Diss Third Quarter

Department of Education
Division of Nueva Vizcaya

Diocese of Bayombong Educational System (DBES)
Saint Louis School, Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
__________________________________________
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THIRD QUARTER
INTRODUCTION:
In compliance with the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum, the Senior High School Academic
Track developed the Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences course (DISS) for Grade 11 senior high
students as one of the required subjects in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) Track. This
course is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the fundamental ideas, concepts, theories, inquiry
and research methods in the Social Sciences. As an introductory course to the diverse fields of Social
Sciences, students will not only learn about the western social science concepts, theories, and inquiry
methods presented by influential social science thinkers and philosophers but they will also explore and
examine the ideas of Filipino social thinkers and the different indigenous concepts and theories
developed by Filipino social scientists to study Philippine history, culture, society, and psyche.
This module on the Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences was crafted using a learner-
centered approach to encourage greater student involvement and participation in the entire learning
process. With this approach in mind, the authors have two major objectives. First, the book presents the
diverse fields, ideas, concepts, and theories set forth by leading western and Filipino social scientists and
philosophers. And second, it also provides Grade 11 students with the necessary skills to be able to
apply the different social science concepts, ideas, theories, and inquiry methods in understanding and
analysing contemporary political, social, economic, and cultural trends and issues that are happening in
the Philippines and the world today.
WEEK 1
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence

Content Standard
of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
The learners should be able to connect the disciplines with
Performance Standard
their historical and social foundations.
Most Essential Learning The learners differentiate the Nature and Functions of Social
Competencies (MELCs) Science disciplines with the natural sciences and humanities
Basic, scientific, economic, and technological literacies,
21st Century Learning Skills higher-order thinking and sound reasoning, curiosity,
creativity, and risk taking
Social responsibility, Academic excellence, Christian
Core Values
witnessing
REFERENCES
A. Printed:
• Dela Cruz A.R, Fadrigon, C, & Mendoza, D. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social
Sciences: The Padayon Series, Phoenix Publishing House, Q.C, Philippines
• Gonzales, M.P. ((2016). Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciances. Makati City: Diwa
Learning Systems Inc.
• Tatel, C. P. (2016). Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex
Books Store, Inc.
1
TOPIC: EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.
INTRODUCTION:
Social Sciences is, in its broadest sense, the study of society and the manner in which people
behave and influence the world around us.
Social science tells us about the world beyond our immediate experience, and can help explain
how our own society works – from the causes of unemployment or what helps economic growth, to how
and why people vote, or what makes people happy. It provides vital information for governments and
policymakers, local authorities, non-governmental organisation and others.
Social scientists influence our lives usually without us being aware they are doing so, For
example, a study of behaviour at football matches has shown that if police avoid heavy-handed tactics
this can help maintain crowd control in potentially hostile situations. The study’s finding on how create
a less confrontational atmosphere are being included in police training across Europe.
Other research findings have informed policies aimed at reducing child poverty and reforming
the UK tax system to help poorer families. Charities such as Save the Children have used such research
to highlight the higher prices paid by the poor for basic necessities such as fuel and banking. Other
examples of areas in which social science influences our lives include:
The role of governments in an increasingly marked-based society, which has been determined by
famous thinkers such as John Maynard Keynes and Karl Popper.
It was an economist who came up with the idea of the National Health Service.
The payment of thousands of pesos of state benefits for the needy has been influenced by the
work of social scientists.
Social science research findings continue to provide invaluable information whether you are a
parent, a local councillor, a police officer, or a business executive.
Below are the Learning Targets/ Specific Objectives:
1. Develop comprehensive definition of Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Humanities.

2. Define Social Sciences as the study of society.
3. Distinguish social sciences and natural sciences from humanities in terms of their nature and
functions.
4. Create a comparative chart that differs social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities.
Exploration of Prior Knowledge
Directions: Fill in the K-W-H-L Chart below to assess your prior knowledge and
understanding of the topic.
What I Want to How I Can Learn

What I Know What I Have Learned
Find Out More
2
Skills I expect to use:
PROCESS QUESTIONS/ FOCUS QUESTIONS:
Below are the key guide questions that you should remember as you perform all the activities in this
lesson. You should be able to answer them at the end of the week.
1. What is social science and how can it be used to study and understand society?
2. What is social science and what are the disciplines under it?
Develop comprehensive definition of Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Humanities.
Activity 1: Short Constructed Response. Write your ideas when you hear the words: social sciences,
natural sciences and humanities.
Social Sciences Natural Sciences Humanities
LESSON PRESTEST
Activity 2: Answer the Lesson Pre Test below to assess your prior knowledge about the lesson.
I. TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is True and F if it is False.
_____1. The scientific method is a systematic approach in acquiring and explaining knowledge.
_____2. The scientific method can only be used in the natural sciences.
_____3. The scientific method starts with defining the problem and ends with the collection of data.
_____4. Research design determines the type of data that will be used in the study and the methodology
that will be used in the gathering and analysis of data.
_____5. Research and the scientific method both aim to pursue the advancement of knowledge.
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_____6. Qualitative and quantitative research methods cannot be used at the same time in the same
research problem.
_____7. The meta-analysis research design evaluates and summarizes the results of other studies.
_____8. A historical research design is applied to study a very particular research problem in order to
test whether a specific theory or model is applicable to real world issues or scenarios.
_____9. An exploratory research aims to develop tentative theories or hypotheses on research problems
that are still in the preliminary stages of investigation.
____10. An experimental research describes “what exists” with respect to the variables of a given
situation but may not be able to conclusively provide the answer to question as to “why”.
: CONTENT DISCUSSION:
Define Social Sciences as the study of society.
Guide Question: What is social science and how can it be used to study and understand society?
SOCIAL SCIENCE
 It is the study of society and culture.
 it is a useful instrument in understanding the complexities and issues involved in the
interrelationships of the different variables that produce the state of affairs at every level in
society.
 Are group of academic disciplines that deal with the human aspects of the world.
 It was coined by William Thompson in his book An Inquiry into the Principles of the
Distribution of Wealth Most Conducive to Human Happiness.
 It differs from natural science and humanities because its primary interest lies in predicting and
explaining human behavior.
NATURAL SCIENCES
 It aims to predict all natural phenomena and its studies are based on experimentally controlled
condition of material entities.
 Its origin can be traced back to the Renaissance in Europe, when most intellectuals started using
systematic methods of investigation.
 Biology, Chemistry, physics, geology, and astronomy are some of the fields that fall under the
natural sciences.
 The social sciences and natural sciences share commonalities in terms of methodology.
HUMANITIES/HUMANISM
 Seeks to understand human reactions to events and the meanings human impose on experience as
a function of culture, historical era, and life history.
 Communication arts, philosophy, arts, theatre and performance studies, religious studies, and
literature are fields traditionally classified under the humanities.
 Both the social sciences and the humanities seeks to explore human condition, they differ in
the modes and approaches of interpreting or analyzing any given question.
WHAT MAKES THESE THREE FIELDS UNITES?
4
 The use of the scientific method unites these three fields of study although it is more commonly used
in the social sciences and natural sciences than humanism.
Distinguish social sciences and natural sciences from humanities in terms of their nature and
functions
The table below presents a summary of the distinctions between the social sciences, the humanities, and
the natural sciences.
SOCIAL HUMANITIES NATURAL SCIENCES

SCIENCES
FUNCTION To analyze, To better appreciate the To understand, explain, and
explain, and meaning and purpose of the predict the world we live in
possibly predict human experience---both using scientific methods
human behavior broadly in the nature of the and distinctive methods of
(as groups and/or human condition, as well as inquiry
individuals) within each unique individual.
PURPOSE/END Generation of new Generation of wisdom, to Discovery of laws that rule

GOAL knowledge better explore and address the the world (with focus on
(factual “big questions” and meet the the natural world)
information) challenges in the human
condition.
METHODOLOGY Application of an Application of an Application of natural

empirical, rational, interpretative methodology science methods, i.e.,
and objective (use of text analysis, reflective systematic observation,
methodology (use thinking, and measurement, and
of validity and acknowledgement of audience) experiment.
reliability tests) to to render something
present the facts meaningful for others.
REVISED KNOWLEDGE: Actual answer to the process questions/ focus questions

1. What is Social Science?
- A study of historical, cultural, sociological, psychological, and the political forces
that shape the actions of individuals and its impact on society.
2. What is Humanities?
- Seeks to human reactions to events and the meaning created by experience.
3. What is Natural Science?
- Aims to predict all natural phenomena and its studies are based on experimentally
controlled condition.
FINAL KNOWLEDGE: Generalization/ Synthesis/ Summary
Social science is different from natural science and humanities because its primary interest lies in
predicting and explaining human behavior. Natural science, on the other hand, aims to predict all
natural phenomena and its studies are based on experimentally controlled condition of material
entities. Humanism seeks to understand “human reactions to events and the meanings humans
impose on experience as a function of culture, historical era, and life history.” (Kagan, 2009, p. 4)
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DBES LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET/GAWAING PAGKATUTO
Subject: Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences

Teacher: __________________________
Name of Learner : __________________________________________________

Grade Level & Section : ____________________ Inclusive Dates: _________
Week No.: 1 Score : __________
Create a comparative chart that differs social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities.
Activity: Compare and Contrast the Social Sciences, the Natural Sciences, and the Humanities in
terms of the following: a.) functions b.) methodologies c.) purpose or end goal using a
Comparative Chart
Scoring Rubric:
D E S C R I P T I O N
CRITERIA Very Good (3) Good (2) Poor (1)
Student was able to Student was able to convey clear Doesn’t able to
convey clear, organized and complete ideas on the topic convey clear and
CONTENT
and complete ideas on the but organization could have been complete ideas
topic. better. about the topic
TOPIC: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND ITS APPLICATIONS

6
WEEK 2
INTRODUCTION:
One of the most important issues is Social Science is the idea of whether complete objectivity is
at all possible. Subjective accounts of people who report and recall what they know, what they feel, and
what they think about the world around them give way to various interpretations and organizations of
the social data; thus value-free research is somewhat difficult to achieve. It is not easy to determine
factuality from mere fantasy especially if the subject matter concerns the past or what is going on inside
people’s heads. Nevertheless, Social Science does not only rely on a single set of data but also on
various types of data-biological accounts, official records, eyewitness accounts, material records, oral
recollections, physical evidences etc..
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence

Content Standard
of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
The learners should be able to connect the disciplines with
their historical and social foundations.
Most Essential Learning
Describe the different types of research designs
Competencies (MELCs)
Basic, scientific, economic, and technological literacies,
21st Century Learning Skills higher-order thinking and sound reasoning, curiosity,
creativity, and risk taking
Social responsibility, Academic excellence, Christian
Core Values
witnessing
REFERENCES
A. Printed:
Books Store, Inc.
B. Online
 https://www.weetechsolution.com/blog/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-quantitative-
and-qualitative-research
 https://spcollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=254343&p=1695372
1. Analyze the photo about problems in society.

