TANOO

A PROJECT REPORT
ON
EXTENSIVE SURVEY
PROJECT
2022-2023
Submitted By
MD TANWEER
ALAM
(1GC20CV014)
GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
RAMANAGARAM-562159
EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT

2022-23
For Project Work Prescribed By

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
For 6th semester, B.E, Civil Engineering
Submitted by
NAME USN
ASHIFA SHEIKH (1GC20CV001)
DEEKSHITH GOWDA K R (1GC20CV003)
HEMANTH H K (1GC20CV005)
ISLAM JAHIS (1GC20CV006)
KEERTHANA K (1GC20CV008)
MD INAMUL AZHAR (1GC20CV012)
MD SAHANAWAJ RAHAMAN (1GC20CV013)
MD TANWEER ALAM (1GC20CV014)
MD YASIR HAYAT (1GC20CV015)
MOHAMMED SAQLAIN SYED (1GC20CV016)
SACHIN R (1GC20CV020)
SHAHID AHMAD (1GC20CV022)
SYED RAFSHAD (1GC21CV419)
Guides:-
Dr. G.S. Munawar Pasha Dr. N. S. Kumar
Professor & (HOD, Civil Dept.)
Survey Camp Co-ordinator
Prof Khalid Nayaz Khan Dr. E. Ramesh Babu

Asst. Professor Asst. Professor
Prof Abdul Rehaman Prof D. Prakash

Asst. Professor Asst. Professor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks Dr. G. S. Munawar Pasha, Professor and

Survey Camp Co-ordinator, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ghousia College
of Engineering, Ramanagaram, for their valuable guidance, support for
the successful completion of this project.
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to

Dr. N. S. kumar sir, Prof. & HOD, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ghousia
College of Engineering, Ramanagaram, for his constant encouragement,
guidance and inspiration which enabled us to complete this project work.
We would also like to thank our principal Dr. Jahir Hasan, Ghousia
College of Engineering, Ramanagaram for his support and inspiration.
Finally we thank all the Teachers, Non-Teaching Staffs & Our Friends
who have directly or indirectly help us in successful completion of our
project work.
SYNOPSIS
The “EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT” was conducted as the part of

syllabus of the pre-final year Civil Engineering, Bachelor degree course
of Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the
academic year 2022-23. The project was conducted at Ramanagaram
about 50 km from Bangalore District.
The following projects were carried out:-
1. NEW TANK PROJECT (Near Ram Temple hill, Ramanagaram)

2. WATER SUPPLY PROJECT (At Vadarahalli, Ramanagaram)
3. HIGHWAY PROJECT (Near Spoorthi Nagar, Ramanagaram)
4. OLD TANK PROJECT (Near RTO Office, Ramanagaram)
5. LAYOUT PLAN (Ghousia college ground)
Keeping in view the requirements, the methods of plane table, levelling,

compass survey, traversing were successfully adopted.
PROJECT NO.1
WATER
SUPPLY
PROJECT
BATCH NO:- B1
Guidance:-
Dr. G. S. MUNAWAR PASHA

-: B.E(Civil),M.Tech,MBA,Ph D :-
-: Professor & :-
-: Survey Camp Co-ordinator :-
CONTENTS
:WATER SUPPLY PROJECT:
1. Introduction
2. Objects of planned water supply
3. Factors to be considered for water supply
4. Water quality standard for drinking water
5. Design period
6. Units of water treatment plant
7. Units of sewage treatment plant.
8. Design of Water treatment plant
9. Flow Diagram of water treatment plant
10. Flow diagram of water supply scheme
11. Design of sewage treatment units.
12. Flow Diagram of Sewage treatment plant.
13. Bibliography.
Extensive Survey Project -2022-23 Water Supply Project
INTRODUCTION
PLACE:VADERAHALLI
Water is a chemical compound and may occur in a liquid form or in a solid form or in
gaseous form . All this three forms of water are extremely useful to human . Providing him the
luxuries and comforts , in addition to fulfilling his basic necessities of life .
Whenever there is no water in our taps we become helpless . No life can exist without
water , since water is as essential for life as air is . Water is absolutely essential not only for
survival of human beings , but also for animals . Plants and all other living beings . Therefore in
order to ensure availability of sufficient quantity of good quality water , it becomes almost
imperative in a modern society , to plan and build suitable water supply schemes which may
provide portable water to the various sections of community in accordance with their demands
and requirements .
In preparing schemes of water supply the duties of engineer are to collect all the
information that may prove useful for preparing plan and all the estimates of the project.
Before actual construction of water supply work is taken up in it is necessary to prepare
plan and the full schemes and also design the various component of the project. The proper
planning will ensure an economical and efficient and with minimum expenditure and recurring
operational troubles.
A WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES ESSENCIAL CONSISTS OF:

1) Work for collection of water.
2) Work for conveyance of water.
3) Work for treatment and purification of water and,
4) Works for distribution of water to the consumers.
In planning good water supply schemes a compromise between efficiency and economic
is generally decided and the schemes possessing at least defects and professional advice and
guidance is very essential for the schemes.
In the case of rural water supply schemes, since the communications are generally small
and poor and hence the various element of the scheme have to be necessarily simple and
comparatively cheaper requiring minimum skilled supervision and maintenance. In the case, the
6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 1

sources are generally ground water leading to special problems like Fluorides, Iron, Sailing etc.,
One should take of all these the problems while designing.
NECESSITY OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY:

Water is a chemical compound and may occur in a liquid form or in a solid form or in a
gaseous form. All these three form of water are extremely useful to man, providing the luxuries
and comforts, in addition to fulfilling his basic necessity of life. No life can exist without water
since water is essential for life as air. It has been estimated that two thirds of human body is
constituted of water.
From the public health point of view, it is necessary that the water required for their need
must be invariably free from all type of impurities whether suspended or dissolved in water and
no risk should occur to the health of the public as a result of any water contamination.
A public water supply or water works system has to be both from the point of view of
providing an adequate and reliable supply of water catering to all the public need ensuring that
the supply so made are not only portable but also fully protected against every infection which
might otherwise pollute and cause outbreak of disease.
The planned water supply scheme should not only help in supplying wholesome water in
the people for drinking coking, bathing, etc., so as to keep disease away and there by promoting
better health but it should also help in supplying water for fountains, garden, etc., thus helping in
maintaining better sanction and beautification of surrounding thereby reducing environmental
pollution. The schemes should therefore help in promoting wealth and welfare of the entire
humanity as a whole.
2. OBJECTIVES OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY

1) To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers:
2) To supply water in adequate quantity, and,
3) To make water easily available to the consumer so as to encourage.
4) Personal and base hold clean lines.
3. FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

The various factors should be taken in to consideration before designing any water supply
project is:
1. Population Forecast
2. Per capita supply
3. Selection of source
4. Quality requirement.
5. Distribution system.
6. Design period.
1. POPULATION FORECAST
The recent population of a region is obtained by recent census figure and perspective
population as a result of growth, development, educational and industrial expansion etc., are
estimated by followed methods.
i) ARITHMETICAL INCREASE METHOD
This method is based upon assumption that the populations increase at a constant rate i.e.,
the rate of change of population with time (df/dt) is constant.
Thus dp/df = k
DP = >kdt.
Integrating between first and last available census we get,
pe – pf = k
Where the suffix ‘e and f” represent the last and the first census respectively. K
represents average increase per census. This method gives comparatively lower results.
ii) GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD
In this method, a graph is plotted from the available dates between time and population.
The curve is then smoothly extended unto the desired gear. This method however gives very
approximate result, as the extensions of the curve are done the intelligence of the designer.
, 2. PER CAPITA DEMAND

It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the
domestic use, Industrial and commercial use, public use, wastes, thefts etc., It may be therefore
expressed as liters per capita per day (LPCD)

Total yearly water required of the city.
= 365 X DESIGN POPULATION X PER CAPITA DEMAND
Per capita supply varies as per region and the people living standard in the region. For the
rural area per capita should be selected as per the following criteria.
1) Where house connections are not contemplated and supply through hand pumps or
central stand post, per capita supply shall be less than 40LPCD.
2) Where the house connections are contemplated the supply shall be at least 70 LPCD.
3) A minimum of 135-LPCD areas preferably 150 for all residence provided with full
flushing systems with modern sanitary.
3. SELECTION OF SOURCE
The following order of priority may be given in the choice of suitable source month the
various sources available.
a) Water that required no treatment except disinfections to meet water quality standard and
would be supplied by gravity.
b) Water that requires no treatment except disinfections to meet water quality standard but
would require pumping.
c) Water that requires simple treatment like chlorination.
4. QUALITY REQUIREMENT
The water required for domestic uses, particularly the water required for drinking must be
colorless, odorless and tasteless. It should be free from turbidity and excessive of toxic. The
maximum permissible limits for physical, chemical and bacteriological standards should satisfy
the drinking water standard as given by ISI in the table shown.
These limits in table are ideal and safe for public supplies, therefore in village, they may
not be followed rigidly due to the shortage of funds for treatment or due to lack of development.
However, bacterial quality should no where be relaxed as to avoid serious water borne disease.
After a complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a number of

houses and public places by means of distribution network. The distribution system consist of

pipes of various sizes by means of distribution network. The distribution system consists of pipes
o various sizes, valves, water pumps, distribution reservoirs, hydrants, stand posts etc., The pipes
carry water to each and every house roads, streets, while are controlled by valves, Mainly in
village water flow will be designed as gravitational so the pumping is not required.
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER
TYPE OF TYPE OF IMPURITY PERMISSIBLE ABSOLUTE REMARKS

CHARACTERISTI E LIMITS MAX LIMITS
CS
Physical 1. Turbidity 05. 10 On silica scale
2. Color 10. 20 On cobalt scale
3. Taste and odor 01. 03 Treshold no.
Chemical 1. pH value 6.5 8.5

2. Hardness 75Mg/Ltr 110Mg/Ltr Expresse as
CaCo3,equilatew/s
As per WHO
3. Total Solids 500 Mg/Ltr 150Mg/Ltr international

Standards
-do-
-do-
4. Mg & Na 500Mg/Ltr 1000Mg/Ltr
-do-
5. Chlorides 200Mg/Ltr 400Mg/Ltr
-do-
6. Calcium 75Mg/Ltr 200Mg/Ltr
-do-
7. Iron 1.0Mg/Ltr
8. Fluorides. 1.5Mg/Ltr
Biological & Coli Form Bacteria Nil 1Coliform
Micro-organic colony per
100m/n of B
coli is ltd to
0.3 mg/ltr 1
per 100 me.
Radiological Emitters Nil

5. DESIGN PERIOD
The water supply schemes include huge and costly structure such as dams, reservoir,
treatment plants, penstock pipes etc., which cannot be replaced are increase in their capacities
easily and conveniently. For example, The water mines laid underground including distribution
system cannot be replaced or added without digging the road and disturbing traffic. In order to
avoid this future complication of expansion the various component of water supply scheme are
purposely made larger so as to satisfy the community needs for a reasonable number of years to
come.
This future period or number of years for which a provision is made designing the
capacities of various components of water supply scheme is known as DESIGN PERIOD.
Such a scheme which is design period of say “X Year” is supposed to satisfactorily serve
the community need up to the end of ‘X years”. The design period should neither be too long nor
too short. The design period cannot exceed the useful life of the components structure. Here the
design period for water supply scheme is taken as 20 year. Water will be
fed by gravity into clear water tank where contact period shall be more than half hour, which is
the acceptable limit.
6. UNITS OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Design of intake well and screen
The intake well is a circular or rectangular well with circular ends located in a river bed,
so that it always remains surrounded with water, even during low flood stage. The well is built in
messanary or concrete and is raise above the river HFL and covered at the top by wooden
sleepers etc., as to make it approachable from the river bank through a foot bridge arrangement.
Screens are generally provided in front of the intake work, so as to exceed the large sizes
particles. Screens are normally included at about 450 to 600 to the horizontal, so as to increase the
opening area to reduce the low velocity.
Pre sedimentation Tank

In order to remove the large sized and rapidly settle able solids to reduce turbidity, it is
proposed to construct a pre sedimentation tank and raw water storage.
Cascade type aerator

Since the raw water does not contain to much color and odor, only nominal aeration is
proposed. This units will help in maintaining the wanted oxygen levels in water, remove
dissolved iron, manganese, co2 and H2S gases as well as color and taste caused by volatile oils
etc.,
Combined coagulation cum sedimentation Tank

It shall be constructed to allow formation of flocks and settlement of particles. The fine colloidal
particles present in water, get attracted and observed in these flocks, forming the bigger size
flocculated particles.
Rapid Gravity Filter
Filter units shall be constructed to filter the sedimented water, as usual with provision of wash
water tank. Rapid gravity filter is the best and most economical and therefore in variably used for
treating public supplies, especially for large towns and city. The treated water is not so much safe
as obtained from slow sand filter and need further treatment before they can be supplied to the
public.
Chlorinator:
Considering the remote area and difficulty in transporting and storing and flooring gas cylinders,
It has been decided to use bleaching powder for disinfection by providing gravity type of
Chlorinator. Bleaching powder mixed clear water will be fed by gravity into clear water tank
where contact shall be more than half hour, which is the acceptable limit.
7. UNITS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Primary Sedimentation tank

The Classification of sewage by the process of ‘Sedimentation’ can be affected by

providing conditions under which the suspended material present in sewage can settle out. This
is brought about in specially designed tanks called Primary Sedimentation Tanks.
The Classification of sewage by the process of ‘Sedimentation’ can be affected by

providing conditions under which the suspended material present in sewage can settle out. This
is brought about in specially designed tanks called Primary Sedimentation Tanks.
Trickling Filters
Trickling filters are now almost universally adopted for giving secondary treatment to
sewage. These filters also called as percolating filters or sprinkling filters, consist of tanks of
coarser filtering media, over which the sewage is allowed to sprinkle or trickle down, by means
of spray nozzles or rotary distributors. The percolating sewage is collected at the bottom of the
tank through a well-designed under-drainage system. The purification of the sewage is brought
about manly by the aerobic bacteria, which from a bacterial film around the p[articles of the
filtering media. The action due to the mechanical straining of the filtering media. The action due
to the mechanical straining of the filter bed is much less. In order to ensure the large scale
growth of the aerobic bacteria, sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied by providing suitable
ventilation facilities in the body of the filter, and also to some extent by the intermittent
functioning of the filter.
Secondary Sedimentation Tank

A filter does remove only a very small percentage of the finely divided suspended
organic matter present in sewage, while the majority of this organic matter undergoes a change
of character, only due to the biological oxidation and nitrification that takes place in the filter, the
organic solids are converted into coagulated suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and
would thus settle down by gravity, if allowed to dos so in sedimentation tank, called Secondary
setting tank or Humus Tank.
Sludge Digestion Tank

The sludge withdrawn from the sedimentation basins contains a lot of putrescible organic
matter, and if disposed of without any treatment, the organic matter may decompose, producing
foul gases and a lot of nuisance, pollution, and health hazards. In order to avoid such pollutions,
the sludge is, first of all, stabilized by decomposing the organic matter under controlled
anaerobic conditions, and then disposed of suitably after dying beds, etc. The process of
stabilization is called the sludge digestion, and the tank where the process is carried out is called
the sludge digestion tank.
Three distinct stages have been found to occur in the biological action involved in the
natural process of sludge digestion tank. These stages are:
(i) Acid fermentation;

(ii) Acid regression; and
(iii) Alkaline fermentation.
Sludge Drying Bed

Sludge drying beds are open beds of land, 45 to 60 cm deep, and consisting of about 30 to
45 cm thick graded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15 cm at bottom to
1.25 cm at top and overlain by 10 to 15 cm thick coarse sand layer. Open jointed under drain
pipes (15 cm dia) @ 5 to 7 cm c/c spacing are laid below the gravel layer in valleys, at a
longitudinal slope of about 1 to 100. The beds are about 15 X 30 m in plan, and are surrounded
by brick walls rising about 1 meter above the sand surface.
8. DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Calculation of water Demand
1. Minimum domestic water consumption as per is 1172-1993 required water
= Lit/hr/day
2. Parks – 3.5 Lit/Sq.m/day
3. Schools and colleges (day) – 45 Lit/hr/day

