NEW LIFE OF MUSLIMS IN SOLANO: THE CULTURE, TRADITIONS, AND

PRACTICES OF MUSLIMS IN DOING BUSINESS IN SOLANO

A Research Paper
presented to the Senior High School Department
SAINT LOUIS SCHOOL, INC
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH I

Benigno, Andrea Cloui C.

Canceran, Patricia Nicole C.
Dulay, John Lee G.
Fontanilla, Cheny Gicel M.
Matias, Jana Cecilia A.
Rebuta, Crazel Gian A.
Romano, Mark Tristan M.
Valdez Noshelle J.

Grade 11- Saint Thomas Garnet

February 2024
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Rationale

Over the years, Muslims, especially migrants, have still been widely discriminated against by the

non-Muslim community. In November 2015, former President Donald Trump stated that

mosques

should be under surveillance because this is where hatred is being thought of. This shows that

politicians who should be providing service to the people can promote such discrimination. Said

(1978) noted that many important people (all people, including politicians, writers, artists,

academics, philosophers, etc.) in the West perceived and understood the people, cultures,and

religions of the East. September 11, 2001, when the 9/11 incident happened. Because of this

incident, discrimination against Islam has already been rampant wherever they go. They are

being

depicted in negative ways by people and also by the media. There were already pre-existing

concerns about Muslims even before the 9/11 incident; it is not a new thing, and it certainly did

not

with the news media (Saadiaa. K., 2016). Muslims make up make-up the second largest share of

people who have migrated across boarders- almost 60 million, or 27%. The data analysis for

Muslim Migration patterns from Muslim-majority countries from the United Nations

international migrant stock estimates in 2010 and 2015 provided by (Azose and ;Raftery, 2019)

merged with other major datasets. The findings reveal two patterns of migration from Muslim-

majority countries. First, there may be two streams of Muslim migration. The flow of migration

from Muslim-majority countries to Muslim-majority countries is different from the flow from

1
Muslim-majority countries to non-Muslim-majority countries. Second, the characteristics of the

receiving country are less likely related to the Muslim migration flow than the characteristics of

the sending count In the Philippine context, about 6.4% of the population iMuslim as of 2020,

making Islam the second largest religion in the country. In the Philippines Muslims origin area is

, Mindanao where They have their independence there, and they have traditional leaders who are

capable of providing for their needs and taking action on what they need. They fought for their

independence because they saw that the government of the Philippines is not for Muslims; it is

for the Christians, and they are not doing their job to protect them from their enemies and

possible enemies. Their the number one fear is the loss of culture. However, it is seen that

Muslims are scattered in different places in the Philippines because of the danger that is present

away from their home, which is Mindanao.

17-20% of the Nueva Vizcaya’s population comes from Muslims and Indigenous Cordilleran

religions. In Solano, there are a lot of Muslims who are in the field of business that will help

them

sustain their needs. Solano is a town where Catholic beliefs are practiced. Findings revealed that

in

as much as the respondents were very observant of their Islamic responsibilities, their inclusion

into

Solano’s mainly Christian population made them enjoy their uniqueness through the practice of

their Islamic beliefs and practices. At the same time an inconsequential reconstruction of their

Islamic identity was observed that allowed them to be integrated in the host community.

Statement of the Problem

2
This study generally aims to describe the situation of the Muslims before they migrate to Solano,

Nueva Vizcaya. Moreover, the study aims to describe the culture, and traditions of Muslims that

they brought in Solano. Lastly, this study aims to describe the Situation of Muslims as business

operators

Specifically, the study aims to provide answers to the following questions

they brought in Solano. Lastly, this study aims to describe the Situation of Muslims as business

operators

Specifically, the study aims to provide answers to the following questions

1. Describe the Muslims that lives in Solano Nueva Vizcaya in terms of the following

characteristics:

1.1 Personal Profile

a. Name

b. Age

c. Sex

2. Why did the Muslims migrate to Solano?

3. What is the current situation of Muslims in doing business in the Municipality of Solano?

4. What Muslim cultures are they able to practice and preserve here in Solano?

4.1. What cultures or traditions are they unable to practice here in Solano?

4.2. What cultures or practices have they adopted from the community of Solano?

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Saint Louis School

3
Although Saint Louis School is a Catholic School, this study will lead to the school’s openness

to

other religions, like Islam. The school will provide a better learning opportunity for Muslim

students. Considerations can also be made because of the differences in culture and religious

traditions. Policies that protect Muslims can also be formulated, particularly against

discrimination.