2. Explore the nature of Scientific Method.
3. Make a research on social issues/problem using social science perspective.
4. Analyze the photo about major problem that affects the Philippine society.
understanding of the topic, One More and One Less.

Find Out More
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1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the quantitative and qualitative methods of
assessment?
2. How can you apply your knowledge of quantitative and qualitative methods to social
science research?
3. How is the scientific method used in conducting research?
: Analyze the photo about problems in society.
INTRODUCTION:
The “scientific method refers to a standardized set of techniques for building scientific
knowledge, such as how to make valid observations, how to interpret results and to generalize results. It
allows researchers to independently and impartially test pre-existing theories and prior findings”
(Bhattacherjee, 2012, p.5) it has the same objectives with research, which investigate and studies
different materials and sources in the pursuit of advancing knowledge. A researcher tests his or her
hypothesis by subjecting it to careful scrutiny and debate and finally comes up with a conclusion that
either validates or disproves the hypothesis.
(Justify text – format of text)
Activity: Photo Analysis

Instruction: Examine the photo shown below. Identify key issues or problems in society as
reflected in the photo.
Key Issues reflected in the photo:
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1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
EXPLORE THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 Is a systematic and logical approach in acquiring and explaining knowledge.
 Refers to the standardized set of techniques for building scientific knowledge
 it allows researchers to independently and impartially test pre-existing theories and prior findings.
 It has the same objectives with research, which investigates and studies different materials and
sources in the pursuit of advancing knowledge
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1. Defining the Problem
2. Reviewing the literature
3. Forming Hypothesis
4. Collecting and Analyzing Data
5. Drawing Conclusions
 The application of the scientific method to social science research simply involves the use of its
steps or procedures to specific research interests.
Stages of the Research Process

1. Define the research Problem
2. Review the related literature
3. Formulate Hypothesis
4. Prepare the research design
5. Collect data
6. Analyze data
7. Interpret the results and write the report
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS
1. Descriptive research – it provides answers to basic questions associated with the research
problem.
2. Historical Research – This collects, verifies, and synthesizes evidence from the past to validate
or reject a hypothesis
3. Experimental research – this type of research answers the question, “What causes something to
occur?
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4. Exploratory research – this design tackles research problems that have little or no previous
studies done on it.
5. Cross-sectional research – this design measures similarities or differences across groups and
subjects.
6. Longitudinal research – this type of study allows researchers to track changes that occur over a
period of and identify the variable or variables that might be causing the changes.
7. Sequential research – this is a type of research design carried out in a series over a time
interval.
8. Case study – this type of design is applied to study a very particular research problem
9. Meta-analysis – this is a type of design that evaluates and summarizes the results of other
individual studies.
: Distinguish qualitative method from quantitative method of research.
 Social science research also uses either a quantitative or qualitative methodological approach in
gathering and analyzing data.
QUALITATIVE METHOD
- Analyses qualitative data such as interviews, narratives, and literary texts.

- The emphasis in qualitative analysis is sense-making or understanding a phenomenon rather than
predicting or explaining.
- This method of analysis relies heavily on the knowledge of the researcher of the social context of
the gathered data.
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
- Analyses quantifiable or numeric data and subjects them to statistical analyses.
- It provides measurement of its indicators like the size of the population of the country, the
presence or absence of corruption or the levels of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
 In some cases, research methodology may employ a combination of both quantitative and
qualitative information and analysis.
 John Creswell describes the mixed method as a research approach that integrates both
quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or in a sustained long term program of inquiry
to address research questions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ASSESSMENT

 Objective – measures without reference to outside influences
 Reliable - measures the internal consistency and stability of a measuring device.
 Valid - refers to the accuracy of an assessment, whether or not it measures what it is
supposed to measure
1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the quantitative and qualitative methods of
assessment?
Quantitative research method has proven to be beneficial in the following ways
- It provides an allowance on the formulation of statistically sound

10
- Quantitative data provides a macro view with all the required details and comparatively larger
samples.
- Larger sample sizes enable the conclusion to be generalized.
- Evaluation of the multiple data sets can be done at once and that too at a faster pace and
accurately.
- This method is called to be appropriate when there is a need of systematic and standardised
comparisons.
- The manual implementations of ideas can be automated completely which can save time.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Data
- Quantitative Method reveals what and to what extent but often fails to answer more on why and
how.
- This type of research requires the model performance to be monitored on constant basis in order
to ensure its compliance with the original hypotheses.
- The impression of homogeneity in a sample may turn out to be fake in this method.
- This method involves limited number of Quants supply and also involves complex disciplines
which are hard to master.
Qualitative Research Method is more dependent on deriving the value of variables in their natural
setting. The data via this method is collection by asking open ended questions and serving with the
direct quotations. Qualitative can be beneficial in the following ways
- All the problems and the topics covered under this research are in detail.
- This method majorly focuses on small groups which ultimately do not require more expenses
when compared to quantitative research.
- On the emergence of new developed information and findings, the revision, direction and
framework of the data can be done easily quickly.
- The data is collected from a small group which bounds it to be universal for a large population.
- The data with this method is collected based on genuine efforts and gives a clear vision on what
can be expected.
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
- As the data is collected for a small group, due to which assumptions cannot be made beyond the
small group of people.
- It becomes difficult to demonstrate, maintain and assess the rigidity of the data.
- Collection of statistical data is not easy and cannot be done solely by using this method.
- As the data is in big quantity, analysis and interpretation of the data takes much time.
- The responses of the subjects might be affected as the researchers are bound to be present during
the process of data gathering.
2. How can you apply your knowledge of quantitative and qualitative methods to social
science research?
Social science research, or social research as it is sometimes called, stems from the natural sciences, and
similar to its precursory field, it uses empirical, measurable outcomes to arrive at a conclusion. While
natural scientists use the scientific method, social scientists often use quantitative research to go about
their method of discovery.
Quantitative research "is the systematic examination of social phenomena, using statistical models and
mathematical theories to develop, accumulate, and refine the scientific knowledge base" ("Quantitative
Research," 2008). Quantitative research also provides "generalizable" findings, and according to Marlow
(1993), is "characterized by hypothesis testing, using large samples, standardized measures, a deductive
approach, and rigorously structured data collection instruments" (cited in "Quantitative Research").
As an alternative to quantitative research, qualitative research is also employed in social science

research and is contrasted with quantitative research as such:
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 Insider rather than outsider
 Person-centered rather than variable-centered
 Holistic rather than particularistic
 Depth rather than breadth
("Qualitative Research," 2008)
Trochim (2006), however, warns that researchers should not become so caught up in the polarizing
differences between qualitative and quantiative research. He writes, "All quantitative data is based upon
qualitative judgments; and all qualitative data can be described and manipulated numerically" (para. 3).
3. How is the scientific method used in conducting research?
When conducting research, scientists use the scientific method to collect measurable, empirical evidence
in an experiment related to a hypothesis (often in the form of an if/then statement), the results aiming to
support or contradict a theory.
The scientific method, as applied to social sciences, includes a variety of research approaches,
tools, and techniques, for collecting and analyzing qualitative or quantitative data. These methods
include laboratory experiments, field surveys, case research, ethnographic research, action
research, and so forth.
Activity: Short Constructed Response. Answer the following question briefly and honestly.
1. Which method or research do you prefer and why?
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Scoring rubrics:
CRITERIA D E S C R I P T I O N
Very Good (3) Good (2) Poor (1)
Student was able to Student was able to convey Doesn’t able to
convey clear, organized clear and complete ideas on the convey clear and
CONTENT
and complete ideas on the topic but organization could complete ideas
topic. have been better. about the topic
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____________________________________________
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Subject: Discipline and ideas in the Social Sciences

Teacher: __________________________
Name of Learner : __________________________________________________

Grade Level & Section : ____________________Inclusive Dates: _________
Week No.: 2 Score : __________
Analyze the photo about major problem that affects the Philippines society.
Activity: Photo Analysis of Social Issues

Instructions: Based on the picture below, identify one major social issue or problem that
greatly affects the Philippine society. Explain how the social sciences can be used to address
this issue or social problem.
Importance of using the social sciences

Social Issue/Problem perspective in addressing the social issue
problem
RUBRIC FOR THE PHOTO ANALYSIS ACTIVITY:

Excellent Very Good Satisfactory Good
CRITERIA
(4) (3) (2) (1)
Knowledge Correctly identified Identified a social Identified a social Did not identify a
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a social science science perspective science perspective social science
perspective which and satisfactorily but inadequately perspective to
explains thoroughly linked it to the explained the social explain the social
the social issue social issue issue issue
The social issue was The social issue was The social issue was The social issue is
identified and was identified and was identified but was not identified or
thoroughly linked to adequately inadequately was inadequately
Interpretation
the photograph and described described described
completely
described.
TOPIC: SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES: HISTORY, METHODS AND AREAS OF

INQUIRY (PART 1)
WEEK 3
INTRODUCTION:
Social science studies the historical, cultural, sociological, psychological, and the political forces
that shape the actions of individuals and their impact on society. The different disciplines under the
social sciences all help in providing a better understanding and appreciation of the complex issues that
face society. These disciplines are Anthropology, Demography, Economics, Geography, Linguistics,
History, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology.
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence of

Content Standard
the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
The learners should be able to connect the disciplines with their
historical and social functions
Most Essential Learning Explain the major events and its contribution that led to the
Competencies (MELCs) emergence of the social science disciplines
21st Century Learning Skills Critical Thinking, communication, cross cultural, career learning
Core Values Social responsibility, academic excellence, community building
REFERENCES
A. Printed:
14
Books Store, Inc.
1. Answer the pretest about the disciplines within social sciences.

2. Identify the different disciplines or branches in the social sciences.
3. Discuss the meaning of economics.
4. Explain the discipline of Geography and History.
understanding of the topic, Tens and Ones

Find Out More

1. How do the different disciplines or branches in the social sciences help understand our
society?
Lesson 1: Answer the pretest about the disciplines within social sciences.
Activity: LESSON PRETEST

Fill up the K-W-L. Write on the K-column what you know about the topic and on the W-column what
you want to know about the topic. Fill up the L-column with what you learned after the class
discussion and activities.
Social Science K W L
Discipline
Anthropology
Demography
Economics
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Geography
History
Political Science
Linguistics
Psychology
Sociology
 Performance task for the lesson.