4. For Matta’s – 45 Lit/hr/day.
 Assumed area of park – 10,000 Sq M

 No. of Schools and colleges – 5 No. and having 200 students for each.
 No. of Matta’s – 15 No.Capacity of each 80 members.
Water Required
 Domestic = 200*25,000 = 50,000 lit/day

 Parks = 10,000*3.5 = 35,000 lit/day
 For Matta’s = 15*45*80 = 54,000 lit/day
Total = 51,34,000 lit/day.
Maximum water Demand = 1.5*5134 = 7701 Cum/day.
Discharge = 7701.0/(24*60*60) = 0.0891 Cum/sec
DESIGN OF RAISING MAIN

Using Lea’s formula for most economical diameter
D=0.972Q to 1.22Q
D=23.81 cm to 29.8 cm
Hence provide 30 cm pipe.
Velocity = Q/A = 0.0891/0.00706

= 1.26m/sec
DESIGN OF PUMPS
Calculation of total head,

H=Hs + Hd + Hf
Where,
Hs = Section Head
Hd= Delivery head
Hf = Head loss due to friction
Hs = 952.0-944.5=7.5m
Hd= 961.0-952.0=9.0m
Hf = 4flv2/2gd
= 0.025*50*1.262/2*9.81*0.3
= 0.337m
Total Head H = 16.5+0.337=16.837
Adding 0.05% as Minor losses = 16.837*1.05 = 17.679m
Break Horse Power

BHP = wQH/n*.735
= 9.81*0.0891*17.67/0.65*0.735
= 32.34~35Hp
DESIGN OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

Discharge = 7701 cumec/day
Detention time = 3hours
Depth of sedimentation tank = 2.5m
Specific Gravity = 2.65
Velocity Vs = 0.23 mm/sec
Volume of water to be treated / hour = 7701/24

=320.87 cumec/hour
The Raw water to be treated for a detention period = 7701*3/24

= 962.62 cumec
Circular Sedimentation Tank

Depth of Sedimentation tank = 2.5m
Surface Area = 962.62
2.5
= 385.05sq m
Diameter of cirvula tank = 22.14m

Effective setting zone= 22. 04
= 11.07
Provide 20 % of Diameter of tank for inlet zone = 4.43m
Surface flow rate = 7701/385.85

= 20m/day
Horizontal flow velocity = 20

86400
= 0.00023m/sec
Weir loading = 7701/2 π*13.285

= 920258 cumec/m/day
Inlet velocity = Q = a*v
0.0891 = π *22.142*v/4
V = 0.00023m/sec
Sludge collection = 7701*106*300/105

= 2310 lit/day
Inlet Pipe
Provide 0.15m dia
Q = a*v
0.0891 = π* 0152* v/4
V = 5.04m/sec
V = √2𝑔H
H = v2/2g
H = 5.042/2*9.81
H = 1.29m
Design of raw storage tank

Capacity of water to be stored on tank approximately one day demand of water:
Quantity of water should be stored on tank = 7701Cum

Depth of water stored in a tank = 4.5m

Provide circular tank. D = dia of the tank
D = 4*a/ π
D = V4*1711.33/ π
D = 46.67m
Design of inlet well

Providing an oblong shaped inlet well, with openings provided at 3 levels.The opening
shall be fitted with bar screens made of 20 mm dia steel bars of 50mm openings. Let the velocity
through the bar screens be limited to 0.16m/s.
The area of openings required at each level = Q/v

= 0.133/.16
= 0.831sq m.
Let us provide 1m height of screen openings then the clear length of the openings
required = 0.831m.
No. of openings required = 0.831/0.05 = 17 no’s

No. of bars = 17
Length occupied by 20mm dia bars = 17*0.02 = 0.34m.

Total length of screen = 0.831+0.34 = 1.171 = 1.2m.
Design of pipe connecting intake well to jack well.

Therefore, Q=0.133cumsec.
V=0.16met/sec
Area of pipe = Q/V

= 0.133/0.16
= 0.831m2

Therefore, d = v4*0.831 π
D = 1.028m
Provide Jack well dia = 10m.
Design of Casade Aerator:

Water requirement = 7.70 MLD
= > Q=0.0891m/s
Provide 3 steps, dia ratio 1:2:3.
Depth of wall = 0.75m
Diameter of weir proposed,

Top = 1m
Middle = 2m
Bottom = 3m
Sedimentation aided with coagulation tank

Average daily consumption = Volume of water treated per day = 7701 m 3.
Assume detention period of 4hrs.
Quantity of water to be treated = 7701*4/24 = 1283.5m 3
Capacity of tank = 1283.5m3 = 1284m3
Assuming depth of water in tank 4m, we have,
Plan area = Breadth*Length = capacity/depth.
1284/4 = 321m3
Take Breadth = 9m.
Length = 321/9 = 35.67m = 36m
Setting tank dimension = 36x9x4
Providing an extra depth of 0.5m at the starting tank, i.e., a depth of 4.5 at the start
and providing a slope of 1 in 30 along the length.
We get, 4.5+37/30 = 5.7m, at the end.

Design of flocculation chamber

In addition to 15m length of settling tank, the flock chamber at the entry has to be provided as
half the depth of the sedimentation tank.
i.e., 2.5/2 = 1.25 m
=1.5m
Detention time = 20 minutes
= 0.0891x20x60
= 106.92 cum
Surface Area = 106.92/1.5
=71.28m2
Provide rectangular chamber 1:2 ratio.

Width of chamber = 6m

Length of chamber = 12m
Thusfloc chamber is of size 6.0m x 12m x 1.5m
Coagulation sedimentation plant

Coagulant added is Alum
Given pH=8
The coagulant added : ALUM
Alkalinity of water is 4.5 mg/lit of CaCO3
Quantity of water treated = 7.701 MLD
Quantity of filter ALUM required at 20 mg/lit = 20 x 7.701x10 6 mg/day
=20 x 7.701=154 kg/day
Thus the following chemical reaction will take place:
A12(SO4)3.18H2O+3Ca(HOC3)2-> 2AL(OH)3+3CaSO4+18H20+6CO2
 CaCO2+H2O+CO2->Ca(HCO3)2
 CaCO3->CaO+CO2
The molecular weight shall be:

AL2(SO4)3 8H20={(2x27)+3x(32+(16x4))+18x((1x2)+16)}=666gm
Ca(HCO3)=40+1+12+48)x2=162gm
CaO=40+16=56gm
It is clear that from the above equations 3x100parts of CaO 3will produce the same alkalinity as
that off 660mg of ALUM
Quantity of CaCO3 required to produce the same alkalinity which is equal to 20mg/litre
=>(3x100x20)/666=9.01mg/lit
The natural alkalinity available in CaCO3 =4.5mg/lit
Additional alkaline required to be added to form the lime=40.5mg/lit of CaCO 3
Thus the above equation clearly states that 40 parts of CaCO3 produce by 56 parts of CaO.
Therefore CaO required = (4.5 x 56)/100 = 2.52 mg/lit

But Quick lime required {2.52 x 100)/80 = 3.1.56 mgllit

The quantity of lime required for treatment = 7.701 x 1.0= x 3.156 mg/day
= 24.30 kg/day
And, from above result I,
The quantity of alum =154 kg/day
or, alum = 1541'24 x 3500) = 0.0018kg/sec
This coagulant is dispensed using a dry feeding device. These are in the form of a tank
with a hopper bottom. Agitating plates are laced inside the tank so as to prevent the arching the
coagulant. The coagulant is in the powdered form and is allowed to fall in the mixing basin. its
dose is regulated by the speed of a toothed wheel or a helical screw. The speed of the toothed
wheeler the helical screw is controlled by connecting it to a venture device installed in the raw
water pipes bringing the water to the mixing basin.
Mixing the coagulant in a mixing basin with baffle walls

Design:
Assume Velocity of flow = 0.3 m/sec
Detention time = 30min.
Volume of water to be treated per day =701m/day
.'. Volume of water required to be treated in 30min = Capacity of tank = 701*30/(24*60)
= 160.43
Length of flow = velocity* Detention period
= 0.3*30*60
= 540m
The required c/s between each baffle is assumed to be 0.5m.
.'. Depth of water in the basin = 0.2910.5 = 0.58
= 0.6m
The clear opening between end of each baffle is kept equal to 1.5 times the distance between
baffles = 1.5*0.5
= 0.75m
Assume clear with of clear compartment as 9m.

Effective length of each channel = clear width of each compartment (2 + 0.5 of clear
Opening)
=9 - [0.5f2*0.75]
. = 8.25m
.'. No. of channels = Total flow length/effective Flow length of each channel
54O18 - 75 = 55.45
= 56
.'. The total no. of channels =66 and 6612 = 33 in each half.
Clear length of tank excluding baffle walls and side walls = No. of channels x distance b/w
baffles.
= 33*0.5
=16.5m
.'. Overall inside length of tank = 15.5 + ((7.5/100) x no. of baffles)
= 15.5 + 117.5/700) x (33))
= 18.9m
= 19m.
Sludge treatment
The sludge collected from the primary and secondary sedimentation tanks gets stored in
alarge storage tank. From here it is taken to the sludge drying beds. Once the water from
thesludge drains into the channel after passing through the sand and gravel layers over a period
of one week, the dry sludge is taken out manually and transported elsewhere.
Design of sludge drying beds

Quantity of sludge generated per day = 2310 liters/day
= 2.310 m3/day
Height at the starting of the sludge bed = 2.5m
Cross sectional area of the bed = 4.512.5 = 1.8m2
Assuming width to be 1.2m, we have,
Length of the bed = t.8ll.2 = 1.5m

Providing a sand layer of depth 1.5m and a gravel layer of depth 1.5m, we have,
Total height at the start of the sludge bed = 2.5+1.5+1.5 = 5.5m
Providing a gradient of 1in1O along the width, we have,
Depth at the end of 1.2m,i.e, depth at the channel transporting the water from the sludge
'beds
= (2.5 + 7.2 / 70) + 1.5 + 1.5
= 5.62m
Now there will be 3 such units on the either side of the channel.
Design of Rapid sand filters

General Provisions
1. Required flow of filtered water = 7.701 MtD
2. Quantity of back wash water used = 3% of filter output
3. Time lost during back washing = Ao inlet
4. Design rate of filtration = 500 lit/sq/m/hr
5. Length to width ratio =1 : 2.5
5. Under drainage system = central manifold.
Filter media
Fine grain (3.5mm to 5mm)
Coarse grain (3mm to 6mm)
Fine sand (0.52mm effective size)
Filter water required per hour = 320.87 cum/hr
Design flow for filter after accounting for backwash water (3%) & washing time (20min)
= 320.87x (1 + O.O3) x 24 / 23.5
= 337.53 cum/hr
Plan of filter required = 337.53 / 5
= 575.05 sq m
Generally the plan area of filter unit is kept as 10 sq m to 80 sq m
Provide L unit if 80sq m
Size of tank 12.65m x 5.35m
Hence provide 8 filter unit

Now, let a manifold and lateral system be provided below the. Filter bed, for receiving the
filtered water and to allow back washing for cleaning the filter. This consists of central manifold
pipe with laterals having perforations at the bottom.
.'. Total area of perforations = O.2% of filter area

= (0.2/100)*(5.35*12.55) m2
= 0.16 m2
Assuming the area of each lateral = 2 times the area of perforations
Total area of laterals = 2 Total area of perforations
= 2*0.15 = 0.32 m²
Assuming the area of manifold to be about twice the area of materials,
The area of manifold = 2*0.32= 0.64m²
Dia of manifold (d) is given by,
N/4*d² = 0.54
d = 0.7m
Hence, use a 70 cm dia manifold pipe laid lengthwise along the center of the filter bottom.
Laterals running perpendicular to manifold (widthwise) emanating from the m be laid at a
spacing of say 15cm. The number of laterals is then given as,

= 12.65/0.15 = 84.33 say 85

On the either side of manifold. Hence use retarders in all, in each unit.
Now, length of each lateral = (width of filter/2) - (Dia of manifold/2)
= 16.3s/2) - (0.712)
= 2.82m
Now, adopting 13mm dia perforations in the laterals, we have,
Total area of perforations = 0.16
= 16oocm2 = x*(r/4)*(1.3)²
Where x = Total no. of perforations in all 170 laterals.
x = 1600*( 1.3+1.3) = 966.54 say 967
No. of perforations in each lateral = 9671170 = 5.25 say 6.
Area of perforations per laterat= 6 - ((1.3+)(1.3))
= 7.95cm²
Now, area of each laterat = 2*Area of perforations per laterat
= 2+7 - 96
= 15.92 cm
.'. Dia of each lateral = V(15.92t(n/4)) . '

= 3.53cm
Hence, use laterals each of 3.53cm dia, @ 15cm c/c, each having 4 perforations of
13mm size, with 70cm dia manifold.
Disinfection process
Chlorination:
Assume the chlorine dosage rate to disinfect water be 3 ppm.
Therefore, chlorine requirement = Avg quantity of water x dosage
=l.707 x 7O^3 x 10
= 23.10 kg/day
Generally chlorine is stored for 3 months
Therefore chlorine for 3 month = 23.10 x 90
=2O79 kg
Therefore no. of chlorine cylinder required = 72 +7 stand by.
Design of the raising main
Using the empirical formula given Lea, die of the pipe= 0.972 to 1.22rpm
Q = 7.701 MLD
Q = 0.0891
D = 1.22 x 0.089
= 35.4 cm say 40cm
Therefore provide 30cm dia pipe
area of pipe = 0.07m2
velocity – 0.07 = 1.22
=1.27m/s
Design of pump
To pump water from the treatment plant to water storage tank over head tank)
H = Hs + H6 + Hg
Hr = 3m
Ho = 100m
Hr = 4flv2 / 2gd
= 4+0.0075* 1.250* 1.272 / 12* 1.3)
= 10.27m

Total head = 3 + 100 + 70.27 = 113.3m

Brake horse power of the pump (BHP)
Assume efficiency of pump as 0.65

BHP = VWQH / q * 0.735
= (9.81*0.0891* 113.3) / (0.65*0.735)
BHP=207.28H.P.
Assume the capacity of pump available in the market: 50H.P, 100H.P, 150H.P, 200H.P,
250H.P, 500H.P, 750H.P, 1000H.P,
BHP provide =250 H.P
Design of clean water reservoir:

Treated water is stored in clear water reservoir = 7.701 MTD
Since, he pumping from clear reservoir to distribution T is for 24 hrs,
Detention period of 24 hr is provided in clear water reservoir to ensure 24 hr supply
Capacity of clear reservoir.
Capacity of clear water reservoir =7.70x24 / 24
=7.701MtD
= 7701cum
Assuming effective depth = 450m
Plan area required =7701/450
= 1711.3
Provide circular tank,
D = 45.62 Say D = 47m
Design of overhead tank

Assuming following pattern of 7 o draw off from daily supply
7.00am-8.00am 30% = 2.31MLD
8.00am-5.00pm 35% = 2.69MLD
5.00pm-5.30pm 30% = 2.311D
6.30pm-7.00am 5% = O.385MID

Total storage req. = 7.7MLD

Providing 3 hrs of static storage
Capacity = 7. l x 1000 x 3 /24
= 962.5cum
Assume depth = 4.5
Dia = 16.5
Therefore dia of overhead tank = 9m and depth = 3m and distribution mains ore designed
for peak demand i.e. for 2.69 MLD and diameter of main is 25cm.
9. FLOW-DIAGRAM OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

10. DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT UNITS

Quantity of water supplied = 7.701MLD
Assuming 80% of supplied water becomes sewage
=0.8 x 7.701 x 106
=5.16 MLD
Assuming detention period = 2 hr
Quantity of sewage to be treated in 2hr i.e. capacity of tank
Q = 5.16 x 2/24
= 0.513 MLD
= 513.4cum
Now, assuming flow velocity = 0.3m/min
The length of tank required = velocity Of flow’s detention period
= 0.3 x 2 x 50
= 35 m

c/s area of the tank req.= capacity of tank / length of tank

= 513.4136 / 35
= 14.26m2
Assume effective depth = 3 m
The width of tank = area of c/s /depth
= 14.2 / 3
= 4.75m
Assume free board = 0.5m
Overall depth =4.75 + 0.5 = 5.25m
Therefore dimensions of primary sedimentation tank ore 36 m x 4.75m x 5.25m
Design of trick line filter,
Assume BOD =150 rpm
Total BOD present in sewage to be treated per day = 6.16x150
= 924ppm
Assume organic loading = 1500kg/ha-m/day
Volume of filtering media req. = 924 x 10000 / 1500
= 6160cum
Assuming effective depth = 2 m
We have,
The surface area of filter required = 6160/2
= 3080sqm.
Using 15 m dia circular trickling filter units
Area of each unit = 175.71sq m
No of units req = 3080/175.71
=17.52
Check For Hydraulic loading,
Assume Hydraulic loading = 25 m/hr/day
Surface area required = total sewage to be treated per day/hydraulic loading per day
= 6.15>=10000/25
= 2454sqm

Surface area chosen 3080 sqm >2454 sqm, therefore safe.
Design of second Sedimentation tank:

Assume detention period = 1.5 hr
We have capacity of tank = 6.16 x115/24)-2454
Capacity of tank = 385cum
Volume of each conical tank = V = l15/385x114) x depth
Using 2 numbers of 5.0m depth of each tank, we have total volume required for all 2
Tanks = 385/5
= 77sq m
Therefore dia = 9.9m =10m
Hence use 2 tanks with Dia 10m and height of 5.0m and 7 stand by.
Design of Sludge digestion tank:

Assuming suspended solids in raw settled = 300 rpm.
Moisture content = 85%
Therefore suspended solids in room of sewage flowing per day
Assuming that 55% solids are removed in Primary sedimentation we have
Wt of solids removed in primary settling tank = 0.65x1848
= 1201.2 kg/day
Assuming that the fresh sludge has omc l956 have 5 kg of dry solids make
100 kg of wet sludge And 1201.2 kg of dry solid will make = (100/5) x1201.2
= 24024k8 of wet sludge/day
Assuming the sp.gr. Of wet sludge =1.02
i.e. unit wt = 1020 kg/cum
The volume of raw sludge produced per day = Vr = 24024 / 20
= 23.55 cum/day
Now, the volume of digested sludge V2 at 85% m c is given by
Vr = Vr [100-P/100-P2]

= 23.55 [100 – 95 / 100 - 85]

Vz = 7.85cum/day
Now, assuming the digestion period as 30 days, we have the capacity of required
Digestion tank = [Vr-2x(V1-vV2)/3]x t
= [23.55-2x(23.s5-7.8s)/3]x30
= 392.5 cum
Provide 5m depth cylindrical tank
C/s area of tank = 392.515
= 70.5sq m
Dia of tank = d = 70 m
Disposal of digested sludge:
Volume of wet sludge from sewage = 23.55cum
And let it spread in 20 cm lower under drained bed then,
Area of bed required = 23.5510*5
= 117.75sqm/day
Under Indian tropical condition, the bed get dried about 10 days and hence taking 2
weeks as Avg drying time = 5212
= 26 times in an year
Therefore area of bed required per year = L*t* 7.75x365126
=1553.03sq m
Making 100% allowance for space for storage, repair, and resting of beds etc,
We have,
The total required area of beds = 2+1653.03
= 3305.06sqm
Using 10x25 m beds we have no of beds required = 3305.06 sqm
No of beds required= 13.22
No of beds required = 14 beds
Provide 14 beds with size as
Area = 3306.06/1.4
= 238.15sq m
Using width = 10m

Length = 23.61*238.15/10
=23.61m
Provide 14 no of (10x23.61) m beds
11. FLOW DIAGRAM OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
12. BIBLIOGRAHY
Environmental Engineering -I S K GARG
Environmental Engineering -I B C PUNMIA& ASHOK JAIN
Environmental Engineering -II S K GARG
Environmental Engineering -II B C PUNMIA& ASHOK JAI

PROJECT NO. 2
OLD
TANK
PROJECT
BATCH NO:- B1
Guidance:-
Prof Khalid Nayaz Khan

( Asst. Professor )
CONTENTS
:OLD TANK PROJECT:
1. Technical aim of Project
2. Introduction
3. Salient features of Tank
4. Design of water weir
5. Design of tank sluice
6. Silting of tank
7. Earth work calculation

Extensive Survey Project-2022-23 Old Tank Project
AIM OF A SURVEY CAMP

In order to acquire a sound knowledge of both theory and practice and also the
difficulties that would be encountered during surveying, an extensive survey camp is usually
arranged for the students of all civil engineering institutions.
The technical aims of the project comprise the following abilities:
 To impart in the training in the use of survey instruments and to acquire a comprehensive
idea of the project.
 To train the students under difficult and real situations of the project surveying.
 To impart confidence in the management of the project surveys.
.AIM OF THE PROJECT
 To increase the capacity for higher demand.

 To increase the reduced capacity of the tank by removing silt.
 To strengthen the weakened bund,
 To increase the effectiveness of sluice and waste weir.
INTRODUCTION
Tank Irrigation may be defined as the storage irrigation scheme that utilizes the water
stored on the upstream side of a smaller earthen dam called bund. There is no technical
difference between a ‘reservoir’ and a ‘tank’ except that a large sized tank is termed as a
reservoir. A tank is generally said to be formed by earthen bunds. These earthen bunds spanning
across the streams are called tank bunds.
A minor irrigation tank is defined as one that irrigates less than or equal to 2000 hectares
of land. Every rainy season brings surface runoff, which in turn carries large amount of silt into
the reservoir. The deposited silt reduces storage capacity of the reservoir. This reduced storage
can be restored or also increased by raising the sill level of the waste weir. Sometimes due to bad
maintenance the downstream side of the earthen bund gets eroded and the slope of upstream and
6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch B1 Page 31

downstream side of bund may have been altered. The deteriorated section of the earthen dam is
given a required shape, free board and top width in order to restore the earthen dam.It becomes
necessary to increase the storage capacity of the reservoir and restore the eroded bund; this
operation is called as the restoration of minor irrigation tank.
Salient features of the tank
The tank, which is supposed to be restored, is situated at a distance of 2 km from Ghati

village and 0.5 km from palpal dinne village. The right bank is touching the road connecting
Ghati village to Doddaballapur. Due to inadequate maintenance the top position of the bund has
eroded at several places and the sluice gate is not functioning properly.
 Length of bund =322.00 m

 Length of weir =18.00 m
 Width of weir =1.50 m
 Top bund level =102.00 m
 Maximum water level =101.50 m
 Full tank level =101.00 m
 Sluice sill level =99.140 m
NECESSITY FOR RESTORATION OF TANK

Construction of tank bund across the upstream at a river would facilitate in creating a
reservoir on the upstream of the bund. The water gets arrested within the barrier thereby trapping
the sediment in the reservoir. Due to progressive silting in the reservoir, its storage capacity gets
reduced. The demand for irrigation water cannot be met due to reduced storage.
Further, in future there may be demand for water for cultivation of large areas. In view of
these two factors, it becomes necessary to ‘restore’ the storage capacity of the reservoir to a
value equal to its original value.
The storage capacity may be increased in two ways,

 Raising full tank level (F.T.L.): raising full tank level of the reservoir after making
suitable modifications in the profile of the existing bund.
 Desisting the reservoir: This would require the employment of sophisticated equipment
such as hydraulic dredges. Before taking up the project, it is necessary to study whether
the proposal would yield minimum cost to restore the original capacity of the reservoir.
SURPLUS WEIR
The excess water is spilled from a tank in to the downstream channel so as to avoid the
rise of water in the tank above the maximum water level (MWL). In fact, the water will generally
spill over the crest of this escape weir, as and when it raises above full tank kevel (FTL); and the
discharging capacity of this weir will be designed such as to pass the full maximum flood
discharge (likely to enter the tank) with a depth over the weir equal to the difference between
FTL and MWL.
Although the effective storage capacity of a tank is limited by FTL, the area submerged
by the tank bund and revetment is dependant on MWL. And hence in order to restrict the
dimensions of these, it is desirable to keep the difference between FTL and MWL to a smaller
value. The usual difference between FTL and MWL is kept from 0.3m to 0.6m, and it is rarely
allowed to exceed 0.9m.
Length of Tank Weir

In order to determine the length of the escape weir, it is first of all necessary to determine
the maximum flood discharge that may enter into a tank after it is filled up to FTL. This peak
discharge may come from the free catchment of tank and can be fairly estimated by using the
empirical formulae applicable to the given region. The following modified formula is used for
calculating peak discharge:
Where,
C1 is the co-efficient in the Ryve’s formula.
A is the area of the combined catchment in square kms.
c1 is the co-efficient from one-fifth to one-third of C1.
‘a’ is the area in square kms of the catchment intercepted by upper tanks.

In general, the discharge over a broad crested free weir and without any velocity of approach is
given by,
Q = (C L H)
Where,
L = length of the weir
H is the head of water over the weir
C is the constant.
DESIGN OF WASTE WEIR (OTP)

The catchment area from the toposheet was found to be = 412 sq-m
Q =C*A2/3
Q =38.23 cumecs
Q= 2/3*0.6*L*√ (2*g) *(H)3/2
38.23=2/3*0.6*L*√ (2*9.81)*(1)3/2
L = 21.7m
L  22m
Provide top width of weir = 1.5m
Bottom width of weir = b= 1.75m
Also provide apron and cutoff wall on downstream side. Provide concrete bed of 1:4:8 of
0.5m thick for foundation abutment and using wall may be provide for a length of 2.0m.
TANK SLUICE
A tank sluice is an opening in the form of a culvert or a pipe running through or under the
tank bund, and supplying water to the tank to the distributary channel below, to meet the
irrigation and other water requirements as and when needed. Suitable wing walls and other bank
connections are also provided as required at the head and tail end of the culvert. The size of the
culvert (i.e., its cross section) will depend on the maximum quantity of water it is required to
convey, but in no case should be less than 0.6m wide and 0.75 m high, so as to allow man to
enter it for examination and repairs or removal of obstructions.

The size of the barrel should be also be such as to limit the velocity through the sluice
barrel to a maximum of 4.5m/sec, under the condition of plug hole being fully open and with
water at full tank level.
The pipe sluices are generally not adopted in tank bunds, where the depth below FTL
exceeds 2.5m or so. This is because, in such cases, the earthenware pipes may get fractured, or
leakage through their joints may take place, resulting in a breach, as the Pipes can neither be
examined nor repaired easily without cutting open the bund.
DESIGN OF TANK SLUICE (OTP)

Assuming actual discharge required through the sluice =0.140 cumecs
We have the discharge equation,
Q=C*d*A*root of (2*g*h)
0.140=0.65*A*root of(2*9.81*0.5)
A =0.068 sq-m
A 0.10 sq-m
Where,
A=c/s area
H=minimum driving head
Assuming minimum driving head of 0.5m,
diameter of plug hole, d=(4A/3.142)
d= (4*0.10/3.142)
d=0.110m
d  0.25m
Therefore providing a direct sluice with plug hole to discharge the water into the
canal. Assuming an arch barrel of 0.5m wall thick with arch thick of 0.3m.
SILTING OF TANKS
1. Classes of silt:
Silt is the non-floating solid matter transported by water in rivers. From an engineer’s
point of view, there are 2 classes of silt transported by all rivers;

a. Bed silt, which is rolled along the bed of the river; this consists of small boulders to
gravel and sand.
b. Lighter particles of silt that are carried forward by the flowing water as turbid
suspension or called silt.
The size of particles that can be carried forward by the river flow depends upon the
velocity of water flowing. Suspended silt in the steeper parts of the river, where the velocity of
flow is high, may become bed silt in the sluggish part of the river where the velocity of flow is
relatively low.
The process of rolling along the bed causes attrition between particles, tend to break up
some portion of the rolled silt into finer particles, and thus what is coarse silt in the upper portion
of the river may become converted in the process to suspended silt which may settle in the lower
part of the river bed.
River silt is a result of erosion by running water of the rocks and soil in the catchment.
While this silt is kept in suspension and rolling in the bed when the velocity of the river is high,
it is impossible for it to retain the silt both suspended and rolled silt for any considerable time,
and a check in the velocity of the current highly charged with silt causes immediate deposition of
a part of the suspended particles. Thus, when a river charged with silt spreads and spills over a
large area, or enters a lake of still water, the river loses a part of its velocity, it deposits silt on
that surface thus raising its level.
The main reason for the rain the catchment of a river to erode the soil surface is loss of
forest cover of the catchment. Tribal’s couples this with shifting cultivation of hill slopes. Floods
in a river occur after a long period of drought carry more silt. Generally a raising flood carries a
greater portion of silt than a falling one.
2. Silt Deposits in Lakes and Reservoirs

When a river enters a lake or reservoir formed by constructing a dam downstream of the river
(an artificial lake), its velocity is checked as soon as the river enters the reservoir and major
portion of the rolled and suspended drops down into the reservoir bed, thus forming a fan-shaped
like formation like a delta and pushes out into the water a shoal or a series of shoals, and the
surface levels of these shoals gradually rise for further deposit of silt until it is sufficiently high
to give room for growth of vegetation and further acceleration of deposited silt.

