TABLE OF CONTENT

1.Introduction
2.What Is Wireless Charging
3 Components of Wireless Charging
3.1 Transmitter
3.2 Receiver
3.3 Rectenna
4.Working of Wireless Charging
5.Methods of Wireless Charging
5.1 Inductive Changing
5.2 Resonance Charging
5.3 Radio Charging
6Wireless Charging Standards
6.1 Why Do We Need a Standard & What Will It Govem?
7.Applications of Wireless Charging
8.Advantages and Disadvantages
9.Charge Over the Air (Cota)
9.1 How It Works
9.2. Feature of Cota
9.3 What is Cota Wireless Remote Power
9.4 Cota Cloud
9.5 Cota Devices
10. Conclusion
 1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile phones becoming a basic part of life, the recharging of mobile phone
batteries have always been a problem. The mobile phones vary in their talk
time and battery standby according to their manufacturer and batteries. All
these phones irrespective of their manufacturer and batteries have to be put
to recharge after the battery has drained out. The main objective of this
current proposal is to make there charging of the mobile phones independent
of their manufacturer and battery make.

A new proposal has been made so as to make the recharging of the mobile
phones is done automatically as you talk in your mobile phone. This is done by
use of microwaves. The microwave signal is transmitted from the transmitter
along with the message signal using special kind of antennas called slotted
wave guide antenna frequency 2.45 GHz.

There which minimal additions, which have to be made in the mobile

handsets, the addition of a sensor, a 'rectenna', and a 'filter'. With the above
setup, the need for separate chargers for mobile phones eliminated and makes
charging universal. Thus the more you talk, the more your mobile phone will
be charged. With this proposal the manufacturers would be able to remove
the talk time and battery standby from their phone specifications. Thus this
seminar successfully demonstrates a novel method of using the power of the
microwave to charge the mobile phones without the use of wired chargers.

Thus this method provides great advantage to the mobile phone users to carry
their phones anywhere even if the place is devoid of facilities for charging. A
novel use of the rectenna and a sensor in a mobile phone could provide a new
dimension in the revelation of mobile phone.
 2. WHAT IS WIRELESS CHARGING?
Essentially wireless charging (wireless power transfer) uses electromagnetic
fields to safely transfer power from a transmitting source to a receiving device
for the purposes of charging (or recharging) a battery. And as the name
suggests, it does so without the use of a physical connection.

Wireless Charging provides a convenient, safe, and reliable way to charge and
power millions of electrical devices at home, in the workplace and in industry.

By eliminating the use of physical connectors and cables, wireless charging

provides a number of efficiency, cost and safety advantages over the
traditional charging cable.

From smartphones, to hand-held industrial devices and heavy-duty

equipment applications, wireless power maintains safe, continuous, and
reliable transfer of power to ensure all varieties of devices and equipment are
charged and ready to go at a moment's notice.
 3. COMPONENTS OF WIRELESS CHARGING
3.1 TRANSMITTER
A transmitter (or radio transmitter) is an electronic device which produces
radio waves with the help of an antenna. A transmitter generates a radio
frequency current applied to the antenna, which in turn radiates radio waves.
A transmitter generates radio waves for communication, radar and
navigational purposes. A transmitter can either be a separate piece of
electronic equipment or an integrated circuit (IC) within another electronic
device. Most transmitters are used for radio communication of information
over a certain distance. The information that is provided to the transmitter is
in the form of an electronic signal. This includes audio from a microphone,
video from a TV camera, or a digital signal for wireless networking devices.
The transmitter combines the information signal that is to be carried with the
RF signal which generates the radio waves (the carrier). This is called
modulation. In an FM transmitter, the information is added to the radio signal
by slightly varying the radio signal's frequency. In an AM transmitter, it is
added by varying its amplitude. Several other types of modulation are also
used. ICs, or integrated circuits, allow high performance circuits to be built at
lesser costs and with significant amounts of space savings.

