Organic Agriculture q2 Final

TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD
DAILY LESSON PLAN
IN
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
PRODUCE ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Grade 11 - Quarter 2
1
DAILY LESSON PLAN IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
Session No. 1&2

Learning TVL-ORGANIC Grade Level 11
Area AGRICULTURE Quarter 2
Teaching Dates & Duration 120 mins
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Content Standards The learner demonstrates an understanding of the basic
concepts, underlying theories and principles in producing organic
fertilizer.
Performance Standards The learner independently produces organic fertilizer based on
TESDA Training Regulations.
Learning Competencies/Code Select site based on compost fertilizer production
requirement/TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Plan appropriate site for compost production.
• Skills Make lay-out for composting project.

• Attitude Show interest in the activity through performing the activity.
• Values Recognize the importance of selecting a good site for compost

production for environmental sustainability.
II. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

III. LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide pages Curriculum Guide in Organic Agriculture page 9.
Competency Based Learning Material for Third Year Horticulture
2. Learner’s Materials pages
NC II Pages 130-142.
3. Textbook pages Meriam-Webster Dictionary
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=appropriate+site+for+co
mposting&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgk9vkw
a_dAhUK3o8KHdN_B-cQ_AUICigB&biw=1350&bih=586
https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/greenhouse-best-
4. Additional Materials from
management-practices-bmp-manual/organic-waste-
Learning Resource (LR) portal
management
http://www.cre.ie/Themed%20meetings/Munoo_Prasad_site_se
lection.pdf
B. Other Learning Resources

C. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker and others
IV. PROCEDURES
2
A. Introductory Activity
(5 minutes)
1. What can you say about the picture?
B. Activity Activity 1: Conducting Pre-test

(10 minutes)
Direction: Read the statement carefully. Choose and encircle the letter of the
correct answer.
1. It is the process of transforming organic materials of plant or animal origin
into humus in heaps or pits?
a. composting b. vermin-composting c. heating phase d. decomposition
2. Which of the following is an example of a brown manure?
a. sawdust b. kitchen wastes c. grass cuttings d. greens
3. Why do we need to select appropriate site based on compost fertilizer
production requirement?
a. The location of a composting operation directly impacts the amount of site
preparation required and the measures needed to satisfy environmental and
regulatory requirements.
b. Proper site selection is a prerequisite to the establishment of safe and
effective composting operations
c. Are necessary in order to minimize potential environmental conflicts between
non-compatible land uses, to minimize odour related problems and to ensure
the integrity of groundwater systems.
d. all of the above
4. The separation distances for composting facilities of a private well must be?
a. 300 m b. 400 m c. 500 m d. 150 m
5. Why use compost?
a. There is a need for sustainable production through integrated nutrient
management.
b. It solves problem on declining yield.
c. It solves problem on declining yield.
d. All of the above
Answer: 1. a 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. d
C. Analysis Ask:
(5 minutes) 1. Which of the questions is the most difficult?
3
D. Abstraction Compost- is a mixture of decayed organic materials decomposed by micro-
(60 minutes) organisms in a warm, moist, and aerobic environment, (oxygen-breathing)
releasing nutrients into readily available forms for plant use.
Erosion- the gradual destruction of something by natural forces (such as water,

wind, or ice); or the process by which something is eroded or worn away.
Siltation- sand, soil, mud, etc., that is carried by flowing water and that sinks to
the bottom of a river, pond, etc.
Site Selection for Compost Piles

Proper site selection is a prerequisite to the establishment of safe and
effective composting operations. The location of a composting operation directly
impacts the amount of site preparation required and the measures needed to
satisfy environmental and regulatory requirements.
5.0 Site Selection Guidelines

Separation distances are necessary in order to minimize potential environmental
conflicts between non-compatible land uses, to minimize odour related problems
and to ensure the integrity of groundwater systems.
Table 2. Separation Distances for Composting Facilities

Separation Distance
Neighbouring Properties:
dwelling 400m
commercial building 300m
industrial building 300m
farm 100m
Roadways:
Right of way of a local road and arterial or collector 50m
highways
Watercourses:
rivers/streams 150m
private well 150m
lakes 300m
Buffer Zones:
minimal buffer strip between composting facility 30m
boundary and adjacent property
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Table 2 indicates the recommended separation distances. However, these may be
modified, if deemed necessary by the environmental inspector, to make a project
environmentally acceptable. Modifications will be based on the type of material
to be composted, the composting site, operational procedures, etc.
5.2 The composting facility shall not be located in areas subject to flooding and
where seasonal high groundwater table is less than 1 meter from the ground
water table or where the minimal depth to bedrock is less than 1.5 meter.
5.3 The composting facility shall not be located within a protected watershed as
defined by the Clean Water Act.
5.4 The composting facility shall be located on a surface with a slope of between
1% and 6%.
5.5 The Department must obtain a letter from the development officer of a
municipality or a District Planning Commission stating the proposed project is in
conformity with local planning regulations relative to land use provisions adopted
for the area under the Community Planning Act.
5.6 The proponent shall notify the owner(s) whose property is located within 1/2
kilometer from the proposed composting facility prior to issuing an Approval.
*The teacher will show a slide show presentation on how to select site for
composting.
Composting Site Selection
Incorrect compost site selection can cause major problems, both in the short and
long term. Can start with a preliminary sketch
*Prevailing winds
*Traffic flow
*Landscape
*Run off
*Surrounding land uses
*Environment information
5
6
Note: You can simplify this topic.
E. Application Let the learners go outside and plan appropriate site for school compost
(20 minutes) fertilizer production.
F. Assessment True or False:
(15 minutes) Direction: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and the word FALSE if
it is wrong. Write your answer before the number.
____1. Composting is a mixture of decayed organic materials decomposed by
micro-organisms.
____2. Proper site selection is a prerequisite to the establishment of safe and
effective composting operations.
____3. Separation distances are necessary in order to maximize potential
environmental conflicts between non-compatible land uses.
____4. Vectors are animals and insects or pests that carry pathogens from one
host to another.
____5. To minimize odour, maintain pile porosity at 40% or greater.
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____6. Correct compost site selection can cause major problems, both in the
short and long term.
____7. The composting facility shall be located on a surface with a slope of
between 1% and 6%.
____8. The composting facility shall be located in areas subject to flooding and
where seasonal high groundwater table is less than 1 meter from the
ground water table or where the minimal depth to bedrock is less than 1.5
meter.
____9. The composting facility shall not be located within a protected watershed
as defined by the Clean Water Act.
____10. The location of a composting operation directly impacts the amount of
site preparation required and the measures needed to satisfy
environmental and regulatory requirements.
Answer: 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False

9. True 10. True
A. Assignment Identify the site from your school where you can construct your compost pit for
(2 minutes) organic fertilizer production. Try to make a lay-out for your composting project.
Put it in a long bond paper. (50 points).
B. Concluding Activity ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle”
(1 minute)
V. REMARKS
VI. REFLECTIONS
A. No. of learners who earned
80% on the formative
assessment
B. No. of learners who require
additional activities for
remediation.
C. Did the remedial lessons
work? No. of learners who
have caught up with the
lesson.
D. No. of learners who continue
to require remediation
E. Which of my teaching
strategies worked well?
Why did these work?
F. What difficulties did I
encounter which my principal
or supervisor can help me
solve?
G. What innovation or localized
materials did I use/discover
which I wish to share with
other teachers?
Prepared by: ROSIE C. BALDELOVAR
8
Session No. 3-5
VII. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Content Standards The learner demonstrates an understanding of the basic concepts,
underlying theories and principles in producing organic fertilizer.
Learning Competencies/Code Prepare site layout based on location/TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Formulate the significance of site lay-outing planning.
• Skills Design a lay-out of a composting site.

• Attitude Perform the proper lay-outing of the site.
• Values Appreciate the importance of site layout planning for saving the
ecosystem.
VIII. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials
IX. LEARNING RESOURCES
D. References
7. Textbook pages
https://www.usbg.gov/sites/default/files/images/compost_science_p
age.pdf
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/construction/significance-of-site-
layout-planning-construction-essay.php
https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1350&bih=640&tbm=isch&
sa=1&ei=QSmmW8auD8LEvQTnm4mgCA&q=site+composting+quote
s&oq=site+composting+quotes&gs_l=img.3..
E. Other Learning Resources
F. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker and others
X. PROCEDURES
G. Introductory
Activity
(5 minutes)
1. What does the picture shows?

2. Why does site lay-outing important?
H. Activity Activity 1: Group the learners into 4 groups.
(60 minutes)
9
Direction: Select and design a lay-out of your composting site including the lay-out of
your composting bed. Use drawing materials (like; pencil, bond paper and etc.).
Example:
I. Analysis Asks:
(5 minutes) 1. Did you enjoy the activity? Why?
J. Abstraction Factors to consider in site lay-outing
(60 minutes)
Site layout planning can affect productivity and is crucial to project success. However,
as construction is heterogeneous in the nature of its organizations, project designs,
time constraints, environmental effects, etc., site layout planning for each project
becomes unique. Affected by many uncertainties variables! And variations, site layout
planning is a typical multi objective problem.
Problem solving requires representing the problem in a language that problem solvers
can understand. However, solutions of most construction problems rely on empirical
Knowledge about the site layout that can be as a site space allocation for material
storage, working areas, units of accommodation, plant positions, general circulation
areas, and also access and egress for deliveries and emergency services. Furthermore,
conflicting objectives and the uniqueness of construction projects like bad site layout
make the problems difficult to conceptualize and define.
Significance of Site Layout Planning
Site layout shows the relationship of the proposed site with its surroundings with
respect to communication, approaches, and existing facilities. Good site layout
planning assists in minimizing the traveling time and movement costs of plant, labor,
and materials, activity interference during construction work, and site accidents, and
ensures that work on buildings and other construction positions is not impeded by the
thoughtless storage of materials on these locations. So site layout can thus either
enhance or adversely affect construction productivity and progress. It is important to
acquire the knowledge of the project site before setting out the site layout. The
knowledge about the project site can be obtained from:
Site Investigation
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Site investigation is a process of site exploration consisting of boring, sampling and
testing so as to obtain geotechnical information for a safe, practical and economical
geotechnical evaluation and design. Generally it is an exploration or discovery of the
ground conditions especially on untouched site.
In other words the main purpose of site investigation is to determine within practical
limits, the depth, thickness, extent and compositions of each subsoil stratum, the
depth and type of rock, the depth and composition of groundwater, the strength,
compressibility and hydraulic characteristics of soil strata required by geotechnical
engineers. Sometimes it is also known as geotechnical investigation.
Wok Procedure for SI

Steps of work involved in site investigation:
1.Desk study to collect all the relevant data and information,
2.Reconnaissance of site works,
3.Planning program after reviewing the above,
4.Ground or soil exploration includes boring, sampling and testing,
5.Laboratory testing (also field if necessary),
6.Preparation and documentation of SI report,
7.Engineering design stages,
8.Review during construction and monitoring.
Steps of Soil Exploration
Soil exploration consists of:
Boring: Refers to drilling or advancing a hole in the ground. The test would include
hand auger, motorized hand boring (wash boring), deep boring (rotary drilling), and/or
trial pits.
Sampling: Refers to removing soil from the hole. The samples can be classified as
disturbed or undisturbed sampling. Disturbed samples are usually used for soil grain-
size analysis, determination of liquid limit, specific gravity of soil as well as compaction
test. The undisturbed samples are collected at least every 1.5 m and if changes occur
within 1.5 m intervals, an additional sample should be taken.
Testing: Refers to determining the properties from the soil. The test can be performing
either at laboratory or at field. Laboratory testing would normally be moisture content,
sieve analysis, liquid limit, compaction test, CBR and so forth. Field test would include
Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Vane test.
Record of Soil Exploration
It is important to keep complete and accurate records of all data collected. Boring,
sampling and testing are often costly. A good map giving specific locations of all boring
should be available. All boring should be identified and its location documented by
measurement to permanent features. And all pertinent data should be recorded in the
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field on a boring log sheet. Soil data obtained from a series of test boring can best be
presented by preparing a geologic profile:
Arrangement of various layers of soil,

Ground water table,
Existing / proposed structures,
Soil properties data (e.g., Standard Penetration Test values).
The profile was prepared with data obtained from the boring, sampling and testing of
each borehole from selected points.
Decision Criteria and Site Facilities Adopted in Site Layout Planning
Although each site layout is unique, site layout planning can be resolved into a
repetitive selection-evaluation process. Several analysis techniques can be used for the
selection process for example, the dominant factor analysis and Parker s judgment
technique, which can be used to screen out available decisions in choosing facilities,
and identify key decision factors and locations for each particular facility.
All space-planning problems consist of a set of activities to be located and a space in

which to locate them. Site layout planning consists of identifying the facilities needed
to support construction operations, determining their size and shape, and positioning
them within the boundaries of the site. So, the most temporary facilities are classified
into six important categories, which are tabulated in Table 1.
Table1. General Classification of Temporary Facilities

Temporary facilities
Description
Access road and exit

Needs vary with the type of project and the stage of the job. It will normally be linked
with the plan of construction and in some cases may actually control the progress of
construction. Ideally, short direct routes and one-way traffic are encouraged.
Location of plant and equipment
Choice of the major items of the plant is of real consequence on most sites. Correctly
chosen and well operated and maintained equipment enables a construction project
to be completed efficiently and economically.
Material storage and handling area
Areas must be set aside for the storage and handling of material. The objective here is
to minimize waste and losses arising from careless handling, bad storage, or theft, and
to reduce costs by obviating double handling or unnecessary movement.
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Site accommodations and welfare facilities
Consideration should always be given to the possibility of ensuring that the site
accommodations are kept at a suitable distance from the construction work and are in
such a position to enable the site staff to conduct their duties (welfare facilities also)
Temporary services
This includes water supply, electricity supply, gas, telephones, and drainage the
requirements of which may vary between different projects.
Workshop position
Position should be indicated to enable the site supervisor to arrange for the erection
of the following types of workshops: 1) fitter s shops and work area; 2) joinery shop
and machinery area;
3) Reinforcement and bar bending areas; and

4) Concrete mixing.
Bad site layout planning
Bad site layout is usually a multi criteria problem involving in construction site without
any or less temporary facilities regarding to the type of project.
1. There is no enough access road to use. Only have two main entries that all type of
vehicles can access.
2. No female toilet for any side of the site layout.
3. They don t provide any temporary office place
4. There is no storage for steel, timber and other facilities.
5. No temporary services including water supply pipes and waste storage like septic
tank.

