FUNDAMENTAL OF ENGR. JED ALLAN M.

CANTAL,

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS RME, REE

INTRODUCTION
Modern life could not exist if it were not for electricity and
electronics.
The history of electricity starts more than two thousand years ago,
with the Greek philosopher Thales being the earliest known
researcher into electricity.
But it was Alessandro Volta who created the most common DC
power source, the battery (for this invention the unit Volt was named
after him).
INTRODUCTION
Thales of Miletus (624 – 536 BC)
Thales of Miletus discovered static electricity in 500
BC. He discovered that static could be made by
rubbing fur on substances, such as amber.
INTRODUCTION
Alessandro Guiseppe Antonio Anastacio Volta
(1745 – 1827)
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta
was an Italian physicist, chemist, and pioneer of
electricity and power who is credited as the
inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer
of methane.
INTRODUCTION
Direct current (also known as DC) is the flow of charged particles
in one unchanging direction (most commonly found as electron flow
through conductive materials).
DC can be found in just about every home and electronic device, as
it is more practical (compared to AC from power stations) for many
consumer devices.
Just a few of the places where you can find direct current are
batteries, phones, computers, cars, TVs, calculators, and even
lightning.
COURSE OUTLINE
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY
The Composition of the Atom
What is Static Electricity?

DC ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Ohm’s Law
Electrical Power
Electrical Energy
Electrical & Heat Energy
COURSE OUTLINE
DC ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Series Connected Resistors
Parallel Connected Resistors
Series-Parallel Connected Resistors
Parallel-Series Connected Resistors
Voltage Division Theorem
Current Division Theorem
COURSE OUTLINE
Network Laws and Theorems
Kirchhoff’s Law
Maxwell’s Mesh Method
Superposition Theorem
Nodal Node Method
Thevenin’s Theorem
Millman’s Theorem
Source Transformation Method
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
OHM’S LAW
It states that at constant temperature, the current flowing in an
electric circuit is directly proportional to the impressed emf
applied to the circuit and inversely proportional to the
equivalent resistance of the said circuit.
Named after the German physicist, Georg S. Ohm (1787 –
1854)
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A circuit has a resistance of 8 ohms. If
a voltmeter connected across its terminals reads 10 V, how much
current is flowing through the circuit?
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ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Energy is the capacity to do work.
W = Pt
Where: W = electrical energy (joule)
 P = electrical power (watt)
 t = time (second)
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
REMEMBER:
1 calorie = 4.186 Joules
1 BTU = 252 calories
1kWh = 3600 Kj = 3413 BTU = 860 kcal
1 joule = 1 x 10^7 ergs
1 day = 24 hours
1 month = 30 days = 720 hours
1 year = 365 days = 8760 hours
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 10 hp motor runs at rated load for 5
hours. How many kWh is consumed?
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A residential house has a lighting load
of 1000 W and a small appliance load of 2000 W. If they are used
at the same time, what will be the monthly bill at an energy cost
of P 0.40 per kilowatt-hour?
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A heater draws 2 A at 12 volts dc. How
many joules does it consume in 15 minutes?
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Ten kW is equal to how many calories
per second.
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A certain generator has an output
power of 10^12 ergs per second. What is the output in kW?
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SERIES CONNECTED RESISTORS
Series circuit – the resistors are connected end to end.
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
The total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances.

The total voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage drops across
each resistance.

The current flowing in each resistances are the same.

DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 3-ohm resistor and a 6-ohm resistor
are connected in series across a DC supply. If the voltage drop
across the 3-ohm resistor is 4 V, what is the voltage of the
supply?
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A load of 10 ohms was connected to a
12-volt battery. The current drawn was 1.18 amperes. What is the
internal resistance of the battery?
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
PARALLEL CONNECTED RESISTORS
Parallel circuit – the resistors are connected across each other.
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
The total resistance is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistances.

The total voltage across each resistor is equal to the total

voltage.
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
The total current is equal to the sum of the currents flowing in
each resistance.

 The total conductance is equal to the sum of the individual

conductance.
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 5-ohm is connected in parallel with
a 10-ohm resistance. What is the equivalent resistance?
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Three resistors, and are connected in
parallel and take a total current of 7.9 A from a dc source. The
current through is half of that through If is 36 ohms and takes
2.5 A, determine the values of and .
DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Three resistors of 10, 15, and 20 ohms
are connected in parallel. What is the total conductance?