(Autonomous)

A Community Service Project Report

on

Crop Recommendation System

By
A. Naga Sai Ajay Kumar - 20BQ1A0501

Ch. Pavan Sai Ganesh - 20BQ1A0537

G. Jaswanth - 20BQ1A0555

B. Dheeraj Kumar - 20BQ1A0521

Under the Guidance of

Mr. P. R. Krishna Prasad

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

VASIREDDY VENKATADRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Permanently affiliated to JNTUK Kakinada, Accredited by NBA and NAAC with
A Grade, Approved by AICTE, ISO 9001:2008 Certified
Nambur, Pedakakani Mandal, Guntur Dt. 522508
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Community Service Project report titled Crop Recommendation
System is being submitted by A. Naga Sai Ajay Kumar, Ch. Pavan Sai Ganesh, G. Jaswanth, B.
Dheeraj Kumar bearing 20BQ1A0501, 20BQ1A0537, 20BQ1A0555, 20BQ1A0521 in IV B.
Tech II semester Computer Science & Engineering is a record bonafide work carried out by me.
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University for the award
of any degree.

Mr. V. Koteswara Rao Mr. P.R. Krishna Prasad Dr. V. Rama Chandran

Faculty Guide Project Guide Head of the Department

Signature of External Examiner with Date

 DECLARATION

We A. Naga Sai Ajay Kumar, Ch. Pavan Sai Ganesh, G. Jaswanth, B. Dheeraj Kumar hereby

declare that the Project Report entitled “CROP RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM” was done

by us under the guidance of Mr. P. R. Krishna Prasad at Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of

Technology is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a degree in

Bachelor of Technology in the Computer Science and Engineering Department.

DATE :

PLACE :

SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

1.

2.

3.

4.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep sense of gratitude, I acknowledgment the guidance, help & active cooperation rendered
by the following people whose guidance had submitted the effort, which led to the successful
completion of this project.

I express my profound gratitude to Chairman Sri Vasireddy Vidya Sagar of the college for
providing me the opportunity to do the project work.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Y Mallikarjuna Reddy, Principal, for providing
me with all the facility that was required.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. V Ramachandran, Head of the department of
Computer Science & Engineering (CSE) for providing me with all the facility that was required.

I would like to thank to Mr. P. R. Krishna Prasad, project guide in charge who gave me this
opportunity to undergo industrial in this organization.

Our utmost thanks to all the NSS Coordinator and Faculty members and Non-Teaching Staff of
the Department of Computer science & Engineering for their support throughout our project work.

Our Family Members and Friends receive our deepest gratitude and love for their support
throughout our academic year.
 (Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Institute Vision
To impart quality education through exploration and experimentation and
generate socially conscious engineers, embedding ethics and values, for the
advancement in science and technology.

Institute Mission

• To educate students with a practical approach to dovetail them to

industry-needs.
• To govern the institution with a proactive and professional management
with passionate teaching faculty.
• To provide holistic and integrated education and achieve over all
development of students by imparting scientific and technical, social
and cognitive, managerial and organizational skills.
• To compete with the best and be the most preferred institution of the
studious and the scholarly.
• To forge strong relationships and linkage with the industry.

Department Vision

Providing quality education to enable the generation of socially conscious

software engineers who can contribute to the advancement in the filed of
computer science and engineering.

Department Mission

• To equip the graduates with the knowledge and skills required to enable
them to be industry ready.
• To train socially responsible, disciplined engineers who work with good
leadership skills and can contribute for nation building.
• To make our graduates proficient in cutting edge technologies through
student centric teaching-learning process and empower them to
contribute significantly to the software industry
• To shape the department into a centre of academic and research
excellence
 Index
1. Overview of CSP

2. Problem Statement

3. Constraints/ Civic Policies

4. Performed Activities

5. Data Collection Methods

i Approaches

ii Sample Data sheets

6. Technology/ Software Used

7. Implementation

8. Output Screens/Screenshots

9. Reflections on the Project

10. Conclusion

11. References
 Overview of Community Service Project

Community Service Project Report

Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of………….