K. Application
(43 minutes) The learners will do the actual measurement and lay-outing of the site, where they
will construct their compost bed.
L. Assessment
(5 minutes) Essay:
Direction: Answer the following question briefly.
1. What are the factors to consider in lay-outing the site for compost production?
2. Why do we need to consider those factors?
3. What is the significance of site lay0outing planning?
C. Assignment Bring the following materials next meeting
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(1 minute) 1. bamboo 2. wood 3. nails 4. wire mesh 5. carpentry tools
D. Concluding Activity
(1 minute)
XI. REMARKS
XII. REFLECTIONS
H. No. of learners who earned
assessment
I. No. of learners who require
additional activities for
remediation.
J. Did the remedial lessons
work? No. of learners
who have caught up with
the lesson.
K. No. of learners who
continue to require
remediation
L. Which of my teaching
Why did these work?
M.What difficulties did I
encounter which my
principal or supervisor can
help me solve?
N. What innovation or localized
materials did I use/discover
which I wish to share with
other teachers?
14
Session No. 6-8
XIII.LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Learning Competencies/Code Prepare bed according to production requirements/TLE_AFOA9-
12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Produce the materials needed in preparing composting bed.
• Skills Build composting bed using organic materials.

• Attitude Perform the proper construction of bed for compost production.
• Values Value the significance of preparing compost bed according to

production requirements for the cleanliness and orderliness of the
environment.
XIV. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

XV. LEARNING RESOURCES
G. References
9. Teacher’s Guide pages Curriculum guide in Organic Agriculture
11. Textbook pages
12. Additional Materials from https://www.wikihow.com/Create-a-Compost-Bed
H. Other Learning Resources
I. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker, bamboo, wood, nails etc.
XVI. PROCEDURES
M. Introductory
Activity
(5 minutes)
1. What can you say about the picture?

2. Explain the purpose of that bed.
15
N. Activity Activity 1: Look at the picture and identify the kind of materials used in constructing a
(5 minutes) compost bed.
Answer: wood, wire mesh, trash bin

O. Analysis Ask:
(5 minutes) 1. After the activity, will you able to identify the materials needed in constructing
compost bed? What are those?
P. Abstraction Materials Needed in Compost Bed Construction
(30 minutes)
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Additional Information
How to Create a Compost Bed
Composting is a straightforward process that can be accomplished by anyone with a small
patch of outdoor space. Composting allows you to divert your kitchen scraps and yard
waste from a landfill, instead of turning them into a rich soil amendment. You only need
a few tools, a little bit of time, and some basic information to begin composting and
ensure the success of your setup. This guide will help you to create a compost bed (or
compost "pile") from scratch and maintain it properly.
1. Decide on a location for your compost pile. There are a few considerations to keep in
mind when choosing a location. Do not place the compost pile so far from your house that
you will be disinclined to add scraps and to monitor its condition. If you have nearby
neighbors, they may not appreciate an unsightly compost pile close to their property line.
Also, avoid positioning your compost pile on your best garden soil; this robs you of
valuable space to grow your vegetables and other plants.
2. Build an enclosure for your compost pile if desired. A compost bed can be as simple
as a large open heap, but an enclosure provides numerous benefits. It keeps rodents and
other animals away from your compost, and it helps to keep your compost contained
when you turn it with a pitchfork. An enclosure can be made from lumber, poultry wire,
concrete blocks, or any manner of fencing. Make sure the enclosure still allows you easy
access and is no longer than about 3 feet (1 m) long in any direction.
3. Build a base layer for the compost pile. For efficient decomposition, the microbes in
your compost pile need fresh oxygen. The bottom of a compost pile tends to be the most
oxygen-starved, as it is farthest from the outside air and gets no ventilation. The best way
to remedy this problem is by deliberately building a base layer for your compost pile out
17
of tree branches and limbs. A loose pile of these limbs will help to establish plenty of air
pockets in the bottom of the compost pile.
4. Add your organic scraps to the compost pile. Nearly any plant-based material can be
added to a compost bed. Vegetable scraps, coffee grounds and filters, paper, cardboard,
and yard clippings are all examples of materials you can add to your compost pile. These
materials can be divided into carbon-rich and nitrogen-rich types.
Nitrogen-rich materials are those that are still in a living state. Fresh leaves, fresh grass
clippings, vegetable scraps, and coffee grounds are all nitrogen-rich. These materials
should only compose about 1/4 of your pile by volume, or the compost will begin emitting
an ammonia-like smell.
Carbon-rich materials are those that are dead and inert. Paper, cardboard, and sawdust
are examples of carbon-rich materials. These items should compose about 3/4 of your
compost by volume.
5. Turn your compost pile occasionally. To continually introduce fresh oxygen into your
compost pile, you'll need to mix the materials every 1 or 2 weeks. Use a pitchfork to dig
into the pile and fold the compost together. Make sure to dig the materials at the very
bottom of the pile up to the top.
6.
6. Stop adding materials and start a new pile. Eventually, you will need to stop adding
fresh organic matter to your compost pile. If you don't, you will eventually have a pile that
contains finished compost, freshly added materials, and everything in between. To avoid
the difficulty of having to sift out the finished compost, stop adding materials and simply
turn your compost regularly until it is finished. Start a new pile to add your fresh scraps to
during this process. Your compost will turn into rich, black humus in about a year.
Q. Application The students will prepare the materials needed in constructing bed.
(14 minutes)
R. Assessment
(120 minutes) The learners will construct a compost bed using organic materials with 1x1
measurement using a locally available materials.
Rubrics
Excellent Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Needs
Improvement
Quality of The learners Students Performed the Build the
Work assembled and followed the correct method compost bed
produced strong and steps and and without using in
unique composting created 1x1 size make bed using organic materials
bed using 3-4 organic of composting 2 kinds of organic that are available
materials that are bed using 2-3 materials. in the
locally available. kinds of organic community.
materials.
Use of the Maximize the use of Use only 4 types Use 2-3 Personal Did not use any
Personal all PPE (like; boots, of Personal Protective of the personal
gloves, masks, hat, Equipment
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Protective and jacket) while lay- protective during hands-on Protective
Equipment outing and Equipment. activity. Equipment.
constructing the bed.
Speed The learners finished Students lay- Learners Has consumed 3
lay-outing and outed and make completed the hours in lay-
constructing the composting bed actual lay-outing outing and
composting bed within 2 hours. and building of compost bed
within 1 ½ hour. composting bed making.
within 2 hours
and 30 minutes.
Cooperation Helps the group Willingly Participates in Participates in
identify necessary participates in making s the creating a
steps in building the the construction compost bed compost bed ;
compost bed and of the compost with occasional always or often
encourages group to bed; usually does prompting; often relies on others
build it properly; the assigned needs reminding to do the work.
always does the work and rarely to do the
assigned work needs reminding. assigned work.
without having to be
reminded.
Note: You may enhance this rubric.
E. Assignment 1. What is vermin-composting?

(1 minute) 2. Explain the benefits of using vermin-composting.
F. Concluding
Activity “There is no Achievement Without Goals”
(1 minute)
XVII. REMARKS
XVIII. REFLECTIONS
O. No. of learners who earned
assessment
P. No. of learners who
require additional
activities for remediation.
Q. Did the remedial
lessons work? No. of
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
R. No. of learners who
continue to require
remediation
S. Which of my teaching
Why did these work?
T. What difficulties did I
encounter which my
principal or supervisor
can help me solve?
U. What innovation or
localized materials did I
use/discover which I wish
to share with other
teachers?
19
Session No. 9-11
XIX.LEARNING OBJECTIVES
concepts, underlying theories and principles in producing
organic fertilizer.
Performance Standards The learner independently produces organic fertilizer based
on TESDA Training Regulations.
Learning Competencies/Code Prepare bed according to production requirements
/TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Produce the materials needed in preparing a worm bed.
• Skills Create a worm bed.

• Attitude Perform the proper construction of bed for vermin-composting
production.
• Values Recognize the value of preparing a worm bed according to

production requirements for the environmental
sustainability.
XX. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials (Vermicomposting)
XXI.LEARNING RESOURCES
J. References
13. Teacher’s Guide pages Curriculum guide in Organic Agriculture page 9.
14. Learner’s Materials pages Compilation Techniques in Organic Agriculture pages 50-60.
15. Textbook pages
http://www.mixph.com/different-ways-to-make-compost/
https://www.slideshare.net/alexmagtulis/vermiculture-and-
vermicomposting-in-the-philippines?from_action=save
K. Other Learning Resources
L. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker, wood, bamboo, nails etc.
XXII. PROCEDURES
S. Introductory
Activity
(5 minutes)
1. Are you familiar with this picture?
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2. What does the picture show?
3. Will you believe that this kind of worm place an important role in this world?
Why? Defend your answer.
T. Activity Activity 1: Direction: Group the learners into 4 groups. Identify the kinds of worm
(5 minutes) in the pictures and choose the answer inside the box.
African Night Crawle, Giant Earthworm of Australian(Megascolides australis),
Giant Earthworm of Banawe, Native Earthworms
(Pheretima sp.)
1. 2.
3. 4.
Answer: 1. Clitellum 2. African Night Crawler 3. Giant Earthworm of Australia
(Megascolides australis) 4. Giant Earthworm of Banawe
Note: The teacher may also use real vermiworms if available.
U. Analysis Ask:
(3 minutes) 1. How do you find the activity, easy or not? Why?
V. Abstraction Vermicomposting is defined as the production of compost with the use of worms.
(30 minutes) It is a fast way to convert organic farm waste into organic fertilizer. It degrades
waste as vermi or earthworm (African night crawler) feed on and digest waste
materials. Vermicomposting results in a better quality product that is produced in
only 4-6 weeks compared to ordinary compost that is produced in 8-12 weeks.
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“Vermicompost” or the castings of the earthworms is an excellent soil enhancer
and bioactive fertilizer for organic farming. Earthworms can also be made into feed
for fish or other domesticated animals.
I. Estimated Investment Costs

The initial capitalization in starting a small vermicomposting business on
vermicompost production will depend on the scale from backyard (P5,000) to
commercial (P50,000).
A. Tools
Gardening gloves
Strainer/Sifter
Spading fork
Shovel
B. Raw Material/Packaging Material
Vermi (Worms)
Foodwastes, fruit/vegetable trimmings and peelings, dry leaves and stems, animal
manure
Vermi Bed or earthworm bed (Dimension: 2x1x0.3m)
Black plastic garbage bags
Plastic sacks (50-kg. capacity)
C. Equipment
Mechanical shredder (optional)
Bicycle-powered sorter (optional)
II. Procedure
1. Collect biodegradable materials such as food wastes, fruit/vegetable trimmings,
peelings, and dry leaves and stems.
2. Shred/grind the food wastes, fruit/vegetable trimmings, peelings, and dry leaves
and stems.
3. Mix old animal manure and chicken droppings (2 months old) with shredded
vegetable waste. This will improve the nutrient content of the finish product. Do
not use fresh manure for the ammonia produced will give discomfort to the
worms.
4. Sun-dry these materials for at least three days and let them undergo partial
fermentation.
22
5. Weigh the shredded grinded materials before putting in the compost bed to
determine ratio of compostables and worms.
6. Before stocking the earthworms, make sure that all materials in the vermi bed are
prepared.
7. Moisten the bedding with water and cover it with black plastic garbage bag, old
sacks, net, or banana leaves to start “anaerobic process”, which is completed after
1-2 weeks.
8. After the anaerobic process, remove the cover and stock the vermi bed with
earthworms.
9. Maintain the vermi beds’ moisture content and temperature through regular
checking. Protect the worms from predatory animals.
10. Vermicompost is harvested when most of the materials have been consumed by
the worms. This takes about
30-45 days depending on environmental and culture conditions.
11. In harvesting, separate the “vermi” from the vermicompost either manually
(handpicking) or using a strainer/sifter.
12. Properly pack vermicompost in sacks and store in a cool dry place.
13. Harvested/sifted vermi from the vermi beds may either be used for the next
vermicomposting cycle or for expansion by constructing additional vermi beds.
14. The offspring or produce of the initial vermi in the vermi bed can also be sold to
would-be vermicompost producer or to fish pond owner as fish meal.
Did you know that…