DEBATE (Online)
Traffic is considered to be a major social problem with tremendous economic and social
cost to industries and the quality of life of the people. The class will hold a debate on which
among the social science disciplines can best address the problem of traffic.
Instruction: The class will be divided into five online groups. Each group will be given a social
science discipline to defend. The pairings are as follows:
 Anthropology vs. History
 Economics vs. History
 Psychology vs. Sociology
 Geography vs. Demography
Note: Students are not allowed to go out from their residence to work as a group.
SCORING RUBRIC FOR THE DEBATE

CRITERIA Poor Satisfactory Very Good Excellent Score
Preparation Student is Student needs Student is Student is well prepared
unprepared to more preparation prepared
defend the
argument
Organization Viewpoints are Some of the Most of the The viewpoint is clear,
unclear and viewpoints are viewpoints are organized, and on point
disorganized clear and clear and
organized organized
Strength and Arguments are not Only some Most arguments All arguments are strong,
relevance of convincing or arguments are are convincing convincing, and relevant
supporting relevant convincing and and relevant
arguments relevant
Use of facts and Arguments lack Only some Most arguments All arguments are
examples factual support. arguments are are supported supported with facts and
supported with with facts and examples
facts and examples
examples
Speaking voice Voice cannot be Voice is difficult Voice is heard Voice is well-modulated
heard or to hear most of the time and emphasizes the
unintelligible. arguments well
CONTENT DISCUSSION:
IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES OR BRANCHES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.
Guide Question: What are the different disciplines in the social sciences and what are their key contents,
areas of inquiry, and methodologies?
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Disciplines or Branches in the Social Sciences
Social science studies the historical, cultural, sociological, psychological and the political forces
that shapes the actions of individuals and their impact on society. The different disciplines under the
social sciences all help in providing a better understanding and appreciation of the complex issues that
face society. These disciplines are:
 Anthropology
 Demography
 Economics
 Geography
 Linguistics
 History
 Political Science
 Psychology
 Sociology
ANTHROPOLOGY
 It is the study of ancient societies and their cultural traditions.
 it came from the Greek word anthropos meaning “humankind” and logos meaning the “study”
 it has two (2) broad fields:
1. Physical Anthropology
- also called biological anthropology
- studies the biological evolution of man
- it also provides explanations on the reason behind the biological variations among
contemporary human population.
2. Cultural Anthropology
Investigates and seeks to understand the cultural features of societies.
- It is subdivided into three sub ranches: archaeology, anthropological linguistics, and ethnology.
a. Archeology
- seeks to reconstruct the past life of ancient societies, trace the cultural changes that took place and
the reason behind the changes.
- It is different from history, in the sense that history can only study societies that have left written
records while archeologists reconstruct the past using the fossil remains of human culture.
b. Anthropological Linguistics
- involves the study of language in societies or communities where language may or may not be
written.
- It is also concerned with the emergence of languages, the divergence of languages, and the changes
in the languages across time.
c. Ethnology
- uses data gathered through observations and interviews with living people.
- Ethnologists study marriage customs, kinships patterns, economic systems and religious rites of
cultural groups and compare it with the ways of life of contemporary societies.
Anthropology’s emergence as an area of inquiry can go as far back as the time of Herodotus of
Halicarnassus. Herodotus has travelled a great deal and was able to write detailed narratives
about West Asia and Egypt. These narratives reveal an important area of inquiry in
anthropology, which is “how are we to relate to the other? In answering this question, we can
lean toward finding commonality or highlight the difference.
It’s main aim and purpose is to study the way cultural traditions of different groups have
evolved through the years.
Some of noteworthy works of its key figures are La scienza nuova by Giambattista Vico and The
Spirit of Laws by Baron de Montesquieu
Lesson 3: Discuss the meaning of economics.

17
ECONOMICS
 It is the study of the efficient allocation of scarce resources in order to satisfy unlimited human
needs and wants.
 The word Economics came from two Greek words, oikos meaning “home” and nomos meaning
“management”.
 A careful study on the subject (economics) is done in order to mitigate the impact of an imbalance
and inequity in resource allocation.
 Its aims to maximize the gains and benefits from resources that are by nature finite.
 Economic resources that can be used to produce goods and services are called “Factors of
Production” which are classified into four categories:
1. Land – is anything that comes from nature and which gives life and support to all living
creatures.
2. Labor – refers to any human effort exerted during the production process which includes
physical exertion, application of skills or talent or exercise of intellectual faculties
3. Capital – refers to anything that can be used to create or manufacture goods and services.
4. Entrepreneurship – is not traditionally considered as factors of production, but is now thought
to be an indispensable aspect since this is the ability to organize all the other factors of
production in order to carry out effectively the production process.
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF DESCRIPTION/CHARACTERISITICS

 ECONOMICS
The  the study of the choices made by
economic factors such as
households, companies and
individual markets.
 It also studies the choices of
individuals as consumers and
1. Microeconomics workers
 It also studies firms that produce
the goods and services and the
industries from which the firms
operate.
 examines the behaviour of the

entire economies
 it tackles the aggregates or total
values that describe the whole
economy; one very important
aggregate is the Gross Domestic
2. Macroeconomic Product(GDP).
s  GDP – measures the total output or
the market value of goods and
services that a country produces in
one year.
 Other macroeconomic indicators
include employment, economic
growth, interest rates and inflation.
period of Enlightenment has inspired the birth of modern economics.
 The period has shown that it is mechanization and division of labor that gives firms and industries
advantage.
 This idea found its way to economic thinkers like Adam Smith.
 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
- contributed to the theory of price formation, the relationships of market outcomes and public
interest, the role of state in the economy and the sources of economic growth.
- it was also in this book where the concept of invisible hand was introduced.
- this concept proposes that market equilibrium is reached when buyers and sellers are free to move on
their own without the intervention of the government.
18
Reflect on this:
How does scarcity affect your daily life?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
: Explain the discipline of Geography and History
GEOGRAPHY
 Studies the interaction between the natural environment and the people living in it.
 It acts as a bridge between natural science and social science.
 It came from the Greek words: geo meaning “Earth” and “graphos” meaning “charting or
mapping”.
 it studies where things are on Earth, explains why they are there and their relationships to
other people, places and things.
TWO BRANCHES OF
GEOGRAPHY
1. Physical Geography  Studies the natural features of the earth, like
climate, water, vegetation, and soil.
 2 approaches in studying physical geography:
 Look at the physical environment as
the provider of natural resources
 Look at the physical environment as hazard
to human life
2. Human Geography  Studies human population and the impact of
its activities on the planet.
 This branch of geography examines how people
use the resources available to them and how they
cultivate their environment to suit their needs.
 It aims to determine the acceptable level of human interference and development on the
environment in order to maximize and not harm its productive capacity
 It is during the Hellenistic period in ancient Greco-Roman Empire when ground breaking works
have been done in the field of geography.
 Eratosthenes of Cyrene – he is the “Father of Geography” because he coined the term
geography
- he wrote the first scholarly treatise on the topic, a three-book volume
GEOGRAPHIKA.
- The book is a compilation of data accumulated in the previous three
centuries about the nature of the surface of the earth.
 Strabo – he was one of the scholars who built on the works of Eratosthenes.
- His work is entitled “The Geography of Strabo”.
HISTORY
 Is traditionally regarded as the study of the recorded past.
 It comes from the Greek noun “iotopia” or historia, meaning “learning”
 According to Aristotle, history meant a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena
whether or not chronological ordering was a factor in the account.
2 TYPES OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES
1. Primary Source- is a testimony of an eyewitness or an account of someone who has firsthand
19
information on the subject (ex. Journal entries, transcripts, video interviews etc.)
2. Secondary Source – is a testimony or account of someone who is not an eyewitness to the event
being narrated. (ex. Biographies, textbooks, conference proceedings, and book reviews)
 It aims to be guided by the lessons from the experiences encountered in the past.
 Even during the Ancient times people have always had a sense for history, this can be seen in
the hieroglyphs in Egypt or in the Cuneiform engraved in mud brick tablets in Mesopotamia.
 Herodotus of Halicarnassus he wrote about the Greek wars against Persia; his narrative is
entitled “The Histories”
 Another figure in this discipline was Thucydides who wrote about the history of the
Peloponnesian war in the fifth century B.C.
 He intended his writing to have instructional importance as a guide to action in the future.
1. How do the different disciplines or branches in the social sciences help understand
our society?
 Anthropology – the study of ancient societies and their cultural tradition.

 Clinical psychology – assesses and finds treatment for people with psychological
disorders.
 Cultural anthropology – investigates the cultural features of the societies like language,
kinship pattern, and marriage customs.
 Demography – the study of human population.
 Developmental psychology – studies the intellectual, social, emotional, and moral
development across a lifespan.
 Economics – the study of the efficient allocation of scarce resources in order to satisfy
unlimited human needs and wants.
 Experimental psychology – studies the most basic concepts of psychology like cognition,
perception, memory and learning.
 History – the study of the recorded past.
 Macroeconomics – studies the behavior and performance of an economy as a whole.
 Microeconomics – studies the behavior of individuals, households.
 Morphology – the study of how words are categorized or formed.
 Phonetics – the study of speech sounds.
 Phonology – the study of speech sound pattern.
 Physical anthropology – traces the biological evolution of man.
 Pragmatics – the study of the language context.
 Psychology – the scientific study of behavior and mental process.
 Semantics – the study of meaning-making.
Social science disciplines pose different questions but they actually observe a common
social phenomenon – everyday life events and activities that involve people and affect people
living together in a particular society. Since there are two elements constituting social science, one
is society (hence social) and the other is empirical analysis (hence science), the study and
understanding of social phenomena presuppose or require an assumption that there is a reality out
there that must be understood; that the means through which they be understood or comprehended
by humans is through a thorough observation and critical analysis of facts, evidence, and
conditions found among the people living in a particular society. The aim of every social science is
to characterize the nature of being human. However, they approach this problem in a somewhat
limited manner focusing and privileging one factor over the other as the prime motivator of human
existence.
20
TOPIC: SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES: HISTORY, METHODS AND AREAS OF
INQUIRY (PART 2)
WEEK 4
INTRODUCTION:
The Social Sciences consist of a variety of disciplines which include Philosophy, History,
Anthropology, Sociology, Economics and Social Policy (NUI Handbook 2011). These Sciences are
normally named as there is a system to studying these subjects and applying empirical data to scientific
research in analysing certain aspects of society whether it is higher education, homelessness,
unemployment or suburban living. Research may be in the form of data collected from groups or may be
collected by observing society living day to day (Brody 1971:47).
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence of

Content Standard
the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
The learners should be able to connect the disciplines with their
historical and social functions
Most Essential Learning Explain the major events and its contribution that led to the
Competencies (MELCs) emergence of the social science disciplines
REFERENCES
A. Printed:
21
Books Store, Inc.
- American Sociology Association ASA (2012) What is Sociology? accessed 6 Jan 2012
Brody, Hugh
- NUI Handbook (2011)
 Answer the pretest about the disciplines within social sciences.

 Identify the different disciplines or branches in the social sciences.
 Explore the discipline of demography.
 Contextualize social sciences discipline through the activity given.
understanding of the topic, Comparing Whole Numbers.

