
Change in Color or Odor The perineal area may be swollen and uncomfortable after
- The amniotic fluid may be clear or have a slight color, and it the procedure.
should not have a foul odor.
Nursing Management
Progression of Labor
- Amniotomy is typically done to help speed up or induce Pain Management
labor if it's progressing slowly. - Providing pain relief measures, such as pain medication or
topical numbing agents, to ease discomfort.
Nursing Management
Monitoring for Infection
Monitoring Fetal Heart Rate - Keeping an eye on the incision site for signs of infection,
Keeping a close eye on the baby's heart rate to ensure well- such as redness or increased swelling.
being.
Perineal Care
Assessing Amniotic Fluid - Instructing the mother on proper perineal care, including
Checking the color, odor, and amount of amniotic fluid to cleansing and using sitz baths.
ensure it is within normal parameters.
Promoting Comfort
Assisting with Comfort Measures - Recommending positions and cushions to help the mother
Providing support and comfort measures for the mother sit comfortably.
during and after the procedure.
Medication
Promoting Hygiene
Ensuring cleanliness and preventing infection during and Pain Relievers
after amniotomy. Administering pain medication to manage discomfort,
especially during the initial recovery period.
Medication
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 1
Antibiotics Recovery Time
Prescribing antibiotics if there is a risk of infection or if signs - Longer recovery time compared to vaginal birth due to the
of infection develop. surgical procedure.

Cesarean birth Nursing Management

- C-section
- a surgical method of delivering a baby when a vaginal birth Preoperative Preparation
may be risky or not possible Helping the mother prepare for surgery by explaining the
procedure and obtaining necessary consents.

Support During Surgery

Offering emotional support in the operating room and
keeping the mother informed about the process.

Monitoring Vital Signs

Continuously checking vital signs like blood pressure and
heart rate during the surgery.

Postoperative Care
Assisting with recovery, including pain management and
monitoring for any complications.

Breastfeeding Support
Two of types incision Encouraging breastfeeding once the mother is ready.

Medication

Anesthesia
- Administering anesthesia, either epidural or spinal for
regional anesthesia, or general anesthesia if needed.

Pain Relief
- Providing pain medication postoperatively to manage
discomfort during the recovery period.

Two Types Of Cesarean Birth

Scheduled
- planned in advance before the onset of labor
- there are known risks or medical reasons that make vaginal
birth less safe or not possible

Emergent
- done as an immediate response to unexpected
complications (fetal distress) during labor or childbirth

Why suction the mouth before the nose after

delivering the baby?
-Prevent Aspiration
- facilite breathing
- remove mucus

Dehiscense
- opening a suture

Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC)

- having a baby vaginally after a previous cesarean
birth

Signs and Symptoms

Surgical Incision
- A surgical cut is made through the mother's abdomen and
uterus to deliver the baby.

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 2

 Nursing Care Of a Family Experiencing a Postpartum Promoting Hygiene
Complication - Encouraging good hygiene practices to prevent further
- means helping and supporting a family after childbirth infection.
when there are health issues
Medication
Endometritis
- infection of the lining of the uterus, and it can happen after Antibiotics
childbirth Medicines that kill bacteria causing the infection.

Pain Relievers
Providing pain medication to ease discomfort.

Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Medications to reduce inflammation in the uterus

Mastitis
- inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur during
breastfeeding

Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms

Fever Breast Pain

- The mother may have a high body temperature. - Pain or tenderness in one or both breasts.

Abdominal Pain Swelling and Redness

- Pain in the lower belly, often more than usual after - The affected breast may appear swollen and reddish.
childbirth.
Warmth to Touch
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge The breast feels warm to the touch.
- Unusual and possibly foul-smelling discharge from the
vagina. Flu-like Symptoms
- Some mothers may experience flu-like symptoms, such as
Fatigue fever and body aches.
- Feeling very tired and weak.
Hard Lumps
Nursing Management - Areas of the breast may feel firm or have lumps.

Monitoring Vital Signs Nursing Management

- Keeping an eye on the mother's temperature, blood
pressure, and other vital signs. Encouraging Breastfeeding:
- Continue breastfeeding from the affected breast to help
Administering Antibiotics drain milk and relieve pressure.
- Giving medications to fight the infection.
Frequent Nursing
Encouraging Rest - More frequent breastfeeding sessions can help prevent milk
- Suggesting and supporting the mother in getting enough from pooling and reduce inflammation.
rest for a faster recovery.
Proper Latch and Positioning
- Ensuring the baby has a good latch and the mother uses
proper breastfeeding positions to prevent further irritation.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 3
Warm Compresses
- Applying warm compresses to the affected breast before Strict Bed Rest
feeding can help with milk flow. - Ensuring the patient gets enough rest to aid in the healing
process.
Rest and Hydration
- Encouraging the mother to rest and stay hydrated to IV Fluids
support her overall well-being. - Administering intravenous fluids to maintain hydration and
support the body's functions.
Medication
Medication
Antibiotics
- If the mastitis is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics Antibiotics
may be prescribed to treat the infection. - Prescribing antibiotics to target and eliminate the infection
causing peritonitis.
Pain Relievers
- Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or Pain Relievers
ibuprofen, can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. - Administering pain medication to manage the intense
abdominal pain.
Peritonitis
- inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
cavity. - Medications to reduce inflammation in the peritoneum.

Postpartum depression
- type of mood disorder that can affect some mothers after
giving birth

Signs and Symptoms

Persistent Sadness
- Feeling consistently sad or down, often with no apparent
reason.

Loss of Interest
- Losing interest or pleasure in activities that were once
enjoyable.
Signs and Symptoms
Fatigue and Low Energy
Abdominal Pain - Feeling extremely tired and lacking energy.
- Severe pain in the belly that may be constant and worsen
with movement. Changes in Sleep Patterns
- Either trouble sleeping or excessive sleeping.
Swelling or Distension Difficulty Concentrating: Finding it hard to focus or make
- The abdomen may appear swollen or distended. decisions.

Fever and Chills Feelings of Guilt or Worthlessness

- Presence of a high temperature and shivering. - Experiencing guilt, feelings of worthlessness, or self-blame.