• Earthworms are also called “vermi”.
• The “African Nightcrawler” (Eudrilus eugeniae) is the earthworm species suited to
be grown in the Philippines for vermicomposting.
• Vermicast or worm manure is the end-product of the organic

matter breakdown by some species of earthworm.
• Earthworms are hermaphrodite, meaning they have both the male and female sex
organs.
• When sexually mature, worms breed every week and can produce 1-3 young
worms.
Assumptions
• 1 vermi bed = 12 harvests in a year.
• Vermi bed (Dimension: 2x1x0.3 m.)
• African Night Crawlers is sold at P250/kl.
• Harvesting is done after 30 days.
23
• 150 kilos of biodegradable wastes + 2 kilos of worms = 90 kilos of compost
• Compost sells at P6.00/kl.
• 2 kg. of vermi per bed would yield 4 kg. of additional vermi in 4 weeks.
Business Registration Requirements
1. Business Name Registration

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
2. Mayor’s Permit
Local municipality or provincial city where the business is located
3. Tax Identification Number (TIN)
Bureau of Internal Revenue
Worm Bed
W. Application The students will prepare the materials needed in preparing bed.
(12 minutes)
X. Assessment
(120 minutes) The learners will construct a worm bed.
Rubrics
Excellent Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Needs
Improvement
Quality of The learners Students Performed the Build the
Work assembled and followed the correct method compost bed
produced strong and steps and and without using in
unique composting created 1x1 size make bed using organic materials
bed using 3-4 organic of composting 2 kinds of organic that are available
materials that are bed using 2-3 materials. in the
locally available. kinds of organic community.
materials.
Use of the Maximize the use of Use only 4 types Use 2-3 Personal Did not use any
Personal all PPE (like; boots, of Personal Protective of the personal
Protective gloves, masks, hat, protective Equipment Protective
Equipment and jacket) while lay- Equipment. during hands-on Equipment.
outing and activity.
constructing the bed.
Speed The learners finished Students lay- Learners Has consumed 3
lay-outing and outed and make completed the hours in lay-
24
constructing the composting bed actual lay-outing outing and
composting bed within 2 hours. and building of compost bed
within 1 ½ hour. composting bed making.
within 2 hours
and 30 minutes.
Cooperation Helps the group Willingly Participates in Participates in
identify necessary participates in making s the creating a
steps in building the the construction compost bed compost bed ;
compost bed and of the compost with occasional always or often
encourages group to bed; usually does prompting; often relies on others
build it properly; the assigned needs reminding to do the work.
always does the work and rarely to do the
assigned work needs reminding. assigned work.
without having to be
reminded.
Note: You may enhance this rubric.
G. Assignment Search about the different methods of composting and differentiate them from one
(1 minute) another. (30 Points)
H. Concluding “Nothing is interesting, If you are not interested”
Activity
(1 minute)
XXIII. REMARKS
XXIV. REFLECTIONS
V. No. of learners who earned
assessment
W. No. of learners
who require additional
X. Did the remedial
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
Y. No. of learners who
continue to require
remediation
Z. Which of my teaching
Why did these work?
AA. What difficulties
did I encounter which my
can help me solve?
BB. What innovation
or localized materials did I
to share with other
teachers?
25
Session No: 12-15
XXV. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Learning Competencies/Code Gather materials for organic fertilizer based on production
requirements and PNS /TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Generate ideas through graphic organizer.
• Skills Combine organic materials according to compost piling.

• Attitude Perform the proper gathering of materials for organic fertilizer based
on production requirements and Philippine National Standards.
• Values Act accordingly during the collection of organic materials for personal
safety, cleanliness and orderliness of the environment.
XXVI. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

XXVII. LEARNING RESOURCES
M. References
18. Learner’s Materials pages Compilation Techniques in Organic Agriculture pages 50-60.
19. Textbook pages
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Guv4bQ6It5U
https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/greenhouse-best-
management-practices-bmp-manual/organic-waste-management
20. Additional Materials from https://web.extension.illinois.edu/homecompost/materials.cfm
Learning Resource (LR) portal https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=composting+quotes&source=l
nms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwith_vK7rzdAhUY3o8KHXxbDf4Q
_AUIDigB&biw=1350&bih=586
N. Other Learning Resources

O. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker and others
XXVIII. PROCEDURES
Y. Introductory Showing video presentation about preparing materials for organic composting.
Activity
(5 minutes)
26
1. What have you learned from the video presentation?
*To the area wherein internet connection is not available the teacher may show pictures on how to gather organic
materials for organic composting.
Z. Activity Activity 1: Grouping the students into two groups.

(15 minutes) Direction: Fill the circle with the different examples of organic materials used for organic
composting. Present your output in front of the class.
Answer: Animal manure, crop residues, straw and bedding, Grass clippings, Fruit &
vegetable wastes, Seafood processing waste, Sawdust & other wood wastes,
newspaper, leaves
AA. Analysis Ask:
(5 minutes) 1. How do you find the activity, easy or difficult?
BB. Abstraction
(60 minutes) Compost- is the process of transforming organic materials of plant or animal origin into
humus in heaps or pits.
Materials for Composting
Many types of raw materials can be used for making compost; some common materials
are listed in the following table. Pay close attention to the comments in the table.
27
Compost Material Comments
Farm animal manure Must be composted
Straw and bedding
Crop residues Must be pesticide free

Fruit & vegetable wastes Must be pesticide free
Food processing wastes
Seafood processing waste
Grass clippings Must be pesticide free
Sawdust & other wood wastes Use in moderation, low nutrient value.
Newspaper Black ink only, shredded, <25%
Leaves Shredded
It is important that the raw materials be properly prepared prior to mixing and the
start of composting. Most organic materials must be shredded or ground to reduce
particle size and help make them less resistant to decay.
Other Components for Organic Media

Many materials used to make growing media in “traditional” greenhouses can be
used for organic production. However, to be certain, check with your organic certifier.
Consider the comments in the table when you choose a component.
Material Comments
Field soil No chemicals. Obtain from a certified organic source.
Sand Clean coarse or “sharp” sand.

Sphagnum peat moss No fertilizer or wetting agent.
Shredded newspaper No color ink. No more than 25% by volume.
Alfalfa Dried and screened, moistened, composted 20 days,
and dried again.
Perlite or vermiculite Use perlite for drainage and aeration. Use vermiculite
for increasing water-holding capacity. Asbestos in
vermiculite?
Coir dust or fiber Salt content?
What To Compost
28
The materials you put into your compost pile have a major impact on how well the
composting process works and the quality of the final compost. The key to good
composting is to have a variety of materials and a balanced carbon to nitrogen ratio.
Variety increases the types of microorganisms at work in your pile and your chances of
obtaining a nutrient rich compost. Some people think they don’t have enough organic
material to build and maintain a compost pile. In addition to the leaves and grass
clippings that we usually think of composting, there are numerous other suitable
organic materials. Most of these materials are easy to find at home. Occasionally, it
may be helpful to find free or cheap local sources of organics to add to a pile.
Commonly Used Compostable Materials
As you are collecting materials around your yard and home, it may not be easy to
determine if materials are higher in carbon or nitrogen. Tables showing carbon to
nitrogen ratios for particular materials are helpful, but they usually only show a limited
number of materials. A simple method for differentiating between materials is to
remember that fresh, juicy materials are usually higher in nitrogen. In addition,
materials of animal origin (such as feathers, manure, blood meal) are typically higher
in nitrogen. Drier, older, or woody vegetable and plant tissues are usually higher in
carbon. The following table helps to illustrate this point. The presence of a carbon,
nitrogen, or oxygen in the C/N column indicates whether a material’s effect on compost
would be carbonaceous (C), nitrogenous (N), or other (O). Materials designated as
other (O) do not affect the C:N ratio.
Before adding food scraps and lake weeds to your composting pile, check with your
municipality to make sure that there are no restrictions on their use.
TABLE 2.Partial Listing of Compostable Materials
MATERIAL C/N MATERIAL C/N
Bedding,herbivorous C & N Hair N
Blood meal N Hay C
Bone meal N Lake weeds N
Coffee grounds N Leaves C
Crushed egg shells O,alkalizer Lint N
Feathers N Manure N
Fruit N Paper(non-recyclable) C
Fruit peels and rinds N Peanut shells C
Garden debris, dried C Straw C
Garden debris, fresh C & N Pumpkins N
Grass clippings, dried C Vegetable scraps N
29
Grass clippings, fresh N Tea grounds and leaves N
Compostable Materials That Require Special Handling
There are a number of compostable materials that require special handling before
they are put into a backyard pile. Some of the materials listed below may require
extra preparation or they may need to be added in layers or small quantities. Other
materials listed may cause difficulties with the composting process or negatively
affect the final product. The comments are intended to help you decide whether to
include these particular materials in your own pile.
TABLE 3. Compostable Materials Requiring Special Handling

MATERIAL C/N COMMENT
Cardboard Slow to decompose. Shred into small pieces. If desired, put in
(non- C water and add a drop of detergent to further speed
recyclable) decomposition.
Corn cobs Slow to decompose. Run through shredder or chop into very
C
and stalks small pieces, mix with nitrogen rich material.
Diseases may be hard to eliminate. Sun-bake plants in plastic
Diseased bag until thoroughly dried, or leave in hot pile (131°-140°F) at
C
plants least one week, or burn and put ashes in pile, or omit from
pile.
Pesticides and herbicides are a concern, degradability ranges
from one to twelve months. Leave grass clippings on the lawn
Grass (best) or add to pile if material composts for at least 12
clippings with C months or wait 2-3 weeks before using clippings from lawn
chemicals after chemicals applied. Do not use clippings as a garden
mulch for at least 2-3 weeks (or after 2 mowings) after
chemical application.
Slow to decompose. Thin layers of hedge trimmings can be
Hedge
C or N used occasionally for roughage; chop twigs and branches into
trimmings
small pieces.
Changes pile chemistry, causes nitrogen loss, and too much
O, lime hurts bacteria and other microorganisms. Omit from pile
Lime
Alkalizer or use very sparingly in thin layers if pile is going anaerobic
(do not mix with manure).
Nut shells
- walnut,
C Slow to decompose. Pulverize with shredder.
pecan,
peanut shell
Highly moisture absorbent, slow to decompose. Mix
O, low in
Peat moss thoroughly with other materials, add in small quantities. If
nutrients
possible, soak peat moss in warm water before adding to pile.
Pine Cones C Slow to decompose. Shred or chop into very small pieces.
Slow to decompose. Mix thoroughly with other materials, add
Pine needles C
in small quantities.
Contains oxalic acid which lowers pH and inhibits microbial
Rhubarb
N activity. Add in very small quantities, mix thoroughly with
leaves
other materials or omit from pile.
30
Slow to decompose, can negatively affect aeration. Work into
Sawdust C
pile in thin sprinklings, mix with nitrogen rich material.
Slow to decompose. Break into small clumps, mix thoroughly
with other materials or cover top of the pile with roots up,
Sod N
grass down (better in fall), or compost separately with roots
side up, water thoroughly, cover with a dark tarp.
O, Can make finished compost heavy. Add small quantities in
Soil Activator thin layers as soil activator or omit from pile (finished
source compost produces the same results and typically weighs less).
Contain juglone which can be toxic to plants. Add in small
Walnut
C quantities, mix thoroughly; toxin will biodegrade in 30 to 40
leaves
days.
Weeds, Rhizomatous root system hard to kill. Sun-bake in plastic bag
C
pernicious until thoroughly dried or omit from pile.
Weed seeds hard to kill. Best to use when green and no seed
Weeds, other N heads present or leave in hot pile (131-140°F) at least one
week.
O, Changes pile chemistry, can cause nutrient imbalance. Use
Wood ashes Alkalizer, very sparingly in thin layers; do not use on top of pile or omit
potash from pile.
Slow to decompose. Shred or chop into very small pieces; mix
Wood chips C
with nitrogen rich material.
Organic Materials To Avoid
Someday when your compost pile has shrunk and looks disappointedly small, you may
scour your yard and home for organics to add to it. Some of those materials do not
belong in your backyard compost pile. Table 4 lists materials to avoid along with the
reasons for omitting them.
TABLE 4.Materials To Avoid Putting In A Home Compost Pile
MATERIAL COMMENT
Bones Very slow to decompose; can attract pests.
May contain pathogens harmful to humans; may also contain
Cat litter
chemicals to perfume litter.
Charcoal and Contain sulfur oxides and other chemicals that are toxic to soil and
briquettes plants.
Cooked food
May contain fats which attract animals; slow to decompose.
waste
May smell, take a long time to decompose, and attract pests (butter,
Dairy products
cheese, mayonnaise, salad dressing, milk, yogurt, sour cream).
Dishwater May contain grease, perfume, and sodium.
Fatty, oily, greasy
Slow to decompose; will putrefy and smell bad; can attract pests.
foods
Fish scraps Can attract pests; smells bad during decomposition.
Meat Can attract pests; smells bad during decomposition.
Paper, glossy
May contain inks that could contribute toxins to the pile.
colored
Peanut butter Can attract pests; slow to decompose.
31
Pet wastes,
May contain pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites that require
human
prolonged high temperatures to be destroyed.
excrement
Requires special handling and high temperatures to kill disease
Sludge (biosolids) organisms and get rid of toxic metals; do not use unless product is sold
in compliance with government regulations.
Compost Additives
There are a wide array of compost inoculants, starters, and activators sold in stores
and mail order catalogs. Fortunately, compost additives are not required for
successful composting. In some situations, certain additives can be helpful.
Inoculants contain special cultures of dormant bacteria and fungi. The theory
behind using them is that they are supposed to introduce microorganisms, hasten the
breakdown of materials in a compost pile and produce a better product. They are rarely
needed because leaves, kitchen scraps, finished compost, and other organic materials
already contain ample bacteria that work readily on their own.
Commercial "starters" or accelerators are supposed to help the decomposition