Find Out More
Below are the key guide questions that you should remember as you perform all the activities
in this lesson. You should be able to answer them at the end of the week.
1. How do you apply the social science disciplines in identifying the problems in the society?
DEFINE THE DISCIPLINE OF LINGUISTICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.
LINGUISTICS
 Came from the Latin word “lingua”, meaning “language”.
 This discipline studies the nature of language through an examination of the formal properties
of natural language, grammar and the process of language acquisition.
 It is considered as a province of philosophy and rhetoric.
 Among the things that linguists study is phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,
and pragmatics.
 Phonetics – is the study of speech sounds; it examines how the sounds are made and
identifies its properties.
 Phonology – the study of speech sound pattern; it identifies what sounds are there and
22
the categories these speech sounds fall under.
 Morphology – is the study of how words are categorized or formed
 Syntax – is the study of how words are combined to form a sentence.
- It also categorizes types of phrases and types of sentences
 Semantics – is the study of meaning-making
 Pragmatics – the study of the language context
 It aims to develop an appreciation for and see the importance of the use of appropriate and
precise words delivered in the correct manner in order to be able to effectively convey their
message.
 The conventional date of linguistic proper is 1786 when regular sound correspondences were
found across the many languages of Europe, India’s Sanskrit and Persia.
 Some scholars who have made contributions to the study are:
a. Friedrich von Schlegel
b. Franz Bopp
c. Rasmus Christian Rask
 Other scholarly works on linguistics include:
a. Researches into the early inhabitants of Spain by the help of the Basque language by
Wilhelm von Humboldt
b. Ferdinand de Saussure’s Cours de linguistique generale
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 It is the study of politics, power, and government.
 the word politics comes from the Greek word politea, or a person who participates in the
polis.
 Politics is the process of using power in the government, while power is the means for the
government to rule the people.
 Government is the authority or the bureaucracy that provides the system of rule over its
territory and for its people.
 Aristotle’s book entitled Politics is considered a pioneer in the field of political inquiry.
 John Locke’s known work “Two Treatises of Government” discusses the concept of
representative government and the people’s right to revolution.
 John Stuart Mill also wrote on the topic of representative government with his book
“Considerations on Representative Government.
 Political Science as an academic discipline was only established after the Second World War
in American universities as well as in a number of European universities.
: Explain the discipline of psychology and sociology.
PSYCHOLOGY
 it is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
 It comes from two Greek words, psyche meaning “soul” or “spirit”, and logos meaning
“study”.
 It is divided into three major fields:
Clinical Psychology – assesses and finds treatment for people with psychological disorders.
a. Developmental Psychology – studies the intellectual, social, emotional, and moral
development across a lifespan
- The focus maybe narrowed down to specific period in life like early childhood or
preadolescent.
a. Experimental Psychology – studies the most basic concepts of psychology like cognition,
perception, memory, and learning but mostly conducted on animals instead of humans.
 It’s aims and purpose is to relate the good physical or biological state of the brain with a
normal and healthy functioning mental health.
23
 Wilhelm Wundt is considered as the “Father of Modern Psychology”
- He is credited for being the first in the movement to make psychology a science.
- He also conducted the first true experimental laboratory in psychology.
- His major contribution to the field is Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (The
Principles of Physiological Psychology)
- In his lifetime, he was able to conduct research on a wide array of topics which include
spiritualism, ethics, animal physiology and even poisons.
 Other important names on the discipline are:
 William James – studied the concept of Functionalism, which analyses the function or
purpose of behavior and not simply a description
- one of his major works is Principles of Psychology
 Sigmund Freud - is known for his psychoanalytic personality theory, which divides
the personality into id, ego, and super ego.
- he also wrote the theory on the psychosexual stages of development
SOCIOLOGY
 It is the systematic study of human society.
 It comes from the Latin word “socius” meaning “friend” or companion and the Greek word
logos meaning “study”.
 It studies how people relate to each other and how they work as a whole in the larger society.
 Its aims and purpose is to determine how group behaviour and mindset lead to mass actions
and concerted movements.
 Sociology was born as a result of powerful and complex economic and social forces.
 The Industrial Revolution created massive changes not just in the field of technology and in
the way goods are manufactured, but also in the work and living pattern of the people.
 Auguste Comte a French social thinker who coined the word sociology in 1838 to encapsulate
the idea of improving society by understanding how it operates.
 Some of his works include the Course on Positive Philosophy and The System of Positive
Polity, or Treatise on Sociology, Instituting the Religion of Humanity
 Other well-known sociologists are Jane Addams and Harriet Martineau.
She was regarded as the
first woman sociologist
: Explore the discipline of demography.
DEMOGRAPHY
 It is the study of human population.
 The discipline also studies how people move from place to place.
 It comes from two ancient Greek words, demos meaning “the people” and graphos meaning
charting or mapping”.
 The main sources of data are census and other vital statistics.
 Some basic demographic concepts include fertility, mortality, migration, and population
growth.
 The study of human population begins with how many people are born.
 Fertility is the incidence of child bearing in country’s population; measured using crude birth
rate
 Mortality is the incidence of death in a country’s population; measured using crude death rate
 Migration is the movement of people into and out of a particular territory.
 Population growth rate is simply the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude
death rate.
Its aim and purpose is to determine how population numbers can benefit instead of harm society.
24
KEY FIGURES WRITTEN WORKS
1. Kautilya He was the contemporary of Plato, who commented in his Arthashastra that a
large population is a source of military, political and economic strength of a
nation.
2. Ibn Khaldin He was a fourteenth century Arab historian, who contended that a dense
population growth is generally favourable to the maintenance and increase of
imperial power.
3. Edmond Halley - He was the first scientist to study a person’s likelihood of death as he or
she passes through different age groups using death statistics from across
the different age groups.
- He also wrote a book entitled “An Estimate of the Degrees of the Morality
of Mankind; Drawn from the Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at
the City of Breslaw: with an attempt to ascertain the price of annuities
upon lives.
4. Thomas - the discipline economics highlighted in his book “An Essay on the Principle
Malthus of Population” its main area of inquiry, which is scarcity of resources.
- demography on the other hand highlights its main area of inquiry which is
population growth rate and which Malthus believes to be growing in a
geometric progression.

1. How do you apply the social science disciplines in identifying the problems in the
society?
- The social sciences can help to make us aware of threats to our freedom while giving
us greater power to control our own behavior in constructive ways, helping us to be
more tolerant of diversity, to learn to live together in greater harmony, less violently
and more satisfyingly. If we are to reap these benefits, however, we must work at
understanding ourselves and our society, at perfecting a social science that is capable
of meeting the challenges of our future.
The social sciences, like the physical or biological sciences, are intellectual subjects, directed
primarily toward understanding, rather than action. It would of course be a curious kind of
“understanding” that had no implications for action, and this is perhaps especially true for the
social sciences. Nevertheless, there is a difference between enlarging one’s understanding of
human behavior and society on the one hand and trying to solve a social problem on the other. The
social sciences are distinct from social problem solving, but each can contribute to the other.
25
__________________________________________
---o0o---

Teacher: __________________________
Name of Learner : ________________________________________________

Week No.: 4 Score : __________
A. Written Work/s:
Contextualize social sciences discipline through the activity given.
Activity: Contextualizing Social Science Disciplines. Follow the instructions below then answer
the question briefly and honestly.
1. Apply the social science disciplines in the activity below.

Instructions:
a. Research on campaign materials. Whether in print or in television media (e.g. speeches,
posters, tarpaulin, television debates, interviews, etc.) which were used in previous
national elections.
b. Identify the major issues normally outlined in these campaign materials
c. Analyze which among the disciplines of the social sciences was used to address the social
issue.
d. If you were in the shoes of these national candidates, what other measures would you
propose to make your recommendations more effective? Apply the scientific method in a
26
specific discipline in the social sciences.
Scoring Rubric:
Student was able to Student was able to convey Doesn’t able to
convey clear, organized clear and complete ideas on the convey clear and
CONTENT
and complete ideas on the topic but organization could complete ideas
topic. have been better. about the topic
27
TOPIC: SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
WEEK 5
INTRODUCTION:
Symbolic Interactionism is a theoretical approach to understanding the relationship between

humans and society. The basic notion of symbolic interactionism is that action and interaction are
understandable only through the exchange of meaningful communication or symbols. In this approach,
humans are portrayed as acting, as opposed to being acted upon.
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the key concepts

Content Standard
and approaches in the social sciences.
The learners should be able to interpret personal and social
experiences using relevant approaches in the social sciences.
Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social
science theories: Structural-functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic
Interactionism.
21st Century Learning Skills Creativity and Critical Thinking, Career Learning
Core Values Excellence, Social Responsibility, Academic Excellence
REFERENCES
B. Printed:
Books Store, Inc.
28
 Answer the pretest for evaluation.

 Explain the Symbolic Interactionism.
 Identify the three premises of symbolic interactionism.
 Discuss the criticisms for symbolic interactionism.

Find Out More
1. How does one make sense of his or her actions, interactions, and experiences?
2. How does social experience develop one’s self?
3. What is the importance of communication in human actions and interactions?
: Answer the pretest for evaluation.
Activity: CHAPTER PRETEST

Instruction: Match the items in column A with the items in column B. Please write the
letters of your answers on the lines.
A B
___1. Rational Choice Theory a. The part of an individual’s personality composed of
self-awareness and self-image
___2. Strategic Interdependence b. Society is a complex system whose parts work
together to promote solidarity and stability
___3. Self c. The conflict between entire classes over the
distribution of society’s wealth and power
___4. Symbolic Interactionism d. Exposed the contradictions inherent in capitalism
___5. Superego e. Preferences, strategies, goals
___6. Psychoanalysis f. Public-private distinction and reformability of
institutions
___7. Social Dysfunction g. Formal-legal, descriptive-inductive, historical-
comparative
___8. Structural-functionalism h. Informal conventions of political life and formal
constitutional and organizational structures
___9. Class struggle i. A situation where others choice of strategy affects an
29
individual’s best choice and vice versa
___10. Marxism j. The part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id
by enforcing moral restrictions
___11. Liberal Feminism k. Meaning
___12. Radical Feminism l. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
___13. Old Institutionalism m. Sigmund Freud
___14. New Institutionalism n. Paul Rocoeur
___15. Logical Positivism o. Social systems ranging from society to individuals
___16. Positivist-Hermeneutic p. Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of
debate the society
___17. Hermeneutic q. Sex war as the most basic political struggle
Phenomenology
___18. Hermeneutics r. Vienna Circle
___19. Human Systems s. Objectivist-Subjectivist dichotomy
___20. Human-environment system t. Public-private dichotomy
u. Hydrodynamics
v. Two different systems that exist in essential
dependencies and reciprocal endorsement
w. The art and science of interpretation
: Explain the Symbolic Interactionism.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
 Is a sociological framework that focuses on the different meanings individuals attach to
objects, peoples, and interactions as well as the corresponding behaviors that reflect those
meanings and or/interpretations
George Herbert Mead
- He was an influential figure in the field of symbolic
interactionism.
- According to him, Gestures are important in
communication.
- When we interact with others, our posture, tone of
voice, voice inflections, as well as hand and facial
movements convey significance.
- His central concept is “self”
 SELF – is the part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
- The process of self-discovery or self-development is enacted by the usage of gestures threefold:
Play Stage - In this stage young children identify with key figures in
their environments, such as the mother or father, as well
as occupational or gender-specific roles to which they
have been exposed and replicate the behavioural norms
that correspond with such roles
Game Stage - During this stage, children extrapolate from the vantage
point of the roles they have simulated by assuming the
roles that their counterparts concurrently undertake.
Generalized other - Refers to the widespread cultural norms and values we
use as a reference in evaluating ourselves.
CRITICISMS FOR SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