A transmitter is composed of:

 Power supply The energy source used to power the device and create
the energy for broadcasting
 Electronic oscillator Generates a wave called the carrier wave where
data is imposed and carried through the air
 Modulator adds the actual data into the carrier wave by varying some
aspect of the carrier wave.
 RF amplifier - Increases the power of the signal in order to increase the
range where the waves can reach.
 FIGURE: 3.1 TRANSMITTER

3.2 RECEIVER
A radio receiver is a device that receives radio waves and converts the
information whichis carried by them into a usable form. A radio receiver can
be an integrated circuit (IC)within another device. An antenna intercepts
electromagnetic radio waves and then
converts them into alternating currents that are applied to the receiver, which
extracts thedesired information. A receiver uses electronic filters in order to
separate the required RFsignal from all the other signals and an electronic
amplifier in order to increase the powerof the signal. The receiver finally
recovers the desired information through demodulation.
The information which is produced by the receiver can either be an audio
signal, a videosignal or a digital signal. Integrated circuits allow
highperformance circuits to be built atlesser costs and with significant
amounts of space savings.

In the context of general communication, the receiver is the one who receives
the item, be it in the form of speech, a letter or an object. This concept
permeates and applies to all forms of receivers in any form of technology as all
of them, without exception, have the ability to receive something that has
been sent by a transmitter in the form of electromagnetic waves, electric
signals, sound waves or even light.
wireless computer networks, baby monitors and garage door openers. In
consumer electronics, the terms "radio" and "radio receiver" are used for
receivers which are designed to reproduce the audio signals that are
transmitted by radio broadcasting stations.

3.3 RECTEΝΝΑ
A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to
convert microwave energy into direct current electricity. They are used in
wireless power transmission system that transmits power by radio waves. In
recent years interest has turned to using rectenna as power sources for small
wireless microelectronic devices.

FIGURE: 3.3 RERCTENNA

4. WORKING OF WIRELESS CHARGING
 Mains voltage is converted into high frequency alternating current (AC).
 The alternating current (AC) is sent to the transmitter coil by the
transmitter circuit. The alternating current then induces a time varying
magnetic field in the transmitter coil.
 Alternating current flowing within the transmitter coil induces a
magnetic field which extends to the receiver coil (when within a
specified distance).
 The magnetic field generates current within the receiver coil of the
device. The process whereby energy is transmitted between the
transmitter and receiver coil is also referred to as magnetic or resonant
coupling and is achieved by both coils resonating at the same frequency.
 Current flowing within the receiver coil is converted into direct current
(DC) by the receiver circuit, which can then be used to charge the
battery.
 5. METHODS OF WIRELESS CHARGING

5.1 INDUCTIVE CHARGING

Inductive charging (also known as wireless charging) uses an electromagnetic
field to transfer energy between two objects through electromagnetic
induction. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent through
an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to
charge batteries or run the device.
Induction chargers use an induction coil to create an alternating
electromagnetic field from within a charging base, and a second induction coil
in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and
converts it back into electric current to charge the battery. The two induction
coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer. [1][2] Greater
distances between sender and receiver coils can be achieved when the
inductive charging system uses resonant inductive coupling.
Recent improvements to this resonant system include using a movable
transmission coil (i.e. mounted on an elevating platform or arm) and the use
of other materials for the receiver coil made of silver plated copper or
sometimes aluminium to minimize weight and decrease resistance due to the
skin effect.
EXAMPLES
Portable electronics and devices
 March 15, 2013 Samsung launched the Samsung Galaxy S4, which
supports inductive charging with an accessory back.
 July 26, 2013 Google and ASUS launched the Nexus 7 2013 Edition with
integrated
inductive charging.
 . September 9, 2014 Apple announced Apple Watch (released on April
24, 2015), which uses wireless inductive charging.
Qi devices

 Google and LG launched the Nexus 4 in October 2012 which supports

inductive charging using the Qi standard.
 Motorola Mobility launched their Droid 3 and Droid 4, both optionally
support the Qi standard.
 On November 21, 2012 HTC launched the Droid DNA, which also
supports the Qi standard.