Thus the deposition of silt in a newly created reservoir starts at the entry point of the river
into the reservoir and it’s intensity is greater at this point than at the site of the dam, where the
suspended silt only is deposited initially and the reservoir level becomes still without any flow
over the spillway. Since the bed levels of the reservoir go on rising from the confluence point,
the inhabitants living in the neighbourhood of this confluence point will be experiencing higher
and higher levels as time goes on.
3. Tank storage
The storage of the tank up to the level of the off taking sluices, both for generation of power
and for irrigation is known as ‘Dead Storage’ and is not useful for drawing the water for any
useful purpose. The greater the dead storage, the greater is the cushion for the deposition of silt
and the useful life of the reservoir.
Once the entire bed of the tank is silted up to the level of the off taking sluices, then, further
silting of tank bed encroaches into the live storage of the tank. Thus the loss of storage depends
upon the rate at which the water throws up silt into the tank every year.
EARTHWORK CALCULATION FOR OLD TANK
Top width of bund = 2.00 m

Upstream slope = 1.5:1
Downstream slope = 2:1
Chain Ground Formation Depth AVG Area=bd+sd*d length Volume

Length Level Level of Depth(d) m^2 =length
Filling *Area(m3)
0 100 102 2 0 0 0 0
15 100.49 102 1.51 1.755 9.67 15 145.051
30 100.25 102 1.75 1.63 8.574 15 128.607
45 100.05 102 1.95 1.85 10.55 15 158.175
60 100.32 102 1.68 1.815 10.22 15 153.277
75 100.40 102 1.60 1.640 8.659 15 129.888
90 100.09 102 1.91 1.755 9.67 15 145.051
105 99.84 102 2.16 2.035 12.35 15 185.287
120 99.91 102 2.09 2.125 13.28 15 199.219

135 99.76 102 2.24 2.165 13.70 15 205.567

150 99.66 102 2.34 2.29 15.07 15 226.023
165 99.8 102 2.20 2.27 14.85 15 222.687
180 99.95 102 2.05 2.125 13.28 15 199.219
195 99.60 102 2.40 2.225 14.35 15 215.269
210 100.07 102 1.93 2.165 13.70 15 205.567
225 99.77 102 2.23 2.08 12.81 15 192.192
240 100.00 102 2.00 2.115 13.18 15 197.64
255 100.05 102 1.95 1.975 11.75 15 176.269
270 100.39 102 1.61 1.78 9.897 15 148.452
285 100.71 102 1.29 1.45 7.105 15 106.575
300 100.67 102 1.33 1.31 6.052 15 90.783
Total Earthwork =3430.8 m3

PROJECT NO. 3
HIGHWAY
PROJECT
BATCH NO:- B1
Guidance:-
Prof D. Prakash
( Asst. Professor )
CONTENTS
:HIGHWAY PROJECT:
1. Alignment Survey
2. Survey procedure
3. Field work details
4. Design of Highway
5. Bibliography
Extensive Survey Project-2022-23 Highway Project
ALIGNMENT SURVEY
GENERAL
Administrative, developmental, strategic and other needs would determine

the obligatory points to be connected by a hill road. Control points will be
governed by saddles, passes, river crossing and other natural features like
escarpments and unstable areas.
Optimum alignment will be one, which yields the least overall transportation
cost, taking into account the cost of construction and maintenance of the road as
well as the recurring cost of vehicle operation, and at the same time having least
adverse impact on the environmental and ecological balance. The route should
avoid the introduction of hairpin bends as far as possible.
Procedure of fixing the alignment

The alignment of a hill road is fixed and translated onto the ground in several
operations;
 Reconnaissance
 Preliminary survey
 Determination of final center line
 Final location survey
RECONAISSANCE
GENERAL
The reconnaissance survey may be conducted in the following sequence:
a) Study of topographical survey sheets, geological and meteorological maps, and
aerial photographs if available.

b) Aerial reconnaissance (where necessary and feasible),

c) Ground reconnaissance.
d) Final reconnaissance of inaccessible and difficult stretches.
 Study of survey sheets, maps, etc.: `Reconnaissance begins with the study of all the
available maps. In India, topographical sheets are available in scale 1: 50 000.
 Aerial reconnaissance: Aerial reconnaissance will provide a bird’s eye view of the
alignment under consideration, along with the surrounding area. It will help to identify
factors, which call for rejection or modification of any of the alignments.
 Ground reconnaissance: The various alternative routes found feasible as a result of map
and aerial photograph study and aerial reconnaissance are further examined in the field
by ground reconnaissance. As such, this part of the survey is an important link in the
chain of activities leading to selection of the final route.
 Final reconnaissance of inaccessible and difficult stretches: Ground reconnaissance

may disclose certain difficult stretches, which call for detailed examination. A trace cut
might be specially made in such sections for inspection.
 Reconnaissance report: Based on the information collected during the reconnaissance

survey a report must be prepared. It should include all relevant information collected
during the survey
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
GENERAL
The preliminary survey consists of pegging the route previously selected on the basis of
the reconnaissance survey, cutting a trace 1.0m to 1.2m wide and running an accurate traverse
line along it for the purpose of taking longitudinal and cross sections and establishing bench
marks. The data collected at this stage forms the basis for the determination of the final center
line of the road.

PEGGING AND TRACE CUT

The line and the grade of the selected alternative are pegged and the trace is cut along the
pegged route.
SURVEY PROCEDURE
The survey should cover a strip of sufficient width taking into account the degree and the
extent of cut/fill, with allowance for possible shift in the center line of the alignment at the time
of final design. In the normal course, a strip width of about 30m in straight or slightly curving
reaches and 60m at sharp curves and hairpin bends should meet the requirements.
Physical features such as buildings, monuments, burial grounds, place of worship,
pipelines, power lines, telephone lines, existing roads, etc. that are likely to affect the project
proposals should be located by means of offsets measured from the traverse line.
Leveling work includes taking ground levels along the trace cut at intervals of 10m and at
abrupt changes in slopes and also establishing benchmarks at intervals 250m exceptionally 500m
by running check levels on a closed traverse basis independently. While leveling along center
line, readings of benchmarks should also be taken to have a crosscheck in regard to accuracy of
the field work. It is particularly important that a single datum GTS datum should be used to tie
up all levels.
Cross sections should be taken at intervals of 30m and at points of appreciable change in
soil conditions. While taking cross sections, soil classification should also be recorded. At sharp
curves and difficult locations, detailed leveling may be done for the plotting of contours.
MAP PREPARATION
At conclusion of the preliminary survey, plans and longitudinal sections are prepared for
detailed study to determine the final centre line of bridge-crossing, etc., the plan should show
contours at 1m-3m intervals, so as to facilitate the final decision.
Scales for the maps should generally be the same as adopted for the final drawings.
Normally, the horizontal scale might be 1:1000 and the vertical scale 1:100.

DETERMINATION OF FINAL CENTER LINE

Determination of final center line of the road design in the office is a forerunner to the
final location survey. This involves the following operations:
a) Making use of plans from the preliminary survey showing the longitudinal profile, cross-
sections and contours, a few alterative alignments for the final center line of the road are drawn
and studied and the best one satisfying the engineering, aesthetic, economic and environmental
requirements is selected.
b) For the selected alignment, a trial grade line is drawn taken into consideration the controls
which are established by mountain passes, intersections with other roads, railway/river crossings,
unstable areas, etc.
c) For the alignment finally chosen, a study of the horizontal alignment and conjunction with
the profile is carried out and adjustments made in both as necessary for achieving proper co-
ordination.
d) Horizontal curves including spiral transitions are designed and the final center line marked
on the map.
e) The vertical curves are designed and the profile shown on the longitudinal section.
FINAL LOCATION SURVEY

GENERAL
The purpose of the final location survey is to layout the final center line of the road in the
field based on the alignment selected in the design office and to collect necessary data for the
preparation of working drawings.
TRANSIT SURVEY
The center line of the road, as determined in the design office, is translated on the ground
by means of a continuous transit survey and pegging of the center line as the survey proceeds.
All angles should be measured with a transit. It would be necessary to fix reference marks
for this purpose. These marks should be generally 20m apart in straight reaches and 10m apart in
curved reaches. To fix the center line, reference pillars- control buries should be firmly embedded
in the ground. These should be located beyond the expected edge of the cutting on the hillside.

The maximum spacing between the pillars may be 100m.

The following should be followed with reference to pillars:
a) Reduced distance,
b) Horizontal distance from the center line of the road,
c) Reduced level at the top of the reference pillar, and
d) Formation level of the road.
The reference pillars should be so located that these will not be disturbed during
construction. Description and location of the reference pillars should be noted for reproduction
on the final alignment plans.
At the road crossings, the angles that the intersecting roads make with the final center line
should be measured with the help of a transit. Similar measurements should be made at railway
level crossings.
BENCHMARKS
To establish firm vertical control for location, design and construction, benchmarks
established during preliminary should be rechecked.
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS AND CROSS-SECTIONS

Levels along the final center line should be taken at all breaks in the ground. Cross-
sections should be taken at 30m interval.
PROPER PROJECTION OF POINTS OF REFERENCE

The final location survey is considered complete when all necessary information is
available and ready for the designer to be able to plot the final road profile and prepare the
project drawings. Among other things, field notes should give a clear description and location of
all the benchmarks and reference points.
This information should be transferred to the plan drawings, so that at the time of
construction, the center line and the benchmarks could be located in the field without any
difficulty. In the last stage of alignment survey, hydrological and soil investigations for the route
should be carried out.

TO FIX THE ALIGNMENT AND DIRECTION OF THE TERRAIN

The instruments required for this are;
1. Prismatic compass,
2. Ranging rod,
3. Chain and tape
Prismatic compass is the most convenient and portable form of magnetic compass, which
can either be used as a hand instrument or can be fitted on a tripod. A magnetic needle is
attached to the circular ring or compass chord made of aluminium a non magnetic substance.
Using this instrument we measure the bearing (back bearing and fore bearing).
Chain is another important device, which is generally made of steel, and is of length 30m. It is a
very important instrument to measure the length and also during the fixing of the alignments in
the field.
Another important device in the survey project is the tape. It is generally made of plastic;
we first measure a certain distance interval with the help of chain or tape.
After measuring the distance using the prismatic compass and with the help of then
ranging rod we take bearing, called fore bearing and back bearing.
USE OF CEYLON GHAT TRACER

It is a very useful instrument for setting out gradients. It essentially consists of a long
circular tube having a peep hole at one end and cross wires at the other end.
To measure a slope:
Fix the instrument onto the stand and hold it to one end of the line. Keep target he
other end. Looking through the eye hole, more the sliding weight in the line of sight passes
through the cross mark of a sight vane. The reading against the levelled edge of the weight will
give the gradient of the line.
To set out a gradient:
Hold the instruments at one end, Send the assistant at the other end with the target,
Slide the weight to set it to the given gradient, say 1 in n, Direct the assistant to move the target
till it is bisected. Drive a peg at the other end so that the top of the peg is at the same level as that
of the bottom of the target.

CAMBER/ CROSSFALL
The pavement on straight reaches should be provided with a crown in the middle and
surface on either side sloping towards the edge.
The camber or cross fall on straight sections of roads should be as given below. For a
given surface type, the steeper values of camber should be adopted in areas having high intensity
of rainfall and lower values where the intensity of rainfall is low.
a. Earth roads 3 to 4 percent (1 in 33 to 1 in 25)

b. Gravel or WBM surface 2.5 to 3 percent (1 in 40 to 1 in 33)
c. Thin bituminous surface 2 to 2.5 percent (1 in 50 to 1 in 40)
d. High type bituminous surface 1.7 to 2 percent (1 in 60 to 1 in 50)
The cross fall for earth shoulders should be at least 0.5% more than the pavement camber
subject to a minimum of 3%. On super elevated sections, the shoulders should normally have the
same cross fall as the pavement.
DESIGN SPEED
The designs speeds for various categories of hill roads should be as given in the Table.
DESIGN SPEEDS (Km/h)
Road Plain Rolling Mountainous Steep

classificatio rulin min. ruling min. ruling min. ruling min.
n g
N.H & S.H 100 80 80 65 50 40 40 30
M.D.R 80 65 65 50 40 30 30 20
O.D.R 65 50 50 40 30 25 25 20
V.R 50 40 40 35 25 20 25 20
SIGHT DISTANCE

Stopping sight distance is the clear distance ahead needed by a driver by bring his vehicle
to a stop before meeting a stationary object in his path. And is calculated as the sum of braking
distance required at the particular speed plus the distance traveled by vehicle during perception
and brake reaction time, intermediate sight distance is defined as twice the stopping sight
distance. Design values for both these sight distances and the criteria for their measurement are
given in the table.
DESIGN VALUES OF STOPPING AND INTERMEDIATE

SIGHT DISTANCES FOR VARIOUS SPEEDS
Speed (kmph) Design values in meters

Stopping sight distance Intermediate sight distance
20 20 40
25 25 50
30 30 60
35 40 80
40 45 90
50 60 120
CRITERIA FOR MEASURING SIGHT DISTANCE
Sl. No. Sight distance Driver eye height Height of object
1. Safe stopping sight 1.2 m 0.15 m

distance
2. Intermediate sight 1.2 m 1.2 m

distance

OVER TAKING SIGHT DISTANCE

The minimum distance open to the vision of the driver of a vehicle intending to overtake
slow vehicle ahead with safety against traffic of opposite direction is know as the minimum
overtaking sight distance or the safe passing sight distance available.
The overtaking sight distance depends on the following factors:
1] Speed of overtaking, overtaken and oncoming vehicles.
2] Spacing between the vehicles.
. 3] Skill and reaction time of driver.
4] Rate of acceleration of overtaking vehicle.
5] Slope of the road
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
GENERAL
In general horizontal curves should consist of a circular portion flanked by spiral
transitions, at both ends. Design speed, super elevation and coefficient of side friction affect the
design of circular curves.
Minimum radius curves should be adopted only when absolutely necessary at reverse
curves, sufficient gap should be ensured between the two curves for introduction of the requisite
transition curves. Compound curve may be used only when it is impossible to fit in a single
circular curve.
SUPER ELEVATION
Super elevation to be provided on curves is calculated from the following formula.
e= V²
127R –f
Where
e= super elevation

v= design speed in km/h

R= radius of the curve in metres
The change over from normal section to super elevation should be achieved gradually over
the full length of the transition curve so that the design super elevation is available at the starting
point of the circular curve.
MINIMUM CURVE RADII
On a horizontal curve, the combined effect of super elevation and side friction balance
the centrifugal force. The basic equation for this condition of equilibrium is:
v² = e+f or R= V²
gR 127*(e+f)
Where,
V= vehicle speed in m/s v = vehicle speed in km/h
G= acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
e= ratio of super elevation
f= co-efficient of side friction between vehicle tyres and pavement. (Taken
as 0.15)
Radii for horizontal curves corresponding to ruling minimum and absolute minimum
design speeds are shown in the Table,
MINIMUM RADIUS OF HORIZONTAL CURVES FOR VARIOUS

CLASSES OF HILL ROADS
Sl. Road classification Mountainous terrain Steep terrain

N ruling min Ruling min
o.
1 National & state highways 50 40 40 30
2 Major district roads 40 30 30 20
3 Other district roads 30 25 25 20
4 Village roads 25 20 25 20

Also, if the deviation angle is less than 1° then horizontal curve is not required at such places.
TRANSITION CURVES
Spiral curve should be used for transitions. These are necessary for smooth entry of
vehicles from a straight section into a circular curve. The transition curves also improve aesthetic
appearance of the road, besides permitting gradual application of the super elevation and extra
widening at curves. Minimum length of transition curves for various radii is given in the table.
MINIMUM TRANSITION LENGTH FOR DIFFERENT SPEEDS AND

CURVE RADll
Curve radius (m) Design speed (km/h)

50 40 30 25 20
15 - - - NA 30
20 - - - 35 20
25 - - NA 25 20
30 - - 30 25 15
40 - NA 25 20 15
50 - 40 20 15 15
55 - 40 20 15 15
70 NA 30 15 15 15
80 55 25 15 15 NA
90 45 25 15 15 -
100 45 20 15 15 -
125 35 15 15 NA -
150 30 15 15 15 -
170 25 15 NA - -
200 20 15 - - -

300 15 NA - - -
400 15 - - - -
500 NA - - - -
The above table indicates the horizontal curves without transition curves.
In such cases, the super-elevation is provided as follows.
First, calculate the length of transition curve though it is not provided.
Let L= length of transition curve
Also, calculate the amount of super-elevation E, to be provided.
Now, 2/3E is provided at the straight portion in a length equal to 2/3L, also a remaining 1/3E is
provided in the curved portion in a length equal to 1/3E
In a similar way the calculated extra widening We is also provided, i.e.,, 2/3We in the straight
portion and 1/3We in the curved portion.
Also, the extra widening is introduced on the inner side of the curve for curves without transition
curves also in hilly roads.
WIDENING AT CURVES
At sharp horizontal curves, it is necessary to widen the carriageway to facilitate safe
passage of vehicles. The widening required has two components.
‘Mechanical widening’ to compensate the extra width occupied by a vehicle on the curve due to
tracking of the rear wheels, and
‘Psychological widening to pem 1 it easy crossing of vehicles since vehicle in a lane tend to
wander more on a curve than on a straight reach.
Based on the above considerations, the extra width of carriageway to be provided at
horizontal curves on single and two-lane roads is given in the table.