Nausea and Vomiting Withdrawal from Others

- Feeling nauseous and vomiting may occur. - Avoiding social interactions and withdrawing from family
and friends.
Tenderness to Touch
- The abdominal area is sensitive to touch. Changes in Appetite
- Significant changes in appetite, either eating too much or
Decreased Bowel Sounds too little.
- Reduced or absent bowel sounds during auscultation.
Nursing Management
Nursing Management
Emotional Support
Monitoring Vital Signs - Providing a supportive and non-judgmental environment
- Regularly checking and recording vital signs such as for the mother to express her feelings.
temperature, blood pressure, and pulse.
Pain Management: Administering prescribed pain medication Encouraging Communication
to alleviate discomfort. - Encouraging open communication about emotions and
concerns.
Nasogastric Tube
- In some cases, a nasogastric tube may be used to
decompress the stomach and prevent vomiting.

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 4

Educating on Postpartum Depression Inpatient Care
- Providing information about postpartum depression to help - In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to ensure
the mother understand and cope with her feelings. comprehensive care and safety.

Referring for Professional Help Medication

- Suggesting and facilitating access to mental health
professionals for counseling or therapy.
Involving Family and Support Systems
- Encouraging the involvement of family and support systems
to create a nurturing environment.
Medication
Antipsychotic Medications
- Prescribing antipsychotic drugs to help manage symptoms
and stabilize the mother's mental health.
Puerperal Infection
- infection that occurs in the reproductive organs of a woman
after childbirth

Antidepressants
- In some cases, healthcare providers may prescribe
antidepressant medications to help regulate mood.

Postpartum psychosis
- rare but serious mental health condition that can occur in
some women after giving birth.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms
Confusion and Disorientation
- Feeling extremely confused or not being aware of Fever
surroundings. - Elevated body temperature.

Hallucinations Pelvic Pain

- Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real. - Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area.

Delusions Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

- Holding strong beliefs or thoughts that are not based in - Unusual or foul-smelling discharge from the vagina.
reality.
Painful Urination
Extreme Mood Swings - Discomfort or pain during urination.
- Rapid and severe mood changes, from high to low.
Redness and Swelling
Insomnia or Hyperactivity - Inflammation and swelling around the genital area.
- Difficulty sleeping or being excessively active without need
for rest. Fatigue
- Feeling very tired and weak.
Paranoia
- Feeling extremely suspicious or fearful. Nursing Management

Difficulty Bonding with the Baby Monitoring Vital Signs

- Struggling to connect with or care for the newborn. - Regularly checking and recording the mother's temperature,
blood pressure, and pulse.
Nursing Management
Administering Antibiotics
Immediate Medical Attention - Providing prescribed antibiotics to target and eliminate the
- Recognizing the urgency of the situation and seeking infection.
prompt medical intervention.
Pain Management
Ensuring Safety - Offering pain relief measures to alleviate discomfort.
- Providing a safe environment for both the mother and the
baby. Encouraging Rest
- Advising the mother to rest adequately to support her
Supportive Care recovery.
- Offering emotional support and reassurance to the mother
and involving her support network. Hygiene Practices
- Emphasizing proper hygiene to prevent further infection.
Referral to Mental Health Professionals
- Urgently connecting the mother with mental health
professionals for assessment and treatment.

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 5

Medication Thrombophlebitis
- the inflammation of veins, usually in the legs, accompanied
Antibiotics by the formation of blood clots
Prescribing antibiotics to treat the bacterial infection causing
puerperal infection.
Pain Relievers
Administering over-the-counter or prescription pain
medication to manage pain and discomfort.

Subinvolution
- a delayed or slowed process of the uterus returning to its
normal size after childbirth

Signs and Symptoms

Prolonged Lochia
- The discharge (lochia) from the vagina persists for an
extended period, indicating slower-than-normal recovery.

Pelvic Pain or Discomfort

- The mother may experience persistent pain or discomfort in
the pelvic area.

Uterine Tenderness
- The uterus remains tender to touch beyond the expected
postpartum period.

Excessive Bleeding
- Continued or increased bleeding beyond the typical
postpartum timeframe.
Signs and Symptoms
Nursing Management
Pain and Tenderness
Monitoring Uterine Size - The affected leg may be painful and tender to touch.
- Regularly assessing and measuring the size of the uterus to
track its progress in returning to normal. Swelling
- The leg may swell, and the skin may feel warm.
Encouraging Frequent Breastfeeding
- Breastfeeding stimulates uterine contractions, aiding in Redness
involution. - The skin over the affected vein may appear red or have a
reddish hue.
Promoting Adequate Rest
- Advising the mother to get sufficient rest to support the Visible Veins
body's recovery. - Swollen, twisted veins may be visible just beneath the skin's
surface.
Assisting with Positioning
- Recommending certain positions that encourage optimal Fever
uterine contraction. - In some cases, there might be a mild fever.

Hydration and Nutrition Nursing Management

- Ensuring the mother maintains proper hydration and
nutrition to support healing. Elevating the Leg
- Advising the mother to elevate the affected leg to reduce
Medication swelling.

Uterotonic Medications Warm Compresses

- Prescribing medications that help stimulate uterine - Applying warm compresses to the affected area to alleviate
contractions and promote involution. pain and promote blood circulation.

Pain Relievers Encouraging Movement

- Administering pain medication to manage any discomfort - Promoting gentle movement and walking to prevent blood
associated with subinvolution. stagnation.

Compression Stockings
- Recommending the use of compression stockings to
support blood flow.

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 6

Monitoring for Complications Medication
- Keeping a close eye for signs of more severe complications
like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism. Uterotonics
Medication - Administering medications like oxytocin, misoprostol, or
methylergometrine to promote uterine contractions and
Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners) prevent excessive bleeding.
- Prescribing medications to prevent the formation of
additional blood clots and assist in the dissolution of existing Pain Relievers
ones. - Offering pain medication to manage discomfort associated
with uterine massage or other interventions.
Pain Relievers
- Administering pain medication to manage discomfort.
Uterine Inversion
Uterine Atony - a rare but serious condition where the uterus turns inside
- a condition where the uterus doesn't contract as it should out and protrudes through the cervix into the vaginal canal or
after childbirth even outside the body

Signs and Symptoms

Excessive Bleeding
- Heavy and prolonged bleeding after childbirth.