- It has both “insider” and “outsider” critics.
30
Insiders’ criticism
- focus on the method and the central concepts of symbolic interactionism, particularly the
ambiguity of major concepts used particularly the concept of the self.
- These criticisms attack the utility of the approach in the production of cumulative and
generalizable knowledge.
Outsiders’ Criticism
- Highlights the structural bias in symbolic interactionism
- This bias refers to the claim that this approach perspective is ahistorical, noneconomic and
limited view of social power and social organization
POSITIVIST-HUMANISTIC DEBATE – focuses on the subject matter of the social sciences

OBJECTIVIST-SUBJECTIVIST DICHOTOMY –focuses on the scientific method for all the
sciences, both natural and social.
: Identify the three premises of symbolic interactionism.
Three Overarching Premises of Symbolic Interactionism:

1. Meaning is an important element of human existence
- A concept that is both subjective and individualistic and that people consequently act in
accordance with the meanings they construe.
2. People identify and mold their unique symbolic references through the process of socialization
- This suggest that people are not inherently equipped with interpretive devices that help navigate
through the complex realms of human behavior
3. There is a cultural dimension that intertwines the symbolic “educational” development
 As a theoretical perspective, symbolic interactionism is not known for homogeneity,

parsimony or consensus among its practitioners.
 Four of the most prominent contemporary varieties of symbolic interactionism includes:
Contemporary Varieties of Symbolic

Similarities Differences
Interactionism
1. The Chicago Schools - All these four schools of - They differ
thought or orientations significantly in terms
share the view that beings of purpose and
construct their realities in methodology.
a process of social - The Chicago School is
interaction, and agree on with positivist
the methodological orientation
implication of such, that is - Thomas Kuhn as its
the necessity of “getting chief progenitor
inside” the reality of the - This school aims at
actor in order to prediction and unity of
understand what is going method for all the
on. sciences.
2. The Iowa School - This school is with
humanistic orientation.
- Under the influence of
Herbert Blumer.
- This school strives for
understanding and a
31
distinctive method for
sociology, one that is
based on “sympathetic
introspection.
3. The Goffman’s Dramaturgical - These two are both
Approach aligned with the
positivist Chicago
4. The Garfinkel’s School
Ethnomethodology

1. How does one make sense of his or her actions, interactions, and experiences?
- Body language and gestures
2. How does social experience develop one’s self?
- Social interactions
3. What is the importance of communication in human actions and interactions?
- A fundamental feature of social life is social interaction, or the ways in which people act
with other people and react to how other people are acting. To recall an earlier paraphrase of
John Donne, no one is an island. This means that all individuals, except those who choose to
live truly alone, interact with other individuals virtually every day and often many times in
any one day. For social order, a prerequisite for any society, to be possible, effective social
interaction must be possible. Partly for this reason, sociologists interested in microsociology
have long tried to understand social life by analyzing how and why people interact they way
they do. This section draws on their work to examine various social influences on individual
behavior. As you read this section, you will probably be reading many things relevant to
your own social interaction.
32
__________________________________________
---o0o---

Teacher: __________________________
Name of Learner : ________________________________________________

Week No.: 5 Score : __________
A. Written Work/s:
Conduct a simple experiment about symbolic interactionism.
Activity: Experiment 101

Instruction: You are required to do a simple experiment with three of your close friends. Ask them to
help you out with your school project. Once you are assembled as a group, start asking
each one of them to complete a part of your research project. Make sure that you vary
your approach to each of your friends.
With friend #1, you should appear and sound so warm and friendly. With friend #2, you
should act like you are commanding her to do the task for you. With friend #3, you
pretend to ignore her after you make your request. Observe your friends’ reactions and
responses, and answer the following questions in the following worksheet.
Worksheet 2
Experiment 101
How did your friends react? Who among your Why do you think
(Single words or adjectives friends helped you out your friend helped you
only) with your research out? Or did not help
project? Put a (√) or you out?
(x) mark.
Friend #1
Friend #2
Friend #3
33
Student was able to Student was able to
convey clear, organized convey clear and
Doesn’t able to convey clear and complete
CONTENT and complete ideas on complete ideas on the
ideas about the topic
the topic. topic but organization
could have been better.
He/she gave a complete He/she gave a limited
and correct answer more answer and the ideas are
CORRECTNESS than what the question not properly organized. The answer was out of the topic.
asked. There is an
organization of thoughts.
Do you think your manner of approaching each one of them, that is your way
of asking/requesting for help mattered to each one of them? Please explain
your answer.
Would you get the same results if you approached each one of them in the
same manner? Please elaborate your answer.
Processing What does your experience/experiment tell you about meanings, symbols, and
Questions interpretations in human interactions?
Does symbolic interactionism make sense?
34
TOPIC: Structural Functionalism
WEEK 6
Structural Functionalism is “a framework for building a theory that sees society as a complex
system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability (Macionis 2007, 15). Such parts of
the whole system may vary in terms of functions but they are all related to each other. Interdependent as
they are, they all have one goal and that is to maintain or to keep the whole system, at least in its present
form. It allows therefore that the working of one part would have effects on the other parts.

Content Standard
Interactionism.
Creativity and Critical Thinking, Career Learning, and
21st Century Learning Skills
Collaboration
Excellence, Social Responsibility, Community Building and
Core Values
Christian Witnessing
REFERENCES
C. Printed:
35
Books Store, Inc.
 Define Structural Functionalism.

 Expand the meaning of Social Function.
 Identify the criticisms for structural-functionalism.
 Answer the activity about structural-functionalism.

Find Out More
1. What keeps societies together?
2. What causes social dysfunction?
3. How important are the social functions of the social structure to the maintenance and stability
of societies?
CONTENT DISCUSSION:
: Define consensus.
Activity: Lesson Pretest

Instruction: What are your ideas about the word “Social Structure”. Write your answers using
the concept map below.
Social Structure
36
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
 It is a framework for building a theory that sees a society as a complex system whose parts
work together to promote solidarity and stability.
 Developed by Talcott Parsons in the 1930s under the influence of the works of Max
Weber and Emile Durkheim
 It emphasizes Social Structure and Social Functions
: Expand the meaning of social function.
Robert Merton
 he expanded the concept of social function by arguing that any social structure may have many
functions.
 He distinguished between manifest functions – the recognized and intended consequences of

any social pattern and latent functions- the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any
social pattern.
 In his classification of social functions, he recognized that the effects or outcomes of social
structure are not all necessarily good and not necessarily good for everyone.
 He coined the term “Social Dysfunction” which refers to any social pattern that may disrupt
the operation of society.
What Causes Social Dysfunction?

 It is the lack of consensus among people in a given polity or society about what is helpful or
harmful to society.
The Structural-functional approach built on the following premises:

1. Within every social structure or system, politics, family, organizations- each member of the
system has a specific function
2. Those functions can be small or substantial, are dynamic in nature (i.e., they can change), and
work toward the same purpose to keep the system operational within its environment
37
3. Change is evident within any society or system; however, for the system to survive, it must
adapt to that change in order to maintain its equilibrium
 To maintain the equilibrium of the system, Parsons identified four imperatives for societies to
survive, which he called the AGIL model:
 ADAPTATION: acquiring and mobilizing sufficient resources so that the system can
survive
 GOAL ATTAINMENT: setting and implementing goals
 INTEGRATION: maintaining solidarity or coordination among the subunits of the system
 LATENCY: creating, preserving, and transmitting the system’s distinctive culture and
values
: Identify the criticisms for structural-functionalism.

CRITICISMS FOR STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM (Weaknesses of the approach)
A generalized criticism of structural functionalism was aimed at the theory’s lack of
explanation for social conflict or social change in addition to its bias of political conservatism.
Its emphasis on the general rather than specific, and its non- inclusion of psychology in the
discussion of human behavior came also under attack from social scientists.
They argue that this approach focus on social stability and social order ignore inequalities of
social class, race, and gender which cause tension and conflict in the society.
Feminists are critical of this approach due to the theory’s gender-blindness to the historical
contributions of women.
This approach is somewhat conservative and less likely to produce cumulative and generalized
knowledge.
In response to these criticisms, some social scientists revert to Structural Functionalism as:
It offers a valid explanation of consensus, which supports the concept of social order.
They developed the social-conflict approach, in the social sciences Marxism is an example
of this approach.

1. How important are the social functions of the social structure to the maintenance and
stability of societies?
- Durkheim believed that individuals may make up society, but in order to study society,
sociologists have to look beyond individuals to social facts. Social facts are the laws, morals,
values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social
life (Durkheim 1895). Each of these social facts serves one or more functions within a society.
For example, one function of a society’s laws may be to protect society from violence, while
another is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve public health.
38
__________________________________________
---o0o---

Teacher: __________________________
Name of Learner : ________________________________________________

Week No.: 6 Score : __________
A. Written Work/s:
Answer the activity about structural-functionalism

Activity: Student Body
Instruction: Think about the Student Council at school. Your task is to identify at least three manifest
and three latent functions of your student government. Once you have identified these functions, you
are required to identify social dysfunctions, anything that you think may disrupt the organization and
processes of your student council. These social dysfunctions may be independent or dependent on the
manifest and latent functions identified.
Student Body
Manifest Functions of the Latent Functions of the Social Dysfunctions to the

Student Council Student Council Student Council
Processing Questions Was it difficult to identify functions and dysfunctions of your

39
Student Council? Why or Why not?
Based on your answers, do you think that change is needed in

your Student Council? In what aspects and towards what
directions?
TOPIC: Marxism
WEEK 7
INTRODUCTION:
Marxism owes its name and origin to Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German philosopher, historian,
and economist. Macionis (2007) provides a very interesting profile of Marx of how he revolutionized
both the thinking and theorizing about the state and society, and whose influence remains today.

Content Standard
Interactionism.
21st Century Learning Skills Critical Thinking, Communication, Career learning
Core Values Christian Witnessing, Social Responsibility
REFERENCES
A. Printed:
Books Store, Inc.
 Describe Karl Marx.

 Discuss Karl Marx Ideas.
 Identify the three broad explanations for the rise of modern Marxism.
40
 Write a reflection about wages in the Philippines.