Municipality of Solano, Nueva Vizcaya

The Municipality of Solano will take action to meet the needs of Muslims and provide

assistance

especially when it comes to education and employment. The LGU of Solano will make policies

protecting the Muslims to provide a safe community for them to freely practice their culture,

traditions, live a comfortable life , and allow them the opportunity to make a living, especially in

the field of business in the town of Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.

Educators and Researchers

The educators and researchers, since they will have an access to study’s data and can use it to

appropriately portray to society, specifically the students, the culture and traditions of Muslims.

Furthermore, they can use it to gain a deeper understanding of the culture, traditions, and

experiences of Muslims in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.

Solanoans

The people of Solano they will be aware of the different cultures, traditions, and experiences of

Muslims in doing business in Solano and will be respect them, which will result in the inclusivity

of every religion, especially Islam

Aspiring Muslims who wants to build business in Solano

4
The aspiring Muslims who wants to build business in Solano will benefit from this study

because it will encourage them, as well as in this study their rights as business owners are

known. Furthermore, this study willz help them grow as a future business owner.

Definition of Terms

For clearer understanding of the study, the following terms used will be defined

Culture
In this study, culture refers to the customary beliefs of religious groups; it is also a shared

attitude and a characteristic that is shared by people.

Traditions

is a body of beliefs that have been related in the past and have been inherited and established. It

is

also the handing down of information and beliefs through word of mouth or by example from

generation to generation, and it can also be through written instruction.

Migration

It is a demographic process when a person relocates from one locality or country to another.

Business

In this study, it is referred to as an activity, occupation, or profession that is used by an

individual

to earn money and make a living.

Muslim

a follower of Islam religion.

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Scope and Delimitation

The coverage of the study will be limited only to a family of Muslims in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya,

who manage a business. This study will describe the lives of Muslims from the moment they

migrated to Solano; their experiences and the cultures and traditions that they can, cannot, and

are

able to preserve will also be described. Each member of the family will be interviewed in order

to have sufficient information that will satisfy the research objective.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

This study has one theoretical framework. The main theory is based on the theory of Migration

(Everett Lee, 1965). Migration is the movement of people from one location to another often

driven by factors such as environmental conditions, economic opportunities, or social pressures.

It

can be temporary or permanent and can occur within countries or across international borders.

Migration shapes cultures and economies in both the departure and arrival locations (Drew,

2024).

The purpose of studying migration patterns of the society to determine the population growth. By

studying the population, the Government is most likely to make an action plan on how to

provide

for migrants who moved from regions of the world. Action plan is a list of steps that involves

actions to be taken in-order to achieve a goal, it breaks down the goal into actionable steps that

can be easily followed and tracked ( Hanna, 2022).This study is focused on the Migration of

Muslims in Solano Nueva Vizcaya. According to World Psychiatry (2005) Individuals who

6
migrate experience multiple stresses that can impact their mental well being, including the loss

of cultural norms, religious customs, and social support systems, adjustment to a new culture and

changes in identity and concept of self. Lee (1965) Stated in his theory of migration that there are

two groups of factors causing migration, The Push and pull factors. Push factors are things that

are unfavorable about the area that one lives in and pull factors are things that attract one to

another area. Push factors are conditions that force people to leave their homes and anything

related to their region

from which a person migrates. Push factors include non-availability of enough livelihood

opportunities, poverty, rapid population growth that has become unbalanced to the number of

available resources. “Primitive” or “poor” living conditions, desertifications, droughts, fear of

political execution, poor healthcare, loss of wealth, and natural disasters. Pull factors are the

opposite of push factors. Pull factors attract people to a certain location. Typical examples of pull

factors are more job opportunities, and better living conditions; easy living availability of land

settling and agriculture, political and/ or religious freedom, superior education and welfare

systems, better transportation and communication facilities, better healthcare system and stress-

free environment, and security (Lee 1965).