Name of the College : Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Nambur, Guntur

Department : Computer Science and Engineering
Name of the Faculty Guide : Mr. V. Koteswara Rao
Duration of the CSP : 4 weeks From: 15-05-2023
To : 10-06-2023
Name of the Student : A. Naga Sai Ajay Kumar, Ch. Pavan Sai Ganesh, G. Jaswanth, B.
Dheeraj Kumar
Programmer of Study : B. Tech
Year of Study : 2020-2024

Register Number : 20BQ1A0501, 20BQ1A0537, 20BQ1A0555, 20BQ1A0521

Date of Submission :
 Overview of Community Service Project
A community service project is an initiative undertaken by individuals or groups to address a
specific need or issue within a community. These projects are typically aimed at improving the
well-being, quality of life, or circumstances of community members. Community service projects
can take various forms and may involve activities such as:

Volunteer Work: Engaging in hands-on activities such as cleaning up parks, serving meals at
homeless shelters, tutoring students, or providing companionship to elderly residents.

Fundraising: Organizing events or campaigns to raise funds for local charities, schools, or other
community organizations that support important causes.

Awareness Campaigns: Creating and promoting initiatives to raise awareness about social,
environmental, or health issues within the community, such as mental health awareness
campaigns or recycling drives.

Skill-building Workshops: Offering workshops or training sessions to teach valuable skills to

community members, such as financial literacy, job readiness, or computer skills.

Environmental Initiatives: Undertaking projects to protect and improve the environment, such as
planting trees, cleaning up litter, or promoting recycling and conservation efforts.

Community Development Projects: Working on projects that aim to enhance the infrastructure or
facilities within the community, such as building playgrounds, renovating community centers, or
improving access to clean water.

Support Services: Providing support services to vulnerable populations within the community,
such as organizing food drives, offering free healthcare clinics, or assisting with disaster relief
efforts.

Community service projects can focus upon the following areas:

1. Water facilities and drinking water availability

2. Health and hygiene
3. Stress levels and coping mechanisms
4. Health intervention programmes
5. Horticulture
6. Herbal plants
7. Botanical survey
8. Zoological survey
9. Marine products
10. Aqua culture
11. Inland fisheries
12. Animals and species
13. Nutrition
14. Traditional health care methods
15. Food habits
16. Air pollution
17. Water pollution
18. Plantation
19. Soil protection
20. Renewable energy
21. Plant diseases
22. Yoga awareness and practice
23. Health care awareness programmes and their impact
24. Use of chemicals on fruits and vegetables
25. Organic farming
26. Crop rotation
27. Floury culture
28. Access to safe drinking water
29. Geographical survey
30. Geological survey
31. Sericulture
32. Study of species
33. Food adulteration
34. Incidence of Diabetes and other chronic diseases
35. Human genetics
36. Blood groups and blood levels
37. Animal husbandry
38. Mother and child health
BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT

Learning Outcomes

• Positive impact on students’ academic learning in view of the classroom to field and vice
versa experience
• Improves students’ ability to apply what they have learned in “the real world”
• Positive impact on academic outcomes such as demonstrated complexity of
understanding, problem analysis, problem-solving, critical thinking, and cognitive
development
• Improved ability to understand complexity and ambiguity
Personal Outcomes

• Greater sense of personal efficacy, personal identity, compassion, spiritual growth, and
moral development
• Greater interpersonal development, particularly the ability to work well with others, and
build leadership and communication skills
Social Outcomes

• Learning service as a graduate attribute

• Reduced stereotypes and greater inter-cultural understanding
• Improved social responsibility and citizenship skills
• Greater involvement in community service after graduation
Career Development

• Connections with professionals and community members for learning and career
opportunities
• Greater academic learning, leadership skills, and personal efficacy can lead to greater
opportunity Relationship with the Institution
• Stronger relationships with faculty
• Greater satisfaction with college
 Problem Statement

In agricultural practices, making informed decisions regarding crop selection is crucial for
maximizing yield and profitability. However, farmers often face challenges in determining the
most suitable crops to cultivate based on various factors such as soil type, climate conditions,
and market demand. To address this issue, a Crop Recommendation System is proposed,
leveraging Flask along with decision tree classifier and random forest classifier algorithms. The
system aims to provide personalized crop recommendations to farmers, helping them optimize
their agricultural activities and achieve better harvests.