Find Out More
1. What are the key concepts relevant to Marxism?
2. Is Marxism still relevant in today’s world?
3. What is the difference between classical Marxism and Modern Marxism?
CONTENT DISCUSSION:
: Describe Karl Marx.
Activity: Do you know who Karl Marx was? Identify as many as you can anything that you can
associate with Karl Marx.
41
Who is Karl
Marx?
: Discuss Karl Marx Ideas.
MARXISM
 Owes its name and origins to Karl Marx
 Is a sociological, political and economic philosophy that is based on the ideas and theories of
Karl Marx
KARL MARX
 He was a German philosopher, historian, and economist.
 He together with Friedrich Engels co-authored the Communist Manifesto- a seminal work
reflecting Marx’s theory of the state and society.
 Central to his thinking is the idea of social conflict, “the struggle between segments of society
over valued
Resources
42
CLASS CONFLICT OR CLASS STRUGGLE
 Refer to the conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and
power.
 Arises from the oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie.
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
 The economy being created by the factory owners who are investing for factory expansion.
2 CLASSES OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
1. Bourgeoisie – the factory owners and capitalists
2. Proletariat – the industrial workers or laborers.
- People who sell their labor for wages
 The relationships between the two is a form of exploitation because the bourgeoisie gains profit
from the labor and services of the proletariat.
CAPITALISTS
 People who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits
 According to Marx, the end of capitalism will be prompted by the proletarian revolution
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS
 Workers recognition of themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and ultimately
to capitalism itself.
FALSE CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS
 A mindset wherein the laborers will going to buy goods to the capitalists using the wages they
received from their employers and the cycle continues.
 This mindset allows the rich to further exploit the masses.
 To Marx “it is not people who make society unequal, it is the system of the capitalist
production and False Consciousness hurts people by hiding the real cause of their problems.
ALIENATION – it is the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
Marx identified four ways in which capitalism alienates workers:
1. Alienation from the act of working: capitalism denies workers a say in what they make or
how they make it. Workers are replaced by and/or turned into machines
2. Alienation from the products of work: Workers’ product belongs to the capitalists who sell
it for profit.
3. Alienation from other workers: industrial capitalism creates competition in work that
prevents bonds of community to develop, hence, sets each worker apart from everyone else.
4. Alienation from human potential: Capitalism prevents workers to develop their best
43
qualities as human beings
All of these became the foundation of what was referred to as ‘Classical Marxism”.
Classical Marxism
 the version of Marxism that was dominant for the first 100 years after Marx’s death
 consist of four related ‘isms’ namely: economism, determinism, materialism, and
structuralism.
 Marxism is Economist
 because it privileges economic relations
 it determines the superstructure
 Marxism is determinist because:
 it argues that economic relations determine social and political relations
 Marxism is Materialist because:
 it argues that material relations shape ideas and the dominant idea at anytime are those
that forward the interests of the ruling class, that is the owners and controllers of the
means of production
 Marxism is Structuralist because:
 it contends that structures, particularly economic structures, determine the actions of the
agents
 in this way the state has no choice, it acts as an agent of the ruling class.
MODERN MARXISM
 rejects economism; rejects determinancy, emphasizing contingency; rejects materialism,
acknowledging an independent role for ideas; rejects structuralism, accepting a key role for
agents; no longer privileges class, acknowledging the crucial role of other bases of structured
inequality; and to an extent, privileges politics.
: Identify the three broad explanations for the rise of modern Marxism.
THREE BROAD EXPLANATIONS FOR THE RISE OF MODERN MARXISM:
1. Marxists have responded to theoretical critiques from both inside and outside the Marxist
tradition,”
2. Such an economistic formulation has proved unable to explain economic, social, and political
developments
3. Economic, social, and political changes in the world have stimulated new theoretical
development
44
ANTONIO GRAMSCI
 Has emphasized the role of political or hegemonic struggle, the importance of ideology, and
the significance of agents in overthrowing capitalism.
 He believed that “overthrowing the capitalist state depends on a successful hegemonic struggle
NICOS POULANTZAS
 Theorized the relative autonomy of the state
 His arguments is “that if the capitalist state was to function successfully as a class state acting
in the long term interest of the bourgeoisie, then it must retain a degree of autonomy from the
dominant class.
 If there is one critique of classical Marxism that significantly contributed to its fall is its failure
to offer a convincing explanation of economic, social and political developments
CRITICISMS AND LIMITATIONS OF MARXISM

 GENERAL CRITICISM TO Marxist theory is that the ideals of communism- which aim to
establish a society with citizens being treated equally and enjoying a communal ownership
and control of property and resources- do not acquire a revolution to take place
 Marx’s idea of historical materialism---- a notion which supports that technological progress
in the modes of production results in changes to society– is seen as very limiting.
Critics argue that societal development takes place not only through material changes but also
through ideas, cultures and other aspects of society.
1. What are the key concepts relevant to Marxism?
 Capitalist society is divided into two classes
 The Bourgeoisie exploit the Proletariat
 Those with economic power control other social institutions
 Ideological control
 False consciousness
 Revolution and Communism.
2. Is Marxism still relevant in today’s world?
In spite of its limitations, Marxism remains relevant. Marsh (2002, 171) identifies three
main reasons why.
 Capitalism still contains significant contradictions. In this way, it claims to be a progressive

force at a time when conditions in many parts of the world are getting worse, in large part
because of the activities of TNCs and international organizations.
 Capitalism is exploitative as Marx emphasized a century and a half ago.
 Nationally and internationally, societies are characterized by massive inequalities.
3. What is the difference between classical Marxism and Modern Marxism?

 Marxism is an idea which originates from Karl Marx’s views on capitalism, the economic
structure of the society and dialectical materialism whereby the focus remains on class
inequalities and exploitation due to economic hierarchies, the root of which is capitalism. Neo-
45
Marxists generally criticise the monopolistic and oligarchical nature of capitalism rather than
its competitive nature. Whereas Marxism focuses on a stateless society, Neo-Marxists
emphasise on the imperialistic and militaristic government to prevent the concentration of
surplus capital in the hands of business elites— China can be more or less considered as an
example.
__________________________________________
---o0o---

Teacher: __________________________
Name of Learner : ________________________________________________

Week No.: 6 Score : __________
A. Written Work/s:
Write a reflection about wages in the Philippines.
Activity: Reflection. All About Wages
46
Instruction: You will be given the chance to share your point of view on Resolved: Should the
Philippine government increase the daily minimum wage in the country? Yes or No. Justify your
answer. With the help of the guide question stated below, write/construct an essay about it using the
space provided below.
GUIDE QUESTION: What do you find as the most convincing reason or explanation why the
Philippine government should or should not raise the daily minimum wage?
Scoring Rubric for Activity 4

Student was able to Student was able
convey clear, to convey clear
CONTENT
organized and and complete Doesn’t able to convey clear
complete ideas on ideas on the topic and complete ideas about the
the topic. but organization topic
could have been
better.
He/she gave a He/she gave a
complete and limited answer
correct answer and the ideas are
more than what the not properly
CORRECTNESS The answer was out of the topic.
question asked. organized.
There is an
organization of
thoughts.
47
TOPIC: Rational choice and Institutionalism
WEEK 8
INTRODUCTION:
The Rational Choice Theory explains that human action and behavior are products of choice.
Individuals rationalize their situations by processing between the most beneficial choice and the lesser
individual cost. In the rational choice theory, cost benefit analysis is always performed in every given
situation and is considered instinctual response of every human. Cost is something disadvantageous to or
what is lost by an individual, while benefit is that which is gained by or advantageous to the individual
after making a choice. Some of the questions commonly asked during a cost-benefit analysis are the
following:
 Will this benefit me?
 How will this benefit me?
 What will benefit me most?
 How far am I willing to negotiate?
 What will I have to sacrifice?
 How much will it cost me?
On the other hand, in order to understand institutionalism, it is important to first define

institutionalism in this theoretical perspective. Institution are patterns, routines, norms, rules, and
schemes that govern and direct social thought and action. Institutionalism, therefore, is an approach that
48
aims to understand and analyse how actions, thoughts, and meanings penetrate into the social
consciousness deeply enough to embed themselves into the social psyche.
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the role of Social

Content Standard
Science in the real world.
The learner should be able to illustrate situations and contexts in
which Social Science can be applied.
Most Essential Learning Analyze the practice use of Social Science in addressing social
Competencies (MELCs) concerns and phenomenon.
21st Century Learning Skills Critical Thinking, Communication, Career learning
Core Values Christian Witnessing, Social Responsibility
REFERENCES
B. Printed:
Books Store, Inc.
 Describe the word “rational choice” and “institutionalism”.

 Discuss the rational choice theory.
 Explain institutionalism.
 Write a journal about application of rationality in decision-making.

Find Out More
1. What is rational choice theory?
2. How does it explain social behaviour?
3. What are the objects to critiques of the rational choice theory?
49
CONTENT DISCUSSION:
: Describe the word “rational choice” and “institutionalism”.
Activity: What comes first into your mind when you hear the word “Rational Choice”? How about
Institutionalism? Give at least three words associated with these two.
RATIONAL CHOICE INSTITUTIONALISM
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY’S KEY CONCEPTS

Rationality
Behavioural movement
Positivism
Game theory
Strategic interdependence
Bounded rationality
INSTITUTIONALISM’S KEY CONCEPTS

Institutions
Descriptive-inductive
Formal-legal and historical-comparative
Old institutionalism
New institutionalism
Normative institutionalism
Rational choice institutionalism
: Discuss the rational choice theory.
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

- is a powerful tool in making sense of why people act or behave in the way they do.
- It explains that human action and behavior are products of choice.
- Individuals rationalize their situations by processing between the most beneficial choice
and the lesser individual cost.
COST – is something disadvantageous to or what is lost by an individual
50
BENEFIT – is that which is gained by or advantageous to the individual after making the choice.
- Some of the questions commonly asked during a cost-benefit analysis are the following:
 Will this benefit me?
 How will this benefit me?
 What will benefit me most?
 How far am I willing to negotiate?
 What will I have to sacrifice?
 How much will it cost me?
ELSTER 1989 – according to him, the essence of rational choice theory is that when faced with
several courses of action, people usually do what they believe is likely to have the best overall
outcome. Individuals actions are based on their preferences, beliefs, and feasible strategies.
WARD(2002,65) – observed, RCT “needs other perspectives to help explain why individuals have
the interests they do, how they perceive those interests and the distribution of rules, powers, and social
roles that determine the constraints on their actions.
For Example:
Sebastian has two classmates whom he wants to be friends with: Ethan, a social outcast but has
the newest action game, and Alyster, the most popular in the class, but does not like to play action
games. Sebastian’s first level of cost-benefit analysis is choosing between having the chance to play
the newest action game or not. His second level of cost-analysis is choosing whether he would like to
be associated with a social outcast or with the most popular student in class. The rational choice for
Sebastian would then be dependent on which is more important to him, to play the game or to be
associated with the popular crowd.
This example provides the basic principle of Rational Choice Theory wherein preference plays an
important role in decision-making, while the individual rationalizes the burdens and benefits of the
available choices. This example also highlights the basic assumptions of rational choice theory which
are the following:
1. Individuals act purely on self-interest
2. Individuals understand their interests enough to rationally categorize them according to what
they most prefer.
3. Preferences are transitive in nature. This means that choices have a hierarchical order and that
the highest preference will always be favored.
 Another famous example of rational choice theory is the prisoner’s dilemma. Two recently
released convicts committed a crime. However, investigators of the case lack sufficient
evidence to prove their guilt. As a scheme, the investigators had the two suspects held in
separate rooms where they were told that if they tell on the other, they would be freed. This
condition allows one of them to go free, while the other faces incarceration. Since both will
think that the one is already betraying the other, both would indeed decide to betray the other,
causing both of them to be incarcerated. This example proves that indivudual self-interest
weighs heavily in the process of choice making.
 The underlying structure of the RCT is the incentive to do what is beneficial to all;
nevertheless, what weighs more heavily is the incentive to do what is beneficial to the
individual. This structure best explains how this theory is readily applied to social phenomena
and interactions.
THREE PILLARS OF RCT:

1. Strategies or courses of action open and available to them.
2. Their preferences over the end-states to which combinations of actions chosen by the various
player’s lead
3. Their beliefs about important parameters such as other preferences
A central feature of rational choice theories is the predominant focus on the individual as the actor
making the decisions
Individuals have all the rational capacity, time, and emotional detachment necessary to choose the
best course of action, no matter how complex the choice.
51
Rational Choice theorists try to explain political phenomena by using the behavioral conjecture
that actors are rational that is, they make purposive, goal-seeking choices based on their own
preferences, are able to rank alternatives from best to worst and choose according to what is best
for them given their own preferences or tastes.
CRITICISMS AND LIMITATIONS
 RCT is heavily criticized for its neglect of ethical and moral standards.
 The main philosophy of rational choice theory is the acquisition of personal interests, power, and
wealth.
Ward grouped these criticisms into four modes, namely:

1. The heretics critique who wish to emphasize bounded rationality
2. The sociologists’ critique of RCT’s tendency to play down social structures and holistic modes
of explanations
3. The psychologists critique of RCT’s main assumption that individuals often act rationally
4. Critique from mainstream political science on the basis of the implausibility of the
assumptions made and the predictive failures of the model
HERBERT SIMON
 For him, an action is procedurally rational if it is based on beliefs that are reasonable given the
context the actor is in.
: Explain Institutionalism.
INSTITUTIONALISM
Institutional Approach
 Can be understood as a subject matter, as a method and as a theory
 As a subject matter, the study of political institutions is central to the identity of the discipline
of political science
FORMAL-LEGAL POLITICAL STRUCTURE
 Is a subject matter that political scientists can claim exclusively for their own, a subject matter
that does not require acquisition of the analytical tools of sister fields and that sustains their
claim to autonomous existence.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
 A sub discipline within political science, has the study of institutions as its key characteristic.
 It is the study of the institutional arrangements for the provision of public services or the study
of public bureaucracies.
TRADITIONAL OR CLASSIC INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH (OLD INSTITUTIONALISM)
 is descriptive-inductive, formal-legal, and historical-comparative
 systematically describes and analyses phenomena that have occurred in the past and explain
contemporary political phenomena with reference to past events
 the goal is to explain and understand but not to formulate laws.
 It is descriptive because it employs the techniques of the historian and explores specific
events, eras, people and institutions.
 It is inductive because inferences are drawn from repeated observations
 It is formal because it involves the study of formal governmental organizations
 Legal because it includes the study of public law
NEW INSTITUTIONALISM
Has a much broader yet sophisticated definition of the subject matter
Institution is understood more broadly to refer to a stable, recurring pattern of behaviour.
It is concerned with the informal conventions of political life as well as with formal
52
constitutional and organizational structures
New institutionalists argue that institutions do matter
Variants of New Institutionalism
1. Normative Institutionalism – argues that political institutions
influence actors behaviour by shaping their values, norms,
interests, identities and beliefs.
2. Rational Choice Institutionalism – denies that institutional factors “produce behaviour or

shape individuals’ preferences, which they see as endogenously determined and relatively
stable
CRITICISMS ON THE APPROACH

critics to the classic approach attack the approach’s limitation both in terms of scope and
method.
PETERS, in Lowndes describe the “proto—theory” of the traditional approach as normative
(concerned with good government), structuralist (structures determine political behaviour),
historicist (the centrasl influence of history), legalist (law plays a major role in governing),
and holistic (concerned with describing and comparing whole systems of government)
Roy Macridis – a comparativist in political science, critiques the approach’s subject matter and
method while focusing on the study of comparative government
- He claimed that comparative government was excessively formalistic in its
approach to political institutions
David Easton – the most influential critic of the traditional study of politics, found the classic
institutional approach wanting on two grounds:
1. The analysis of law and institutions could not explain policy or power because it did not
cover all the relevant variables
Hyperfactualism or reverence for the fact, meant that political scientists suffered from “theoretical
malnutrition neglecting the general framework within which these facts could acquire meaning.

1. What is rational choice theory?
“Rational choice theory” is a general theory of action and is considered one of the three
overarching meta-theoretical paradigms in the social sciences, with structural-institutional
theories and cultural theories constituting its main competitors. Rational choice theory
explains social phenomena as outcomes of individual choices that can—in some way—be
construed as rational. Choices are “rational” if they meet some consistency criterion as
defined by a decision theory and are suitable to achieve specific goals, given the constraints
of the situation. Rational choice theory comes in many varieties, depending on the
assumptions that are made concerning preferences, beliefs, and constraints—the key
elements of all rational choice explanations. Preferences denote the positive or negative
evaluations individuals attach to possible outcomes of their actions. Preferences can have
many roots, ranging from culturally transmitted tastes for food or other items to personal
habits and commitments. Beliefs refer to perceived cause-effect relations, including the
perceived likelihood with which an individual’s actions will result in different possible
outcomes. Constraints define the limits to the set of feasible actions.
2. How does it explain social behaviour?

Rational choice theory (RCT) is based on the premise of individual self-interested utility
maximization. Organizational theory (OT) is based on the premise of efficient functioning of
organizations through means/ends rationality within organizations. Organizational economic
theory, which consists of transaction cost economics (TCE) and agency theory (AT), forms
an indirect link between RCT and OT. However, TCE and AT differ in their grounding
53
premises. Thus, economic organizational frameworks, which purport to link micro-level RCT
to meso-organizational theory, are unable to do so, due to the incompatibility of the premises
on which RCT and OT rest. As one set of premises are assumed, the other becomes
problematic. No OT has successfully integrated RCT and OT.
3. What are the objects to critiques of the rational choice theory?

An argument against rational choice theory is that most people follow social norms, even
when they're not benefitting from adhering to them. Also, some critics say that rational
choice theory doesn't account for choices that are made due to situational factors or that are
context-dependent.
Rational choice theory states that individuals rely on rational calculations to make
rational choices that result in outcomes aligned with their own best interests. Rational
choice theory is often associated with the concepts of rational actors, self-interest, and the
invisible hand.
__________________________________________
---o0o---

Teacher: __________________________
Name of Learner : ________________________________________________

Week No.: 7 Score : __________
A. Written Work/s:
Write a journal about application of rationality in decision-making.
Activity: Journal Writing.

54
Instruction: Think of instances in your life wherein you applied rationality in making a final choice
or decision? Elaborate your answer by giving not only your choice and the options available but also
the reason for your choice. Write it in the box below.
Scoring Rubric:
Student was able to Student was able to
Doesn’t able to
convey clear, organized convey clear and
convey clear and
CONTENT and complete ideas on complete ideas on the
complete ideas about
the topic. topic but organization
the topic
He/she gave a complete He/she gave a limited
and correct answer more answer and the ideas
The answer was out of
CORRECTNESS than what the question are not properly
the topic.
asked. There is an organized.
organization of thoughts.
Shows extensive Shows accurate Doesn’t show any
RELEVANCE TO understanding about the understanding about accurate understanding
THE TOPIC concept without any error. the concept with 1-2 at all
errors.
55
TOPIC: Sigmund Freud and the concept of Hermeneutical Phenomenology.
WEEK 9
INTRODUCTION:
Psychoanalysis began with a young physician’s research for the treatment of his patients with
emotional problems. Frustrated by the lack of knowledge that existed during his time, he set out to
develop his own methods of treatment. In the course of developing his methods, the young doctor also
developed a general theory of personality, aimed at explaining why people develop their unique patterns
of typical behavior. That young doctor was Sigmund Freud, and his theory was known as
psychoanalytic theory (Lahey 2007, 464).
Freud theorized three levels of consciousness and three components of the personality structure.
The three levels of consciousness are the conscious mind, the preconscious mind, and the unconscious
mind. The three components of the personality structure, each with a different function are: the id, the
ego, the superego.
Hermeneutic Phenomenology is used to interpret the meaning of lived experiences and

communicate the interpretation textually or symbolically, while transcendental phenomenology is based
on discovering the objective universal essence of lived experiences and communicating them through
pure description (Beyer, 2011, Creswell, 2007; van Manen, 1990). Hermaneutics is the tradition, theory,
56
philosophy, and practice of interpretation (Moules, 2002; Smith et al., 2009). Hermeneutic
phenomenology, then, has its roots in both hermeneutics and phenomenology.

Content Standard
The learners should be able to Evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of the approach.
Most Essential Learning Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social
Competencies (MELCs) science ideas: Psychoanalysis and Hermeneutical Phenomenology.
REFERENCES
C. Printed:
Books Store, Inc.
 Answer the pre-assessment about Sigmund Freud and the concept of Hermeneutical
Phenomenology.
 Discuss Sigmund Freud.
 Explain hermeneutic phenomenology.
 Write a position letter about the given topic or issue.