Research Paradigm

7
Figure 1. Research Paradigm

This study is mainly focused on Muslims of Solano Nueva Vizcaya. The new life of Muslims in

Solano their experiences, culture,and tradition in doing business will be determined by directly

asking them questions as they are the primary source of information of this study. The challenges

that the Muslim faced since they migrated to Solano will be determined by also using a semi-

structured interview. Finally this study aims on determining their experiences and through

this study an action plan to help them might be formulated with the help of The Municipality of

Solano.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

8
The review of related literature for this study focuses on the tradition, business and migration of

Muslims in Solano Nueva Vizcaya. The related literature will also discuss problems faced by

Muslims in building their business and the response of the state to their problem. Moreover the

literature also focused on the practices of Muslims and it affects their way of handling business

despite them migrating to another place.

Given the obstacles and the changing pace of society and economy, how did Muslim business

owners faced these challenges given that their society is new and the culture is different .

Furthermore, this study will be an eye opener for the aspiring Muslim business owners to start a

business in Solano given that there is an Ordinance that can help them despite their religion .

Philippine Government Measures in Securing Peace

According to Perez, J.M. (2020) his goal is to explain the factors why making peace in

ethnically-divided societies are often hard to secure. Thus, conflicts in ethnically divided

societies are often faced with complicated challenges ranging from territorial arrangements,

disarmament of former rebels, and human rights atrocities during and after the bloodshed.

Consequently, a multi-level approach from the national, regional, and local levels is needed to

address the grievances committed by all parties once and for all. Therefore, the implementation

of a peace agreement in a region ravaged by decades of civil war is a daunting task. There is no

one size fits all approach to finally settle all these grievances in the longue durée. To sum it all

up, if the Philippine government turns a blind eye in considering the factors that are mentioned,

then peace will still be elusive for the next generation.

Philippine Statistics Authority

9
Data on religious affiliations from the 2015 Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) census shows

that Catholics (including Charismatic Catholics) constitute 79.5 percent of the total population;

Muslims 6.0percent; Evangelicals 2.4 percent; Iglesia ni Cristo 2.6 percent; and 9.4 percent for

other religious affiliations.3 Muslims are composed of thirteen (13) ethnolinguistic groups, with

the surging Balik-Islam in the country constituting the fourteenth Muslim group. Generally, four-

fifths of adult Filipinos described themselves as religious. The above data shows that Christians

and Muslims are the largest religious majority and minority groups in the country, respectively.

However, the relationships of these two groups have not always been “sweet and friendly” as

there had been many detours shaping their respective historical trajectories. An example of an

unfriendly encounter was in 2004, when Muslims met strong opposition from non-Muslim

vendors and residents when they attempted to establisha mosque inside the Greenhills Shopping

Center (GSC). Voicing the growing concern of local Christian communities, the late Philippine

Daily Inquirer columnist Max Soliven wrote, “The Muslim traders and vendors, if they obey our

laws and behave themselves, are like all Filipinos—entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of

commerce. But a ‘mosque’ or ‘Islamic prayer room’ in the very heart of Christian community

makes no sense, especially when the Moros [PhilippineMuslims] are transients, not residents.”5

Notably, this is not an isolated case of discrimination and stereotyping against Muslims in the

Philippines as shaped by historical moldings.