The primary objective of the Crop Recommendation System is to offer tailored crop suggestions
to farmers based on their specific soil characteristics, and prevailing weather conditions. By
utilizing Flask, an efficient web framework, the system will be deployed as a user-friendly web
application accessible to farmers via internet. Through an intuitive user interface, farmers can
input relevant information such as their climate conditions, soil type and preferences, enabling
the system to generate personalized crop recommendations promptly.

To develop accurate crop recommendations, the system will employ machine learning
algorithms, including decision tree classifier and random forest classifier. These algorithms will
analyze historical agricultural data, climate patterns, soil properties, and crop attributes to
generate predictive models. The decision tree classifier will help in understanding the
relationship between various factors and crop suitability, while the random forest classifier will
enhance the accuracy and robustness of predictions by aggregating multiple decision trees. By
integrating these algorithms within the Flask framework, the Crop Recommendation System
aims to deliver reliable, data-driven recommendations to farmers, empowering them to make
informed decisions and improve their agricultural outcomes.

Furthermore, the Crop Recommendation System will continually evolve and improve its
recommendations over time by leveraging feedback from farmers and incorporating real-time data
updates. By allowing farmers to provide feedback on the suggested crops' performance and their
actual harvest yields, the system can refine its algorithms and enhance the accuracy of future
recommendations. Additionally, the integration of real-time weather data and market trends will
enable the system to adapt recommendations dynamically, helping farmers respond to changing
environmental conditions and market demands promptly.

In addition to aiding individual farmers, the Crop Recommendation System can also contribute
to broader agricultural research and policy initiatives. By aggregating anonymized data collected
from farmers who use the system, researchers and policymakers can gain insights into regional
agricultural trends, soil health, climate resilience, and crop diversification strategies. This
aggregated data can inform decision- making processes related to agricultural policies, resource
allocation, and climate adaptation measures, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and
resilience of agricultural systems worldwide. Thus, the Crop Recommendation System not only
benefits individual farmers but also serves as a valuable tool for advancing agricultural science
and promoting sustainable farming practices on a larger scale.
 Constraints and Policies

1. Data Privacy and Security: The project must adhere to strict data privacy regulations to
ensure that farmers' sensitive information, including location, soil data, and crop preferences, is
protected from unauthorized access or misuse. Implementing robust encryption methods and
access controls is essential to safeguarding the confidentiality of user data.

2. Ethical Considerations: The system should prioritize ethical considerations in its

recommendations, avoiding any biases or discriminatory practices. Algorithms must be designed
and trained with fairness in mind, ensuring that recommendations are based solely on objective
criteria related to soil quality, climate conditions, and crop characteristics.

3. Accessibility: The Crop Recommendation System should be accessible to farmers across

different geographic regions, including those in remote or underserved areas. Efforts should be
made to ensure that the web application is user-friendly and compatible with a wide range of
devices, including smartphones and tablets, to facilitate access for farmers with limited
technological resources.

4. Accuracy and Reliability: The system must strive for high accuracy and reliability in its
crop recommendations to earn farmers' trust and confidence. This requires rigorous testing and
validation of the machine learning algorithms used, as well as ongoing monitoring and refinement
based on feedback from users and real-world performance data.

5. Transparency: The project should maintain transparency in its operations, providing clear
explanations of how crop recommendations are generated and the factors influencing them.
Farmers should have visibility into the data sources, algorithms, and decision-making processes
underlying the recommendations to foster trust and accountability.

6. Environmental Sustainability: Crop recommendations should promote environmentally

sustainable farming practices, emphasizing crop diversity, soil conservation, and water efficiency.
The system should discourage monoculture and the use of environmentally harmful practices such
as excessive pesticide or fertilizer use, aligning recommendations with principles of agroecology
and sustainable agriculture.