process by adding nitrogen, enzymes, and bacteria to a pile. Some people feel better
putting these products in their piles, but independent tests conducted to date have not
shown significant benefits. Tests conducted at universities and private research
stations showed that the best compost additives are finished compost or topsoil from
your yard. (Store bought soil is sometimes sterilized so it does not always add
microorganisms.)
Activators contain a nitrogen source. Activators include organic types (manure,

blood meal, finished compost, soil) and artificial types (chemically synthesized
compounds such as commercial nitrogen fertilizers). While activators are not necessary
for successful composting, they can sometimes help if a pile is made from materials
low in nitrogen. Nitrogen is usually the limiting nutrient in a pile that doesn't heat up
or decay quickly enough. Some purists do not recommend using commercial nitrogen
fertilizers as an activator, but if you have some readily available, it may be helpful.
Avoid using ammonium sulfate as it may be toxic to earthworms. Keep in mind that
chemical fertilizers are not as effective as organic sources because they contain no
protein (which microorganisms use). Organic sources are better sources of nitrogen if
you need to add an activator.
In organic farming we can produce our own fungus activator like spraying
Indigenous Microorganism (IMO) and Lactic Acid Bacterium Serum (LABS).
TABLE 5. Amounts of Various Nitrogen Sources Needed To Apply 0.15 Pounds (2.4 oz)
Nitrogen
NITROGEN SOURCE % NITROGEN OUNCES TO APPLY
Ammonium nitrate 33 7.0
Calcium nitrate 15 16.0
Urea 46 5.2
32
Dried Blood 12 20.0
Fish meal 10 24.0
Guide Questions:
1. What are the different organic materials needed in organic composting?
2. Why do we need to avoid some of the organic waste?
3. What will be the result of successful gathering of organic materials?
CC. Application The learners will identify and list down different organic materials found in their
(13 minutes) locality.
DD. Assessment
(155 minutes) The learners will go out and gather different organic materials found outside the
campus with the supervision of the teacher.
Note: This can be done individually or by group.
Rubric
30 points 25 points 15 points
Quality Assembled organic Picked up organic Collected only one
fresh, juicy materials are materials that are kind of organic
usually higher in carbonaceous and waste.
nitrogen, carbon, nitrogenous (like;
chemical and toxins free grasses, fresh and
(like; fruits, vegetables, dried leaves).
grasses, manure, fresh
and dried leaves, straw,
vegetable crops and
others). .
Quantity Collected 1 sack of Gathered 3/4 sack of Congregate 1/2
organic materials that organic wastes that sack of
are rich in carbon and are nitrogenous and nitrogenous and
nitrogen. carbonaceous. carbonaceous.
Speed Performed the proper Practiced the proper Execute the
gathering of materials collection of organic correct way of
within 1 hour and 40 waste within 1 hour collecting organic
minutes. and 50 minutes. materials within
120 minutes.
Used of Wear the complete Use only 2-3 Personal Did not bring any
Personal Personal Protective Protective Equipment of the PPE.
Protective Equipment during during collection.
Equipment gathering (like; boots,
gloves, hat, mask, and
jacket).
Used of Tools Use appropriate tools Use some prescribed Use only one tools
and and equipment in tools and equipment in getting organic
Equipment gathering organic as substitute in the waste.
materials. absence of other tools.
TOTAL
33
I. Assignment Search about the recommended size for organic materials needed in compost piling.
(1 minute) Paste it to your assignment notebook. (20 Points)
J. Concluding
Activity “Compost is proof that there is life after death”
(1 minute)
XXIX. REMARKS
XXX. REFLECTIO
NS
CC. No. of learners
who earned 80% on the
formative assessment
DD. No. of learners
activities for
remediation.
EE. Did the
remedial lessons
work? No. of
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
FF. No. of learners
who continue to
require remediation
GG. Which of my
teaching strategies
worked well? Why did
these work?
HH. What difficulties
did I encounter which
my principal or
supervisor can help me
solve?
II. What innovation or
localized materials did I
use/discover which I
wish to share with other
teachers?
34
Session No: 16-18
XXXI. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
concepts, underlying theories and principles in producing organic
fertilizer.
Learning Competencies/Code Apply appropriate composting method based on production
requirements /TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Generate meaning/ideas on cold composting and hot
composting.
• Skills Arrange the materials needed in bin method of composting.

• Attitude Perform the hot composting method.
• Values Recognize the value of composting method to help the

environment back ton its original form.
XXXII. CONTENT Compost and harvest fertilizer

XXXIII. LEARNING RESOURCES
P. References
22. Learner’s Materials pages Compilation Technique in Organic Agriculture page 54.
23. Textbook pages
https://www.regenerative.com/magazine/five-types-composting-
method
24. Additional Materials from https://www.finegardening.com/article/hot-composting-vs-cold-
Learning Resource (LR) portal composting
https://www.azquotes.com/quotes/topics/compost.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rh1CyyHh47w
Q. Other Learning Resources
R. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker and others
XXXIV. PROCEDURES
35
EE. Introductory
Activity Showing a video presentation about methods of composting (Organic process of
(5 minutes) composting step by step).
1. What have you learned from the video presentation?
FF. Activity Activity 1: Direction: Group the learners into 4 groups. Using the two circles
(10 minutes) differentiate cold composting from hot composting by choosing the answer inside the
square below. Present your output in front of the class.
Cold Composting Hot Composting
*Requires enough high-nitrogen materials to get the pile to heat up.

*The ratio by volume should be 2 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen.
*Keeping the mixture as damp as a wrung-out sponge but not sopping wet.
* Used variety of different-size mate rials (like twigs, stalks, straw, or hay)
creates air pockets. You also increase the air/oxygen exchange every time
you turn the pile.
* Requires minimal effort but may take a year or two before it produces
compost you can use in your garden.
*This method of composting has two steps.
Note: Please refer to abstraction for the answer.
GG. Analysis Ask:

(5 minutes) 1. Did you like the activity? Why?
HH. Abstraction Hot composting
(47 minutes)
Temperatures rising in a hot-compost pile come from the activity of numerous
organisms breaking down organic matter. To keep a pile running hot, pay attention to
four elements: carbon, nitrogen, water, and air.
36
A hot pile requires enough high-nitrogen materials to get the pile to heat up. The ratio
by volume should be 2 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen. To aid in decomposition, keep
the mixture as damp as a wrung-out sponge but not sopping wet. A variety of different-
size mate rials (like twigs, stalks, straw, or hay) creates air pockets. You also increase
the air/oxygen exchange every time you turn the pile.
If the pile is built correctly, it will heat up within 24 to 36 hours to the ideal temperature
of 141°F to 155°F (weed seeds and disease pathogens die at these temperatures) and
will maintain its temperature for several days to a week or longer. Use a compost
thermometer to monitor the temperature. If the temperature starts to drop or if it gets
hotter than 160°F, turn the pile again and add water. This should be done several times.
A hot pile takes more effort but will produce compost more quickly—in several weeks
to several months.
2 parts carbon 1 part nitrogen
Includes “brown” items Includes “green” items like:

like: • grass clippings
• autumn leaves • fruit and vegetable waste
• wood chips • animal manure (but no pet or
• shredded paper human waste)
Cold composting
A cold pile requires minimal effort but may take a year or two before it produces
compost you can use in your garden. This method of composting has two steps: Put
your waste in a pile, and wait. You can think of cold composting as the add-as-you-
have-materials pile. The time needed to have finished compost is hard to estimate
because it depends on the materials in your pile and the size of the particles. The
smaller the particles, the faster they will break down. Do not put in weeds that have
gone to seed or diseased plants. Without high temperatures to kill off weed seeds or
disease pathogens, you will be spreading these bad guys around your landscape.
5 Types of Composting Method
Compost is one of the most energy efficient and green ways of improving the quality
of the soil on a permaculture plot. It avoids wastage by transforming refuse from the
garden and the kitchen into nutrient-rich humus that when added to soil will provide
the plants growing in it a plentiful supply of the nutrients they need to grow, thrive
and set abundant crops.
There are two fundamental forms of composting technique: hot and cold. The former
is quicker at turning organic material into usable compost, but does require more time
and effort from the permaculture gardener to achieve the effect.
Hot composting involves keeping the temperature at the center of the compost pile
elevated, ideally to somewhere between 110 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit. The pile
37
needs to be kept moist – so that it is the consistency of a damp sponge – and the
gardener needs to turn it once a week or so. This moves colder material from the
outside of the pile to the inside where it is heated and so breaks down into rich humus
more quickly. Hot composting has the advantage that it will produce useable compost
quickly, and the high temperatures mean that it can break down weed seeds. The
permaculture gardener should avoid adding such seeds to cold composting methods, as
the more passive form of transformation does not reach the temperatures required to
break them down. Cold composting essentially means creating a compost pile and
leaving nature to do its job. It requires less input from the gardener, but does mean that
usable compost can take up to a year to be ready.
The ingredients for both hot and cold composting are the same, with roughly equal parts
brown and green material. The brown material consists of items such as branch pruning,
leaves and twigs, while the green portion comprises things like fruit and vegetable
scraps and grass clippings. To this can be added livestock manure (although do not use
cat or dog waste, as these can contain pathogens that are harmful to humans), and soil
(which will contain bacteria and microorganisms that will start to break down the
material), along with such miscellaneous items as coffee grounds, shredded newspaper
and eggshells. However, while the ingredients are similar, within the two categories of
hot and cold composting there are several different methods you can use to create
compost for your permaculture plot.
Bin
Referred to in industrial agriculture as ‘in-vessel composting’ composting in a bin
essentially refers to any method that utilizes a closed container. It is an easy technique
and is adaptable to many different types of permaculture plot, being suitable for
gardens, courtyards and even balconies. The contained nature of the bin means that
you can compost all year round, but while turning isn’t required, the lack of aeration
does mean that the composting process can take upwards of six months, depending on
factors such as material used and local climatic conditions. You can purchase a general
all-purpose bin or recycle any large enclosed container, such as a barrel.
Turning Bin
To quicken the process of bin composting, you can fabricate or purchase a container
that can be turned. A crank and pivot means that the whole container can be rotated,
shifting the contents so that they are aerated, and thus quickening the decomposition
process. However, they are unlikely to reach the high temperatures required for hot
composting, so this is a cold technique, although, depending on the materials, a turning
bin can produce useable compost within two months.
Pile
A pile is simply that: a mound of compost that is open to the air. Some gardeners use
recycled bricks or lumber to build a containing wall around three sides of the pile, while
other will construct a cage from chicken wire to stop the compost pile spreading too
much. Ideally a pile will be wider than it is high, as this helps it retain heat better, but a
pile can be used in whatever space is available; it will just take a bit longer for the
compost to be ready. (If possible have two piles so that when one has reached a
manageable size it can be left to its own devices while new material can be added to
38
the second pile.) The length of time for decomposition will also depend upon whether
you choose to turn a pile or not. It is optional, and therefore pile composting can be
used for either hot or cold composting.
Sheet
Sheet composting is very similar to mulching, in that a layer of organic material is spread
over the garden bed and allowed to decompose in situ. While mulching tends to use a
layer of a single material, such as straw or wood chips, sheet composting involves using
different types of material, such as leaves, debris from the garden, kitchen scraps and
grass clippings. In conventional gardens, the compost is usually dug or tilled into the
topsoil, but as a permaculture gardener wishes to minimize digging the soil, you may
want to spread the compost on the ground then add a layer of mulch such as straw over
the top. This will increase the rate of decomposition and prevent the compost from
being eroded away by rain and wind.
Pit
A step on from sheet composting is the pit or trench method. This is primarily used for
composting fruit and vegetable scraps from the kitchen. It involves digging shallow
holes or trenches into which the scraps are placed and then recovered with the soil. The
anaerobic organisms within the soil then break down the material over six to twelve
months. A cold composting technique, it has the benefit of keeping the compost out of
sight and is a useful method for when you are establishing new garden beds, as it gives
the plants a consistent supply of nutrients in the root area. However, it does require the
labor of digging the holes and is not suitable for brown material such as twigs as these
would take too long to break down to give the plants any benefit.
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS AND METHODS Compost systems can be divided into

«continuously» and «batch-fed» systems:
➢ Continuously fed systems: These systems do not heat-up during the composting
process. They are handy if there is a continuous supply of wastes (e.g. kitchen
waste). However, they lack the advantages of the heating phase.
➢ Batch-fed systems (all material is composted at once): These systems lead to a hot
composting process. They offer the advantages of reduced nutrient loss death of
weed seeds and diseases as a result of the high temperature of composting, the
process is fast (within a few weeks) and it results in a compost of superior quality.
39
If little water is available, composting in pits may be more appropriate since
humidity is conserved better in pits than in heaps.
➢ Vermi-composting: is a method of composting using earthworms. Earthworms
speed up the composting process, aerate the organic material and enhance the
finished compost with nutrients and enzymes from their digestive tracts.
Vermicomposting allows you to create compost round the year, indoor during the
winter and outdoor during the summer.
II. Application Collecting the materials needed in bin composting making applying hot method.
(30 minutes)
Note: The teacher may select any methods he/she want to perform by the students.
JJ. Assessment Bin composting making
(80 minute)
*The teacher may provide a rubric in assessing the learners.
K. Assignment Search about the indicators of a fully decomposed fertilizers.