Investment

The Ordinance No. 2023-12-11 of the Municipal Government of Solano encourages local and

foreign investors to establish globally competitive, culture-sensitive, and environmentally sound

agro-industrial and eco-tourism industries in the municipality, whether small, medium, or large

enterprises. Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991,

10
states that the territorial and political subdivisions of the state enjoy genuine and meaningful

local

autonomy to enable them to attain their fullest development as self-reliant communities. Section

192, Chapter 5, Book II of Republic Act No. 7160 provides that “local government units that

may, through a duly approved ordinance, grant tax exemptions, incentives, and reliefs under such

terms and conditions as they may deem necessary”. The Republic Act No. 7160 mandates the

formulation of local investment incentives to promote the inflow and direction of private

investment capital. The Government of Solano recognizes that there should be a balance between

economic progress, environmental protection, and awareness to achieve sustainable

development. The Government of Solano forgoes the ordinance to enhance the businesses in

Solano and provide support, mainly in the ease of doing business. According to the ordinance, it

is the duty of the municipal government to promote an environment conducive to the entry and

growth of enterprises in the municipality by way of clarity and transparency, tax assessment, and

other measures to fully effect the thrust of creating a business-friendly municipality.

Laws of the Philippines for Muslim

According to the law of Presidential Decree No. 1083 or the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of

the Philippines, this law is to recognize the legal system of the Muslims in the Philippines as part

of the law of the land and seeks to make Islamic institutions more effective, codify Muslim

Personal laws, and provide for an effective administration and enforcement of Muslim personal

law among Muslims. This also aims to provide Muslim Filipinos residing outside of existing

Shari’a Judicial Districts with accessible, equitable, and speedy justice. Specifically, the goal of

this is to establish additional Shari’a Judicial Districts, stations for the district courts, and circuit

courts. This is to ensure that our Muslim brothers and sisters across the archipelago will have

11
better access to the specialized knowledge and expertise of Shari’a judges, promoting fair and

equal treatment of Muslims under the law, regardless of their geographic location. Presidential

Decree no. 1083 is to ordain and promulgate a code recognizing the system of Filipino Muslim

laws, Codifying Muslim personal laws, and providing for its administration and for other

purposes.

Presidential Decree No. 1083 law protects Filipino Muslims who migrated to another place local

or international, this law will ensure that they get fair treatment just like the Abdullah Family

who migrated to Solano in 1984 exactly 40 years ago.

According to the Philippine law of Senate Bill (2016), this law seeks to amend the charter of the

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines, the only Islamic Bank in the country

established in 1973. This bill aims to ensure the development of MSMEs not only in our major

urban centers but also in the poorest and hardest to reach areas.

Specifically, It also seeks to ensure that every Filipino, regardless of status, identity or religion

has access to critical services to enable them to seize economic opportunities and be part of the

country's progress. Philippine Islamic Financing Act of 2016 amends the charter of the Al-

Amanah Bank, providing for the organization and regulation of an expanded Islamic banking

system in the Philippines. The Philippine law of Senate Bill (2016), includes the Muslims who

seek to earn money for their living. An example of this is the Muslim business owners and

aspiring Muslims business owners in Solano.

An Act Providing for the Regulation and Organization of Islamic Banks

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The ordinance No. August 22, 2019, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

philippines Congress Assembles, Perceiving the major of making good opportunities for

underserved Muslims, In hanking business would include objectives and operation When it

comes to the Establishment of Islamic Banks, the Monetary Board may authorize and

establishment of Islamic banks operations in the Philippines under any of the modes and entry

provide under Republic Act No.7721, known The liberalization of Entry and Operatios of

Foreign Banks. Moreover, Islamic Banks ought to have such powers as crucial to be obliged to

handle the business of a Bank following the Shari'ah principle, includes the Bangko Sentral

should exercise regulatory powers and supervision over the operations of Islamic Banks, shall

issue the implementing rules and regulations on Islamic banking, may operate by accepting

investment accounts, and foreign currency deposits, create current accounts, Act as

correspondents of banks and institution to handle remittances or nay fund transfers, Act as

collection agent insofar as payment orders, undertake various investments in all transactions

allowed by Shari'ah principle and such other banking services as may be consent to the Monetary

Board.