WIDENING OF PAVEMENT AT CURVES
Abo
Up to 61 to 101 to
Radius of curve (m) 21 to 40 41 to 60 ve
20 100 300
300
Two lane 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 Nil

Extra width
Single lane 0.9 0.6 0.6 nil Nil nil

(m)
SET-BACK DISTANCE AT HORIZONTAL CURVES

Requisite sight distance should be available across the inside of horizontal curves. Lack
of visibility in the lateral direction may arise due to obstructions like walls, cut slopes, wooded
areas, high crops etc.
Set-back distance from the centre line of the carriageway within which the offending
obstructions should be cleared to ensure the needed visibility can be determined.
The set-back distance is calculated from the following equation:
M = R-(R-n)*cosθ
Where,
θ= S
2*(R-n)
M= the minimum set-back distance from the centre line of the road to sight
Obstruction in meters at the middle of the road.
R= centre line of the road in meters
n= distance between the centre line of the road and the inside lane in meters.
S= sight distance in meters
For applying the above relationship, sight distance is measured along the middle of inner
lane. However on single-lane roads, sight distance is measured along centre line of the

carriageway and ‘n’ is taken as zero.

Radius Set back distances in metres
of S+20 m S+20 m S+20 m S+20 m S+20 m
circle (v+20 (v+25 (v+30km/h) (v+40km/h) (v+50km/
curves( km/h) km/h) h)
m)
14 3.4 - - - -
15 3.2 - - - -
20 2.4 3.8 - - -
23 2.1 3.3 - - -
30 1.5 2.6 3.7 - -
33 1.0 2.3 3.4 - -
50 - 1.6 2.2 5.0 -
60 - 1.3 1.9 4.2 -
80 - 1.0 1.4 3.1 5.6
100 - 0.8 1.1 2.5 4.5
120 - 0.7 0.9 2.1 3.7
150 - 0.5 0.8 1.7 2.3
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
GENERAL
The vertical alignment should provide for a smooth longitudinal profile consistent with
category of a road and the terrain. Grade changes should not be too frequent as to cause kinks
and visual discontinuities in the profile
GRADIENTS
Recommended gradients for different terrain conditions except at hair-pin bends are
given in the table

RECOMMENDED GRADIENTS FOR DIFFERENT TERRAIN

CONDITIONS
Classification of gradient Mountainous terrain and Steep terrain up to

steep terrain having 3000m height above
elevation not more than MSL
3000 m above MSL
Ruling gradient 5% (1 in 20) 6% (1 in 16.7)
Limiting gradient 6% (1 in 16.7) 7% (1 in 14.3)
Exceptional gradient 7% (1in 14.3) 8* (1 in 12.5)
GRADE COMPENSATION AT CURVES

At horizontal curves the gradients should be eased by an amount known as the ‘grade
compensation’ which is intended to offset the extra tractive effort involved at curves. This may
be calculated from the following formula;
Grade compensation (%) = (30 + R)
R
Subject to a minimum of 75/R
Where R is radius of the curve in meters
VERTICAL CURVES
Vertical curves are introduced for smooth transition at grade changes. Both summit
curves and valley curves should be designed as square parabolas. The two types of vertical
curves are:
1. Summit curves
2. Valley curves
The design procedure of calculation of length of vertical curves is as follows:
SUMMIT CURVES
The length of summit curves is governed by the choice of sight, distance, whether
stopping sight distance of the intermediate sight distance.

The required length may be calculated from the following formula,
FOR SAFE STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE

Case (1): When the length of the curve exceeds the required sight distance, i.e., L is greater then
S.
L= NS²
4.4
Where,
N = deviation angle, i.e., the algebraic difference between the two grades
L = length of the parabolic vertical curve in meters
S = sight distance in meters
Case (ii): When the length of the curve is less than the required sight distance i.e., is less than S
L= 2S- 4.4
N
FOR INTERMEDIATE SIGHT DISTANCE
Case (i): When the length of the curve exceeds the required sight distance, i.e.,
L is greater than S
L= NS² /9.6
Case (ii): When the length of the curve is less than the required sight distance,
i.e., , L is less than S
L = 2S- 9.6/N
VALLEY CURVES
The length of the valley curves should be such that for night travel the headlight beam
distance is equal to the stopping sight distance. Based on this criterion, the length of curve may
be calculated as under;
Case (i): When the length of the curve exceeds the required sight distance.
i.e., L is greater then S.
L= NS²
1.5 + 0.035 S

Case (ii): When the length of the curve is less than the required sight distance,
i.e., L is less than S
L= 2S – [ 1.5+0.035 S ]
N
In both cases
Where,
N= deviation angle, i.e., the algebraic difference between the two grades
L = length of the parabolic vertical curve in meters
S = sight distance in meters
Note: The above formula have been derived with the following Assumptions:
 Headlight height = 0.75 m
 Upward divergence of the light beam from the longitudinal axis of the vehicle 10
DESIGN OF CURVE BY ORDINATES FROM THE LONG CHORD

1. Given length of the long chord (L) for 1st curve = 15m
Radius = 57.26m
Calculation of ordinates at 2.5m distance
Oo = R-sqrt(R*R-(L/2)^2)
Oo = 57.26-sqrt(57.26*57.26-(15/2)^2) = 0.49m
Ox = sqrt(R*R – x*x) – (R – O◦)
O2.5 = sqrt(57.26*57.26-2.5*2.5) – (57.26-0.49)= 0.43m
O5 = 0.37m
O7.5 = 0
2. Given length of the long chord (L) for 2nd curve = 15m
Radius =57.26m
Oo = 57.26-sqrt(57.26*57.26-(15/2)^2) = 0.49m
Ox = sqrt(R*R – x*x) – (R – O◦)
O2.5 = sqrt(57.26*57.26-2.5*2.5) – (57.26-0.49)= 0.43 m

O5 = 0.37m
O7.5 = 0
3. Given length of the long chord (L) for 3rd curve = 50m
Radius = 57.26m
Oo = 57.26-sqrt(57.26*57.26-(50/2)^2) = 5.74m
Ox = sqrt(R*R – x*x) – (R – O◦)
O5 = sqrt(57.26*57.26-5*5)-(57.26-5.74)= 5.52m
O10 = sqrt(57.26*57.26-10*10) – (57.26-5.52)= 4.64m
O15 = sqrt(57.26*57.26-15*15) – (57.26-4.64) = 2.64m
O20 = sqrt(57.26*57.26-20*20)-(57.26-2.64) = 0.96m
O25 = 0m
DESIGN OF SUPER ELEVATION AT HORIZONTAL CURVE

Taking design speed V = 40 kmph
We have radius R=57.26 m
The expression for calculating superelevation is as below ;
e + f = V^2/(127*R)
step 1. Calculation of e by taking the value f = 0 and 75% of the design speed
e + 0 = (0.75*40)^2/(127*57.26)
e = 0.12> 0.07
Hence provide superelevation as e = 0.07 that is 7%
Step 2. Calculation of f by taking the value of e = 0.07 and 100% of the design sped.
0.07+ f = 40^2/ (127*57.26)
f = 0.15 =0.15
Hence ok

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOK NAME AUTHOR NAME CHAPTERS

REFERRED
SURVEYING B.C.PUNMIA 4, 9 & 11
VOLUME-1
SURVEYING B.C.PUNMIA 2&9
VOLUME-2 ASHOK.K.JAIN
ARUN.K.JAIN
HIGHWAY S.K.KHANNA 1, 2,3,4,7&14
ENGINEERING C.E.G JUSTO
IRC: 73-1980: GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS FOR RURAL
(NON-URBAN) HIGHWAYS
IRC : 37 – 1984 GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS
SP-19: MANUAL FOR SURVEY INVESTIGATION
AND PREPARATION OF ROAD PROJECTS
IRC, JAMNAGAR HOUSE
SHAHJAHAN ROAD,
NEW DELHI-110011

PROJECT NO.4
LAYOUT
PLAN
BATCH NO:-B1
GUIDANCE:-
Prof Abdul Rehaman

( Asst. Professor )
CONTENTS
:LAYOUT PLAN:
1. Introduction.
2. History of Town planning in india.
3. Acts in Town planning.
4. Zones as per modern Town planning,
4.1. Master plan.
4.2. Different types of plans .
5. Objectives of Town planning.
6. Details of study area.
7. Stages involved in the work,
7.1. Reconnaissance survey.
7.2. Detailed survey.
7.3. Preparation of layout.
7.4. Marking on the site.
Extensive Survey Project-2022-23 Layout Plan
INTRODUCTION
TOWN PLANNING
An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings and
environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc.
and to provide healthy condition for both rich and poor to live, to work, and to play or relax, thus
bringing
TOWN
WELL RESPONSIBLE RATIONAL

IMPROVEM
BALANCED ADMINISTRATIO USE OF LAND
ENT OF LIFE
SOCIAL AND N OF
Fig 5.1: featur es of town RESOURCE
planning
QUALITY
ECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENT
History of Town Planning in India

The origin of town planning in India can be traced to the planned towns of Mohenjo-Daro
and Harappa belonging to the Indian valley civilization as early as 2500 BC (Ramachandran
1989). Cities and towns were also built around fort and centers of trade and commerce at various
periods in the history of India.
More broadly, over the longer historical span, scholars argue that India witnessed very
little in-situ urbanization. Historically, urban centers have grown up due to concerted investment
in certain areas by state governments or through administrative mechanisms such as
transplanting district and sub-district (tensile) headquarters and municipal apparatus (bhagat
2005).
Pre-colonial rulers built up prominent towns and cities mainly for political and strategic
reasons. One can find many such cities that were built during medieval times. Fatehpursikri and
sikandra, in Uttar Pradesh, murshidabad in west Bengal, sindhudurg in Maharashtra, chittorgarh,
Jaipur, jodhpur, jaisalmer, mewar and Udaipur in Rajasthan, Ahmadabad in Gujarat, Hyderabad
6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch 1 58

in Andhra Pradesh and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh are some of the prominent towns and cities
developed during medieval times under various rulers and dynasties.
TOWN PLANNING ACTS IN KARNATAKA
Act 11 of 1963
With the formation of the New state of Mysore it has become necessary to have a uniform
law for the regulation of planned growth of land use and development and for the making and
executing of town planning schemes in the State. Physical Planning has to precede economic
planning as otherwise cities, towns and villages of our country will grow to unmanageable sizes
without proper planning resulting in unhealthy surroundings.
Physical planning with co-ordinate effort on a large scale is necessary if the people are to live
in a better, healthier and happier environment. The proposed measure is expected to solve the
Town Planning problems. (Obtained from Bill No. LAW 43 LGN 60).
Amending Act 14 of 1964

While communicating the assent of the President to the Mysore Town and Country Planning
Bill, 1961, the Government of India has suggested certain amendments to the Act. As regards
compensation payable for land acquired for purposes of the Act, the Government of India have
stated that it is not correct to take the market value as on first November, 1956, and have
suggested that the value may be the market value as on the date of publication of the Town
Improvement Scheme, and where the date of actual acquisition proceeding is after two years
from such publication the value may be as on the date two years before the date of issue of
notification for acquisition of the land, as also the grant of solatium of fifteen percent in view of
the compulsory nature of the acquisition.
They have also suggested inclusion of the definition of the expressions agriculture, industry,
etc., and amendment of section 6. For the purpose of expeditious implementation of the Act in
rapidly developing areas, it is necessary to establish separate planning authorities. For this
purpose


Suitable provisions have to be made. It is considered desirable to include in the State Act
certain other provisions found in the Model Town and Country Planning Act prepared by the
Government of India. It is also considered desirable to deal with planning in respect of the
Bangalore Metropolitan Area on the basis of the Outline Development Plan prepared by “the
Bangalore Metropolitan Planning Board”. Hence this Bill. (Published in Karnataka Gazette
(Extraordinary) Part IV-2A dated 15th October 1963 as No. 6933 at page. 21.)
The amendments to the City of Bangalore Municipal Corporation Act, 1949 made by Act 10
of 1966 provided only for the appointment of an Administrator. It has been found necessary to
make certain other provisions in order to improve the administration of the Corporation. As the
Legislature was not in session an Ordinance was issued. The Bill is intended to replace the
Ordinance. (Published in Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A dated 2nd December
1967 as No.270 at page 33)
At the conference of the Ministers for Housing and Urban Development held in November
1971, it was agreed that a common Authority for the development of metropolitan cities should
be set up. Bangalore City with its population (as per last census) is a Metropolitan City. Different
Authorities like the City of Bangalore Municipal Corporation, the City Improvement Trust
Board, the Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board, the Housing Board and the Bangalore
City Planning Authority are exercising jurisdiction over the area.
Some of the functions of these bodies like development, planning, etc., are overlapping
creating thereby avoidable confusion, besides hampering coordinated development. It is,
therefore, considered necessary to set up a single authority like the Delhi Development Authority
for the city areas adjacent to it which in course of time will become part of the city. For the
speedy implementation of the above said objects as also the 20 point programme and for
establishing a coordinating Central Authority, urgent action was
Town and Country Planning[1963: KAR. ACT 11]
The haphazard and irregular growth would continue unless checked by the Development
Authority and it may not be possible to rectify or correct mistakes in the future. It was therefore
necessary to issue the measure in the form of an Ordinance. The Bill seeks to replace the said

Ordinance. (Published in Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A dated 5th February 1976
as No.688 at page.45)
There is no proper Co-ordination among the local bodies like Bangalore Development
Authority, Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board, Karnataka State Road Transport
Corporation, Karnataka Electricity Board, Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore City
Corporation, etc., in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area. It is necessary to Co-ordinate the
activities of these bodies by constituting an authority. There is also an urgent need to step up the
Authority in view of the growing problems of un-planned Development, Housing, Water Supply,
Transport, etc., Hence the Bill. (Published in Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A
dated 3rd December 1985 as No.610 at page.19)
With a view to speeding up planning and development of land in urban areas in the State, it is
felt desirable to have for each urban area a single agency for performing functions both as a
Planning Authority and as Development Authority. Hence, the Bill. (Obtained from L.A. Bill
Bo. 13 of 1987.)
The Government has decided to regularize the unauthorized occupation of Government land
subject to certain conditions and restrictions and on payment of regularization charges. Section
94 of the Karnataka
 1963: KAR. ACT 11] Town and Country Planning 59
 Land Revenue Act, 1954 is intended to be amended and Section 94-A is proposed to be
introduced to provide for the following,
(1) Making unauthorized occupation of Government land punishable.
(2) Regularization of unauthorized occupation of Government land prior to 1-11989,
(3) The maximum extent of unauthorized holding proposed to be regularized to be 2
hectares of ‘D’ class land or equivalent thereto,
(4) Where such land lies within the limits of a City or a City Municipality, the extent to
be regularized shall be such as may be prescribed subject to the maximum extent of 2
hectares.
(5) The regularization charges shall be 500 times the assessment of the land.