(1 minute)
L. Concluding
Activity
(2 minutes)
XXXV. REMARKS
XXXVI. REFLECTIONS
JJ. No. of learners who earned
assessment
KK. No. of learners
LL.Did the remedial
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
MM. No. of learners
who continue to require
remediation
NN. Which of my
teaching strategies
these work?
OO. What difficulties
can help me solve?
PP. What innovation
to share with other
teachers?
40
Session No: 19-21
XXXVII. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
organic fertilizer.
Learning Competencies/Code Monitor compost based on PNS indications of fully
decomposed fertilizer/TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Formulate ideas from the given image.
• Skills Design a form to be used for compost monitoring.

• Attitude Follow the proper monitoring methods of compost through its
physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
• Values Appreciate the value of monitoring the composting process for

higher productivity and quality harvest.
XXXVIII. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials
XXXIX. LEARNING RESOURCES
S. References
25. Teacher’s Guide pages Organic Agriculture Curriculum Guide page 10.
27. Textbook pages
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTn-a5ttD6o
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/evaluating-
methods-of-composting-on-date-of-maturity-and-quality-of-
compost-in-assosa-western-ethiopia-2252-5211-1000310-
94843.html
http://compost.css.cornell.edu/monitor/monitoring.html
https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1349&bih=590&tbm
=isch&sa=1&ei=ZFTFW5TTCZSAQbel6foBw&q=monitoring+qou
tes&oq=monitoring+qoutes&gs_l=img.3...
T. Other Learning Resources
U. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker and others
XL. PROCEDURES
KK. Introductory Showing a video presentation on how to perform composting pile monitoring.
Activity
(10 minutes)
41
1. What are the important things to consider in monitoring the compost pile?
2. When can you say that compost is ready to harvest?
*In the absence of video presentation the teacher may show pictures or tell a short story related on how to
monitor the compost.
LL. Activity Activity 1: Direction: Write the characteristics of a fully decomposed fertilizer inside
(10 minutes) the squares. Present your output in front of the class.
Note: This can be done individually or by group.
MM. Analysis Ask:

(5 minutes) 1. How did you find the activity?
2. How were you able to come up with your answers?
NN. Abstraction Compost Monitoring
(60 minutes)
Monitoring and controlling the moisture content, oxygen level and
temperature of the composting process is also another important issue to have good
quality and large quantity compost within scheduled time desired. On the other hand
type of raw materials, their proportions in the pile and the methods of composting
significantly affect the controllability of composting (rate of decomposition) and the
quality of the compost. To have a controlled composting process and good quality
compost the choice of composting methods is crucial. The quality of compost is
determined by the nutrient composition, concentration of heavy metals, presence of
inert materials, inclusion of weed seeds, pathogenic bacteria and compost maturity.
Thus, a good quality compost will have a dark brown colour and maturity index
(ammonia to nitrate (NH3: NO3) and C:N) ratio in the range of 0.5 to 3 and less than
42
25, respectively; while having less concentrations of heavy metals, weed seeds and
pathogenic bacteria.
Monitoring the Composting Process
As composting proceeds, a number of changes occur in its physical, chemical, and
biological characteristics. Monitoring some of these variables will help you to assess
the status of your compost and to compare the progress of systems with different
initial conditions or ingredients.
• Moisture
Monitoring Compost Moisture

Composting proceeds best at a moisture content of 40-60% by weight. At lower
moisture levels, microbial activity is limited. At higher levels, the process is likely to
become anaerobic and foul-smelling.
When you are choosing and mixing your compost ingredients, you may wish
to measure the moisture content. After the composting is underway, you probably
don't need to repeat this measurement because you can observe whether
appropriate moisture levels are being maintained.
If your compost starts to smell bad, chances are it's too wet. Excess water fills the
pore spaces, impeding diffusion of oxygen through the compost materials and
leading to anaerobic conditions. Mixing in additional bulking agent such as dry wood
chips, cardboard pieces, or newspaper strips is likely to alleviate the problem. If you
are composting in a bioreactor with drainage holes, you may notice leachate draining
out. This liquid is often rich in nutrients and can be diluted for use on plants. You may
find it useful to record the amount of leachate produced by each system, for
comparison with initial moisture content, temperature curves, or other variables.
If you are blowing air through your compost system, you will need to be careful not
to dry it out. If the temperature drops sooner than expected and the compost looks
dry, moisture may have become the limiting factor. In this case try mixing in some
water and see if the temperature rises again.
• Temperature
Monitoring Compost Temperature

Temperature is one of the key indicators in composting. Is the system heating up?
How hot does it get? How long does it remain hot? How does mixing affect the
temperature profile?
Heat is generated as a byproduct of microbial breakdown of organic material, and

you can use the temperature of your compost to gauge how well the system is
working and how far along the decomposition has progressed. For example, if your
43
compost heats up to 40 or 50C, you can deduce that the ingredients contained
adequate nitrogen and moisture for rapid microbial growth.
To take your temperature readings, make sure to use a probe that reaches deep into
the compost. Leave the probe in place long enough for the reading to stabilize, then
move it to a new location. Take readings in several locations, including at various
depths from the top and sides. Compost may have hotter and colder pockets
depending on the moisture content and chemical composition of ingredients. Can
you find temperature gradients with depth? Where do you find your hottest
readings? For systems in which air enters from the bottom, the hottest locations tend
to be two-thirds or more of the way up. Is this true for your system?
By graphing compost temperature over time, you can tell how far along the
decomposition has progressed. A well constructed compost system will heat up to
40 or 50C within two to three days. As readily decomposable organic matter becomes
depleted, the temperature begins to drop and the process slows considerably.
The temperature at any point depends primarily on how much heat is being produced
by microorganisms and how much is lost through aeration and surface cooling. How
long the system remains hot therefore depends on the chemical composition of the
ingredients as well as the size and shape of the system. Moisture content also affects
temperature change; since water has a higher specific heat than most other
materials, drier compost mixtures tend to heat up and cool off more quickly than
wetter mixtures, providing adequate moisture levels for microbial growth are
maintained.
• pH
Monitoring Compost pH
Why is compost pH worth measuring? Primarily because you can use it to follow the
process of decomposition. Compost microorganisms operate best under neutral to
acidic conditions, with pH's in the range of 5.5 to 8. During the initial stages of
decomposition, organic acids are formed. The acidic conditions are favorable for
growth of fungi and breakdown of lignin and cellulose. As composting proceeds, the
organic acids become neutralized, and mature compost generally has a pH between
6 and 8.
If anaerobic conditions develop during composting, organic acids may accumulate

rather than break down. Aerating or mixing the system should reduce this acidity.
Adding lime (calcium carbonate) generally is not recommended because it causes
ammonium nitrogen to be lost to the atmosphere as ammonia gas. Not only does
this cause odors, it also depletes nitrogen that is better kept in the compost for future
use by plants.
At any point during composting, you can measure the pH of the mixture. In doing
this, keep in mind that your compost is unlikely to be homogeneous. You may have
found that the temperature varied from location to location within your compost,
44
and the pH is likely to vary as well. You therefore should plan to take samples from a
variety of spots. You can mix these together and do a combined pH test, or test each
of the samples individually. In either case, make sure to make several replicate tests
and to report all of your answers. (Since pH is measured on a logarithmic scale, it
doesn't make sense mathematically to take a simple average of your replicates.)
pH can be measured using any of the following methods. Whichever method you
choose, make sure to measure the pH as soon as possible after sampling so that
continuing chemical changes will not affect your results:
Soil Test Kit

Test kits for analysis of soil pH can be used without modification for compost
samples. Simply follow the manufacturer's instructions.
pH Paper
If your compost is moist but not muddy, you can insert a pH indicator strip into the
compost, let it sit for a few minutes to soak up water, then read the pH using color
comparison.
Compost Extractions
Using a calibrated meter or pH paper, you can measure pH in a compost extract
made by mixing compost with distilled water. It is important to be consistent in the
ratio of compost to water and to account for the initial moisture content of the
compost, but there is no universally accepted protocol specifying these procedures.
One approach is to read the pH in oven-dried samples that have been reconstituted
with distilled water.
1. Spread compost in a thin layer in a pan, and dry for 24 hours in a 105-110°C
oven.
2. Weigh or measure 5 g samples of oved-dried compost into small containers.
3. Add 25 ml distilled water to each sample.
4. Mix thoroughly for 5 seconds then let stand for 10 minutes.
5. Read the pH with a calibrated meter or with pH paper and record as
compost pH in water, or pHw.
An alternative is to measure pH in samples that have not been dried. In this case, the
amount of water that you add will need to vary to compensate for the varying
moisture content of the compost. You will still need to dry some of the compost in
order to measure moisture content, but you can take the pH readings on samples
that haven't been altered by drying.
1. Calculate the % moisture of your compost:

a) Weigh a small container.
b) Weigh 10 g of compost into the container.
c) Dry the sample for 24 hours in a 105-110°C oven, or for 5 minutes in a microwave
45
oven. If you use a microwave oven, place a beaker containing 100 ml of water in the
oven during the drying to protect the oven's magnetron.
d) Reweigh the sample, subtract the weight of the container, and determine the
moisture content using the following equation:
M = ((Ww-Wd)/Ww) x 100
in which:
M = moisture content (%) of compost sample
WW = wet weight of the sample, and
Wd = weight of the sample after drying.
1. Use the % moisture to figure out how much water to add.

For example, if your compost sample is 40% moisture, you will compensate by
adding only 60% of the water you would need if the sample were air dried (0.60 x 5
ml = 3 ml water needed).
2. Weigh or measure 5 g samples of compost into small containers.
3. Add the calculated amount of distilled water to each sample.
4. Mix thoroughly for 5 seconds.
5. Let stand for 10 minutes.
6. Read the pH with pH paper or a calibrated meter and record as compost pH in
water, or pHw.
• Odor
Monitoring Compost Odors

A well-constructed compost system should not produce offensive odors, although it
will not be odor-free. You can use your nose to detect potential problems as your
composting progresses. For example, if you notice an ammonia odor, your mix
probably is too rich in nitrogen (the C/N ratio is too low), and you should mix in a
carbon source such as leaves or wood shavings. If you smell a musty odor, it may be
because the mix is too moist, which you can correct by adding more of your bulking
agent. Left uncorrected, compost that is too wet may go anaerobic, producing a foul
sulfurous odor that is hard to ignore. If this occurs in indoor bioreactors, you may
wish to take them outside or vent them to the outside, then aerate or mix thoroughly
and add additional absorbant material such as wood chips or sawdust. In an outdoor
compost pile, turning the pile may be sufficent to correct the anaerobic condition,
although initially this may make the odor even more pronounced.
• Invertebrates
Observing Compost Invertebrates

In outdoor compost piles, a wide range of invertebrates take part in the
decompostion of organic matter. Try monitoring invertebrate life in the pile over the
course of the compost process. How long is it before you locate the first
invertebrates? What happens to them when the pile heats up? Do you find different
organisms later on, after the pile cools down?
46
In indoor container composting you may find fewer (or no) invertebrates, and
decomposition is accomplished by microbes alone.
Materials
*light-colored trays or pans
*tweezers, spoons, or tongue depressors
Procedure
One method of collecting invertebrates is to take grab samples of compost from

various locations in the heap. Some organisms such as centipedes and sowbugs will
be more likely to be found near the surface. Others will be found deeper in the heap.
Spread each compost sample in a large tray or pan, preferably light in color for
maximum contrast. Students should use wooden tongue depressors, plastic spoons,
or other instruments that will not hurt the organisms, to sort through the compost.
Flashlights and magnifying lenses can be used to enhance the observation. The larger
organisms, such as worms, centipedes, millipedes, sowbugs, earwigs, spiders, ants,
beetles, snails, slugs, some mites, etc., can be observed with the naked eye. To get a
closer look, place samples of the compost in petri dishes or watch glasses and
observe them under a dissecting microscope.
An alternative method of separating small arthropods in compost is by using a

"Berlese funnel". This method will provide a higher concentration of arthropods to
view. Place a funnel with a 10-30 cm upper diameter in a ring stand. Attach a circle
of 10mm wire mesh (hardware cloth) or window screen 8 cm below the funnel. Just
below the funnel, place a vial to collect the specimens. Position a light source (25
watt) 2.0 - 2.5 cm above the funnel, or place the collecting apparatus in a sunny
location. The light and heat drive the negatively phototaxic compost organisms
downward through the funnel and into the collecting jar. If you use too strong a light
source, the organisms will dry up and die before making it through the funnel.
Place compost in the funnel and then partially fill the vial with water if you want to
observe live organisms. Observe the organisms about 2 to 4 days later. They will
remain alive and float on top of the water. You can place them in a petri dish or watch
glass and observe them under a dissecting microscope or with a magnifying glass.
You should find small arthropods, including many different kinds of mites, a few
different insect larvae, springtails, small millipedes, ants, etc.
The organisms can be lifted out with a paint brush and maintained in small chambers
of plaster of paris (mixed with powdered charcoal to aid observation). This substrate
must be kept continually moist to keep the arthropods alive. Adding brewer's yeast
to the substrate provides a food supply for many species.
A mixture of 90% percent ethanol and 10% glycerol can be used to collect the
arthropods if preserved organisms are needed for quantitative study. A grid of 1.0cm
squares can be set up on a petri dish for counting. Removal of organisms can be
47
accomplished with an angled sewing needle that has been filed flat. The pointed end
can be imbedded in a cork or wooden dowel or matchstick. Thin, drawn out pipettes
can also be used and rinsed out with alcohol if organisms get stuck.
• Microbes
Observing Compost Microorganisms