5.2 RESONANCE CHARGING

Resonance charging is a wireless charging method for items that require large
amounts of power, such as an electric car, robot, vacuum cleaner or laptop
computer. The method works over small distances (3-5 meters).

You will often hear people talk about inductive and resonant technology in
regards to wireless power. From a technical point of view, they are essentially
one in the same. Inductive power transfer (as the overriding principle) uses
resonance in order to achieve coupling of the transmitter and recover coil
achieved when the transmitter and receiver coils both oscillate or 'resonate'
at the same frequency. This resonant frequency refers to the frequency at
which an object naturally vibrates or rings. This is most commonly seen in the
way a tuning fork can cause another to vibrate when both are tuned to the
same pitch.

5.3 RADIO CHARGING

Radio charging is a wireless charging method used to charge items with small
batteries and low power requirements, such as watches, hearing aids, medical
implants, cell phones and wireless keyboards and mice.
Radio waves are already in use to transmit and receive cellular telephone,
television, radio and Wi-Fi signals. They work similarly for electrical
transmission. A radio wave, once transmitted, propagates in all directions
until it reaches an antenna tuned to the proper frequency to receive it.

Radio charging is only effective for small devices. The battery of a laptop
computer, for example, requires more power than radio waves can deliver.
The range also limits the effectiveness of radio charging, which works on the
same principle as an AM/FM radio does: The closer the receiver is to the
transmitter, the better reception will be. In the case of wireless radio charging,
better reception translates to a stronger charge for the item.
 6. WIRELESS CHARGING STANDARDS
There are three major competing wireless charging standards that have
emerged in the last few years, including Qi, PMA, and Air fuel™, as explained
further below. All three are essentially based on Faraday's law of induced
voltage, and utilize inductive coils for wireless power transmission, but are
defined to function at different frequencies with different control schemes. As
such, each wireless power standard offers unique benefits in technology, with
different levels of industry support and market share.

In traditional Chinese culture, Qi (pronounced "chee") is frequently translated

as "natural energy", "life force" or "energy flow". It is also the name of the
industry standard created by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC). Qi
currently supports wireless power transfer of up to 5 W over distances up to 5
mm, but is being quickly extended to deliver up to 15 W, and thereafter to 120
W over much larger distances.

The main purpose behind creating any industry standard is interoperability.

For example, any receiver with the Qi logo can be placed on any transmitter
pad that displays a Qi logo. Perhaps even on a pad based on a different
standard, provided the wireless receiver chip supports multi-standard
interoperability. Soon there will be no need to carry proprietary chargers on
long journeys anymore.

Whereas the Qi standard works over the approximate frequency range of 100-
200 kHz, the PMA (Power Matters Alliance) standard delivers up to 5 W over
almost twice that frequency. Both the PMA and Qi standards are actually quite
similar, being based on "magnetic induction ("MI") principles. They do use
rather different methods of communication between the wireless power
receiver and transmitter.

Recently PMA reached an agreement with A4WP to create a merged standard

(now the Airfuel Alliance). This is based on a slightly different principle called
"MR", which stands for magnetic resonance. Early versions of the standard
allowed power delivery of 3.5 W and 6.5 W, but recently this has been
increased to 50 W.
tuned receiver and transmitter coils, with a very high Q (quality factor), to
enable resonant transfer at about 7 MHz As such, Airfuel offers more spatial
flexibility with respect to physical placement of transmitter to receiver.