7. Collaboration and Stakeholder Engagement: The project should engage with relevant
stakeholders, including farmers, agricultural experts, policymakers, and local communities, to
ensure that recommendations are contextually relevant and aligned with stakeholders' needs and
priorities.
Collaboration with research institutions, extension services, and agricultural cooperatives can
enhance the project's impact and effectiveness.
 Performed Activities

1. The general activities to be done:

a. Preliminary Surveys (Level 1 and 2)

b. Community Awareness Campaigns
c. Community Immersion Programme
d. Community Exit Report

2. Week wise Activity:

Week No Activity Done Learning outcome

1 We surveyed about the crop preferences based on

preferences of farmers market demand, and
willingness to adopt new
crop varieties
2 We collected data about Soil Surveying soil
Type Identification characteristics such as
texture, pH levels, and
drainage capacity to
classify soil types
3 We surveyed about Crop Performance growth rates, pest and
Observations disease resistance, and
yield levels, to assess their
suitability for local
conditions
4 Farmer Feedback Sessions feedback sessions with
farmers to gather insights,
suggestions, and concerns
related to crop
recommendations
 Data Collection Methods
Data collection is essential for evaluating the effectiveness and impact of community service
projects. Here are some common data collection methods used in community service projects:

Surveys and Questionnaires: Designing and distributing surveys or questionnaires to

community members, volunteers, beneficiaries, or stakeholders to gather information about
their needs, experiences, feedback, and satisfaction with the project.

Interviews: Conducting structured or semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders,

including community leaders, project participants, volunteers, and beneficiaries, to gain in-
depth insights into their perspectives, challenges, and the impact of the project.

Focus Group Discussions: Organizing focus group discussions with small groups of
community members or stakeholders to facilitate dialogue, explore opinions, and generate
ideas for improvement or expansion of the project.

Observation: Engaging in direct observation of project activities and interactions within the
community to gather qualitative data on participation levels, community engagement, and the
overall implementation of the project.

Document Review: Reviewing project documentation, such as reports, meeting minutes,

attendance records, and financial statements, to assess project progress, adherence to timelines,
and resource utilization.

Community Mapping: Creating maps or diagrams to visually represent community resources,

needs, assets, and relationships, which can help identify gaps, opportunities, and potential
collaborations for the project.

Outcome Measurement Tools: Using standardized tools and indicators to measure specific
project outcomes and impacts, such as changes in knowledge, behavior, or quality of life among
project beneficiaries.

Social Media Monitoring: Monitoring social media platforms and online forums to gather
feedback, track engagement, and assess the reach and visibility of the project within the
community and beyond.

Case Studies: Conducting in-depth case studies of individual beneficiaries or success stories
to capture personal experiences, challenges overcome, and the tangible impact of the project
on their lives.

Community Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing feedback mechanisms, such as suggestion

boxes, helplines, or community meetings, to encourage ongoing communication, participation,
and input from community members throughout the project lifecycle.

By utilizing a combination of these data collection methods, community service projects can
gather comprehensive and meaningful data to inform decision-making, improve project
outcomes, and demonstrate accountability to stakeholders.
 Adapted Method for the current project:

For the crop recommendation system project, surveys and questionnaires were employed as
primary methods to collect essential data for analysis. These surveys focused on gathering
information regarding key factors influencing crop selection and agricultural practices.
Parameters such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus levels in the soil were measured to
assess soil fertility and nutrient availability, crucial for determining suitable crop
recommendations.

Additionally, data on weather conditions, including temperature, precipitation, and humidity,

were collected to understand the climatic factors impacting crop growth and yield potential. By
incorporating these diverse variables, the surveys aimed to capture a comprehensive picture of
the agricultural environment and identify optimal crop choices.

The survey methodology involved administering structured questionnaires to farmers within the
target communities. These questionnaires were designed to elicit detailed information about
farmers' current crop preferences, cultivation practices, and challenges faced in their agricultural
activities. Farmers were asked to provide insights into the types of crops they have traditionally
grown, their experiences with different soil conditions, and their observations regarding crop
performance under varying weather patterns. Through these questionnaires, a rich dataset was
compiled, allowing for thorough analysis and pattern recognition to inform the development of
the crop recommendation system.

Analysis of the survey data revealed correlations and patterns between soil nutrient levels,
weather conditions, crop types, and farmers' preferences. For instance, areas with higher
nitrogen content in the soil might be more conducive to certain nitrogen-loving crops like maize
or soybeans. Similarly, regions experiencing specific weather patterns, such as consistent
rainfall or prolonged dry spells, may favor the cultivation of drought-resistant crops like
sorghum or millet. By examining these relationships, the project team gained valuable insights
into the complex interactions between environmental variables and crop suitability, laying the
groundwork for building accurate predictive models within the crop recommendation system.