Boggy Uterus
- The uterus feels soft and mushy rather than firm and Signs and Symptoms
contracted.
Severe Pain
Large Blood Clots - Intense pain in the pelvic area, especially after childbirth.
- Passing large clots during postpartum bleeding.
Heavy Bleeding
Rapid Heart Rate - Significant vaginal bleeding, often accompanied by shock.
- An increased heart rate due to the body compensating for
blood loss. Visible Bulge
- A noticeable bulging mass at the vaginal opening.
Low Blood Pressure
- A drop in blood pressure, especially if bleeding is significant. Weakness and Paleness
- Signs of shock, including weakness and pale skin.
Nursing Management
Nursing Management
Uterine Massage
- Massaging the uterus to stimulate contractions and help it Emergency Response
become firm. - Treating uterine inversion as an urgent situation requiring
immediate attention.
Administering Medications
- Giving medications, such as oxytocin or other uterotonics, Manual Repositioning
to induce uterine contractions. - Attempting to gently push the inverted uterus back into its
normal position.
Emptying the Bladder
- Ensuring the mother empties her bladder, as a full bladder IV Fluids
can interfere with uterine contraction. - Administering fluids intravenously to address shock and
maintain hydration.
Monitoring Blood Loss
- Keeping track of the amount of blood lost to assess the Blood Transfusion
severity of the situation. - Providing a blood transfusion if there is significant blood
loss.
Intravenous (IV) Fluids
- Administering IV fluids to maintain hydration and support Pain Management
blood volume. - Offering pain relief to alleviate discomfort.

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 7

Medication Nursing Care Of a Family With High-Risk Newborn
- involves providing extra support and attention to ensure the
Tocolytic Medications well-being of both the baby and the family
- Administering drugs to relax the uterus and aid in
repositioning. Acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE)
- a condition that occurs in newborns when high levels of
Pain Relievers bilirubin, a yellow substance found in bile, build up in the
- Providing medication to manage pain associated with the blood and affect the brain
condition.
Signs and Symptoms

Jaundice
- Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.

Lethargy
- The baby may appear unusually tired or difficult to wake.

Poor Feeding
- Difficulty feeding or sucking.

High-Pitched Cry
- A high-pitched cry or other changes in behavior.

Muscle Rigidity
- Stiffness or rigidity in the baby's muscles.

Seizures
- In severe cases, the baby may experience seizures.

Nursing Management

Monitoring
- Nurses closely monitor the baby's bilirubin levels and
neurological status.

Phototherapy
Placing the baby under special lights to help break down
excess bilirubin in the skin.

Feeding Support
Ensuring the baby receives adequate nutrition and hydration,
often through feeding tubes or IV fluids if feeding is difficult.

Skin Care
Providing gentle skin care to protect the baby's delicate skin
during phototherapy.

Emotional Support
- Offering support and reassurance to the family during this
stressful time.

Medication

Exchange Transfusion
- This involves replacing the baby's blood with donor blood
to reduce bilirubin levels rapidly.

Hyperbilirubinemia
- refers to high levels of bilirubin in a newborn's blood,
leading to jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

Signs and Symptoms

Jaundice
- Yellowing of the skin, especially noticeable on the face,
chest, and abdomen.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 8
Yellowing of the Eyes Suctioning
- The whites of the eyes may also turn yellow. - Clearing the baby's airway with a bulb syringe if there are
any signs of mucus or obstruction.
Lethargy
- The baby may seem sleepy or difficult to wake for feedings. Stimulation
- Gently stimulating the baby or repositioning them if they
Poor Feeding experience apnea to encourage breathing.
- They may have trouble feeding or show less interest in
feeding. Medication

Dark Urine Caffeine

- Urine may appear darker than usual due to the excess
bilirubin.
Nursing Management
Monitoring
- Nurses monitor bilirubin levels through blood tests and
observe the baby for signs of worsening jaundice.
- In some cases, healthcare providers may prescribe caffeine
therapy to stimulate the baby's respiratory system and reduce
the frequency of apnea episodes.
Apparent life threatening event (ALTE)
- a sudden and frightening episode in an infant that causes
alarm to caregivers, suggesting a potential life-threatening
condition.

Phototherapy Signs and Symptoms

- Placing the baby under special lights to help break down
excess bilirubin in the skin. Breathing Difficulty
- The baby may stop breathing or have irregular breathing
Feeding Support patterns.
- Ensuring the baby receives frequent feedings to help
eliminate bilirubin through bowel movements. Color Changes
- Their skin may become pale, bluish, or dusky.
Skin Care
- Providing gentle skin care to protect the baby's delicate skin Altered Consciousness
during phototherapy. - The baby may appear limp, unresponsive, or have altered
consciousness.
Encouraging Sunlight Exposure
- Allowing the baby to have brief exposure to sunlight (when Choking or Gagging
safe and recommended by healthcare providers) to help - The baby may exhibit signs of choking or gagging.
lower bilirubin levels.
Change in Muscle Tone
Apnea - The baby's muscles may become stiff or floppy.
- condition where a baby stops breathing for short periods
while sleeping. Nursing Management

Signs and Symptoms Emergency Response

- Nurses respond immediately to the infant's distress,
Breathing Pauses ensuring a clear airway and providing any necessary
- The baby may have episodes where they stop breathing for resuscitation measures.
several seconds.
Monitoring
Color Changes - Continuous monitoring of the baby's vital signs, including
- Their skin may become pale or bluish during breathing heart rate, breathing, and oxygen saturation.
pauses.
Diagnostic Evaluation
Changes in Heart Rate - Conducting thorough assessments and diagnostic tests to
- The baby's heart rate may decrease during apneic episodes. identify the underlying cause of the ALTE.

Alarming Behavior Parental Support

- The baby may exhibit unusual movements, such as gasping - Providing emotional support and reassurance to the parents
or choking, during episodes. during this stressful time.