(6) The Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes shall pay only 1/20 of the amount.
(7) Plantation lands, garden lands and forest lands shall be excluded from regularization.
Section 95 is also proposed to be amended to ensure that the permission of the Deputy
Commissioner shall be obtained for use of agricultural land for nonagricultural purposes
notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force. This
amendment is proposed to resolve the ambiguity which has arisen on account of certain
judicial pronouncements. A few incidental and consequential amendments are also made.
Hence the Bill. (Published in Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A dated 20th
November 1990 as No.607 at page.1)

Under the existing provisions of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act 1961, the
functions of the Member Secretary of the Planning Authority are not specifically mentioned. It is
proposed to define such functions clearly. The Member Secretary, is among other things
authorized to refer to the State Government resolutions passed by the Planning Authority which
contravene the provision of the Act or any other law or rule etc., or any resolution which is
prejudicial to the interest of the Planning Authority.
Town and Country Planning [1963: KAR. ACT 11 60]
1) The present period of five years within which the Comprehensive Development Plan
is to be revised is sought to be enhanced to ten years.
2) The existing provisions of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 is
not very specific about the circumstances under which the change in land use from
one purpose to another purpose under the Out Line Development Plan could be
permitted. Therefore, it is considered necessary to specify the various circumstances
under which such change of land use could be permitted, by providing specific
provisions for this by inserting section 14-A. This new Section also prescribes the
modalities of bringing a change in the land use. As a result of the insertion of new
Section 14-A, it is also considered necessary to effect certain minor changes in
Section 24 and 74 of the Act. For better administration of the Act, a new Section has
been added as Sections 76, ‘n’ and ‘o’, to provide for power to the State Government
to cancel certain resolutions of the Planning Authority and to provide power to the

Planning Authority to suspend and revoke licences and permissions etc., under certain
circumstances.
3) A few other incidental and consequential provisions have also been made. (Published
in Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A dated 20th March 1991 as No.120 at
page.109 )

It is considered necessary to reduce the existing period of “three months” to “one month” for
filing comments on the comprehensive development plan and the Karnataka Town and Country
Planning Act, 1961. Hence the Bill. (Published in Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A
dated 17th January 1994 as No.32 at page.6)
It is considered necessary to provide for, conservation of the cultural heritage of Hampi with
all its archeological remain and natural environs, to ensure sustainable development of Hampi
World Heritage Area Management Authority to.- (i) prevent uncontrolled development of the
heritage area and commercial exploitation of the area.
 1963: KAR. ACT 11] Town and Country Planning 61
I. Cause carrying out of the works as is contemplated in the development plan.
II. Co-ordinate the activities of the local authorities the Urban Development
Authorities constituted under the Karnataka Urban Development Authorities Act,
1987, Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Board, the Slum Clearance
Board, KPTCL, KIADB, KSRTC and such other bodies as are connected with
development activities in the Heritage area.
III. Take appropriate action to protect the public property within the heritage area.
IV. Promote understanding of and to encourage proper research into the
Archeological, historical and environmental values of Hampi World Heritage site;
and for the constitution of the Authority Fund, and for matters incidental thereto.
It is also considered necessary consequentially to amend the Karnataka Town and
Country Planning Act, 1961 and the Karnataka Public Premises (Eviction of
unauthorized occupants) Act, 1974. Hence the Bill, (Published inn Karnataka
Gazette (Extraordinary) Part _IV-A dated; 4th June 2003 as No. 589 at Page 10)

Amending Act 23 of 2004.

It is considered necessary to amend the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act,
1961, to provide for the following, namely:- (1) To omit the words “Notified Area Committee,
Sanitary Board” as these no more exist in view of the amendment to the Karnataka
Municipalities Act, 1964. (2) To substitute the words “GramaPanchayat” for the words
“MandalPanchayat” to confirm to the changes made in the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993.
Town and Country Planning [1963: KAR. ACT 11 62]:
To empower the State Government to exempt any Board, Authority or Body constituted
by or under any law and owned or controlled by the State Government from payment of fee for
obtaining permission for change of land use or development of land.
1. To empower the Planning Authority to permit,
I. Additional Floor Area Ratio of 100 per cent for the land handed over free of cost
whenever such lands are required for road widening purposes or for formation of
new roads.
II. Additional Floor Area Ratio up to 100 per cent in case of starred hotels subject to
payment of a minimum of fifty per cent and a maximum of 100 per cent of the
market value of land equivalent to the Floor Area Ratio permitted.
2. To recast the provision relating to levy of fee in order to remove ambiguity.
3. To provide for regularization of buildings constructed deviating from the sanctioned plan
subject to payment of such penalty of not more than the market value of such deviated
area as may be prescribed.
4. To provide for levy and collection of surcharge or cess with effect from 19.10.1992 for
granting permission for development of Land or building from the owner of such land or
building, for supply of water, formation of ring road, slum improvement and mass rapid
transport system at such rate not exceeding one tenth of the market value of land or
building.
5. To provide for forfeiture of building or part thereof to the State Government which have
been constructed in deviation of sanctioned plan but not regularized under section 76FF
or constructed without obtaining permission or in contravention of any order passed or
direction issued by any authority, if the planning authority is of opinion that it is not
practicable or advisable to demolish the building and the owner does not agree to pay an

amount equivalent to two times the current value of such building or part thereof as a
penalty.
6. To provide for validation of levy and collection of the aforesaid cess and surcharge
already collected by the various Development Authorities, Planning authorities and local
authorities since 19.10.1992.
1963: KAR. ACT 11] Town and Country Planning 63

Hence the Bill. (Legislative Council Bill No.10 of 1998) (Entries 5 and 18 of List II and
Entry 20 of List III of Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India)
It is considered necessary to amend the Karnataka Town and Country planning Act, 1961 to
provide for,- (i) Definition of heritage building and heritage precinct and make regulation for
conservation of the same; (ii) Replacing the comprehensive development plan and outline
development plan by master plan to simplify the procedure; (iii) Deemed change of land use
from commercial or industrial to residential and from industrial to commercial; Certain other
consequential changes are made. Hence the Bill.
It is considered necessary and expedient in public interest to provide for regularization of
certain un authorized constructions and to define the parameters thereof by amending the
Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961, the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act,
1976 and the Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964 in the following manner, namely:
1. to regularize, subject to payment of prescribed fee,
I. All unauthorized constructions as on the date of passing of the Amendment Act.
II. All violations of change of land user.
III. All constructions made on revenue sites except, developments affecting,-
IV. Alignment of Ring Road, Highways
Town and Country Planning [1963: KAR. ACT 11 64] lands belonging to Government,
Local Authorities and Development Authorities, and Parks and Open spaces (iii) Basement floor
earmarked as parking space, and (2) to prescribe the fee for different types of contravention
permitted and (3) to provide for other consequential and incidental matters. Hence the Bill.

(L.C.Bill No.11 of 2004) (Entries 5 and 18 of List II and entry 20 of List III of the Seventh
Schedule to the Constitution of India.
It is considered necessary to amend the Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 to provide
the benefit of Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) to the land owners who surrender their
lands or sites free of cost for any public purpose notified by Government from time to time.
ZONNING IN TOWN PLANNING

Meaning of zoning
Zoning is the process of dividing land in a municipality into zones in which certain land
uses are permitted or prohibited. The type of zones determines whether planning permission for a
given development is granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses in
land. It may also indicate the size and dimensions of land areas as well as the form and scale of
buildings. These guidelines are set n order to guide urban growth and development.
Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses
are permitted. Thus, zoning is a technique of land-use planning a s tool of urban planning is used
by local governments in most development countries. The word is derived from the practice of
designating mapped zones which regulate the use, form, design and compatibility of
development. Legally, zoning plan is usually enacted as a by-law with the respective procedures.
In some countries, e.g. Canada (Ontario) or Germany, zoning plans must comply with upper-tier
(regional, state, provincial) planning and policy statements.
These are the great variety of zoning types, some of which focus on regulating building
form and the relation of building to the street with mixed-uses, known as form-based or a
combination thereof. Similar urban planning methods have dictated the use of various areas of
particular purposes in many cities from ancient times.
Zones as per modern town planning

1. RESIDENTIAL ZONE
A building used or constructed or adopted to be used wholly for human
habitation and includes garages, and other out houses for the necessary for the normal use of
the building as a residence.

2. COMMERCIAL ZONE
A building or part of building , which is used as shops and or market for

display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail, building used for transaction of
business are the keeping of accounts, records for similar purpose; professional service facilities,
corporate office, software services, offices of commercial undertaking and companies petrol
bunk, restaurants, lodges, nursing homes, cinema theaters, multiplex, community halls(run on
commercial basis ) banks, clubs run on commercial basis. Storage and service facilities
incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building are usually included under
this group.
3. INDUSTRIAL ZONE
A building wholly are partly used as factory, for the manufacture of products of
all kinds including fabrication and assembly, power plant, refinery, gas plants distillery, brewery,
dairy, factory, workshop etc.
4. PUBLIC AND SEMI PUBLIC
A building used are intended to be used either ordinarily or occasionally by the

public such as offices of state or central government or local authorities, church, temple, chapel,
mosque or any place of public worship, dharmashala, college, school, library, theater for cultural
activities, public concert room, public hall, hospital run by public institutions, public exhibition
hall, lecture room or any other place of public assembly.
5. UTILITIES AND SERVICES
All buildings or land used for the purpose of providing basic utilities and
services to the populace.
6. PARKS, PLAYGROUNDS AND OPEN SPACES
Any open land that is earmarked for recreational purposes.
7. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
Land or buildings which are used for the purpose of providing services and
functions related to transport as well as communication.

8. MIXED LAND USED
This plan in addition to providing a range of uses that can possibly be permitted
in a various zones, has designated a new zone namely, the urbanizable zone.
9. AGRICULTURAL LAND
Horticulture, forming, growing of crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, grasses,

fodders, trees and any kind or cultivation of soil, breeding and keeping of poultry and beas, use
of land which is ancillary to the life stock including cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, fish, pig,
farming of land or any purpose aforesaid. Agricultural land may or may not include the use of
any land attached to a building for the purpose of garden to be used along with such buildings.
MASTER PLAN
A master plan or a development plan or a town plan may be defined as, General plan for
the future layout of a city showing both the existing and proposed streets or roads, open spaces,
public buildings etc. A master plan is prepared either for improvement of an old city or for a new
town to be developed on a virgin soil. A master plan is blue print for the future. It is an
comprehensive document, long-range in its view, that is intended to guide development in the
township for the next 10 to 20 years.
OBJECTS OF MASTER PLAN

 It aims at intelligent and economic spending of the public funds for achieving welfare of
the inhabitants in respect of amenity, convenience and health.
 It arranges the pattern of a town in such a way so as to satisfy the present requirements
without introduction of future improvements by the coming generations.
 It helps in restricting the haphazard and unplanned growth.
 It places various functions which a town has to perform in physical relationship of each
other so as to avoid the chances of mutual conflict.
 It removes the defects of unco-ordinates physical growth of the various components of
the town due to the fact that it considers the entire city area or towns as planning and
development entity.

 It serves as a guide to the planning body for making any recommendations for public
improvement.
NECESSITY OF MASTER PLAN

Following are the reasons which have lead to the linking of having a master plan for the town:
 To control the development of various industries in a systematic way.
 To discourage the growth of town in an unplanned and scientific way.
 To give a perspective picture of a fully development town.
 To limit to a certain extent the unprecedented flow of rural population to the urban area.
 To offset the evils which have come up due to over-crowding of population such as acute
shortage of houses, traffic congestion, inadequate open spaces and insufficiency in public
amenities;
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANS

1. STRUCTURAL PLAN
 A structural plan is one that singles out for attention of certain aspect of the environment
usually the land uses, the main movement systems and the location of critical facilities and
buildings.
 such a plan aim to influence certain key vocational decisions while recognizing that there are
many other things that can’t and perhaps should not be decided at the outset.
2. COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
 The comprehensive plan seeks to combine in one document the prescription for all aspects
of city development.
 it includes an analysis of the city’s economy, it’s demographic characteristics, and the
history of its spatial development as a preface to plan for how the city should evolve over 20
year period.
3. DEVELOPMENTAL PLAN
 Means a plan for the development or redevelopment or improvement of the area within the
jurisdiction of a planning authority.

It includes a regional plan and master plan, detailed development plan and a new town
development plan
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF TOWN PLANNING

 To create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all the people.
 To make right use of the land for the right purpose by zoning.
 To ensure orderly development.
 To avoid encroachment of one zone over the other.
 Social, economic, cultural and recreational amenities etc.
 Recreational amenities – open spaces, parks, gardens, and playgrounds, town hall stadiums,
community centers, cinema houses, and theaters.
 To preserve the individuality of the town.
 To preserve the aesthetics in the design of all elements of town or city plan.
Details of construction area

Landmark 12044.114I N and 77o17.637IE
Address GCE, Play Ground, Ramanagaram (Tq), Ramanagaram (Dist)
Area 2.5 Acres
Existing Uses Play Ground
Local Government Authority Ramanagaram Taluk Panchayat
Planning scheme Urban zone

designation

Stages involved in the work

Reconnaissance surveys
A reconnaissance survey is defined as “an examination of all part of an area accomplished in
sufficient detail to make generalization about the types and distributions of historic properties
that may be present” within a given project area.
Reconnaissance surveys represent a type of field survey that is often used to gather initial
information regarding the presence or absence of historic properties within a project area.
Reconnaissance surveys generally include limited shovel testing in areas that are likely to
contain archeological resources.
Our construction site is anterior agricultural land which is used for the purpose of
agriculture, it’s basically a quadrilateral shape of site, consist more pebbles, gravel and shrubs
and trees.
Detailed survey
The word ‘features’ here means both natural and man-made structures on a piece of land –
such as vegetation, types of soil, buildings, land utilities, fences and boundaries, roads, land
marks and so on.
This kind of survey is usually confined to the boundaries of the parcel of land. The survey
will often include data such as the elevation of the land, that is, how high the land, that is, how
high the land is above an arbitrary datum.
Using total station instrument, calculated the area of site and the co-ordinate points of the
area are collected. The instrument calculated the area of the site.
Preparation of layout
 Initially we collected the co-ordinate points of the site
 After collecting the co-ordinate point we calculate the area of the site.
 The total area is divided into number of plots in various sizes
 We also provided the area for parking, Gardening, Playground etc.

 From the layout we selected one plot and we prepared a plan for the plot and we execute
the marking procedure as follow
 From the plan the center line of the walls are calculated then the center line of the rooms
are set out by setting perpendiculars in ratio 3:4:5. Suppose the corner points are which
are marked by pegs with nails on top.
 Setting of the corner points is checked according to the diagonals.
 During excavation the center points may be removed therefore the center line are
extended center points are marked about 2m away from the outer edge of the excavation.
Thus the points are marked outside the trench. Center line are shown clearly by stretching
thread or rope. The center points are fixed 2m away from the excavation are marked with
setout pegs.
 From the plan details the width of the excavation to be done is also marked by tread with
pegs at appropriate positions.
 The exaction width is then marked by lime or by with farrow with spade.
 If the plan is much to complicated and follows a zigzag pattern then the center pegs are
kept at suitable positions according to the site conditions.

PROJECT NO. 5
NEW
TANK
PROJECT
BATCH NO:- B1
Guidance:-
Prof E. Ramesh Babu

( Asst. Professor )
CONTENTS
:NEW TANK PROJECT:
1. Synopsis
2. Salient features of Project
3. Aim and objectives of the project
4. Technical aspect of the project
5. Introduction
6. Survey work
7. Storage zone of reservoir
8. Design details
9. Calculation of capacity of reservoir
10. Earth work calculation for main bund
11. Earth work for channel
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
Extensive Survey Project-2022-23 New Tank Project
SYNOPSIS
New tanks are constructed to provide water for multipurpose irrigation
purpose.Tanks and reservoirs requires very careful planning, design and operation
for which certain observations relating to selection of site, relative merits of different
types of tanks,storage capacity, optimum yield, coordinated uses of storage for
different purposes etc,are to be studied in detail.
The irrigation reservoir is primarily meant to store the excess water during the
period of large supply and release it gradually for irrigation as and when required.
A Scheme of this type of formation of new tank near Ram Temple Hill,
Ramanagaram has been taken up as mini project work as per the university
regulations.

2. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
DETAILS OF SITE
Place of Project - Near Ram Temple hill,
Ramanagaram, Ramanagaram District.
Distance from Bangalore - 50 km.
Nature of the Project - New Tank Project
Type of Bund - Earthen Bund with puddle core wall
DETAILS OF STORAGE RESERVOIR

Catchment Area of Tank - 1.5Sq.km.
(Source: Dept. of Irrigation, Ramanagaram)
Yield - 1.8 x 105 m3
Area Irrigated - 1500 Hectares
Proposed crop pattern - Sugarcane, Maize, Vegetables
Average Annual Rainfall - 80cm
DETAILS OF BUND
Type of Bund - (Zoned embankment) Impervious core
Length of Bund - 300.00 m
Top Level of Bund (TBL) - 100.00 m
Maximum Water Level (MWL) - 99.00 m
Full Tank Level (FTL) - 98.00 m
Dead Storage Level (DSL) - 88.50 m
Sluice level - 93.00 m
Top width of Bund - 3.00 m
Upstream slope - 1.5:1
Downstream slope - 2:1
Rock toe - D/S blanket Provided
U/s pitching - 50cm thick stone revetment over 10cm thick gravel.