Overall, the utilization of surveys and questionnaires proved instrumental in gathering empirical
data and farmer perspectives necessary for developing an effective crop recommendation
system. By systematically collecting information on soil properties, weather conditions, crop
preferences, and agricultural practices, the project team was able to tailor recommendations that
align with the specific needs and contexts of the target communities. Moving forward, the
insights gleaned from these surveys will serve as foundational inputs for refining algorithms,
validating models, and ultimately delivering personalized crop recommendations to farmers,
thereby enhancing agricultural productivity and livelihoods.
Sample Copy of Data Collection:
 Implementation
1. Dataset Acquisition:

We imported the dataset from:

https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/atharvaingle/crop-recommendation-dataset

Next we read the excel file using pandas

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('Crop_recommendation.csv')

df.sample(n=5)

2. Exploratory Data Analysis:

 df.shape tells there are 2200 rows and 8 columns.
 The model should be able to predict the following outputs. df['label'].unique()

array(['rice', 'maize', 'chickpea', 'kidneybeans', 'pigeonpeas' ,'mothbeans',

'mungbean', 'blackgr
am', 'lentil', 'pomegranate', 'banana', 'mango', 'grapes', 'watermelon', 'muskmelon', 'apple',
'orange', 'papa ya', 'coconut', 'cotton', 'jute', 'coffee'], dtype=object)

 Next we need to know if there are any relationships between data fields.
  There is no need for pre-preprocessing all values are numeric.

3. Splitting the dataset:

features = df[['N', 'P','K','temperature', 'humidity', 'ph', 'rainfall']]
target = df['label']

#Split the dataset

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
Xtrain, Xtest, Ytrain, Ytest = train_test_split(features,target,test_size = 0.2,random_state =2)

80 % is used for training and 20% for testing

4. Training the model: Using Decision Tree and RandomForest

from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier

RF = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=20, random_state=0)
RF.fit(Xtrain,Ytrain)
predicted_values = RF.predict(Xtest)
x = metrics.accuracy_score(Ytest, predicted_values)
print("RF's Accuracy is: ", x)
print(classification_report(Ytest,predicted_values))

5. Saving the model weights:

import pickle
RF_pkl_filename = 'RandomForest.pkl'
RF_Model_pkl = open(RF_pkl_filename, 'wb')
pickle.dump(RF, RF_Model_pkl)

app.py file :-

from flask import Flask, render_template, request,

jsonify
from flask_cors import CORS
from predict import predict_type

app = Flask(__name__)
CORS(app)

@app.route('/')
def home():
return render_template('homepage.html')

@app.route('/crop_pred', methods=['POST'])
def disease():
if request.method == 'POST':
data = request.form.to_dict()
 form_values = [float(data[key]) for key in data]
form_values = [form_values]
result = predict_type(form_values)
print(result)
return jsonify({"result": result})

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.config['TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD'] = True
app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT'] = 0
app.run(debug=True, port=5000)

Recommender.py file ;-

import joblib

rf = joblib.load('RandomForest.pkl')

"""eg: arr = [[104, 18, 30, 23.6, 60, 6, 140]]"""

def predict_type(arr):
res = rf.predict(arr)
print(res)
return res[0]
 Test Results
Accuracy using DecisionTree:

DecisionTrees's Accuracy is: 90.0

Accuracy using RandomForest:

Random Forest Accuracy is: 99%

Next we built a website, using flask as backend

 Reflections on the Project
The development and implementation of a crop recommendation system represent a
significant advancement in agricultural technology, with the potential to revolutionize
farming practices and enhance food production worldwide. Here are some reflections on this
project:

1. Data-driven approach: The success of a crop recommendation system heavily relies

on the availability and quality of data. Collecting and analyzing diverse datasets
encompassing soil characteristics, weather patterns, historical crop yields, and farmer
preferences are crucial for accurate recommendations. The integration of advanced
analytics and machine learning algorithms enables the system to derive insights from
these data sets and make informed suggestions.
2. Customization and adaptation: A key strength of crop recommendation systems lies
in their ability to provide tailored suggestions based on specific parameters such as soil
type, climate conditions, and market demands. By considering the unique requirements
and constraints of each farming environment, the system can optimize crop selection
to maximize yields and profitability while minimizing risks.
3. Empowering farmers: Implementing a user-friendly interface and providing access
to the recommendation system empowers farmers with valuable insights and guidance
for decision-making. By leveraging technology, even small-scale farmers in remote
areas can benefit from expert advice and optimize their farming practices.
4. Sustainability and resilience: Crop recommendation systems can contribute to
sustainable agriculture by promoting the adoption of climate-smart practices and
resilient crop varieties. By recommending drought-tolerant crops, soil conservation
techniques, or integrated pest management strategies, the system can help mitigate the
impact of environmental challenges and improve long-term agricultural productivity.
5. Challenges and limitations: Despite its potential benefits, the effectiveness of a crop
recommendation system may be hindered by several challenges, including data
scarcity, infrastructure limitations, and socioeconomic factors. Ensuring the reliability
and accuracy of recommendations, addressing biases in the data, and overcoming
barriers to adoption are critical considerations for the successful implementation of
such systems.
6. Continuous improvement: The development of a crop recommendation system is an
ongoing process that requires continuous refinement and adaptation. By soliciting
feedback from users, monitoring performance metrics, and incorporating new data
sources and technologies, developers can enhance the functionality and relevance of
the system over time.
 Conclusion

In conclusion, our project on the crop recommendation system utilizing Random Forest
classifiers with a remarkable accuracy of 99% signifies a significant milestone in leveraging
data-driven approaches for agricultural decision-making. With the inclusion of crucial soil
and environmental parameters such as N, P, K, temperature, humidity, pH, and rainfall, the
model demonstrates its robustness in generating precise crop recommendations.

Such high accuracy implies that the model can confidently predict suitable crops based on the
provided input parameters. Farmers and agricultural stakeholders can rely on these predictions
to optimize crop selection, thereby enhancing yield potential, resource efficiency, and overall
farm profitability.

The success of this project underscores the potential of machine learning techniques in
addressing complex agricultural challenges and empowering farmers with actionable insights.
Moving forward, continuous monitoring and validation of the model's performance, along
with updates to accommodate evolving agricultural practices and environmental conditions,
will be essential for its sustained effectiveness.
 References
1. Crop recommendation using Machine Learning. April 2020, Dr.D Kavitha
2. CROP RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM USING MACHINE LEARNING
ALGORITHM. April 2022 By LAKSHMAN KUMAR SERU

3. Machine Learning: Applications in Indian Agriculture, 2016. By Karandeep Kaur

4. Lakshmi.N, Priya.M, Sahana Shetty, and Manjunath C. R, Crop Recommendation System for Precision
Agriculture, vol. 6 Reading, IND: International Journal for Research in Applied
Science & Engineering Technology, 2018. [Online] Available: www.ijraset.com.Ding, W. and
Marchionini, G. 1997 A Study on Video Browsing Strategies. Technical Report. University of
Maryland at College Park.
5. A. de Carbon, "PRECISION AGRICULTURE: ITS BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS",
carrhure, 2019 [Online]. Available: https://www.carrhure.com/precisionagriculture-benefitslimitations/
[Accessed: Feb.25, 2020].

6. Marie ionnotti (2020), ‘Outdoors & Gardning’, The Spruce Web Site
7. Rohith Gandhi (2018), ‘Support Vector Machine — Introduction to Machine Learning Algorithms’,
Toward Data Science Web Site
8. C. Brouwer and M. Heibloem, Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Water Needs, manual 6
Reading, ITALY: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1987. [Online] Available:
http://www.fao.org/3/s2022e/s2022e07.htm#TopOfPage.

9. Remi Schmaltz, “What is Precision Agriculture”, April 2017. [Online]. Available:

https://agfundernews.com/what-is-precisionagriculture.html [Accessed Feb.23, 2020].

10. Department of Agriculture Sri Lanka (2015), ‘Crop Suitability Recommendation for Grama Niladhari
Divisions in Sri Lanka’, Natural Resources Management Center, Peradeniya.