6.1 WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD & WHAT WILL IT GOVERN?

Industry standards are crucial to ensuring interoperability between
transmitters and receivers produced by different manufacturers. Once a
specification emerges as the standard for the industry, then manufacturers
have a blueprint from which to work to create wireless charging technology in
the future, thus ensuring that no matter what the device, it can be charged on
any charging pad or transmitter.
 7. APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS CHARGING
 Smart Phones, Portable Media Players, Digital Cameras, Tablets and
Wearable's: Consumers are asking for easy-to-use solutions, increased
freedom of positioning, and shorter charging times. These applications
typically require 2 W to 15 W of power. Multi-standard interoperability
is preferred. Wireless charging can coexist with NFC (Near Field
Communication) and Bluetooth, allowing for very creative solutions. For
example, paired phones can charge each other up when placed back- to-
back, after they negotiate the appropriate host and client.
 Accessories: Headsets, wireless speakers, mice, keyboards and many
other applications can benefit from wireless power transmission.
Plugging charging cables into the tiny connectors of ever-shrinking
devices is an impediment to robust design. For example, Bluetooth
headsets need to be sweat-proof to survive in a gym environment. Only
wireless charging can enable that possibility.
 Public Access Charging Terminal: Deployment of charging pads
(transmitters) in the public domain requires systems to be safe and
secure. But smart charging systems can go well beyond stand-alone
charging solutions. They can enable quick network-connectivity and
create billable charging stations if desired. Many coffee shops, airport
kiosks and hotels support these scenarios. Furniture manufacturers also
design-in discreet wireless power transmitters into their end and side
tables.
 Computer Systems: Laptops, notebooks, ultra books and tablet PCs are
all candidates for wireless charging as either hosts or clients. The
possibilities are endless.
 In-Cabin Automotive Applications: A wireless charger is ideal for
charging mobile phones and key fobs by placing them either on the dash
or the center console of the car, without inconvenient wires going to the
cigarette lighter socket. Moreover, since Bluetooth and Wi-fi require
authentication to connect phones to car electronics, phone,
 8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
8.1 ADVANTAGES
• Convenience: The number one benefit of having wireless
charging is that you will never have to deal with cords again. It
leaves the need of messy cords and makes it much simpler by just
letting you drop your phone at the charging station. Additionally,
you will not have to worry about where you left your cord and the
need for different chargers. With wireless chargers, you can
charge all your phones simultaneously.
• Integration: One of the best advantages of certain wireless
chargers is that it can integrate with almost all cell phones, no
matter the shape or size. And also, there are certain devices other
than smartphones which can be charged using the wireless
charger.
• Charging multiple devices simultaneously: Resonance
promises the ability to charging more than one device at a time.
How this is achieved from a technical point of view will depend on
the coil geometry of the respective system, but nonetheless it
provides an added convenience for larger transmitter surfaces
such as table tops or work benches.
• Charging speeds: Charging speeds for devices will continue to be
a major factor in the adoption of wireless charging. Current
inductive charging solutions produce slower charge times
compared to a wired charger. In the future, resonant promises
improved efficiency for power transfer between the transmitter
and receiver coils, which in turn increase the rate at which power
is delivered to the battery for re- charging.
8.2 DISADVANTAGES
 . Performance: One of the reasons why wireless charging is not
fully integrated is that it still lacks efficiency compared to
traditional chargers. There are certain wireless chargers which
simply cannot reach the same efficiency level as compared to
traditional ones, which can make the charging process slower.
 Compatibility: Although the same charging stations can be used
for different devices, there are people who have witnessed an
issue with the same. There have also been compatibility issues
with some smartphones not being attracted to draw in power
from the power station.
 Lower efficiency: This is the main cons of wireless charging. It
has lower efficiency and the resistive heat is more than direct
contact charging. Lower frequency devices charge very slowly..
 Costly: The cost of manufacturing wireless charger is more.
Hence, the price of it is also high Compared to normal chargers.
 9. CHARGE OVER THE AIR (COTA)
Imagine a world where power is transferred wirelessly. You simply walk into
a room and Your smartphone starts charging inside your pocket. No need to
attach it to a cable or onto a charging pad. This is the real future and it is
starting to seem like a reality.

Cota is a new technology that challenges everything you know about wireless
power. Think of all the devices you rely on every day: smartphone, remote
control, smoke alarm, electric toothbrush.

Now imagine you never have to think about charging them again. No more
plugging devices into the wall. No more replacing the batteries.

That's what Cota will do for the world. Cota is real wireless power. A single
Cota power charger gives you more freedom by powering any Cota-equipped
device within a 30 foot radius, breaking new ground in wireless power
technology.