Nursing Management Education

- Educating parents about infant CPR and safety measures to
Monitoring prevent future ALTEs.
- Nurses closely monitor the baby's breathing and vital signs,
especially during sleep.

Positioning
- Placing the baby on their back to sleep to reduce the risk of
apnea episodes.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 9
Brown fat
- also known as brown adipose tissue (BAT), is a special type
of fat found in infants and some adults.
- generates heat to help regulate body temperature
- It plays a crucial role in keeping infants warm, particularly
during the first days and weeks after birth when they are
adjusting to the external environment.
Dysmature
- refer to a baby who is smaller and less developed than
expected for their gestational age
- Low Birth Weight, Small Size, Underdeveloped Features
(minimal muscle tone, limited fat), Potential Health Issues
Extra corporeal membrane oxygen (ECMO)
- a life-support treatment that provides temporary support to
babies and children with severe respiratory or cardiac failure.
Signs and Symptoms
Respiratory Distress
- The baby may have difficulty breathing or require
mechanical ventilation.
Cardiac Complications
- In some cases, the baby may have heart problems requiring
support.
Low Oxygen Levels
- Signs of hypoxemia, such as cyanosis (bluish skin color) or
low oxygen saturation levels.
Poor Organ Function
- ECMO may be needed if other organs are affected due to
severe respiratory or cardiac failure.
Extremely-low-birth-weught (ELBW) Infant
- less than 1000 grams (about 2.2 pounds)
Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW)
- less than 1500 grams (about 3.3 pounds)
Low-birth- weight (LBW) infant
- less than 2500 grams (about 5.5 pounds)
Signs and Symptoms
- smaller than full-term babies.
- difficulty maintaining body temperature
- feeding difficulties and require special feeding techniques
or nutritional support.
- increased risk for health complications, such as respiratory
problems, infections, and developmental delays
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- a condition that can occur in babies whose mothers drank
alcohol during pregnancy.
Signs and Symptoms
Physical signs
- facial abnormalities (such as a smooth ridge between the
nose and upper lip), small head size, low body weight, and
poor coordination.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm
Behavioral and cognitive symptoms
- learning disabilities, attention deficits, hyperactivity, poor
impulse control, difficulty with social skills, and memory
problems.
Nursing Management
- educating pregnant women about the dangers of alcohol
consumption during pregnancy.
- create a tailored care plan for each child with FASD.
Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
- bleeding disorder that occurs in newborns due to a
deficiency in vitamin K, which is necessary for blood clotting.
Signs and Symptoms
- Bleeding from the umbilical cord stump or circumcision site.
Easy bruising or petechiae (small red or purple spots on the
skin).
- Blood in the stool or urine.
- Bleeding from the nose or gums.
- Excessive bleeding after minor injuries or procedures.
Nursing Management
- providing the baby with enough vitamin K to support blood
clotting.
- applying pressure to bleeding sites, administering blood
products if necessary, and closely monitoring the baby's
condition.
Hydrops fetalis
- a serious condition in unborn babies characterized by an
abnormal accumulation of fluid in two or more body areas,
such as the abdomen, chest, and skin.
Signs and Symptoms
Swelling
- The baby may have noticeable swelling in different parts of
the body, such as the abdomen (belly), chest, and skin.
Difficulty Breathing
- Due to fluid accumulation in the chest, the baby may have
difficulty breathing.
Anemia
- Hydrops fetalis can cause severe anemia (a low red blood
cell count), leading to pale skin and lethargy.
Enlarged Organs
- Organs such as the liver and spleen may become enlarged
due to fluid accumulation.
10
Nursing Management
Large for gestational age (LGA)
Prenatal Monitoring - refers to babies who are born larger than average for their
- Healthcare providers closely monitor the baby's gestational age.
development during pregnancy through ultrasound and
other tests to detect signs of hydrops fetalis. Signs and Symptoms

Maternal Care Higher Birth Weight

- Nurses provide emotional support and education to the
mother regarding the condition and potential treatment
options.
Postnatal Support
- After birth, nurses may assist with caring for the baby,
providing supportive measures such as oxygen therapy and
monitoring vital signs.
Intraurine growth restriction (IUGR)
condition where a baby does not grow as expected while in
the womb. Here's a simplified explanation of its signs and
symptoms, nursing management, and medication:
Signs and Symptoms
Low Birth Weight
Babies with IUGR may be born smaller than expected for their
gestational age.
Poor Growth
During pregnancy, healthcare providers may notice that the
baby is not growing at the expected rate during routine
prenatal check-ups.
Decreased Movement
Mothers may notice decreased fetal movement compared to
what is typical for their baby's gestational age.
- LGA babies typically weigh more than 90% of babies of the
same gestational age.
Large Body Size
- They may appear larger in size, with a larger head
circumference, length, and body girth.
Increased Risk of Birth Trauma
- LGA babies may have difficulty fitting through the birth
canal during delivery, increasing the risk of birth injuries such
as shoulder dystocia.
Nursing Management
Monitoring
- Nurses closely monitor LGA babies for signs of
complications during labor and delivery, such as prolonged
labor or shoulder dystocia.
Assistance During Delivery
- Nurses may assist healthcare providers during delivery,
providing support and facilitating maneuvers to manage
shoulder dystocia or other birth complications.
Postnatal Care
- After birth, nurses monitor LGA babies for signs of
hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or other complications
associated with large size, providing appropriate
interventions as needed.