Find Out More
1. Is psychoanalysis scientific?
2. What is the relationship between personality and behavior?
57
CONTENT DISCUSSION:
: Answer the pre-assessment about Sigmund Freud and the concept of Hermeneutical
Phenomenology.
Activity: Pre-assessment
Guess Who
A. Direction: Do you know who Sigmund Freud was? Identify as many ideas as you can anything
that you can associate with Sigmund Freud.
____
____ Who is
Sigmund ____
Freud?
____
Guess What
B. Direction: Write the first four words that comes to your mind inside the graphic organizer
below when you hear the word hermeneutic Phenomenology.
____
____
What is
Hermeneutic
Phenomenolog ____
y
____
58
: Discuss Sigmund Freud concept of Psychoanalysis.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Began with a young physician’s search for the treatment of his patients with emotional
problems. The young doctor developed a general theory of personality aimed at explaining
why people develop their unique patterns of typical behavior. That young doctor was
Sigmund Freud and his theory known as Psychoanalytic theory.
To Freud, the mind is like an iceberg; the conscious mind is merely the tip visible above the surface,
whereas the bulk of the important workings of the mind lurks mysteriously beneath the surface. Just
below the surface is what Freud called the preconscious mind. It consists of memories that are not
presently conscious but can easily be brought into consciousness…The contents of the preconscious
were once conscious and can be returned to consciousness when needed.
59
Further down from consciousness lies the unconscious mind. It stores primitive instinctual motives
plus memories and emotions that are so threatening to the conscious mind that they have been
unconsciously pushed into the unconscious mind through process of repression. The contents of the
unconscious mind, unlike the preconscious mind, are not normally accessible to consciousness. They
can rarely be made fully conscious, and then only with great difficulty (Lahey 2007, 465).
THREE LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS:

 Conscious Mind
 Preconscious mind
 Unconscious mind
THREE COMPONENTS OF THE PERSONALITY STRUCTURE:
 Id
 Ego
 Superego
 When the infant was born, the mind has only one part, the Id which is composed primarily of two
sets of instincts, life instincts and death instincts
ID – it operates according to the pleasure principle

- Wants to obtain immediate pleasure and avoid pain, regardless of how harmful it might be to
others.
- The unconscious part of the mind
EGO – operates according to the reality principle
- The conscious part of the mind (Rational Self)
- The ego’s goal is to help the id fulfil its needs.
- Decides what action to take for positive means and what to do based on what is believed is the
right thing to do.
SUPEREGO
- The part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions and by
striving to attain a goal of ideal perfection.
- unconscious part of the mind that act as our conscience
- Parents are the main agents of society in creating the superego.
 According to Freud, parental punishment creates the set of moral inhibitions known as the
conscience whereas their rewards set up a standard of perfect conduct in the superego called the
ego ideal
 . The conscience and the ego ideal work together by punishing behaviour that breaks the moral
code through guilt and rewarding good behaviour through pride.
CRITICISMS ABOUT PSYCHOANALYSIS

At the beginning of 21st century, witnessed the decline of Psychoanalysis, its prestige has
plummeted along with its economic viability and even its population.
A once fascinated public distrusts psychoanalysis as unscientific, authoritarian, deluded,
reactionary, trite, arrogant, sexist and or passé.
Those who questioned psychoanalysis as scientific make the following claims:
1. Its subject is not reducible to its anatomy, physics, or chemistry
2. Its development cannot be understood or replicated independent of its founder’s
personality
3. It does not meet up methodological specifications of the sciences that require public
verification and testing
Is Psychoanalysis a science or not?
According to the hermeneuticists, they believe that psychoanalysis is hermeneutic discipline,
60
not capable of being held to the principles of the traditional sciences but instead requiring a
more humanistic understanding.
On the other hand, certain psychoanalysts believe that psychoanalysis is a science and that its
basic theoretical tenets and therapeutic efficacy can be validated by empirical-analytical
methods that are akin to those used in the other basic sciences.
: Explain hermeneutic phenomenology.
HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY
It is a particular type of phenomenology among a range of phenomenological methodologies,
usually classified into two camps, namely the descriptive phenomenology and the interpretive
phenomenology.
CLASSIFICATION OF DESCRIPTION
HERMENEUTIC
PHENOMENOLOGY
1. DESCRIPTIVE - Was developed by Edmund Husserl
PHENOMENOLOGY - Is based on discovering the objective
or universal essences of lived experiences
TRANSCENDENTAL and communicating them through pure
PHENOMENOLOGY description
2. INTERPRETIVE OR - Developed by Martin Heidegger
HERMENEUTIC - Used to interpret the meaning of lived
PHENOMENOLOGY experiences and communicate the
interpretation textually or symbolically
- The interpretation of text or language by
an observer or the art and science of
interpretation.
FOUR COMMON FEATURES OF DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE METHODOLOGIES

1. Description – the aim of phenomenology is description of phenomena
2. Reduction- is a process that involves suspending or bracketing the phenomena so that the things
themselves can be returned to.
3. Essences – is the core meaning of an individual’s experience that makes it what it is.
4. Intentionality – is the total meaning of the object or the idea which is always more than what is
given in the perception of a single perspective
 In principle, phenomenology focuses on people’s perceptions of the world or the perception of the
things in their appearing, but there is a variation between descriptive phenomenology and
interpretive phenomenology on this aspect:
a. Husserl believed that the observer could transcend the phenomena and meanings being
investigated to take a global view of the essences discovered.
b. Heidegger was of the view that the observer could not remove him or herself from the process of
essence identification, that he or she existed with the phenomena and the essences. What is
central to his view was the use of language and the interpretation of a person’s meaning-making,
their attribution of meaning to phenomena.
 As a method, descriptive and hermeneutic phenomenologies also vary significantly:
1. Descriptive Phenomenology – one has the technique of bracketing off influences around a
phenomenon to get the essences
- The focus of descriptive phenomenology is the correlation of the noema of experience (the
what) and the noesis (the how it is experienced).
2. Hermeneutic Phenomenology – one has approaches that recommend to the researcher to
interpret the meanings found in relation to phenomena.
The focus is on understanding the meaning of experience by searching for themes, engaging with the
61
data interpretively with less emphasis on the essences that are important to descriptive phenomenology.

1. Is psychoanalysis scientific?
Psychoanalysis is one of the most prominent and most intensely discussed research
programs of the twentieth century. One important debate in the philosophy of medicine
centers around the question of whether or not psychoanalysis is a scientific research
program. The paradigm case for the evaluation of this question is the theory of Sigmund
Freud, who – in contrast to Carl G. Jung, Alfred Adler, and other proponents of
psychoanalytic theory – regarded his theoretical efforts as a scientific project throughout
his whole life. His project was continued by researchers in psychology and medicine, as
well as practitioners in clinical psychotherapy and psychiatry. In order to give a more
elaborate answer to the question of the extent to which this project is judged to be
successful in contemporary science, it is necessary to differentiate between
psychoanalytic theory, psychodynamic therapy, and the research methodology applied in
the Freudian tradition.
Even if Freud himself took psychoanalysis to be a scientific, validated theory, his own
research methodology faces serious problems. From the perspective of contemporary
science, it constitutes the most “unscientific” aspect of his whole conception, because it is
generally seen as falling victim to the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy. It is therefore
deemed inappropriate for producing any substantial scientific evidence. But – contrary to
Popper’s prominent critique – it cannot be denied that many claims of psychoanalytic
theory are empirically testable and that since the 1950s, a remarkable body of evidence
that fulfills scientific research standards has been generated with the aim of confirming
the central theoretical claims of psychoanalysis and the efficacy of psychoanalytic
therapy. Therefore, in a processual or methodological sense, today’s psychoanalysis is
without any doubt a scientific research program. But at the same time, it is an open
question whether the scientific endeavor to confirm the central claims of psychoanalysis
will turn out to be successful. The generally accepted theorems that form the common
core of today’s psychoanalytic theorizing are – in sharp contrast to Freud’s original
theory – rather carefully formulated and are not particularly specific. For this reason, the
relevance of psychoanalysis for the further development of psychology and medicine and
the question of the efficacy and effectiveness of an autonomous psychodynamic therapy
are matters of a deep and ongoing controversy.
2. What is the relationship between personality and behavior?

Behaviour refers to absolutely everything we do. Personality is how we as individuals
tend to behave — and also think and feel — in ways that are broadly consistent over
time, but may be quite different from how a lot of other people think, feel and behave.
For example, one form of behaviour is speaking in public.
Hermeneutic phenomenology is focused on subjective experience of individuals and

groups. It is an attempt to unveil the world as experienced by the subject. Through their life world
stories. This school believes that interpretations are all we have and description itself is an
interpretive process.
62
__________________________________________
---o0o---

Teacher: __________________________
Name of Learner : ________________________________________________

Week No.: 8 Score : __________
A. Written Work/s:
Write a position letter about the given topic or issue.
Activity: Position paper. (Performance Task)

Instruction: Write a position paper and explain your stand on the issue. The issue is: “Can social
scientists become both objective and subjective in their study or inquiry?” Discuss your response to the
63
issue by writing a position paper that clearly states your stand on the issue. Provide clear arguments and
examples as you explain your stand on the issue.
Scoring Rubric:
Student was able to convey Student was able to
clear, organized and convey clear and Doesn’t able to convey
CONTENT complete ideas on complete ideas on the clear and complete ideas
the topic. topic but organization about the topic
He/she gave a complete and He/she gave a limited
correct answer more than answer and the ideas are
The answer was out of
CORRECTNESS what the question asked. not properly organized.
the topic.
There is an organization of
thoughts.
Shows extensive Shows accurate Doesn’t show any
RELEVANCE TO understanding about the understanding about the accurate understanding
THE TOPIC concept without any error. concept with 1-2 errors. at all.
64
65

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Department of Education

Division of Nueva Vizcaya

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence

Below are the Learning Targets/ Specific Objectives:

1. Develop comprehensive definition of Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Humanities.

Exploration of Prior Knowledge

What I Want to How I Can Learn

PROCESS QUESTIONS/ FOCUS QUESTIONS:

Develop comprehensive definition of Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Humanities.

Social Sciences Natural Sciences Humanities

I. TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is True and F if it is False.

Define Social Sciences as the study of society.

WHAT MAKES THESE THREE FIELDS UNITES?

SOCIAL HUMANITIES NATURAL SCIENCES

PURPOSE/END Generation of new Generation of wisdom, to Discovery of laws that rule

METHODOLOGY Application of an Application of an Application of natural

REVISED KNOWLEDGE: Actual answer to the process questions/ focus questions

FINAL KNOWLEDGE: Generalization/ Synthesis/ Summary

DBES LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET/GAWAING PAGKATUTO

Subject: Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences

Name of Learner : __________________________________________________

TOPIC: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND ITS APPLICATIONS

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence

Below are the Learning Targets/ Specific Objectives:

1. Analyze the photo about problems in society.

Exploration of Prior Knowledge

What I Want to How I Can Learn

PROCESS QUESTIONS/ FOCUS QUESTIONS:

: Analyze the photo about problems in society.

Activity: Photo Analysis

Key Issues reflected in the photo:

EXPLORE THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Stages of the Research Process

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS

: Distinguish qualitative method from quantitative method of research.

- Analyses qualitative data such as interviews, narratives, and literary texts.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ASSESSMENT

REVISED KNOWLEDGE: Actual answer to the process questions/ focus questions

Quantitative research method has proven to be beneficial in the following ways

- It provides an allowance on the formulation of statistically sound

Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

As an alternative to quantitative research, qualitative research is also employed in social science

("Qualitative Research," 2008)

3. How is the scientific method used in conducting research?

FINAL KNOWLEDGE: Generalization/ Synthesis/ Summary

1. Which method or research do you prefer and why?

DBES LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET/GAWAING PAGKATUTO

Subject: Discipline and ideas in the Social Sciences

Name of Learner : __________________________________________________

Activity: Photo Analysis of Social Issues

Importance of using the social sciences

RUBRIC FOR THE PHOTO ANALYSIS ACTIVITY:

TOPIC: SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES: HISTORY, METHODS AND AREAS OF

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence of

Below are the Learning Targets/ Specific Objectives:

1. Answer the pretest about the disciplines within social sciences.

Exploration of Prior Knowledge

What I Want to How I Can Learn

Skills I expect to use:

PROCESS QUESTIONS/ FOCUS QUESTIONS:

Activity: LESSON PRETEST

 Performance task for the lesson.