Descriptors of Motion

Motion
Motion is a change in position of
any body or object with respect to
a fixed reference point.

If an object moves at constant

speed, the motion is uniform. So
we call it uniform motion.
Position and Frame of Reference
Position – the location of an object
with respect to some reference
frame.

Reference frame – a physical

entity, such as the ground, room,
or a building to which motion or
position of an object is being
referred.
Distance and Displacement
Distance – the total path covered
by an object in moving from its
initial position to its final position.

Displacement – refers to the

straight-line distance between its
initial and final positions, with
direction towards the final position.
Problem
Suppose that in going to school,
you walked 40 m east and 30 m
north. When you arrived in
school, you found out that classes
were suspended because of bad
weather. You went back home
following the same path. What
was your total displacement?
Problem
Fredrik walks 60 m due east. Realizing
that he forgets his book, he decided to
go back to his house. He had traveled
45 m due west when he meets his
brother carrying his book. Getting the
book from his brother, he turns east
and walks his way an additional
distance of 60 m. Find (a) total
distance Fredrik walked and (b) his
displacement.
Speed
Speed – a measure of how fast
something is moving. It is the rate at
which distance is covered and is always
measured in terms of a unit of distance
divided by a unit of time.
Instantaneous speed – speed that
something has at any instant; speed
shown by the speedometer of a car.
Average speed – total distance covered
over a time interval.
Problem

What is the speed of a jet

plane that flies 7,200 km in
nine hours?
Problem

If your average speed is 80

kilometers per hour on a 5-
hour trip, then what distance
do you cover?
Problem

You cover 10 meters in a time

of 1 second. Is your speed the
same if you cover 20 meters
in 2 seconds?
Velocity
Velocity – speed with direction.

Average velocity – total

displacement over time interval.

Instantaneous velocity
– velocity at an instant of time.
Problem

A student drives 6 km from his

home to school in 3 hours but
makes the return trip in only 2
hours. What are the average
speeds and average velocities for
(a) each half of the round trip and
(b) total trip?
When something moves at constant
velocity or constant speed, then
equal distances are covered in
equal intervals of time.

Constant velocity means constant

speed with no change in direction.
Acceleration
Acceleration – change in velocity
over a time interval. A moving
object accelerates when:

1) speed changes,
2) direction changes, and
3) both the speed and direction
change.
Problem

Calculate the acceleration

of a car (in km/h/s) that
can go from rest to 100
km/h in 10 s.
Problem

Calculate the acceleration

of a bus that goes from 10
km/h to a speed of 50
km/h in 10 seconds.
Problem
The lower left chamber of the heart
pumps blood into the aorta. The
left ventricular contraction lasts
for 20 seconds, during which time
a mass of 80 g of blood is
accelerated from rest to a speed
of about 0.45 m/s. What is the
acceleration of the blood during
this time?
Problem

A car undergoes a constant

acceleration of 2 m/s 2

starting from rest. How far

does it travel in 10 s?
Problem

A car has uniformly

accelerated from rest to a
speed of 25 m/s after
traveling 75 m. What is its
acceleration?
Free Fall
Symmetries during Free Fall
Time symmetry – the time
required for the object to reach
maximum height equals the time
for it to return to its starting point.
Speed symmetry – at any
displacement above the point of
release, the speed of the body
during the upward trip equals the
speed during the downward trip.
Problem

John jumps 0.75 m off the

floor. What is his speed
when leaving the floor?
Problem

A wheel falls from an

airplane flying horizontally
at an altitude of 490 m.
The wheel strikes the
ground in how many
seconds?
FORCE
What is FORCE?
Force is a push or a pull
exerted by one body on
another body, the effect of
which is to tend to change or
change the state of motion of
the body on which it acts.
Fundamental Forces
Gravitational force – responsible for the
weights of the bodies on earth as well as
for the motion of the planets.
Electromagnetic force – force that holds
atoms and molecules together.
Strong nuclear force – holds the
constituents of the nucleus together.
Weak nuclear force – plays a role in the
radioactive decay of some nuclei.
Non-Fundamental Forces
Normal force – exists when the object is in
contact with the surface. The force is always
perpendicular to the surface on which the
object is in contact.
Tension force – force exerted by a cord or
rope that pulls the object.
Friction – resists the motion of the object.
Weight – the force with which a body is
attracted towards the center of the earth.
Combining Forces
Note:
If the sum of the forces equate to
zero, they are considered balanced.
If the algebraic sum is not equal to
zero, the forces are not balanced.
The non-zero sum is the net or
unbalanced force. This unbalanced
or net force would cause a change in
a body’s state of motion.
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
First Law of Motion
Law of Inertia – a body at rest would
remain at rest, or a body in motion
would remain in motion with constant
velocity, unless acted upon by net
external force (unbalanced force).
Mass versus Weight

Mass – measure of the inertia

of the body.