Related Studies
Integration of Religion and Culture of Muslims

Research studies showed that religion is a belief system that is owned by every individual and is

used as a guidance in navigating life in the world (Banton, 2013) Culture comes from the

Sanskrit

word buddhayah, the plural form of buddhi which means budi or mind, so that according to those

meaning culture can be interpreted as things related to budi and mind, there are also those who

argue as a development of a compound culture which means the power of budi or power of mind

13
(Ida, 2019). Based on this theory, culture is the entire human activity, including knowledge,

beliefs,

arts, morals, laws, customs, and other habits. The Integration of religion and culture is a

condition

or thing that seeks to integrate religious teachings with culture which is carried out

simultaneously

in everyday life(Hobson, 2014). The study of the integration of religion and culture cannot

actually

be separated from the study of forms of social processes as mainstream in sociology. The results

of

this contact give rise to several patterns that might occur, which are: first religion rejects culture,

second religions merge with culture, third religions overcome culture, fourth religions and

cultures

are contradictory, and fifth religions transform culture.

Adaptation Behavior of Muslim Society with local culture

According to Marzuki, A., Mohamad, M. Z., & Baru, R. (2018) the focus of their study is the

role of the Majelis Taklim in shaping the adaptation behavior of the Muslim community with the

local culture and the adaptation of Muslim society with local culture. Using ethnographic

approach and Merton anomie theory, the author tries to reveal the empirical facts of Muslim

minority behavior in the Tengger region of Pasuruan regency. Their study found out that the

existence of Majelis Taklim as a social institution can create "chaos" in muslim cultural

structure. Whether consciously or unconsciously with the wider role of the Majelis Taklim as a

14
new community structure in the Tengger community can produce new consequences as well. But

new and emerging consequences do not sacrifice the social order of Tengger society.

Business

Business success has been discussed widely in the context of non-Muslim regions especially

based

on western models where it revolves only on material elements. The exploratory attempt on the

concept of business success known as al-falah from the Islamic perspective is hence crucial as it

is

seen as a more relevant approach that should be adopted by Muslimpreneurs in measuring their

business success. Al-falah is a holistic approach that covers a spiritual-physical relationship

which

provides a guideline on what Muslim entrepreneurs should actually achieve in their, al-falah

primarily emphasizes the individual's responsibility towards religiosity obligation in performing

true success. This is a reassuring finding that proves that good individual spiritual deeds can

strengthen Islamic values in business practices specifically in entrepreneurial activities.

According to Hanák (2015) the main objective of their study is to test if managers differ from

students in their knowledge about predictive validity of business cues. In other words, does the

real business practice measured by years in the field "teach what characteristics are important in

business and what have minor roles? The respondents were selected first 10 with highest

predictive validity, then 9 with lowest levels of predictive validity plus remaining 6 from middle

which were chosen randomly. We wanted the most extreme characteristics in terms of predictive

validity, which means those which well predict and those which poorly.

15
The study found out that years in business have positive effects or knowledge, though not

sufficiently enough. Special care has to be invested to teach students and practicing managers

what is important and what not.

According J. Dieguez-Soto, P. Lopez-Delgado, A. Rojo-Ramirez (2014), Their study aims to

identify the challenges family businesses and non-family businesses face in defining their

differences. Research on family firms has been conceptual-based, lacking empirical support.

The study uses an abductive method to identify family-involved firms (FIFs) with homogeneous

performance features.

Their results identify four different types of firms with family involvement in ownership,

management or governance with similar characteristics: copreneurs, independent FBs,

professionally run FBs and FBs run solely by family members. All of these firms share

homogeneous features regarding several dimensions of performance, namely, leverage,

efficiency and survival, thereby providing additional empirical evidence regarding the unique

characteristics of FBs.

According to Stephen Weatherhead and Anna Daiches (2015), Their review aims to synthesize

some of the key issues to consider when working with Muslim families, according to published

literature on the topic.