Observe the microbial communities in your compost over the course of several weeks
or months as the compost heats up and then later returns to ambient temperature.
Can you identify differences in microbial communities at various stages of the
composting process?
Materials
• compound microscope
• .85% NaCl (physiological saline)
• methylene blue stain (Prepare stain by adding 1.6 g methylene blue
chloride to 100 ml of 95% ethanol, then mixing 30 ml of this solution with
100 ml of 0.01% aqueous solution of KOH)
Procedure
1. Make a wet mount by putting a drop of water or physiological saline on a

microscope slide and transfering a small amount of compost to the drop.
Make sure not to add too much compost or you will not have enough light to
observe the organisms.
2. Stir the compost into the water or saline (the preparation should be watery)
and apply a cover slip.
3. Observe under low and high power. You should be able to find many
nematodes (they should be very wiggly), flatworms, rotifers (notice the
rotary motion of cilia at the anterior end of the rotifer and the contracting
motion of the body), mites, springtails and fast-moving protozoans. Pieces of
fungi mycelia can be seen, but might be difficult to recognize. Bacteria can
be seen as very tiny, roundish particles, which seem to be vibrating in the
background.
4. If you want to observe the bacteria directly, you can prepare a stained slide
and observe the slide using a 100X oil immersion lens. To prepare a stained
slide, mix a small amount of compost with a drop of physiological saline on a
slide. Spread with a toothpick. Let the mixture air dry until you see a white
dried film on the slide. Next fix the bacteria to the slide by passing the slide
through a hot flame a few times. Stain the slide using methylene blue stain.
Flood the slide with the methylene blue stain for one minute and then rinse
with distilled water and gently blot dry using blotting or filter paper.
5. Fungi and actinomycetes may be difficult to recognize with the above
technique because the entire organism (including the mycelium,
48
reproductive bodies and cells) will probably not remain together. Fungi and
actinomycetes will be observed best if you can find fungal growth on the
surface of the compost heap. The growth looks fuzzy, powdery, or like a
spiderweb. Lift some compost with the sample on top, and and prepare a
slide with cover slip to view under the microscope. You should be able to see
the fungi well under 100X and 400X. The actinomycetes can be heat-fixed
and gram-stained to view under oil immersion at 1000X.
6. To separate nematodes, rotifers, and protozoans, a continuous column of
water leading from the compost to the collection vial is necessary, and the
following adaptation of the above method should be used: The compost is
put into a beaker with the screen stretched across the top and taped in place.
The beaker is then turned over into the funnel. Plastic tubing is placed at the
end of the funnel stem and a screw clamp is placed a few inches below the
end of the funnel stem on the pastic tubing.
The plastic tubing should lead into a collection vial or small beaker. The clamp
is closed and water is poured into the funnel until the beaker is about 1/2
filled. After a few days the clamp is slightly and slowly opened and organisms
which have concentrated at the end of the tubing should fall into the vial.
• Volatile Solids
Determining Volatile Solids and Moisture Losses

In large and even medium sized composting systems it can be difficult to directly
measure the mass of substrate once the composting process has started, so it is
difficult to determine the mass that has been degraded to CO 2 and H2O. For a
completely mixed reactor, the ash and volatile solids percents of a sample and the
original mass data can be used to calculate the volatile solids mass remaining using
the following equation:
Note that for any sample, ash and volatile solids are related by:
VS%= 100-Ash%
49
The reduction in volatile solids concentration is gradual and often small, so
replicated samples should be ashed to insure a statistically representative result.
You can combine this result with moisture data to determine the moisture loss
from the compost. First, calculate the VS loss, and then subtract this DVS from the
total dry solids (TS) in the system to get the TS mass at time t (note that the ash
fraction of TS is conserved, so the loss of TS is equal to the loss of VS):
At any point in time, the mass of water remaining in the compost can be calculated
from:
In addition to the mass changes in volatile solids or water, one can also calculate
the percent reductions in VS or H2O using the following formulas:
and
50
OO. Application Design a form to be used for compost monitoring focusing more on its physical
(32 minutes) characteristics.
PP. Assessment Proceed to the composting area and monitor the compost using the designed form
(60 minutes)
Sample monitoring form
Compost Physical Characteristics
OBSERVABLE NOT OBSERVABLE
Color Becomes brown or blackish ∕
Odour It smell of ammonia ∕
It smells like forest soil ∕
It smells like rotten eggs ∕
Structure Fibrous compost ∕
Crumbly compost ∕
Wood Wood still hard, white to light colored, and no ∕
Fracture degradation signs.
Wood is slightly tender, darkening at the margins ∕
and a little bit greasy.
Wood is tender, the surface of the fracture is dark ∕
and the margins black, and the water can easily
extruded by pressing the piece of wood.
Moisture 40-60% moist by weight. ∕
Temperature -40 to 50C ∕
pH Compost generally has a pH between 6-8. ∕
Invertebrates There are a wide range of invertebrates take part in ∕
the compost.
*The teacher may provide a rubric in evaluating the content of monitoring form including
the monitoring activity. You can also enhance this monitoring form.
M. Assignment 1. How will you check the quality of your compost? (10 points)
(2 minute) 2. What are the indicators of high quality compost? (10 points)
N. Concluding
Activity
(1 minute)
XLI. REMARKS
XLII. REFLECTIONS
QQ. No. of learners who
earned 80% on the
RR. No. of learners

SS. Did the remedial
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
51
TT. No. of learners
remediation
UU. Which of my
teaching strategies
these work?
VV. What difficulties
can help me solve?
WW. What innovation
to share with other
teachers?
52
Session No. 22-23
XLIII. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
organic fertilizer.
Learning Competencies/Code Check quality of harvest based on PNS indications of fully
decomposed fertilizer /TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Produce a fully decomposed fertilizer for quality checking.
• Skills Initiate the checking of observable physical characteristics of

fully decomposed fertilizer.
• Attitude Perform the proper checking of fully decomposed fertilizer.
• Values Appreciate the importance of checking the quality of compost

for saving the ecosystem.
XLIV. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

XLV. LEARNING RESOURCES
V. References
29. Teacher’s Guide pages Curriculum Guide in Organic Agriculture pages 10.
Handbook for Composting and Compost Use in Organic
31. Textbook pages
Horticulture pagws 99-102.
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/evaluating-
methods-of-composting-on-date-of-maturity-and-quality-of-
compost-in-assosa-western-ethiopia-2252-5211-1000310-
94843.html
http://www.louisbolk.org/downloads/3232.pdf
32. Additional Materials from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrvhWk05r4Ihttps://ww
Learning Resource (LR) portal w.google.com.ph/search?biw=1349&bih=590&tbm=isch&sa=1
&ei=saHFW-C-KNmC
QaJ2pLgCg&q=+quality+of+compost+quotes&oq=+quality+of+
compost+quotes&gs_l=img.3...14733.14733.0.17177.1.1.0.0.0.
0.1217.1217.7-1.1.0....0...1c.1.64.img..0.0.0....0.9eAQG-S_jxg
W. Other Learning Resources

X. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker, checklist, etc.
XLVI. PROCEDURES
53
QQ. Introductory
Activity
(10 minutes)
1. How do growers can assess compost quality?
RR. Activity
(20 minutes) Group Activity
Direction: Let the learners proceed to the composting area to prepare and produce
fully decomposed fertilizer for quality checking.
*If composting area is not available in school the learners or the teacher may bring a ready made fully decomposed
fertilizer to be used for quality checking.
SS.Analysis Ask:
(5 minutes) 1. After getting a fully decomposed fertilizer, how do you feel?
2. What are the characteristics of a good quality compost?
TT. Abstraction
(30 minutes)
Key Concepts
Mature compost is material in which biological activity has slowed. All of the easily
degraded molecules have been broken down, leaving the complex organic material
behind. It is difficult to identify the original feed stock materials. A fine texture, dark
colour, and a rich earthy smell often characterize mature composts. As organic
material composts, large complex molecules are broken down in a series of steps.
The final products are simple, stable molecules which make up the humus-like matrix
of nutrients and organic matter that we call compost. While this finished product is
very beneficial to plants, some of the intermediate stages may temporarily produce
compounds, such as organic acids, that can be harmful to plant growth. This is why
even compost made of high quality materials that is applied too soon to lawns or
gardens may appear to “burn” leaves, stunt growth, or even kill sensitive plant
species.
Immature composts continue to break down once they are incorporated into
the soil. This can affect plant health by consuming or tying up two resources that
growing roots need. The high level of microbial activity in unfinished compost
requires a large intake of oxygen, and the microbes may pull this from the
surrounding soil, essentially suffocating the roots. The high carbon to nitrogen ratio
(C:N ratio) of immature compost also means that, as the carbon compounds continue
to break down, microorganisms will draw on soil nitrogen to assist in the process,
leaving the root zone temporarily nitrogen poor. It is therefore crucial that
responsible compost producers ensure that their compost has time to fully mature
54
before selling it to most customers, as compost that is still “hot” when it is applied
can do serious damage to both customers’ plantings and your reputation.
A Note on Stability:
The term stability is often used interchangeably with maturity. They are not
really equivalent, however, and you must be sure you are assessing maturity, rather
than simply stability, when monitoring your own process.
A Note on Bioactive Compost:
There are some applications where a less mature product is actually preferable.
These include such projects as biofilter construction and landfill daily cover, where
the high level of biological activity in the compost is desirable since it provides
enhanced air filtering capability. And while sensitive plant species and seedlings
require a high degree of maturity, other plants, such as many field and row crops,
orchards, pastures, and turf, are more tolerant of a compost’s continuing biological
activity. This can be an advantage to compost producers as it allows some compost
to be sold more quickly, and alternatively may provide a value-added market
opportunity for very mature compost which requires extra time to finish.
Maturity: biological activity has slowed, as most remaining molecules are

difficult to break down any further.
Stability: biological activity has slowed, but this may be due to a variety of
factors—the material may be mature, or it may lack adequate nitrogen or water for
the process to continue. In this case, if the missing factors are added, biological
activity will resume at active levels.
Maturity is an important concept that is closely related to the quality of compost.
Simply put, mature compost has decomposed enough to promote plant growth.
Objective indicators of maturity have been established and are discussed below.
Most of these indicators require special equipment or analysis fee, and it takes time
for results to be received. Experienced producers and users of compost often
evaluate maturity using subjective indicators such as color, smell, and feel (Kuo et al.
2004; Sullivan and Miller, 2001). Dark brown, earthy smell - ing, moist, and finely
divided composts that lack sour or ammonia off-odors are expected to be of
adequate maturity to promote plant growth. However, more quantitative measures
are required to better enable end-users to determine the optimal rate and frequency
of compost application. C:N Ratio The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in compost is
probably the best known objective indicator of compost quality. Optimal C:N range
is considered 10-20:1 since composts within this range are unlikely to immobilize, or
"rob" plant available nitrogen. Typically, composts with C:N above 25:1 are
unacceptable for use in cropping systems. It is important to note that C:N ratios are
not adequate to use as the sole determinant of compost maturity.
However, C:N ratios are extremely useful in prescreening compost for acceptable
maturity. Compost that have C:N < 25:1 should be further evaluated for other
indicators of compost maturity. Stability A common measure of compost maturity is
55
stability or the potential for compost to further decompose. The most common
measure of compost stability are self heating tests where the maximum rise in
temperature of moist compost are measured over a 5-10 day period. Excessive
heating (>20°C increase in 10 days) indicates unstable compost (Briton, 2000).
Respiration or carbon dioxide evolution from moistened compost is also used as an
indicator of stability. Respiration and self heating are both indicators of biological
activity.
Establishing Maturity
The guidelines offer four ways of establishing compost maturity. These methods all
attempt to confirm that the composting process has actually run its course rather
than simply stalling due to lack of either nitrogen or moisture. The use of more than
one test is recommended, since presently no single test exists that can reliably verify
maturity.
TABLE 1: Guidelines for Compost Maturity
Required Tests of Compost Maturity Significance
(must conform to one of the following
four)
1.Two of three of the following tests: a) As carbon is broken down through

composting, the C:N ratio drops. (C:N
a) Carbon/nitrogen ratio (C:N) less than ratio starts ideally at 30, but can be
or equal to 25. higher).
b) Oxygen uptake less than 150 mg b) Microbes require oxygen, so a drop
O2/kg organic matter/hour in the O2 required signals a slowing of
c) Germination of cress or radish seeds microbial activity.
in compost equal to more than 90% that c) Cress (Lepidium sativum) and
of control sample, and plant growth rate radish (Raphanus sativus) are small
in soil/compost mix not less than 50% seeds, quick to germinate and
that of control sample. sensitive to phytotoxic
(plantdamaging) substances like the
organic acids temporarily present in
immature composts.
2. Compost must be cured* for a Microbial activity produces heat.