DETAILS OF WASTE WEIR

Type - Broad Crested Surplus Weir
Crest level - 100.00 m
Depth of Spillage - 0.50m
Waste Weir Length - 6.65 m
Top width of Weir - 1.50 m
Bottom width of Weir - 3.60 m
DETAILS OF MAIN CHANNEL

Channel off taking RL - 86.00 m
Gadient provided - 1: 1000
Bottom width of channel - 1.00 m
Depth of water - 1.5 m
Side slopes - 1.5:1
Free Board - 0.50 m
Type of Sluice - Plug Sluice
Canal Length Surveyed - 510.00 m
3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

Objectives:
In view of acquiring a sound knowledge of both theory and practical situations and also
difficulties that would be encountered during field survey work, an extensive survey project camp
is usually arranged for civil engineering students.
With this motive survey camp was arranged with the help of our lecturers at Ram Temple
Ramanagaram from 01/02/2018 to 10/02/2018. We were able to finish the survey works under
lecturers and the knowledge gained by us in our course of study.
Following are the technical aims and abilities:

a) To impart training in the use of surveying instruments and to acquire Comprehensive idea of
the project, along with designs, drawings and estimations.

b) To train the students in real and difficult situation of project surveying.

c) To develop team spirit in practical situation.
d) To impart and develop the self-confidence in the management of
Project survey.
Aim of the Project:

 Longitudinal Section for the New Tank.
 Cross Section for the New Tank.
 Capacity Contour.
 Block Leveling at Waste Weir.
 Canal Alignment.
4. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A PROJECT

Before designing and construction of a dam, road or any other project it requires a thorough
investigations of the site, its stability etc.,
This investigation starts right from:
1. Reconnaissance work.
2. Study of Topo sheet.
3. Proposal of alternate sites etc.
The second stages of work i.e., actual work done by us includes the survey work at site.
This is done to calculate and collect the data necessary for the design of the parts of the project.
In the classroom we do the drawings and the design like,

1. Knowing the amount of earth work in cutting and filling.
2. Profile of the land.
3. Sluice and weir points.
4. MWL, FTL, sill, storage levels, etc….
5. Length of canal and its alignments.

BOOKING THE STAFF READING IN THE LEVEL BOOK

1. The readings should be entered in the respective columns and in order of their observation.
2. The first entry on the page is always a back sight and the last one always a foresight.
3. In carrying forward the readings from one page to the next,if the last entry happens to be an
IS, it is entered in both IS and FS columns and in the BS and IS columns as a first entry on
the next page. The entries in the remaining columns against it should be repeated on the
next page.
4. The FS and BS of the change point should be written in the same horizontal line.
5. The R.L. of P.C. should be written in the same horizontal line opposite the B.S.
6. B.M., change point and other important points should be brief, but accurately explained in
the remarks column.
5. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land, in
accordance with the “crop requirements” throughout the” crop period” for full fledged
nourishment of the crops.
NECESSITY OF IRRIGATION
India is the tropical country with a vast diversity of climate, topography and vegetation.
Rainfall varies considerably in its place of occurance, as well as in its amount. Crops cannot
therefore be raised successfully over the entire land, without ensuring artificial irrigation of fields.
More than 70% of our population directly depends on agriculture and remaining depends
indirectly on agriculture. Only 50% of total geographical is cultivable in country.
In order to sow this area from the complete wishes of nature, and to ensure full growth of crops, it
is necessary that adequate artificial irrigational facilities be ensured.
The need for irrigation can be summarized in the following 4 points.

1. LESS RAINFALL

When the total rainfall is less than that needed for the crop, artificial supply of water is
necessary. In such a case, irrigation system be developed at the place where more water is
available, and then the means to convey this water to the place where there is deficiency.
2. NON-UNIFORM RAINFALL
The rain in a particular area may not be uniform throughout the crop period.During the early
periods of the crop rain may be less or the crop may wither. But the accumulated or stored water
during the excess rainfall periods may be supplied to the crops during the period when there may
not be rainfall, but there is a need for watering.
3. COMMERCIAL CROP WITH ADITIONAL WATER

The rainfall in a particular area may be just enough to raise the usual crops, but more water
may be necessary for raising commercial or cash crops in addition to increasing the annual output
by adopting multiple cropping pattern distributed throughout the year.
4. CONTROLLED WATER SUPPLY

Buy constructing proper distribution system; the yield of crops may be increased.
Applications of water to the soil by modern methods of irrigation serve the following Purpose:
 It adds water to the soil to supply moisture essential for the plant growth.
 It washes out all diluted salts in the soil.
 It washes the hazards of soil piping.
ADVANTAGES
1) Increase in food production
Irrigation helps in increasing crop yield, and hence to attain self-sufficiency of food.
2) Optimum benefits
Optimum utilization of water is made possible by irrigation by optimumutilization, we
generally mean, obtaining maximum crop yield with any amount of water.

3) Elimination of mixed cropping

By mixed cropping we mean, sowing together of 2 or more crops in the same fields. If
irrigation is ensured mixed cropping may be eliminated.
4) General prosperity
Revenue returns are sometimes at high and helps in all-round development of the country
and prosperity of the entire nation and community.
5) Generation of Hydroelectric power

Canal falls can be used for power generation. So, cheaper power generation can be
obtained on projects, primarily designed for irrigation, available with great difficult.
6) Facilities of communication
The inspection paths of irrigation channels provide a good roadway to the villager for
walking, cycling or sometimes even for motoring.
7) Inland Navigation
Sometimes, larger irrigation canals can be used and developed for navigation purposes.
8) Afforestation
Trees are generally grown along the banks of the channels, which increase the timber
wealth of the country and also help in reducing soil erosion.
SOURCES OF IRRIGATION
1) Rainfall and its distribution
Areas of high rainfall are a good source for a good irrigation project.

2) Runoff and surface runoff

Runoff includes all the water flowing in the stream channel at any given section. Surface
runoff includes only the water that reaches the stream channel without first percolating down to the
water table.
3) Yield of drainage basin

It is as same as the runoff, with the only difference that it is expressed over long periods,
while runoff is expressed for short periods.
4) Sub-surface runoff
The water that reaches stream channel without first percolating down to the water table.
5) Infiltration
When waterfalls on a given formation, a small part of it, is first of all, Absorbed by the top
thin layer of soil so as to replenish the soil moisture deficiency. This is called Infiltration. The
maximum rate at which a soil in any given condition is capable of absorbing water is called its
infiltration capacity.
6) Soil moisture
The water below the water table is called ground water and that above water table is called
soil moisture.
Duty represents irrigating capacity of a volume of water. It is the relation between the area of crops
irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire period of the crop.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IRRIGATION
DUTY
FOR EXAMPLE: If 3 cumec of water supply is required for a crop sown in an area of 5100
hectares, the duty of irrigation water will be 5100/3=1700 hectares/cumec, and the discharge of 3
cumecs will be required throughout the base period.

DELTA
Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period from the day of
sowing of seeds to the harvesting.
FOR EXAMPLE: If a crop requires about 12 watering at an interval of 10 days and a water depth
of 10cm in every watering then the delta for the crop will be 12*10= 1.2 meters. If the area under
that crop is “A” hectares, the total quantity of water required will be 1.2*a=1.2A hectares – meters
in a period of 120 days.
CROP PERIOD:
Crop period is the time, in days that a crop takes from the instant of sowing to that of its
harvesting.
BASE PERIOD
Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the time of first
watering for preparation of soil for sowing the seeds to the last watering before harvesting.
The duty of water is reckoned in the following ways:
1) By the number of hectares that 1 cumec of water can irrigate during base
period i.e. 1700hectares per cumec.
2) By the total depth of water i.e., 1.20 meters.
3) By the numbers of hectares meters expended per hectares irrigated by million cubic
meter of stored water. This is also used in the tank irrigation.
4) By the number of hectares meters expended per hectares irrigated. This is used in the
tank irrigation.
GROSS COMMANDED AREA

An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage valleys.The canal
usually runs on the watershed and water can flow from it, on both sides, due to gravitational action
only up to drainage boundaries. Thus in a particular area lying under the canal system, the
irrigation can be done only up to the drainage boundaries. The gross commanded area is thus the

total area lying between drainage boundaries, which can be commanded or irrigated by a canal
system.
CULTIVABLE COMMANDED AREA

The gross commanded area contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil, local ponds village and
other area as habitation. These areas are known as uncultivable areas. The remaining area on which
crops can be grown satisfactorily is known as cultivable area. Cultivable commanded area can be
further classified as cultivable cultivated area and cultivable uncultivated area.
TYPES OF CROPS
The duty varies from crop to crop. The various types of crops can be classified as follows
🡲 WET CROP
A wet crop is that which requires water for irrigation.
🡲 DRY CROP
A wet crop is that which does not require water for irrigation.
🡲 GARDEN CROP
A garden crop requires irrigation throughout the year.
🡲 KHARIF CROP
Kharif crop are sown by the beginning of the southwest monsoon and are harvested in autumn i.e.
from 1st October to 31st of March.
🡲 RABI CROP
Rabi crop are sown in autumn and are harvested in spring i.e. from 1 st of April to 31st of
September.
BASE PERIOD OF THE CROP

If the base period of the crop is more, the amount of water required will be high. Hence
duty will be low and vice versa.
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE AREA

The climatic conditions which affect the duty are temperature, wind humidity and rainfall.
Due to high temperature and wind evaporation loses will be more, and duty will be less. A humid
atmosphere reduces the losses, Rainfall during the crop period will reduce the irrigation water
requirements; the duty will thus be higher.
QUALITY OF WATER
If the harmful salt content and alkali content of the water is more, water will have to be
applied liberally so that the salts are leached off. This will in turn, reduce the duty. More fertilizing
matter in water will cause less consumption of water, and increase duty.
METHODS OF ASSESMENT
Volumetric methods of assessment always lead to a higher duty. This is because the farmer
will use water economically. If however, the method of assessment is based on the area under
cultivation, the farmer will have a tendency to use more water and duty will be low.
TYPES OF IRRIGATION
Irrigation has the following main types or classes:
1) Flow irrigation
2) Lift irrigation.
FLOW IRRIGATION
Flow irrigation is that type of irrigation in which the supply or irrigation water
available is at such a level that is conveyed not to the land by gravity flow.
Flow irrigation may further be divided into two classes:
 Perennial irrigation system
 Inundation or Flood irrigation.
 PERENNIAL IRRIGATION
In perennial irrigation system, the water required for irrigation is supplied in Accordance
with the crop requirements throughout the crop period.

 INUNDATION IRRIGATION
Inundation irrigation is carried out by deep flooding and through saturation of the land to
be cultivated which is then drained off prior to the planting of the crop.
LIFT IRRIGATION
Lift irrigation is practiced when the supply is at too low a level to run by gravitation on the
lands. In such situation water is lifted up by. Mechanical means e.g.irrigation from wells.
NECESSITY OF THE NEW TANK

Primarily all the irrigation structures are developed and built to cater to the needs of:
1) Irrigation
2) Water supply
3) Recharging of ground water resources
4) Flood mitigation.
5) Drought relief measures or any other such relevant needs of the community.
A bund is usually constructed in valley keeping in mind the greatest possible ratio of height
to length for a given capacity. In deep gorge, the length of the bund will be usually of less capacity
of water stored will be more, which is directly proportional to the height of the bund.
In all such cases due to storage of water environmental mismanagement invariability

occurs. As per basic human instinct, to develop civilization near water fonts habitations begin to
develop leading to deforestation and environmental changes. Deforestation will lead to soil erosion
of the green cover. Soil erosion will lead to situation in tank due to removal of the topsoil by
surface runoff. This result is gradual reduction of storage capacity of tank and the rate of citations
is directly proportional to rate of denigration of green cover.
The erosion of green cover invariably has a disastrous effect on environment. With the
present much talked about phenomenon of global warming and its resulting effect, it has generally
lead to either untimely or scanty rainfall in many area. This necessitates the development of proper
storage system to optimize the solution for our needs. Since there is a wide area of land left barrel

especially on side of a gradual slope being on the left side of the stream the proposal of a new tank
is appropriate. More over the earth and rock necessary for construction is available at the site. The
labor would easily available from the local area for their people seem to be relatively in need of
such jobs as there is less part of their area is not cultivated and quite a lot sell coconut along the
road though there isn’t much scope of earning from the moderately dense.
BASIS FOR FORMATION OF TANKS

o Area of the catchment basin
The catchment area for the proposed tank should be determined accurately. If the catchment is
large, it could be traced from the Survey of India contour map. However, if the area is small the
watershed has to be traced by a compass and the area is to be determined by running a closed
traverse.
o Nature of the catchment
The nature of the catchment has to be examined to check whether it is good, average or bad for
purpose of computing runoff. Generally, catchment with vegetation gives good yield. Those with
porous soil give poor yield.
If there are already some tanks with their ayacuts in the catchment of the proposed tanks, the
details of storage capacities and the ayacuts they irrigate have to be gathered and noted.
ACHIEVEMENT OF IRRIGATION
Irrigation is achieved by means of irrigation projects such as construction of dams, channels with
only 20 to 25% of our cultivated land under irrigation and definite limits to the additional area,
which can be brought under irrigation.
MINOR IRRIGATION PROJECTS

These envisages the construction of minor irrigation projects such as earthen dams etc., a
low diversion water across a small stream, an open well, tube well, lift irrigation from non-
perennial system.Minor irrigation projects have small catchment area hence water supply may not
be continuous.

MAJOR IRRIGATIONAL PROJECTS

A major project consists of major irrigation works like storage reservoir like a dam, a barrage, and
solid diversion weirs across perennial rivers. The cost of major projects will be in terms of crores
of rupees. These projects will benefit large areas of cultivated land and will have major head
works, elaborate canals, masonry works.These projects take many years for construction after
planning.
6. SURVEY WORK
The various survey work carried out are as follows:
1. Reconnaissance.
2. Fly leveling.
3. Longitudinal sections and cross sections.
4. Contour tracing.
5. Block leveling at sluice point and waste weir site.
6. Channel alignment.
1. Reconnaissance
It involves the determination of the most feasible site by observing the whole area. It consists
of the following things.
1) Location of bund.
2) Area to be irrigated.
3) Nature of the soil.
4) Crops to be cultivated.
5) Communication links like roads, bridges.
6) Population.
7) Availability of construction material.

2. Fly leveling
OBJECT
The object of fly leveling is to establish a temporary reference benchmark near the site,
which is accurate, from mean sea level.
INSTRUMENTS USED
Dumpy level, leveling staff.
PROCEDURE
A back site is taken at a benchmark established at the site by doing fly leveling from near
the site assume RL 200.00M
3. Longitudinal section cross section:

OBJECT:
Longitudinal and cross section are required to be carried out in order to determine the
length of bund, area of bund and in turn to calculate earthwork quantities also. The longitudinal
section is required in order to complete the other survey works as block leveling at its sluice point
and tracing of capacity contours.
INSTRUMENTS USED
Dumpy level, leveling staff, arrows, chain tape, ranging rods, cross staff.
PROCEDURE
Longitudinal section is taken at every 15-metre interval. Cross-section is taken at every 5
meters interval for a distance of 30 metres on both upstream as well as downstream sides. The
above procedure is repeated till the final point on the centerline of the bund located on the left
bank is found and its R.L. is determined.

