LESSON 2

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICITY

BY: PHOEBE KAYE I. CAPILITAN

GRACYL G. CANONOY
 2. CURRENT (1)

• Current or electric current is the free and directed movement or the rate of eelectrons
flowing and passing through a conductir material. The symbol for current is I, which
means intensity from the French phase intensite du currant, (current intensity). It was
named after Andre-Marie Ampere
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICITY

Electricity would not be possible without its three main properties; voltage, current, and
resistance. These three essentias make free electrons of the atoms in an conductor
material to flow in a directed manner, making it possible for all electronics and
electronic components to function and operate
 1. VOLTAGE (E)

• Voltage is the electromotive pressure or force that’s makes free electronics in the
conductor to move and transfer from atom to atom making a continuous electric
current flow. It is also known electorotive (EMV) or electromagnetic force (EMF),
thus the symbol for voltage. It was named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian psysicist,
and chemist who invented the first electric battery. A voltmeter as the instrument used
to measure the amount of voltage in the circuit. Voltage is generated in several ways to
supply the large demands of electricity for daily usage worldwide, as follows
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
FRICTION

DESCRIPTION
Produce voltage by rubbing together two materials of
different statistic charges; also known as static
electricity, it frequently occurs in dry climates or
during low humidity
 VOLTAGE GENERATION

PRESSURE

DESCRIPTION
produce voltage by compressing the electrons I crystals
(quartz) to move at specific frequencies, commonly use in
communication equipment and radio receivers
 VOLTAGE GENERATION

HEAT ACTION

DESCRIPTION
Produce voltage by heating two different metas
joined at particular junction or point where the free
electrons move and meet called a thermocouple
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
LIGHT ACTION

DESCRIPTION
Produce voltage with the use of photoelectric
cells that makes electronics move when light
hits the sensitive susbstance, commonly used
in television cameras
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
D. WIND POWER

DESCRIPTION
Mechanically produced voltage by turning
the turbines with the energy of the strong
wind current that hits its rotor blades
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
E.FOSSIL FUEL POWER

DESCRIPTION
Also known as the thermal or steam power plant,
mechanically produced voltage by turning the turbines
with steam caused by boiling the water with heat from
burned fossil fuels like coal, poil and natural
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
F. GEOTHERMAL POWER

DESCRIPTION
Mechanically produced voltage by turning
the turbines with steam that comes from
heat build-up under the Earth’s surface
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
G. TIDAL POWER

DESCRIPTION
Also known as offshore hydroelectric power
plant, mechanically produced voltage by turning
the turbines using the energy from strong
flowing waters collected during high tide,
trapped in a dam and released during low tide
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
SOLAR POWER

DESCRIPTION
Produced voktage with the use of
photovoltaic cells, allowing light from the
sun to move the free electrons in the cells
and generates a flow of electric current
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
CHEMICAL ACTION

DESCRIPTION
Produce voltage through a chemical reaction
between two chemicals (carbo, can and zinc)
suspended in the water soluion called the electrolyte,
causing free electronis to flow in between the tw
chemicals; commonly found in dry and wet cells as
batteries
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
MAGNETISM/MECHANICAL ACTION

DESCRIPTION
Prouce voltage by moving back and forth a copper
wired conductor through C or U-shaped
electromagnetic that causethe field’s line of force,
and rotagting electrical generators through a
turning turbine caused by the following
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
A. HYDROELECTRIC POWER

DESCRIPTION
Mechanically produced voltage by turning
the turbines using the energy from strong
flowing waters (dams, water reserves,
waterfalls), thus rotating the generators
 VOLTAGE GENERATION
B. NUCLEAR POWER

DESCRIPTION
Mecganically produced voltage by turning the
turbines with steam caused by boiling the water
with heat neutrons produced by splitting the atoms
of uranium fuel inside a nuclear reactor, a processs
called atomic fission
 TWO GENERAL TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT

1. Direct Current (DC) – flows continuously in the same direction. Common sources
include dry wet cells,batteries, solar, photocells and thermocouplings.
2. Alternating Current – periodically reverses direction. At one moment , it is goes
positive, and then it goes negative and so on as a cycle called hertz power. Common
sources are magnetic and mechanical (hydropower, nuclear, wind, fossil fuel,
geothermal and tidcal).
 RESISTANCE (R)