minimum of 21 days, and must not When pile is no longer heating up, the
reheat upon standing to greater than level of microbial activity has
200C above ambient temperature. dropped.
3. Compost must be cured* a minimum As composting progresses, water

of 21 days and organic matter must be vapour and carbon dioxide are given
reduced by at least 60% by weight. off, resulting in a lighter, denser
product.
4. Compost must be cured* for a six- In the absence of other tests, six
month period. months under proper conditions to
promote effective composting is
56
considered sufficient to achieve
maturity.
* The conditions of the curing pile “must be conducive to aerobic biological

activity”— that is, there must be sufficient oxygen and moisture to allow microbial
activity to continue.
How growers can assess compost quality?
In short
• For the grower it is essential to choose the appropriate compost for the target
application.
• A farmer can already acquire useful information about the compost quality using
his own senses.
• Chemical analyses and biotests complete the information and allow the grower to
evaluate and choose the right compost.
• A good relationship between compost producer and compost user is key to the
successful implementation of compost in farming systems. It is not always easy for
a grower to choose the compost he wants to use. He has to select a compost that
has been produced correctly and has good qualities for the intended application.
In this chapter, we will present to the grower some simple methods for performing
an assessment on the composts.
Compost sampling
A very important point is that compost assessment should be based on a
representative sample. To do this, samples are taken 30-40 cm inside the compost
pile at different places and mixed together. An initial evaluation of the homogeneity
of the compost can be carried out during this process. Observation of important
differences between the subsamples (in regard to moisture content, colour,
structure) can indicate whether the management of the composting process and/or
the storage of the product was not optimally performed. In this is not the case,
caution with the product has to be taken. Observations and analyses have to be
performed with fresh samples. If not possible, the samples can be stored for 2 to 3
days at 4°C.
9.2 Assessments with own senses
Observations of compost with own senses (eyes, nose, touch) can provide
information about the compost quality. These observations cannot replace chemical
analyses or plant tests, but they can complement them.
9.2.1 Colour of the compost
At the beginning of the composting process, the material presents a mosaic of
colour deriving from the input materials. During the process, a homogenization of
the colour takes place, and, with the evolution of the humification, the compost
becomes brown or blackish. If the compost is too dry during the process, grey moulds
can be observed.
57
58
9.3 Interpretation of measurements and analyses
The compost user should obtain information from the compost producer that can be
used in combination with personal observations to evaluate the compost.
9.3.1 Composting process protocol
Each compost producer has to follow a protocol about the composting process. For
the compost user, the most important point here is the control of the evolution of
the temperature, in order to be sure that the compost is hygienically safe. This is the
case if the compost reaches, after the last input of fresh organic material at least
55°C during three weeks or 65°C during one week, and if the compost pile is
turned at least twice during the thermophilic period.
9.3.2 Chemical analyses
The compost producer has to periodically perform chemical analyses of his compost
and these data can be requested from him. The first point to check is whether the
heavy metals contents respect the legal limits. To be able to plan the quantity of
compost to be used and to calculate the nutrient balance, the nutrient analysis are
also needed. The heavy metals and nutrient contents are relatively stable during the
composting process and do not need to be analyzed immediately before compost’s
use. The pH-value, the salt content, mineral nitrogen content and the phytotoxicity
can greatly vary during the composting process and during the storage of the
compost. For this reason, we recommend analysis of these characteristics a few days
before using the compost. These analyses can be performed with a simple laboratory
infrastructure (field labor).
9.3.3 Phytotoxicity tests
Bio-tests (such as phytotoxicity tests) are very useful to complete the evaluation. In
such tests, plants react to the whole of the compost quality and not only to some
parameters such as those mentioned above. The tests recommended are the open
cress test (not so sensitive) and the closed cress test (highly sensitive).
UU. Application Group Activity

(30 minutes) Direction: Each group will check the quality of fully decomposed fertilizer using the
checklist by the teacher.
59
* In the absence of different composting testing apparatus, the teacher may provide a checklist to test the quality of
compost through its physical characteristics.
VV. Assessment
(20 minutes) Note: The result of the activity under application will be the basis for the assessment.
O. Assignment Search about the different composting testing apparatus and specify its functions.
(2 minutes) (30 points)
P. Concluding
Activity
(3 minutes)
XLVII. REMARKS
XLVIII. REFLECTIONS
XX. No. of learners who
earned 80% on the
YY. No. of learners
ZZ. Did the remedial
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
AAA. No. of learners
remediation
BBB. Which of my
teaching strategies
these work?
CCC. What difficulties
can help me solve?
DDD. What innovation
to share with other
teachers?
60
Session No: 24-25
XLIX. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
organic fertilizer.
Learning Competencies/Code Carry out processing of compost fertilizer based on
production requirement /TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Hypothesize the factors to consider in composting process.
• Skills Arrange the procedure in loading the bin / windrow.

• Attitude Display the three classes of microbes responsible for
composting process and methods of composting.
• Values Appreciate the importance of composting process for better

quality production.
L. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

LI. LEARNING RESOURCES
Y. References
35. Textbook pages
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BV-xAlFG2o
http://www.ecochem.com/t_compost_faq2.html
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=carry+out+compost+pr
Z. Other Learning Resources
ocessing+quotes&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE
wiwrPRho3eAhVKP48KHe39BSsQ_AUIDigB&biw=1349&bih=63
9
AA. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Manila paper, scotch tapes, marker and others
LII. PROCEDURES
WW. Introductory
Activity
(10 minutes)
61
1. How you will process your compost?
Note: In the absence of video presentation, you can simply ask this question to the learners.
XX. Activity Group Activity
(10 minutes) Direction: Write and report the things to consider in compost processing.
Things to
Consider in
Compost
Processing
Note: Please see on the abstraction, the answer is there.
YY. Analysis Ask:

(5 minutes) 1. What did you learn after the activity?
2. Did you enjoy? Why?
ZZ.Abstraction COMPOSTING PROCESS
(60 minutes)
Composting is nature's way of recycling. Composting biodegrades organic
waste. i.e. food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, crop
residue etc., and turns it into a valuable organic fertilizer.
Composting is a natural biological process, carried out under controlled aerobic

conditions (requires oxygen). In this process, various microorganisms, including
bacteria and fungi, break down organic matter into simpler substances. The
effectiveness of the composting process is dependent upon the environmental
conditions present within the composting system i.e. oxygen, temperature, moisture,
material disturbance, organic matter and the size and activity of microbial
populations.
Composting is not a mysterious or complicated process. Natural recycling

(composting) occurs on a continuous basis in the natural environment. Organic
matter is metabolized by microorganisms and consumed by invertebrates. The
resulting nutrients are returned to the soil to support plant growth.
Composting is relatively simple to manage and can be carried out on a wide

range of scales in almost any indoor or outdoor environment and in almost any
geographic location. It has the potential to manage most of the organic material in
the waste stream including restaurant waste, leaves and yard wastes, farm waste,
animal manure, animal carcasses, paper products, sewage sludge, wood etc. and can
be easily incorporated into any waste management plan.
Since approximately 45 - 55% of the waste stream is organic matter, composting

can play a significant role in diverting waste from landfills thereby conserving landfill
62
space and reducing the production of leachate and methane gas. In addition, an
effective composting program can produce a high quality soil amendment with a
variety of end uses.
The essential elements required by the composting microorganisms are carbon,

nitrogen, oxygen and moisture. If any of these elements are lacking, or if they are not
provided in the proper proportion, the microorganisms will not flourish and will not
provide adequate heat. A composting process that operates at optimum
performance will convert organic matter into stable compost that is odor and
pathogen free, and a poor breeding substrate for flies and other insects. In addition,
it will significantly reduce the volume and weight of organic waste as the composting
process converts much of the biodegradable component to gaseous carbon dioxide.
The composting process is carried out by three classes of microbes -
• Psychrophiles - low temperature microbes

• Mesophiles -medium temperature microbes
• Thermophiles - high temperature microbes
Generally, composting begins at mesophilic temperatures and progresses into the

thermophilic range. In later stages other organisms including Actinomycetes,
Centipedes, Millipedes, Fungi, Sowbugs, Spiders and Earthworms assist in the
process.
Things to Consider in Carrying -out Processing for Compost Fertilizer
Temperature
Temperature is directly proportional to the biological activity within the composting
system. As the metabolic rate of the microbes accelerates, the temperature within
the system increases. Conversely, as the metabolic rate of the microbes decreases,
the system temperature decreases. Maintaining a temperature of 130°F or more
for 3 to 4 days favors the destruction of weed seeds, fly larvae and plant pathogens.
At a temperature of 155 degrees F, organic matter will decompose about twice as

fast as at 130 degrees F. Temperatures above 155 degrees F may result in the
destruction of certain microbe populations. In this case temperature may rapidly
decline. Temperature will slowly rise again as the microbe population regenerates.
Moisture content, oxygen availability, and microbial activity all influence

temperature. When the pile temperature is increasing, it is operating at optimum
performance and should be left alone. As the temperature peaks, and begins to
decrease, the pile should be turned to incorporate oxygen into the compost.
Subsequently , the pile should respond to the turning and incorporation of oxygen,
and temperature should again cycle upwards. The turning process should be
continued until the pile fails to re-heat. This indicates that the compost material is
biologically stable.
63
Composting microorganisms thrive in moist conditions. For optimum performance,
moisture content within the composting environment should be maintained at 45
percent. Too much water can cause the compost pile to go anaerobic and emit
obnoxious odors. Too little will prevent the microorganisms from propagating.
Particle Size
The ideal particle size is around 2 to 3 inches. In some cases, such as in the
composting of grass clippings, the raw material may be too dense to permit adequate
air flow or may be too moist. A common solution to this problem is to add a bulking
agent (straw, dry leaves, paper, cardboard) to allow for proper air flow. Mixing
materials of different sizes and textures also helps aerate the compost pile.
Turning
During the composting process oxygen is used up quickly by the microbes as they
metabolize the organic matter. As the oxygen becomes depleted the composting
process slows and temperatures decline. Aerating the compost by turning should
ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to the microbes.
Composting Period
The composting period is governed by a number of factors including, temperature,
moisture, oxygen, particle size, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and the degree of
turning involved. Generally, effective management of these factors will accelerate
the composting process.
Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio

The microbes in compost use carbon for energy and nitrogen for protein synthesis.
The proportion of these two elements required by the microbes averages about 30
parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen. Accordingly, the ideal ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen
(C:N) is 30 to 1 (measured on a dry weight basis). This ratio governs the speed at
which the microbes decompose organic waste.
Most organic materials do not have this ratio and, to accelerate the composting
process, it may be necessary to balance the numbers.
The C:N ratio of materials can be calculated by using table 1 below.

Example, if you have two bags of cow manure (C:N = 20:1) and one bag of corn stalks
(C:N = 60:1) then combined you have a C:N ration of (20:1 + 20:1 + 60:1)/3 = (100:1)/3
= 33:1
Table 1 lists the Carbon/Nitrogen Ratios of Some Common Organic Materials
Table 1.
Material C:N Ratio Material C:N Ratio

Vegetables wastes 12-20:1 Oat Straw 74:1
Alfafa hay 13:1 Paper 150-200:1
Cow manure 20:1 Sawdust 100-500:1
64
Apple pomace 21:1 Grass clippings 12-25:1
Leaves 40-80:1 Coffee grounds 20:1
Corn Stalks 60:1 Bark 100-130:1
Fruit wastes 35:1 Poultry manure 10:1
(fresh)
Newspaper 50-200:1 Rotted manure 20:1
The C:N ratios listed above are for guidelines only.
Composters for smaller volumes

Plastic bin (well ventilated)
Metal or plastic drum (base removed – well ventilated)
Composters for larger volumes

Rotating drum (in vessel)
Enclosure (made from 4 x 4 pallets lined with chicken wire)
Open pile – windrow (covered with plastic or tarp)
In-Vessel
An in-vessel, aerobic mechanical composter can be constructed from a steel drum,
or tank designed to rotate at three to five revolutions per hour. Rotation can be
carried out with a simple hand crank or a timed electrical mechanical device. This
type of composter can produce a stabilized compost in three to four days and can be
an environmentally appropriate, low management alternative to bin composting.
Aerated Bin
An aerated bin can be constructed using 4' × 4' pallets fastened together to form a
box and lined with wire mesh. To limit the degree of turning and permit air to flow
through the pile the structure can be elevated or, in the alternative, perforated pipes
can be incorporated into the structure. One side of the structure should be
detachable to facilitate loading, mixing and unloading. The composter should be
waterproof and located in and area that is protected from the wind.
Static compost piles and windrows should be large enough to retain heat and small
enough to facilitate air to its center. As a rule of thumb, the minimum dimensions of
a pile should be 3 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet.
Turning Units
Turning units are ideally suited for batch composting and are extremely practical for
building and turning active compost. Turning units allow convenient mixing for
aeration and accelerated composting.
Composting Methods
1. Hot Composting
Hot composting is the most efficient method for producing quality compost in a
relatively short time. In addition, it favors the destruction of weed seeds, fly larvae
and pathogens. While hot composting, using the windrow or bin method, requires a
65
high degree of management, hot composting, using the in-vessel method, requires a
lesser degree of management.
2. Cold Composting
This method is ideal for adding organic matter around trees, in garden plots, in
eroded areas etc. The time required to decompose organic matter using this method
is governed, to a large extent, by environmental conditions and could take two years
or more.
3. Sheet Composting
Sheet composting is carried out by spreading organic material on the surface of the
soil or untilled ground and allowing it to decompose naturally. Over time, the
material will decompose and filter into the soil. This method is ideally suited for
forage land, no-till applications, erosion control, roadside landscaping etc. The
process does not favor the destruction of weed seeds, fly larvae, pathogens etc. and
composting materials should be limited to plant residue and manure. Again,
decomposition time is governed by environmental conditions and can be quite
lengthy.
4. Trench Composting
Trench composting is relatively simple. Simply dig a trench 6 - 8 inches deep, fill with
3 - 4 inches of organic material and cover with soil. Wait a few weeks and plant
directly above the trench. This method does not favor the destruction of weed seeds,
fly larvae and pathogens and the composting process can be relatively slow.
5. Loading the Bin / Windrow