4. Contour tracing:
OBJECT
The object of contour tracing is to be contours, to find out capacity of the tank and to fix
the maximum water level and sill levels.
INSTRUMENTS USED
Tacheometer, leveling staff, plain table, alidade, trough compass and other plain table
accessory.
PROCEDURE
A person holding the leveling staff stands on the center line of the bund at the required R.L.
and a back sight is taken to determine the plane of collimation. The procedure is repeated until the
same R.L. is obtained on the centre line of the bund on the other bank. Simultaneously the points
are fixed on the plane table and joined with the smooth curve to some scale and hence the required
contour is obtained on the paper
5. Block leveling at sluice and waste weir

OBJECT
To estimate the cost of weir and other works such as apron, to know the nature of the
ground on the upstream side and down streamside, near weir and sluice points.
INSTRUMENTS USED
Dumpy level, Leveling staffs, Ranging rods, Arrows, Chain, Tape, Cross staff.
PROCEDURE:
The area is divided into blocks and the points on the edges of each block are determined for
their respective reduced levels, with the help f dumpy level and leveling staff. Fly leveling from

causeway determines the R.L of the initial point of weir. Drawings are prepared at both sluice and
weir sites, and the contours traced at an interval of 10.0m using interpolation technique.
6. Channel alignment:
OBJECT
To estimate the cost of channel and cross drainage works and other canal works.
INSTRUMENTS USED
Dumpy level with stand, Leveling staff, Plane table with accessories, Chain, Arrows,
Ranging rods, Tape.
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
The following points are to be kept in view for channel alignment:
1. The channel is aligned in a falling contour.
2. The depth of cut should be a minimum.
3. The straight channel is preferred wherever possible.
4. If curves are unavoidable, curves of large radius are preferred.
5. There should be few cross drainage works.
PROCEDURE
1. Starting from a Bench Mark levels are carried until the required elevation of the starting point of
the channel on the central line of the bund is obtained.
2. This is the position of sluice and this point is marked on the plane tab
3. Allow a fall of 1.0m for 2000m, trace falling contours and plot it on the plane table.
4. Bench Mark should be left at an interval of 100m.
5.Pegs are driven at 30m intervals.
6. Cross sections are taken at every 30m interval and levels along the cross Section along 5m
intervals, to an extent of 30m on both sides of channel alignment.
7. Plane table station should be established by using three established points.

8. The details of area through which the channel passes should be marked on the plane table.
9. Plan of the area lying between the channel and the mother valley should be prepared to
determine the extent of area that can be irrigated.
10. Block levels are to be taken at all points of crossing the natural drainage.
11.Final alignment should then be marked on the sheet.
12.The pegs are driven at 30m intervals in the final alignment and the longitudinal and cross
sections are taken if necessary for the changed position of the alignment.
7. STORAGE ZONES OF RESERVOIR

DEAD STORAGE
It is the volume of water stored below minimum pool level. It is not used for reservoir
operation.
VALLEY STORAGE
It is the amount stored in the stream channel before the construction of dam .
USEFUL STORAGE
It is the volume of water between the minimum and normal pool level. It may be divided
into conservation and mitigation storage in multipurpose storage reservoir.
SURCHARGE STORAGE
This is uncontrolled storage, which is given by volume of water stored between normal and
maximum pool level.
BANK STORAGE
It is the volume of the water collected only in the permeable reservoir bank. This can be
used when the reservoir is depleted. The amount of water depends on the type of geological
formation.

MINIMUM POOL LEVEL

It is the lowest water surface for irrigation that has to be kept under normal operation. It is
kept equal to elevation of lowest outlet sluice of dam or at minimum head of the turbine.
NORMAL POOL LEVEL

It is the maximum elevation to which water surface will rise during normal water
operations; it is kept at elevation of spillway crest.
MAXIMUM POOL LEVEL OR FULL RESERVOIR LEVEL

It is the maximum level to which water rises during the worst design flood.
RESERVOIR YEILD
This is the amount of water that can be drawn from reservoir in a specified time interval. It
depends on catchment during and reservoir losses line evaporation, leakage.
MASS CURVE OF INFLOW

It is a plot of annual inflow to reservoir with respect to time.
MASS CURVE OF OUTFLOW

It is a plot of annual outflow from reservoir with respect to dam.
SAFE OR FIRM YEILD

The yield, which corresponds to the worst or most critical yield of the year.
SECONDARY YEILD
Water available in excess of safe yield during the year of higher inflow.
AVERAGE YEILD
It is the arithmetic average of safe and secondary yield.

OPTIMUM STORAGE OF RESVOIR

It depends upon the type of project, initial cost of construction for storage capacity,
probability of exceeding its storage capacity in any year. It is the storage for which the benefit is
maximum for minimum cost of construction.
8. DESIGN DETAILS
 DESIGN OF WASTE WEIR
To determine yield from the catchment area (CA) can be obtained from the ‘TOPOSHEET’.
Catchment area, CA =1.5 Km^2
Yeild = (mean annual rainoff)*(CA)
Let mean annual runoff = 80.00 cm
Average dad years rainfall = 3/4*80.0 = 60.00 cm.
Mean annual runoff = 1/5*60.00 = 12 cm = 0.12 m
Yield = 0.12*1.5*10^6 = 1.8*10^5 cubic m
Maximum discharge by waste weir by Rvye’s formula

Q = CA^(2/3)
Assume , C = 9
A = 1.5 Km^2 (given)
Q = 9*1.5^(2/3) = 11.79 cubic m/s
Length of waste weir

L = 3Q/(2*Cd*sqrt(2g)*H^(3/2))
Where ;
Cd = 0.6
H = MWL - FTL = 99.00 – 98.00 = 1.000 m.
Therefore,
L = (3*11.79)/(2*0.6*sqrt(2*9.81)*1.00^(3/2))

L = 6.65 m
Top width of weir
b = 0.55(sqrt(H) + sqrt(h))
Where ;
H = 1.00 m.
h = 2/3*H = 2/3*1.000 = 0.66 m.
Therefore,
b = 0.55*(sqrt(1.00) + sqrt(0.66))
b = 0.99 m
Bottom width of weir
B = b + (H +h)/sqrt (ɤ-1)
Where;
ɤ = unit weight of masonry = 2.4 kg/m^3
hence,
B = 0.99 + (1.00 + 0.66)/sqrt(2.4 – 1)
B = 2.39 m
 CANAL DESIGN
We have flood discharge,
Q = 11.79 cumec/s
Assume unlined canal……
Therefore, flow velocity,
V = 2.00 m/s.
Cross section of channel required,
A = Q/V
11.79/2.00
A = 5.89 sqm
For trapezoidal section,
A = y(b+1.5y)
5.89 = 1.5(b+1.5*1.5)

b = 2.44 m
b = 2.5 m
Discharged required in the canal

Assume area to be irrigated = 1500 hectares
Therfore;
Culturable command area, CCA = 80% of 1500 = 1200 hectares.
Crops to be grown Intensity of irrigation

1) Sugar cane (Perennial) 20%
2) Maize (Kharif) 60%
3) Vegetables (Rabi) 20%
Sugar cane area = 20% of 1200 = 240 hectares.

+ 100 hectares. (Overlap)
Maize area = 60% of 1200 = 720 hectares.
Vegetables = 20% of 1200 = 240 hectares.
Particulars Formulae/symbols Sugarcane Maize Vegetables Sugarcane

overlap
Base period (days) B 120 120 120 120
Delta (cm) ∆ 120 45 45 120
Duty (hect/cumec) D=864B/∆ 864 2304 2304 864

Cultivated area (hect) A’ 240 720 240 100
Discharge required q = A’/D 0.28 0.31 0.10 0.12
(cumecs)
Total water required

Rabi season = 0.28 + 0.12 +0.10 = 0.51 cumecs.
Kharif season = 0.28 + 0.31 = 0.59 cumecs.

Maximum water required = 0.59 cumecs

Assume Time Factor = 0.7
Full supply discharge (FSD) = 0.59/0.7 = 0.84 cumecs. (average)
Let peak demand = 20% of average FSD
FSD = 0.84*1.20 = 1.05 cumecs.
Assuming 20% as conveyance losses.
Discharge required in canal ,Q = 1.05*1.20 = 1.26 cumecs.
Discharge required in canal, Q = 1.26 cumecs.
Check for canal section

Velocity of water ;
V = ((Qf^2)/140)^1/6
Where ;
F = silt factor = 1.10
V = ((1.26*1.10*1.10)/140)^1/6
V = 0.47 m/s.
A = Q/V = 1.26/0.47 = 2.68 sqm.
R = (5*V*V)/(2f) = (5*0.47*0.47)/(2*2.20) = 0.50 m.
P = 4.75√Q = 4.75√0.47 = 5.33 m.
Provided Section
A = y(b+x) Where, x = horizontal projection of side slope = 2.24 m.
= 1.5(2.5+2.24) = 6.38 sqm.
A = 6.38 m^2 (>2.68 m^2) OK
P = b+2√(x*x+y*y)
= 2.5+2√(2.24*2.24+1.5*1.5)
P = 7.89 m (>5.33 m) OK
Depth of water required

P = b+2√(x*x+y*y)
5.33 = 2.50+2√(2.24*2.24+y*y)
Y = 1.04 m (<1.5 m) OK
9. CALCULATION OF CAPACITY
SL. NO. REDUCED LEVELS OF CONTOURS AREA OF CONTOURS

(m) (sqm)
1 88.50 DSL A0 = 1781.00
2 89.00 A1 = 3207.00
3 90.00 A2 = 5607.00
4 91.00 A3 = 7338.00
5 92.00 A4 = 9185.00
6 93.00 A5 = 13772.00
7 94.00 A6 = 19701.00
8 95.00 A7 = 24508.00
9 96.00 A8 = 29238.00
10 97.00 A9= 35684.00
11 98.00 FTL A10 = 40931.00
12 99.00 MWL A11 = 44044.00
13 100.00 TBL A12= 47102.00
Volume of water stored between, DSL and FTL ;

V1 = h1/3(A0 + 4(A1 + A3 + A5 ) + 2( A2 + A4 + A6) + A7)
=1/3(1781+4(3207+7338+13772+24508+35684)2(5607+9185+19701+29238+40931)
V1 = 183044.33cumecs.
Volume of water stored between, FTL and MWL ;

V2 = h2/2 = 0.5/2(44044.00+47102.00) V2 = 22786.5 cumecs.Total volume of water
stored between DSL and MWL ;V = V1 + V2

=183044.33 + 22786.5
V = 205830.83 cumecs.
Hence;
Capacity of the reservoir = cumecs

10. EARTHWORK CALCULATIONS FOR MAIN BUND

SL
. VOLUME
N CHAINAGES DISTANCES AREA =
OF
bd+sd^2
O. MEAN AREA FILLING =
length*Area
(m) (m) (m^2) (m^2) (m^3)
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 60.00 60.00 28.00 14 840.00
3 120.00 60.00 73.00 50.5 3030.00
4 180.00 60.00 101.00 87.00 5520.00
5 240.00 60.00 104.00 102.5 6150.00
6 300.00 60.00 72.00 88 5280.00
7 330 30.00 32.00 52.00 4004.00
TOTAL QUQNTITY OF EARTHWORK 24824.00

11(B) EARTHWORK FOR CHANNEL IN CUTTING
SL.
NO DEPTH OF AREA OF MEAN VOLUME
. CHAINAGE DISTANCE CUTTING CUTTING AREA OF
CUTTING
(m) (m) (m) (m^2) (m^2) (m^3)

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 30.00 30.00 0.50 7.92 3.96 111.80
3 60.00 30.00 0.58 7.16 4.15 124.5
4 90.00 30.00 0.57 7.12 4.05 121.75
5 120.00 30.00 0.48 6.48 3.11 93.33

6 150.00 30.00 0.47 6.38 2.99 89.70
7 1800.00 30.00 0.45 6.36 2.88 86.40

8 210.00 30.00 0.44 6.16 2.71 81.30
9 2400.00 30.00 0.42 6.10 2.52 75.60
10 270.00 30.00 0.41 6.25 2.56 76.80
11 300.00 30.00 0.42 6.12 2.57 77.10
12 330.00 30.00 0.39 5.89 2.29 68.70
13 360.00 30.00 0.38 5.86 2.22 66.60
14 390.00 30.00 0.36 5.29 1.90 57.00
CUTTING TOTAL QUANTITY OF EARTHWORK IN = 1068.58

12. CONCLUSION
1. The Survey carried out at Ram temple Ramanagaram, was effective as the site is suitable
for the proposal of dam and reservoir.
2. Carrying out the survey work with the help of necessary instruments, the dam and reservoir
can be effectively and successfully designed.
3. The project carried out involving various surveys is helpful in estimating and Calculating
various data like runoff, total reservoir capacity, ground feature etc, for the dam or
reservoir to be economical and effective.
4. A new communication road over the dam is proposed to connect right bank and left bank.
5.
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Irrigation and Water Power Engineering
-By Dr. B.C. Punmia and Dr. Pande B.B. Lal.
2. Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures

-By Santosh Kumar Garg
3. Surveying
-By Dr. B.C. Punmia
4. Surveying
-By Dr. K.R. Arora
5. Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

-By Dr. B.C. Punmia
6. Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

-By Prof. V.N.S. Murthy
7. Engineering Hydrology
-By K. Subramanyam

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A PROJECT REPORT

EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT

For Project Work Prescribed By

Prof Khalid Nayaz Khan Dr. E. Ramesh Babu

Prof Abdul Rehaman Prof D. Prakash

We express our sincere thanks Dr. G. S. Munawar Pasha, Professor and

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to

The “EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT” was conducted as the part of

The following projects were carried out:-

1. NEW TANK PROJECT (Near Ram Temple hill, Ramanagaram)

Keeping in view the requirements, the methods of plane table, levelling,

Dr. G. S. MUNAWAR PASHA

:WATER SUPPLY PROJECT:

2. Objects of planned water supply

3. Factors to be considered for water supply

4. Water quality standard for drinking water

6. Units of water treatment plant

7. Units of sewage treatment plant.

8. Design of Water treatment plant

9. Flow Diagram of water treatment plant

10. Flow diagram of water supply scheme

11. Design of sewage treatment units.

12. Flow Diagram of Sewage treatment plant.

A WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES ESSENCIAL CONSISTS OF:

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 1

NECESSITY OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY:

2. OBJECTIVES OF PLANNED WATER SUPPLY

3. FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 2

ii) GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD

, 2. PER CAPITA DEMAND

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 3

Total yearly water required of the city.

= 365 X DESIGN POPULATION X PER CAPITA DEMAND

c) Water that requires simple treatment like chlorination.

After a complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a number of

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 4

WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER

TYPE OF TYPE OF IMPURITY PERMISSIBLE ABSOLUTE REMARKS

2. Color 10. 20 On cobalt scale

3. Taste and odor 01. 03 Treshold no.

Chemical 1. pH value 6.5 8.5

3. Total Solids 500 Mg/Ltr 150Mg/Ltr international

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 5

6. UNITS OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Pre sedimentation Tank

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 6

Cascade type aerator

Combined coagulation cum sedimentation Tank

7. UNITS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 7

The Classification of sewage by the process of ‘Sedimentation’ can be affected by

The Classification of sewage by the process of ‘Sedimentation’ can be affected by

Secondary Sedimentation Tank

Sludge Digestion Tank

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 8

(i) Acid fermentation;

Sludge Drying Bed

8. DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

2. Parks – 3.5 Lit/Sq.m/day

3. Schools and colleges (day) – 45 Lit/hr/day

6th Sem, GCE, Civil Engineering, Batch-B1 Page 9

4. For Matta’s – 45 Lit/hr/day.

 Assumed area of park – 10,000 Sq M

Discharge = 7701.0/(246060) = 0.0891 Cum/sec

Sludge collection = 7701106300/105