Nursing Management Macrosomia

- refers to babies who are born significantly larger than
Close Monitoring average.
Nurses closely monitor the baby's growth and development
during prenatal visits through ultrasound and other tests. Signs and Symptoms

Nutritional Support Higher Birth Weight

- Nurses may provide guidance on proper nutrition and
encourage mothers to maintain a healthy lifestyle to support
optimal fetal growth.
Fetal Monitoring
- If necessary, nurses may perform fetal monitoring tests to
assess the baby's well-being, such as non-stress tests or
biophysical profiles.
Emotional Support
- Nurses offer emotional support to mothers and families,
reassuring them and providing information about IUGR and
its management.
- Macrosomic babies typically weigh more than 4,000 grams
(about 8 pounds, 13 ounces) at birth.
Large Body Size
- They may appear larger in size, with a larger head
circumference, length, and body girth.
Increased Risk of Birth Trauma
- Macrosomic babies may have difficulty fitting through the
birth canal during delivery, increasing the risk of birth injuries
such as shoulder dystocia.
Nursing Management

Medication Monitoring
- Nurses closely monitor macrosomic babies for signs of
Treatment Depends on Cause complications during labor and delivery, such as prolonged
- Medications are not typically used to treat IUGR directly. labor or shoulder dystocia.
However, if IUGR is caused by an underlying medical
condition, such as high blood pressure or placental problems,
medications may be prescribed to manage these conditions
and improve fetal growth.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 11
Assistance During Delivery
- Nurses may assist healthcare providers during delivery,
providing support and facilitating maneuvers to manage
shoulder dystocia or other birth complications.
Postnatal Care
- After birth, nurses monitor macrosomic babies for signs of
hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or other complications
associated with large size, providing appropriate
interventions as needed.
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
- is an eye infection that affects newborn babies.
Signs and Symptoms
Eye Redness
- The baby's eyes may appear red or swollen.
Eye Discharge
- There may be a yellow or green discharge from the eyes.
Eyelid Swelling
- The eyelids may become swollen and sticky.
Eye Irritation
- The baby may rub their eyes frequently or appear
uncomfortable.
Nursing Management
Prevention
- Nurses educate parents about the importance of eye care
and hygiene for newborns, including avoiding exposure to
infections during birth.
Eye Irrigation
- If signs of Ophthalmia Neonatorum are present, nurses may
gently irrigate the baby's eyes with saline solution to remove
discharge and reduce irritation.
Reporting to Healthcare Provider
- Nurses promptly report any signs of eye infection to the
healthcare provider for further evaluation and treatment.
Medication
Antibiotic Eye Drops or Ointment
- If the infection is confirmed to be bacterial, the healthcare
provider may prescribe antibiotic eye drops or ointment to
treat the infection and prevent complications.
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
- a condition that affects the white matter of the brain in
premature infants.
Signs and Symptoms
Developmental Delays
- PVL can lead to delays in motor skills, such as crawling and
walking, and cognitive development.
Muscle Stiffness or Weakness
- Babies with PVL may exhibit muscle stiffness (spasticity) or
weakness in their limbs.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm
Visual or Hearing Impairment
- Some infants with PVL may have vision or hearing problems.
Seizures: In some cases, seizures may occur as a result of PVL.
Nursing Management
Early Detection
- Nurses play a vital role in monitoring the development of
premature infants closely and identifying signs of PVL early.
Developmental Support
- Nurses provide support and interventions to promote
optimal development, such as physical therapy to address
muscle stiffness or weakness.
Parent Education
- Nurses educate parents about PVL and provide guidance on
caring for their child's unique needs.
Collaboration with Healthcare Team
- Nurses work closely with pediatricians, therapists, and other
healthcare professionals to develop a comprehensive care
plan for infants with PVL.
Medication
Symptom Management
- Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms
associated with PVL, such as muscle spasticity or seizures.
These medications aim to improve the infant's comfort and
quality of life.
Posterm
Signs and Symptoms
- Postterm babies are born after 42 weeks of gestation and
may exhibit signs such as a dry and peeling skin, overgrown
nails, and a meconium-stained amniotic fluid.
- Postterm babies may also have an increased risk of
complications such as meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS),
macrosomia (large size), and stillbirth.
Nursing Management
- Nurses closely monitor postterm babies for signs of distress,
such as meconium staining, and provide prompt
interventions if needed.
- They assist with appropriate feeding and temperature
regulation to support the baby's adjustment to the
extrauterine environment.
- Medications may be administered to manage complications
or to prevent infection, such as antibiotics if there are signs of
meconium aspiration.
Preterm
- a condition that affects the white matter of the brain in
premature infants.
Signs and Symptoms
Developmental Delays
- PVL can lead to delays in motor skills, such as crawling and
walking, and cognitive development.
Muscle Stiffness or Weakness
- Babies with PVL may exhibit muscle stiffness (spasticity) or
weakness in their limbs.
12
Visual or Hearing Impairment
- Some infants with PVL may have vision or hearing problems.
Seizures: In some cases, seizures may occur as a result of PVL.
Nursing Management
Early Detection
- Nurses play a vital role in monitoring the development of
premature infants closely and identifying signs of PVL early.
Developmental Support
- Nurses provide support and interventions to promote
optimal development, such as physical therapy to address
muscle stiffness or weakness.
Parent Education
- Nurses educate parents about PVL and provide guidance on
caring for their child's unique needs.
Collaboration with Healthcare Team
- Nurses work closely with pediatricians, therapists, and other
healthcare professionals to develop a comprehensive care
plan for infants with PVL.
Medication
Symptom Management
- Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms
associated with PVL, such as muscle spasticity or seizures.
These medications aim to improve the infant's comfort and
quality of life.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
- a condition that affects the blood vessels in the retina of
premature infants' eyes.
Signs and Symptoms
Abnormal Blood Vessels
- ROP occurs when blood vessels in the retina of premature
infants do not develop properly, leading to abnormal growth
or formation of blood vessels.
Vision Problems
- ROP can cause vision impairment or blindness if not
detected and treated early.
Strabismus
- Some infants with ROP may have crossed or misaligned
eyes (strabismus).
Nursing Management
Screening
Nurses ensure that premature infants receive regular eye
examinations to detect signs of ROP early.
Monitoring
- Nurses closely monitor the progression of ROP and
communicate any changes or concerns to the healthcare
team.
Supportive Care
- Nurses provide supportive care to infants with ROP,
including positioning to promote eye comfort and
administering eye drops or ointments as prescribed.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm
Medication
Treatment
- In some cases, medication or laser therapy may be used to
treat ROP and prevent vision loss.
Eye Drops
- Medications such as atropine or cyclopentolate eye drops
may be used to dilate the pupil and facilitate eye
examinations or treatments.
Shoulder dystocia
- a birth complication that occurs during delivery when one
or both of the baby's shoulders become stuck behind the
mother's pelvic bone.
Signs and Symptoms
Delayed Delivery
- During delivery, the baby's head is delivered, but the
shoulders fail to follow promptly.
Difficulty in Delivery
- Healthcare providers may notice signs of difficulty in
delivering the baby's shoulders, such as increased traction or
difficulty rotating the baby.
Nursing Management
Call for Help
- Nurses quickly alert the healthcare team, including
obstetricians, midwives, and additional personnel, to assist in
managing the situation.
McRoberts Maneuver
- Nurses may help the mother adopt the McRoberts
maneuver, where her legs are flexed and pulled back towards
her abdomen to widen the pelvic outlet.
Suprapubic Pressure
- Nurses or other healthcare providers may apply pressure
above the mother's pubic bone to help dislodge the baby's
shoulders.
Episiotomy
- In some cases, an episiotomy (surgical incision of the
perineum) may be performed to enlarge the vaginal opening
and facilitate the delivery of the baby's shoulders.
Woods Corkscrew Maneuver
- If the above measures are unsuccessful, a Woods corkscrew
maneuver may be attempted, where the baby is rotated to
dislodge the shoulders.
Small for gestational age (SGA)
- refers to babies who are born smaller than expected for
their gestational age. Here's a simplified explanation of its
signs and symptoms, nursing management, and medication:
Signs and Symptoms
Low Birth Weight
- SGA babies typically weigh less than the 10th percentile for
babies of the same gestational age.
13
Small Body Size Nursing Care Of The Child Born With a Physical Or
- They may appear smaller in size, with a smaller head Developmental Difference
circumference, length, and body girth. - focuses on enhancing their quality of life, promoting their
health and well-being, and supporting their families
Decreased Muscle Tone
- SGA babies may have decreased muscle tone or appear less Anchondroplasia
active than expected. - dwarfism where bones in the arms and legs don't grow to
normal size
Nursing Management