Cota is the technology that I invented-slash-discovered, Zeine explains. This

happened around the year 2001 and at the time, wireless power was classified
right next to warp drive, teleportation, and time travel.

Cota was announced on September 9, 2013.

Cota is rated among the top 10 technologies in consumer's electronic show

2017 held in Las Vegas.

9.1. HOW IT WORK?

It is actually quite simple. In order to transfer power wirelessly you still need
a base station and a receiver which is a special chip by Cota. Cota base station
is basically a big glowing tube. Believe me it sounds worse than it actually
looks like. I wouldn't mind having it in the corner of my living room
Cota delivers wireless power similar to how routers deliver wireless internet.
The base station has thousands of small antennas that act as a beacon. The
Cota's receiver chip emits hundreds of beacon signals everywhere. The
beacon signal bounces off walls and ceilings until it is captured by the base
station. The base station recognizes the signal and sends power back to the
device by the same path. Now when you move your device it reroutes the
path. And if the beacon signal is doesn't reach the base station then it stops
sending power. For example when something blocks the signal.

The charger establishes the signal shape from each device and replays the
signal to power the devices from memory.

The charger will also refresh the signal shape for each device multiple times a
second to be able to follow moving devices.
9.2. FEATURES OF WIRELESS CHARGING
•A new wireless platform called Cota that can deliver power via RF
frequencies.
•Cota is based on the transmission of power using 2.4-giga hertz radio waves.
•The charge hub can detect, focus, and send the signal to a specific point in 3D
space.
• Cota uses the same frequency range as Wi-Fi, its range is about 30 feet.
•An improvement over inductive wireless standards such as Qi which
typically have a range of only a few centimeters.
•It opens up all kinds of possibilities for small Internet-Of-Things devices that
won't require batteries.
•Cota detect the position of a power receiver and charges the device.
•Cota will provide licensing of patents, hardware designs, and also its own
hardware and patent licensing.
•You can configure the system to recognize only a specific set of devices, or
open if you want to power all Cota-tech enabled devices.

9.3. WHAT IS COTA WIRELESS REMOTE POWER?

A home full of power: A single charger powers any Cota-enabled device within
a 30- foot radius.
Safe/efficient: Naturally safe technology inherently avoids living objects; a one
to many design is highly efficient.
Smart/learning: Smart charger remembers the use pattern of devices and
tracks devices as they leave and return to the home/office; ensuring that
every device is always charged and available.
Driving a design paradigm shift: Not just replacing the batteries we already
have; true wireless remote power enables the Internet of Things and other
new devices previously unavailable due to power constraint issues.
Cota-enabled remote wireless power means that one FCC-compliant charger
safely powers many compatible devices in an average home simultaneously.
9.4. COTA CLOUD
• Cota transmitters' power output is customizable on a per-device basis.

• An administrator can view the power levels of connected receivers

•Prioritize power delivery for one at the expense of another, and deny access
entirely.

•Alternatively, Cota's built-in software can perform those tasks automatically,

granting devices with high energy requirements more power than others
 10. CONCLUSION
Wireless power technology offers the possibility of removing the last
remaining cord connections required to replenish portable electronic devices.
This promising technology has significantly advanced during the past decades
and introduces a large amount of user-friendly applications. In this article, we
have presented a comprehensive survey on the paradigm of wireless charging
compliant communication networks. Starting from the development history,
we have further introduced the fundamental, international standards and
network applications of wireless charging in a sequence, followed by the
discussion of open issues and envision of future applications. The integration
of wireless charging with existing communication networks creates new
opportunities as well as challenges for resource allocation. This survey has
shown the existing solutions of providing seamless wireless power transfer
through static charger scheduling, mobile charger dispatch and wireless
charger deployment. Among those studies, various emerging issues including
online mobile charger dispatch strategies, near-field energy beam forming
schemes, energy provisioning for mobile networks, distributed wireless
charger deployment strategies, and multiple access control for wireless power
communication networks are less explored and require further investigation.
Additionally, the open issues and practical challenges discussed in Section VIII
can be considered as main directions for future research.