• Resistance is the substance or material’s opposition, restriction, or limitations the

electric current the passes through it. A good conductor has minimal resistance value
in it, isulator has a high amount of resistance in it, making it hard or impossible for
electric current to flow. The symbol of resistance is R is measured in ohm. An
ohmmeter is an instrument that measures resistance in circuit. Manufactured circuit
devices that provide a measured amount od resistance are called resistors
A conduct wire’s resistance is dependent on its:
A. LENGTH
(The resistance is high is the wire is long; the resistance is low of the wire is
short.)
B. DIAMETER
(The resistance is high if the diameter of a wire is small; the resistance is low
if the diameter of a wires is big .)
C. TEMPERATURE
( The resistance is high if the wireis hot; the resistance is low if the
wire is cold.)
D. COMPOSITION
(CONDUCTOR materials, e.g., paper, plastic,rubber, have high
resistance
 4. POWER (P)
• Electrical power is the rate of work at which voltage makes the electric current flow. Since voltage makes current flow in a
close circuit, work is being done. Electric power rate is measured by watt- the basic unit of power, named after James Watt,
a Scottish engineer, and inventor, for his significant contribution to the development of the steam engine. Power is equal to
the voltage multiplied by the current, hence the basic formula power is:
P=ExI
where:
P = Power (expressed in watts)
E = Voltage (expressed in volts)
I = Current (expressed in amperes)

Derived formula include:

I = P / E if current is asked;

E = P / I if voltage is asked.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A microwave oven is plugged into a 220V power source. How much power does it consume if it
has current of 10A?
P=ExI
= 220 V x 10
P = 2200 watts or 2.2 kilowatts

Others formulas for power would be derived if there will be resistance involved in the problem.
P=I P=E/R
I=P/R E= PR
R = P/ I R=E / P
 OHM’S LAW

Ohm’s law is a very well know concept in understanding the relationships among the
three essential properties of electricity; voltage, current, and resistance. It was named after
George Simon Ohm, a German physicist, and mathematician, who discovered the direct
relationship among the current flow with voltage and resistance I the conductor and the
circuit.
Ohm’s law states that the current (I) is directly comparative to the supply voltage (E) and
inversely comparative to the resistance (R). In simpler terms, when the current is high, the
supply voltage is also increased, but the resistance is low. Comparatively, when the currnt
is low, the supply voltage is also ow, but the resistance is high.
 .

It is expressed in formula as:

I=E
R

where:
I = Current (in amperes (A)
E = Voltage (in volts (V) )
R = Resistance (in ohms ())
 A. FINDING CURRENT (1)

Sample Problem:
A telephone toy with 10 ohms resistance is connected to a 3V battery.
Compute for the current that flows in the top?
I = E /R
3V /10ohms
I=0.3 A
 B. FINDING VOLTAGE (E)

Sample Problem:
How much voltage would make 0.75 A flow through a resistor with a value of 300
ohms?

E=IXR
=0.75 A x 300 ohms
E = 225 V
 C. FINDING RESISTANCE (R)

Sample Problem:
The soldering iron’s heating element has 15 Amps and is plugged ino a 220V outlet
source. How much is the resistance of the heating element?

R = E/ I
= 220 V / 15 A
R= 14.67
 SOLVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER
CONSUMPTION
Sample Problem:
1. Compute for the monthly electrical power consumption of a microwave oven with
800 watts power rating usedfor 10 hours in a month..
2. Compute for the monthwith ly electrical consumption of a laptop charger with an
output voltage of 19V with 1.58A current used for 3 hours per day with P 11.75 per
kw/hr..
SOLVING THE ELECTRICALPOWER CONSUMPTION
1.Compute of the monthly electrical power consumption of a microwave oven with 800 watts power
rating use for 10 hurs in a mouth
800 watts x 10 hours = 8000 watts hour
8000 watts convert to kilowatt = 8000 watts x 1 km =8 km/hr.
2. Compute for the monthly electrical consumption of a loptop charger with an output voltage of 19v
with 1.58A current used for 3hrs per day with P 11.75 per kw/hr
P=Ex I
=19V X.58A
P=30.02 watts
30.02 watts x 3 hours =90.06 watts (daily consumption)
90.06 watts x 3 days = 2,701.80 watts ( monthly consumption)
2701.8 watts convert to kilowatt =2,701.8 wattsx 1kw = 2.7 kw/hr.
2.7 kw/hr x P 11.75 = P 31.72(amount to be paid)