Monitoring
- Nurses closely monitor SGA babies for signs of
complications, such as feeding difficulties, hypothermia, and
hypoglycemia.

Nutritional Support
- Nurses may provide guidance on proper feeding techniques
and ensure that SGA babies receive adequate nutrition to
support growth and development.

Temperature Regulation
- SGA babies may have difficulty maintaining body
temperature, so nurses ensure that they are kept warm and Signs and symptoms
monitor for signs of hypothermia. - short limbs, a large head, and a prominent forehead

Developmental Support Nursing management

- Nurses provide supportive care to promote optimal - providing support for daily activities and promoting
development and growth, including developmental independence.
screenings and interventions as needed.
Ankyloglossia
Medication - tongue-tie
- ondition where the tissue connecting the tongue to the
Management of Complications bottom of the mouth is too short, limiting the tongue's
- Medications may be administered to manage complications movement
associated with being SGA, such as medications to support
blood sugar levels or treatments for respiratory problems.

Signs and symptoms

- difficulty breastfeeding, speech difficulties, and oral hygiene
issues

Nursing management
- assisting with breastfeeding techniques

Medication
- referring the child to a specialist for evaluation and possible
treatment
- release the tongue tie.

Atresia
- complete closure or absence of a normal opening or
passage in the body
- eg. esophageal atresia is when the esophagus doesn't
develop properly, leading to feeding difficulties and
respiratory issues
- eg. Ear

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 14

 may include surgeons and developmental specialists. Surgery
may be required to correct the craniosynostosis, and
medications may be given to manage pain and prevent
infection after surgery.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

- hip joint doesn't develop properly, which can lead to
instability or dislocation of the hip

Signs and symptoms

- uneven leg lengths, limited range of motion in the hip, and
clicking or popping sounds when the hip is moved

Nursing management
- screening newborns for DDH, providing education and
support to the family
- coordinating care orthopedic specialists and physical
Nursing management therapists
- involves supporting the child with feeding, monitoring for
complications, and assisting with any necessary treatments or Treatment
surgeries. - special harness or brace to help stabilize the hip joint, and
surgery may be needed in severe cases
Medications
- manage symptoms or prevent complications Fistula
- no specific medication to treat atresia itself. - This is an abnormal connection or passageway that forms
between two organs or between an organ and the skin.
Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate
- congenital condition where there is a split or opening in the
upper lip

Signs and symptoms

- visible gap or opening in the lip, which may extend up into
the nose

Nursing management
- supporting the child with feeding, providing education and
emotional support to the family
- coordinating care with a surgeons, speech therapists, and
dentists
- Surgery is often performed to repair the cleft lip, and
medications may be given to manage pain and prevent
infection after surgery.

Craniosynostosis
- This is a condition where one or more of the sutures (the
joints between the bones) in a baby's skull close too early,
before the brain is fully formed.

Signs and symptoms

- include an abnormal head shape, a raised ridge along the
affected suture, and developmental delays.

Nursing management
- involves monitoring the baby's head shape and
development, providing education and support to the family,
and coordinating care with a multidisciplinary team, which

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 15

Signs and symptoms Nursing Management
- can vary depending on the location of the fistula, but may - Monitor head size and symptoms, provide support to
include pain, inflammation, and discharge of fluid or feces. families, and coordinate care with specialists.
Nursing management involves assessing the fistula and
monitoring for complications such as infection or obstruction. Treatment
- may involve surgery to place a shunt to drain excess fluid
Treatment from the brain.
- depends on the type and location of the fistula but may
include surgery to repair or remove it. Medication
- Medication may be given to manage symptoms such as
Medications headaches or seizures, but it doesn't treat hydrocephalus
- may be given to manage symptoms or prevent itself.
complications, such as antibiotics to prevent infection.

Gastroschisis Meconium Plug

- This is a birth defect where the baby's intestines protrude
through a hole in the abdominal wall, usually to the right of Signs and Symptoms
the umbilical cord. - Failure to pass meconium (first stool) within the first 24-48
hours after birth, abdominal distention, and vomiting.