The health science databases of MetaLib were searched, followed by a hand search of reference

lists. The search terms used were ‘‘Islam’’ or ‘‘Muslim’’ and ‘“Therapy”.

The method uses a number of studies detailed above to adopt a quantitative approach, but they

have common design flaws such as low sample size, the failure to use evidence-based

interventions, and poor matching of controls and non-controls. It may be that the knowledge base

could be significantly improved by quantitative research which is more rigorously designed.

16
The results may be linked to culture, or sampling flaws rather than family structure. Furthermore,

no discussion was offered on the cultural relevance of the questionnaires used. However,

Sonouga-Barke had a larger sample and compared Pakistani Hindu families with Pakistani

Muslim families. Again, the study found better mental health in children and grandmothers than

in mothers, regardless of religion. However, the question of the validity of the tools used remains

outstanding, as does the generalisability of these findings to the more common dual-generation

households, where the extended family is still important.

The study of Markus Beckmann, Stefan Hielscher and Ingo Pies briefly looked into the historical

development of sustainability semantics. They brought attention to

how the discussion started with sustainable development as a societal heuristic and now also

addresses sustainability

in the corporate context in terms of the ESG (ecological, social, governance) criteria.

Their paper studies the applied ordonomic perspective method to corporate sustainability

management. Ordonomics is interested in how ideas (semantics) shape our perceptions of a

problem and how institutions (social structures) shape incentives

and thus transform situations. The result summed up that they would like to stress two

ordonomic contributions. First, the ordonomic perspective suggests that it

is not necessary to perceive trade-off situations and win–win scenarios as mutually exclusive, as

if the world were divided into these two ontological alternatives. However, these two kinds of

situations are not simply given. In fact,it is possible to re-frame trade-offs as interpersonal

conflicts that hold the inherent property that they can be overcome by institutional reform,

thereby setting free a win–win potential of mutual betterment. Second, this fundamental insight,

17
captured by the 12-box matrix, is of vital importance for the strategic management of corporate

sustainability.

The core challenge of strategic management is ill-perceived as the balancing of trade-offs,

understood as the normative optimization of the moves within a given game. Rather, strategic

management is about changing the very game itself, i.e. to change the rules of the game both for

the firm and for its relevant stakeholders. The 12-box matrix combines such self-commitments

and commitment services and thus provides a systematic and comprehensive framework for

the governance-oriented strategic management of corporate sustainability.

Researchers Major Delineated Locus Method Comparison

Insights Factors with the
Present
Study

Research Studies

Muslim
Muhammad A study culture places This research Qualitative The study

18
 a strong
Darwin which aims to emphasis on was approach found out that
Dasopang, Hj explore the modesty in conducted in with a type of there are
Sammali bin integration of both dress North phenomenolo several
Hj Adam, culture and and behavior. Tapanuli gy. patterns
Ismail Fahmi Islam in district, showing that
Arrauf Muslim •Muslims Indonesia. religion and
Nasution minority place great culture can be
(2012) areas in the importance integrated in
context of on education disseminating
implementing and Islamic
Islamic knowledge, education to
education. as they people in
believe that Muslim
learning and minority
seeking areas in
understanding Indonesia
is a way to
draw closer to
God.

Zanatul The purpose to achieve a Universiti Qualitative The study

Shima of this study meaningful Sains, Islam approach found out that
Aminuddin, is to explore Malaysia it is
Ummi Salwa the concept success, a significant in
Ahmad combination the
Bustamam, of al-falāḥ, of profit and
Muhammad particularly maslahah embracing of
Khairi within the (public the concept of
Mahyuddin, Muslimprene interest) al-falāḥ as a
& Salmah ur context by determinant
Sathiman conducting of success in
(2016) in-depth Islamic
interviews business and
with six it should be
Malaysian viewed
experts holistically in

reflecting the
needs of
spirituality
and
meaningful

19
 efforts in
business in
obtaining
God's
blessing
towards
achieving

prosperity in
this world
and the life
hereafter.