Place the raw materials in layers using a balance of high carbon (moist) and low
carbon (dry) materials. Each layer should be no more than four to six inches in depth.
Spray each layer with a light mist of CBCT Stock Solution (Mix CBCT Concentrate and
water at a rate of 1:200). This will initiate and accelerate the composting process and
eliminate odors).
Procedure:
Step 1. Start with a 4 to 6 inch layer of coarse material set on the bottom of the
composter or on top of the soil.
Step 2. Add a 3 to 4 inch layer of low carbon material.
Step 3. Add a 4 to 6 inch layer of high carbon material.
Step 4. Add a 1 inch layer of garden soil or finished compost.
Step 5. Mix the layers of high carbon material, low carbon material, and soil or
compost.
Repeat steps 2 through 5 until the composting bin is filled (maximum 4 feet in
height). Cap with dry material.
Loading the Vessel (in-vessel composting)

To accelerate the composting process, simply mix the high carbon and low carbon
materials together before placing them in the composter. Add the mixture to the
66
composter in small batches, spraying each batch with a light mist of water or CBCT
stock solution.
Adding material during the composting process

Ideally, new materials should be added to the composting system during turning or
mixing. Generally, the addition of moist materials accelerates the composting
process while the addition of dry materials slows the process.
About Compost
Finished compost can be classified as a 100% organic fertilizer containing primary
nutrients as well as trace minerals, humus and humic acids, in a slow release form.
Compost improves soil porosity, drainage and aeration and moisture holding capacity
and reduces compaction. Compost can retain up to ten times it's weight in water. In
addition, compost helps buffer soils against extreme chemical imbalances; aids in
unlocking soil minerals; releases nutrients over a wide time window; acts as a buffer
against the absorption of chemicals and heavy metals; promotes the development of
healthy root zones; suppresses diseases associated with certain fungi; and helps
plants tolerate drought conditions.
Applications
Compost can be used in a variety of applications. High quality compost can be used
in agriculture, horticulture, landscaping and home gardening. Medium quality
compost can be used in applications such as erosion control and roadside
landscaping. Low quality compost can be used as a landfill cover or in land
reclamation projects.
AAA. Application The students will answer the following questions below:
(10 minutes) 1. What is the most efficient method of composting that produced quality compost
in a relatively short time? Why?
BBB. Assessment Test 1: Enumeration

(20 minutes) 1-5 Things to consider in compost processing.
6-10 Methods of composting
Test II. Direction: Arrange the procedure in loading the bin / windrow by putting a
number before the steps.
Procedure:
Step____ Add a 4 to 6 inch layer of high carbon material.
Step____ Add a 1 inch layer of garden soil or finished compost.
Step____ Start with a 4 to 6 inch layer of coarse material set on the bottom of the
composter or on top of the soil.
Step____ Add a 3 to 4 inch layer of low carbon material.
Step____ Mix the layers of high carbon material, low carbon material, and soil or
compost.
Step ____ Repeat steps 2 through 5 until the composting bin is filled (maximum 4
feet in height). Cap with dry material.
Answer: 3,4,1,2,5,6
67
Test III: Essay
Direction: Answer the question briefly
Why do you think it is important to understand the compost processing and the
different methods of composting production? (10 points)
Q. Assignment Search and produce a sample of different forms used in recording compost
(3 minutes) production. 1-3 forms (50 points), 1-5 forms (100 points).
R. Concluding
Activity
(2 minutes)
LIII. REMARKS
LIV. REFLECTIONS
EEE. No. of learners who
earned 80% on the
FFF. No. of learners
GGG. Did the remedial
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
HHH. No. of learners
remediation
III. Which of my teaching
Why did these work?
JJJ. What difficulties
can help me solve?
KKK. What innovation
to share with other
teachers?
68
Session No: 26-27
LV. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
organic fertilizer.
Learning Competencies/Code Perform record keeping based on farm procedure
/TLE_AFOA9-12OF-Ia-j-IIa-j-1
Objectives
• Knowledge Produce different forms in compost record keeping.
• Skills Design a simple record for your composting record production.

• Attitude Practice proper recording using different design forms.
• Values Sincerely perform record keeping accordingly for

environmental sustainability and higher productivity.
LVI. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

LVII. LEARNING RESOURCES
BB. References
37. Teacher’s Guide pages Organic Agriculture Curriculum Guide page 10.
39. Textbook pages
https://growingsmallfarms.ces.ncsu.edu/growingsmallfarms-
orgrecords/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_management
file:///C:/Users/lenovo/Downloads/RecordKeeping-
3%20nice.pdf
https://mofgacertification.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/recor
CC. Other Learning Resources dkeepingexampleforms1.pdf
http://sustainableagriculture.net/fsma/learn-about-the-
issues/recordkeeping/
http://www.ajml.com.au/downloads/resource-
centre/references/operational-
management/The%20importance%20of%20record%20keeping
.pdf
DD. Supplies, Equipment, Tools, etc. Record book, marker, pen, pencil
LVIII. PROCEDURES
69
CCC. Introductory
Activity
(5 minutes)
Look at the picture, describe what she is doing?
Note: The teacher may show any related picture about record keeping.
DDD. Activity Activity 1: Group Activity
(10 minutes)
Direction: Let every group of students prepare a 1 minute report on the importance
of record keeping. And let them present in front of the class.
EEE. Analysis Ask:
(5 minutes) 1. After having a report, how do you feel?
2. Is record keeping important? Why?
FFF. Abstraction
(30 minutes) The importance of record keeping
Why keep records?
Keeping accurate and up-to-date records is vital to the success of any business. The
business must realize that records kept will be one of the most important
management tools it possesses and, therefore, it should be allocated due
importance. Many business owners invest a lot of time and effort into the running of
their business and yet fail to realize the importance of maintaining good
documentation. The business owner is looking for the maximum return from their
investment and the maintaining of good records is part of that equation.
Any record keeping system should be accurate, reliable, easy to follow, consistent as
to the basis used and be very simple. Good record keeping is vital in regards to
meeting the financial commitments of the business and providing information on
which decisions for the future of the business can be based. While the business
maintains records to monitor and record its normal business activities, it is also
necessary because of obligations under the taxation laws.
How will it help you?
Keeping clear and accurate records will contribute to the success of your business in
the following ways:
• Assists you in preparing your financial statements quickly and accurately.

• Provides information to enable the control of cash in the business.
• Provides management information to base business decisions on.
70
• Contributes promptly to assessing the financial situation of the business at any
time.
• Saves a lot of time and effort.
• Keeps a good track of the costs of staff and their performance.
• Measures the business performance against the projections that were originally
set down in the business plan.
• Highlights quickly areas where problems could arise and enable remedies to be
put in place.
• Fulfills the obligations as to taxation law.
• Assists you in calculating how much tax you have to pay.
• Assists in providing information required by your bankers.
• Helps in detecting thefts within the business itself.
• Provides valuable information and details for the future sale of your business
where that is required.
• Increases the chances of the business operating and achieving success.
What will your records tell you?
The following check list will give you an idea of some of the things that your records
will be able to reveal as far as your business is concerned:
• The income you are generating now and how much income you can expect to
generate in the future.
• How much you owe for goods or rent or other expenses.
• How much cash you have on hand and how much cash is tied up in other things
such as stock.
• How often you turnover your stock.
• Your gross profit and your net profit.
• How your financial situation compares with last year or with your budgets.
• How much cash is owing to you at any time and how long has it been outstanding.
• What are your actual expenses and overheads compared to your projections?
• Which of your products are making a profit and which are running at a loss?
• How your business compares in financial terms, as well as product quality and
service supplied etc, with those of your competitors and with the industry in
general.
Your legal responsibility
Under tax law anyone carrying on a business must keep full records to explain all
transactions. These records must be kept in the English language and must be
sufficient to enable the Tax Office to ascertain the correct taxable income of that
person or company. These records must be retained for at least five years from the
date of lodgement and must be kept where, if necessary, they can be referred to.
If claims are made with the Tax Office then it will be necessary to also keep receipts
that verify payments and deductions made. These receipts must show the date of
receipt, name of the supplier, the amount involved and a description of what has
been bought. For smaller expenses, of course, receipts are not necessary as long as
71
a record is kept in the form of a diary showing the date, amount and purpose. All
invoices generated and received must state the words “Tax Invoice” and detail the
relevant ABN.
Organic Certification Record keeping

National Organic Program Record keeping Requirements for Certified Operations:
(a) A certified operation must maintain records concerning the production,
harvesting, and handling of agricultural products that are or that are intended to be
sold, labeled, or represented as “100 percent organic,” “organic,” or “made with
organic (specified ingredients or food group(s)).”
(b) Such records must:
(1) Be adapted to the particular business that the certified operation is conducting;
(2) Fully disclose all activities and transactions of the certified operation in sufficient
detail as to be readily understood and audited;
(3) Be maintained for not less than 5 years beyond their creation; and
(4) Be sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the Act and the regulations in this
part.
(c) The certified operation must make such records available for inspection and
copying during normal business hours by authorized representatives of the
Secretary, the applicable State program’s governing State official, and the certifying
agent.
Record keeping Templates – all of these templates were designed to comply with the
requirements of the USDA National Organic Program
Sample Composting Forms

Inputs Record
This form can be used to help you keep track of materials (fertilizers, pest control
materials, soil amendments, adjutants, manure etc. That you apply to your fields or
greenhouses.
Farm Name:_________________________________Crop Year:____________
Date Field Material Applied Purpos Quantit Applicatio

Name/# (Brand Name e y n Rate
or Manufacturer, Applied
Greenhou Formulation Source
se
Additional Notes and observations_______________________________________
Compost Production Records
72
This is an example of a form that can be used if you produce on-farm compost.
SAMPLE COMPOST PRODUCTION RECORD
Instructions: Use this form if you produce compost, either from on-farm and/or off-
farm ingredients.
Type of compost method: in-vessel static aerated pile windrows
other (specify)___________________
List all compost ingredients and source.
Ingredient Source Amount C:N Ratio Residue analysis , if needed
Total C:N
Ratio
USDA Organic Rule requires that composting plant and animal materials be
produced through a process that establishes an initial C:N ration of between 25:1
and 40:1, and that a temperature of between 131ºF. and 170ºF be maintained for 3
days using an in-vessel or static aerated pile system; OR maintain a temperature of
between 131ºF. and 170ºF for 15 days using a windrow composting system, during
which the materials must be turned 5 times.
Describe your compost production

method:_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
73
Record date, temperatures maintained, and date windrow is turned, if appropriate,
depending on method of composting.
Date Temperature Date Temperature Date Date

Windrow Windrow
Turned Turned
Compost Pile Tracking Sheet
GGG. Application
(35 minutes) The learners will design and produce their own record forms to be use in compost
record keeping.
HHH. Assessment
(30 minutes) Perform record keeping using the designed forms.
Note: The teacher may prepare a rubric in assessing the designed forms including the result of the recording
activity.
S. Assignment 1. What are the characteristics of a high quality seeds?

(2 minutes) 2. How will you select good a good quality seeds?
74
T. Concluding ”If we could design ways to capture these previously wasted resources and put
Activity them to good use, imagine all the good we could do”
(3 minutes)
LIX. REMARKS
LX. REFLECTIONS
LLL. No. of learners who
earned 80% on the
MMM. No. of learners
NNN. Did the remedial
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
OOO. No. of learners
remediation
PPP. Which of my
teaching strategies
these work?
QQQ. What difficulties
can help me solve?
RRR. What innovation
to share with other
teachers?
75

Organic Agriculture q2 Final

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Organic Agriculture q2 Final

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TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD

DAILY LESSON PLAN

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II

PRODUCE ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Session No. 1&2

• Skills Make lay-out for composting project.

• Values Recognize the importance of selecting a good site for compost

II. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

B. Other Learning Resources

1. What can you say about the picture?

B. Activity Activity 1: Conducting Pre-test

Erosion- the gradual destruction of something by natural forces (such as water,

Site Selection for Compost Piles

5.0 Site Selection Guidelines

Table 2. Separation Distances for Composting Facilities

Answer: 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False

• Skills Design a lay-out of a composting site.

1. What does the picture shows?

Wok Procedure for SI

Steps of Soil Exploration

Soil exploration consists of:

Record of Soil Exploration

Arrangement of various layers of soil,

Decision Criteria and Site Facilities Adopted in Site Layout Planning

All space-planning problems consist of a set of activities to be located and a space in

Table1. General Classification of Temporary Facilities

Access road and exit

Location of plant and equipment

Material storage and handling area

3) Reinforcement and bar bending areas; and

Bad site layout planning

Note: You can simplify this topic.

C. Assignment Bring the following materials next meeting

• Skills Build composting bed using organic materials.

• Values Value the significance of preparing compost bed according to

XIV. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

1. What can you say about the picture?

Answer: wood, wire mesh, trash bin

E. Assignment 1. What is vermin-composting?

• Skills Create a worm bed.

• Values Recognize the value of preparing a worm bed according to

1. Are you familiar with this picture?

African Night Crawle, Giant Earthworm of Australian(Megascolides australis),

Giant Earthworm of Banawe, Native Earthworms

I. Estimated Investment Costs

B. Raw Material/Packaging Material

Did you know that…

• Vermicast or worm manure is the end-product of the organic

1. Business Name Registration

Note: You may enhance this rubric.

• Skills Combine organic materials according to compost piling.

XXVI. CONTENT Prepare composting area and raw materials

N. Other Learning Resources

Z. Activity Activity 1: Grouping the students into two groups.

Materials for Composting

Straw and bedding

Crop residues Must be pesticide free

Other Components for Organic Media

Sand Clean coarse or “sharp” sand.

Commonly Used Compostable Materials

TABLE 3. Compostable Materials Requiring Special Handling

Commercial "starters" or accelerators are supposed to help the decomposition

Activators contain a nitrogen source. Activators include organic types (manure,

• Skills Arrange the materials needed in bin method of composting.