Nursing Management
Signs and symptoms Monitor for signs of bowel obstruction, provide supportive
can include visible loops of intestines outside the body, care, and coordinate care with specialists if needed.
swelling or redness around the protrusion, and feeding
difficulties. Treatment
- may involve gentle rectal stimulation or enemas to help
Nursing management pass the meconium plug.
- involves protecting the exposed intestines, preventing
infection, and providing supportive care to the baby and Medication
family. - Sometimes medication may be given to help stimulate
- Surgery is usually performed shortly after birth to place the bowel movements.
intestines back inside the abdomen and close the hole in the
abdominal wall. Neural Tube Disorder

Medications Signs and Symptoms

- may be given to manage pain and prevent infection after - Depends on the specific disorder but may include spina
surgery. bifida (visible sac on the back), paralysis, bowel/bladder
control problems, and hydrocephalus.
`Hydrocephalus

Signs and Symptoms

- Enlarged head, bulging fontanelle (soft spot), vomiting,
irritability, and developmental delays.

Nursing Management
- Provide support and education to families, coordinate care
with specialists, and assist with managing symptoms.
- Prevention involves folic acid supplementation during
pregnancy.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 16
Medication
- Medication may be given to manage symptoms such as
pain or muscle spasms.

Omphalocele

Signs and Symptoms

- Abdominal organs protruding through the umbilical cord
opening, covered by a sac.

Nursing Management
- Assess the condition, provide support to families, and
coordinate care with specialists. Surgical removal of the extra
digit may be considered..

Spina Bifida

Signs and Symptoms

- Visible sac or lump on the back, paralysis, bowel/bladder
Nursing Management control problems, and sometimes hydrocephalus.
- Protect the exposed organs, prevent infection, and provide
supportive care. Surgery is usually needed to repair the
omphalocele.

Medication
- Pain relief and antibiotics after surgery if needed.

Pectus Excavatum

Signs and Symptoms

- Sunken or depressed appearance of the chest, especially in
the lower sternum.

Nursing Management
- Protect the exposed spinal cord, prevent infection, and provide
supportive care. Surgery is often needed to repair the spina bifida.

Medication
- Pain relief and antibiotics after surgery if needed. Some
children may require ongoing medication to manage
symptoms.

Nursing Management Stenosis

- Monitor for symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest
pain, provide support to families, and coordinate care with Signs and Symptoms
specialists. - Narrowing of a body passage or opening, leading to
- Surgery may be considered for severe cases. symptoms depending on the location (e.g., difficulty
breathing if it's in the airway).
Medication
- Medication isn't typically used to treat pectus excavatum
itself, but pain relief may be given if needed.

Polydactyly

Signs and Symptoms

- Extra fingers or toes present at birth.

Nursing Management

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 17

- Monitor for symptoms, provide supportive care, and
coordinate care with specialists.
- Treatment may involve surgical widening of the affected
passage.

Medication
- Medication may be given to manage symptoms such as
pain or inflammation.

Syndactyly

Signs and Symptoms

Fingers or toes fused together at birth.

Nursing Management
- educating pregnant individuals about the potential risks of
certain medications during pregnancy.
- provide information about safer alternatives and work with
healthcare providers to ensure that medications prescribed
during pregnancy are as low-risk as possible.

Nursing Management Torticollis:

- Assess the condition, provide support to families, and - also known as wry neck, is a condition characterized by the
coordinate care with specialists. involuntary contraction or tightening of muscles in the neck,
- Surgical separation of the fused digits may be considered. leading to the head being tilted to one side

Medication
- Medication isn't typically used to treat syndactyly.

Talipes

Signs and Symptoms

- Also known as clubfoot, it involves the foot being twisted
out of shape or position.

Signs and symptoms

- difficulty turning the head, neck pain or stiffness, and a
visibly tilted head position.

Nursing Management
- Provide support to families, assist with proper positioning
and stretching exercises, and coordinate care with specialists.
- Treatment may involve casting, bracing, or surgery.
Nursing Management
- involves educating parents about stretching exercises and
positioning techniques to help improve neck muscle flexibility
and range of motion.
- Referral to physical therapy or other healthcare specialists
may be necessary for further evaluation and management.
Medication
- pain relievers or muscle relaxants may be prescribed if there
is associated discomfort or muscle spasms.

Medication Volvolus
- Medication isn't typically used to treat talipes directly, but - also known as wry neck, is a condition characterized by the
pain relief may be given if needed. involuntary contraction or tightening of muscles in the neck,
leading to the head being tilted to one side
Teratogenic Medication
- medications are drugs that can cause birth defects or
abnormalities in the developing fetus if taken during
pregnancy