Ahmad The focus of It is crucial This study is Ethnographic The study

Marzuki, the study is that the conducted in approach - found out that
Mohamad the role of the Muslim a region in qualitative the existence
Zaidin Majelis minority East Java, of Majelis
Mohamad, & Taklim in maintain their Indonesia. Taklim as a
Rohaizan shaping the own cultural social
Baru (2018) adaptation identity even institution
behavior of as they adjust can create
the to the "chaos" in
Tenggerese Tengger local Tengger
Muslim way of life. cultural
community By offering structure.
with the local advice on Whether
culture and how to consciously
the adaptation preserve their or
of Tengger distinctive unconsciousl
Muslim customs and y with the
society with practices wider role of
local culture. while the Majelis
honoring and Taklim as a
accepting the new
local culture, community
the Majelis structure in
Taklim can the Tengger
contribute to community
the can produce
attainment of new
this balance. consequences
as well. But

20
 new and
emerging
consequences
do not
sacrifice the
social order
of Tengger
society.

Researchers Major Delineated Locus Method Comparison

Insights factors with the
present
study

Perez, Jose This study is Despite University of Qualitative the Philippine

Mikhail to explain the threats from the government
(2020). factors why Islamic Philippines has only
making peace extremists to Diliman. offered two
in ethnically- stall options for
divided the Moros:
the plebiscite,
societies, the (1)
such as overwhelmin autonomy/sel
Mindanao, g result f-governance;
are often hard finally and (2) a sub-
to secure. secured the state solution.
end of the Both options
civil war are far from
between the the

Christian- initial goals

dominated of both
Filipino MNLF and
government MILF on
in Manila and securing
the Moro independence
Muslims in to all Filipino
Mindanao Muslims.
who
However,

21
 once sought Coronel-
independence Ferrer (2012)
from the suggests the
Philippines. institutionaliz
ation of both
power-
sharing and

power-
dividing
measures in
order to
address the
problem of
lower
political
participation

among ethnic
groups in
war-torn
societies.

Markus This study On the past University Qualitative In the last

Beckmann, aims on how 15 years Erlangen- two decades,
Stefan a business Nuremberg, however, the
Hielscher fundamental ethics that Germany idea of
and Ingo problem in have begun a Martin- sustainability
Pies. (2014) corporate process of Luther- has gone
sustainability: interconnecti University from being a
How can ng these two Halle- primarily
corporations fields. We Wittenberg, societal
transform can identify Germany concept to an
trade-offs three points important
through win– of management
win-oriented convergence. heuristics
governance First, the viewed as
strategies business firm, relevant at the
aimed at understood as meso level of
creating an corporations
value? organization (Sharma and
Drawing on or corporate Ruud, 2003,

22
new strands actor, has Bansal, 2005,
of research in gained Hart, 2005)
business prominent and inter-
ethics, we attention. organizationa
employ an Second, the l
‘ordonomic’ view that collaboration
perspective business (Arts 2002;
and proceed firms are Heuer 2011).
in four steps. merely On the other
passive rule- hand, the
takers has domain of
been business
increasingly ethics has
complemente undergone a
d by the idea dynamic
that firms development,
actively too. Business
engage as ethics,
rule-makers notably in the
engaged in US context,
governance traditionally
processes. focused on
Third, the the ethical
literature on dilemmas that
both topics individual
struggles with managers
exactly the face at the
same micro level of
fundamental personal
theory decisions
problem of (Boatright,
how 1999). In the
normative past 15 years,
expectations however, the
relate to field of
profit business
seeking, ethics has
which is a also shed
system light on the
imperative importance of
for business the meso
firms in level of
competitive corporations
markets. – be it in the
debate about
corporate

23
 social
responsibility
(Carroll,
1999;
Schwartz and
Carroll, 2003;
McWilliams,
Siegel and
Wright,
2006), in the
discourse on
corporate
citizenship
(Matten and
Crane, 2005)
or with regard
to
organizationa
l ethics
(Treviño et
al., 2006).

Researchers

References

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