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 18

Signs and symptoms
- may include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting,
bloating, and constipation.
Nursing Management
- Nursing management of volvulus involves recognizing signs
of bowel obstruction, monitoring for complications such as
bowel perforation or ischemia, and providing supportive care.
- Prompt medical intervention is necessary, and surgical
correction may be required to untwist the intestine and
restore normal bowel function.
Medication
- pain relievers and intravenous fluids may be administered
to manage symptoms and support the patient's overall
condition before and after surgery.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm
NURSING CARE OF A FAMILY WHEN A CHILD HAS AN
INTELLECTUAL OR MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER
Sure, here's a simple breakdown of each:
### Autism:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Difficulty in communication and
social interaction, repetitive behaviors, intense focus on
certain objects or topics, sensitivity to sensory input like light,
sound, or texture.
- **Nursing Management:** Providing support and education
to the child and family, teaching social skills, communication
skills, and helping with behavior management.
- **Medication:** Medication might be used to manage
symptoms like aggression, hyperactivity, anxiety, or
depression.
### ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder):
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Inattention, hyperactivity,
impulsivity, difficulty focusing, staying organized, and
completing tasks.
- **Nursing Management:** Helping the child and family
develop coping strategies, organizing tasks, creating routines,
and providing support with behavior management.
- **Medication:** Stimulant medications like Ritalin or
Adderall are commonly prescribed to help improve focus and
reduce impulsivity.
### ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder):
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Persistent pattern of anger,
irritability, defiance, and argumentativeness towards authority
figures.
- **Nursing Management:** Teaching coping skills, conflict
resolution, and behavior management techniques to both the
child and family.
- **Medication:** Sometimes medication might be prescribed
to manage symptoms like irritability or aggression, but
therapy is often the primary treatment.
### Conduct Disorders:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Aggression, bullying, lying,
stealing, destruction of property, violation of rules and laws.
- **Nursing Management:** Providing therapy, teaching
coping skills, anger management, and helping the child and
family address underlying issues.
- **Medication:** Medication might be used to manage
symptoms like aggression, anxiety, or depression.
### Anxiety Disorder:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Excessive worry, fear, nervousness,
restlessness, avoidance behaviors, physical symptoms like
rapid heartbeat, sweating, and dizziness.
- **Nursing Management:** Teaching relaxation techniques,
coping skills, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and creating a
supportive environment.
- **Medication:** Medications like SSRIs (Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors) or benzodiazepines might be prescribed
to manage symptoms.
### Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Flashbacks, nightmares, severe
anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about a traumatic event.
Avoidance of reminders of the trauma, emotional numbness,
and hyperarousal.
19
- **Nursing Management:** Therapy, especially trauma-
focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), teaching coping
skills, and providing a safe and supportive environment.
- **Medication:** Medications like SSRIs, SNRIs (Serotonin
and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors), or prazosin might
be prescribed to manage symptoms like anxiety, depression,
or nightmares.
Of course, here's a simple explanation for each:
### Pica:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Eating non-food items like dirt,
paint, or paper persistently for at least one month.
- **Nursing Management:** Ensuring the child's safety by
removing access to non-food items, teaching appropriate
eating behaviors, and addressing any underlying nutritional
deficiencies.
- **Medication:** There's no specific medication for Pica, but
sometimes medication might be used to address any
underlying conditions contributing to the behavior.
### Rumination Disorder of Infancy:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Repeated regurgitation and re-
chewing of food, usually within the first 30 minutes after a
meal, with no apparent medical cause.
- **Nursing Management:** Teaching parents feeding
techniques, ensuring the child's safety during feeding, and
addressing any underlying stressors.
- **Medication:** There's no specific medication for
Rumination Disorder, but sometimes medication might be
used to address any underlying conditions contributing to the
behavior.
### Anorexia Nervosa:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Intense fear of gaining weight,
distorted body image, refusal to maintain a healthy body
weight, extreme weight loss, and obsessive calorie counting.
- **Nursing Management:** Providing therapy, nutritional
counseling, and support to address the underlying emotional
issues and distorted body image.
- **Medication:** Medications might be used to address
symptoms like depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive
behaviors, but therapy is the primary treatment.
### Bulimia Nervosa:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Binge eating followed by purging
behaviors such as vomiting, excessive exercise, or fasting to
prevent weight gain.
- **Nursing Management:** Providing therapy, nutritional
counseling, and support to address the underlying emotional
issues and develop healthy eating behaviors.
- **Medication:** Medications might be used to address
symptoms like depression, anxiety, or to help reduce the
frequency of binge-purge cycles, but therapy is the primary
treatment.
Sure, here's a simple breakdown:
### Tic Disorders:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic
movements or sounds that a person makes involuntarily.
These can include eye blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder
shrugging, or throat clearing.
- **Nursing Management:** Providing support and education
to the child and family, teaching coping strategies, and
helping them understand the condition.
NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm
- **Medication:** Medications might be used to manage
symptoms if tics are severe or causing distress, but therapy is
often the primary treatment.
### Tourette Syndrome:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Tourette Syndrome is a type of Tic
Disorder but involves both motor and vocal tics. Motor tics
can include blinking, head jerking, or shoulder shrugging,
while vocal tics can include grunting, throat clearing, or
shouting out words or phrases.
- **Nursing Management:** Providing support and education
to the child and family, teaching coping strategies, and
helping them understand the condition.
- **Medication:** Medications might be used to manage
symptoms if tics are severe or causing distress, but therapy is
often the primary treatment. Medications might include
antipsychotics or medications that affect neurotransmitters in
the brain.
Absolutely, here's a simplified explanation:
### Bipolar and Related Disorders:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Periods of intense mood swings
that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows
(depression). Manic episodes may include elevated mood,
increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts,
and impulsive behavior. Depressive episodes may include
sadness, low energy, changes in appetite or sleep patterns,
and thoughts of death or suicide.
- **Nursing Management:** Providing support and education
to the child and family, teaching coping strategies, and
helping them understand the condition. Additionally, helping
to create a stable and supportive environment.
- **Medication:** Mood stabilizers such as lithium or
anticonvulsant medications, atypical antipsychotics, and
sometimes antidepressants are used to manage symptoms.
### Childhood Schizophrenia:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech and behavior, social withdrawal, lack of
emotional expression, and cognitive difficulties. In children,
symptoms may be different from those in adults and may
include trouble with schoolwork, changes in sleep and eating
habits, and irritability.
- **Nursing Management:** Providing support and education
to the child and family, teaching coping strategies, and
helping them understand the condition. Additionally, helping
to create a stable and supportive environment and ensuring
the child's safety.
- **Medication:** Antipsychotic medications are the primary
treatment for childhood schizophrenia. Other medications,
such as antidepressants or mood stabilizers, may be used to
manage specific symptoms.
Sure, here's a simplified explanation:
### Encopresis:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Involuntary soiling of feces in
inappropriate places, usually after the age when bowel
control is normally expected (typically after age 4).
- **Nursing Management:** Providing support and education
to the child and family, teaching proper toilet habits and
bowel habits, and addressing any underlying constipation or
other medical issues.
20
- **Medication:** Medications might be used to manage
constipation or other underlying medical issues contributing
to the problem.

### Enuresis:
- **Signs and Symptoms:** Involuntary urination, especially at
night (bedwetting), after the age when bladder control is
normally expected (typically after age 5).
- **Nursing Management:** Providing support and education
to the child and family, teaching proper toilet habits and
bladder habits, and addressing any underlying medical issues.
- **Medication:** Medications might be used to manage
underlying issues such as overactive bladder or to help
reduce nighttime urine production.

NCM 109 (Complications) | Midterm 21