Weight – the force with which a

body is attracted toward the
center of the earth.
Second Law of Motion
Law of Acceleration – the force is equal to
the product of mass and acceleration of
the body. The acceleration is directly
proportional to the force applied to the
body and inversely proportional to the
mass of the body.
Problem

John pulls a 50-kg box with

an acceleration of 2 m/s . 2

Calculate the force John

applies in pulling the box.
Problem

A salesman pushes a 510-

kg cart with a horizontal
force of 125 N. What is the
acceleration of the cart?
Problem

How is the acceleration

affected if the force is
doubled while the mass
remains constant?
Problem

A 2-kg box is pushed with a

horizontal force of 10 N.
The box encounters an
opposing force of 6 N.
Calculate the acceleration.
Problem
A shopper in a supermarket
pushes a loaded cart with a
horizontal force of 10 N. If the
cart has a mass of 20 kg, how
far (in meters) will it move in
10 seconds, starting from
rest?
Third Law of Motion
Law of Interaction – in every action force,
there is an equal and opposite reaction
force.
What does the third law of motion say?

1. Action and reaction forces

are equal in magnitude but
oppositely directed.
2. Action and reaction forces
are acting on two different
bodies and will never cancel
out.
Problem
An object of weight 30 N
rests on a table. If the
weight is the downward
pull of the earth on the
object, what is the reaction
to this force?
Problem
As you sit on your chair and
study physics, the force of
gravity acts downward upon
your body. What are the action
and reaction forces in this
situation?
Momentum
and
Impulse
MOMENTUM

Linear momentum or simply

momentum of an object is the
product of mass of the object
and its velocity. Momentum is
a vector quantity, with the
direction the same as velocity.
Problem

Which has greater momentum:

a bowling ball having a mass of
5 kg moving at 0.40 m/s or a
baseball having a mass of 0.2
kg moving at 10 m/s?
IMPULSE

Impulse is the product of the

force and time during which it
acts. Impulse is also a vector
quantity with the same
direction as the force. Its SI
Unit is newton second.
Problem

What is the average force

exerted by 60-kg passenger
on his seatbelt when his car
crashes onto a concrete wall?
The car moving at 20 m/s
comes to a halt in 0.10 s.
Problem

Find the force in an accident

where the momentum of a
motorcycle rider wearing a
helmet changes from 80 kg
m/s to 0 in 0.02 s.
WORK
WORK
Work is the product of force
and the displacement the
object moves under the
influence of that force. Work is
done only when a force
succeeds in moving the body
upon which it acts.
Problem

Calculate the work done

on an object when a
force of 10 N pushes it 5
m.
Problem
Calculate the work done by
a shopper in pushing her
grocery cart by a force of
32 N through a distance of
5 m.
Problem
A woman pushes horizontally
on a 2-kg cart with a force of
300 N. The cart moves a
horizontal distance of 3 m.
what is the final speed of the
cart assuming it starts from
rest?
ENERGY
Energy is the ability to do
work.

Law of Conservation of
Energy – energy cannot be
created nor destroyed.
Potential vs Kinetic
Potential energy is the energy
possessed by a body by virtue
of its position or configuration.

Kinetic energy is the energy

possessed by a body because
of its motion.
Problem

What is the potential

energy of a 5-kg box
located 8 m above the
ground?
Problem

Which has greater kinetic

energy: a 2-kg mass
moving at 3 m/s or a 1-kg
mass moving at 6 m/s?
Problem

Calculate the power if

200 J of work is done in
pushing an object in 10
seconds.
Problem

Calculate the power when

work is done by a shopper
in pushing her grocery cart
by a force of 32 N through
a distance of 5 m in 20 s.
Other Forms of Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

- motion of an object
traveling along a circular
path at a constant speed
but with changing velocity.
Problem
A 0.25-kg ball is attached to
the end of a 0.5-m string
and moved in a horizontal
circle at 2 m/s. What net
force is needed to keep the
ball moving in circular path?
Problem

How is the force affected if

the speed of the object
moving in a circular path is
doubled and the radius is
halved?
Rotational Motion

- motion of a body turning about

an axis, where each particle of
a body moves along a circular
path.
Rotational Motion
Problem

The dryer of a washing

machine goes into its spin cycle
from rest and gains a speed of
6 rev/s in 3 s. compute the
angular acceleration.
Moment of Inertia
- rotational analog for mass.
Problem

A thin cylindrical shell and a

thin spherical shell are
released from rest from the
same height of an inclined
plane. Which will reach the
bottom first?
Torque
- effectiveness of a force in rotating
a body.
Problem

A uniform disk with a mass of

0.5 kg and a diameter of 0.2 m
accelerates from rest to a
speed of 6 rad/s in 5 s. Find the
applied torque.
PROJECTILE MOTION
PROJECTILE MOTION
- motion of a body thrown
horizontally or at an angle θ
other than 90° with the
horizontal.
Examples:
a soccer ball being kicked
a basketball being thrown
a bullet being fired from a rifle
Projectile Motion Components
- Horizontal component: uniform
motion
- Vertical component: free fall

- If air resistance is neglected, a

projectile moves horizontally at
constant speed as it falls vertically
with acceleration equal to g.
Projectile Motion
- The path that a projectile follows
is called a trajectory. The
trajectory of projectile is a
parabola.
Note:
a. At any instant, the velocity of a
projectile is
Note:
b. At the highest point of its
trajectory, only the vertical velocity
is zero. The horizontal velocity is
still v0x. Thus, velocity at the
highest point is equal to v0x.
c. The acceleration at the highest
point of its trajectory is g and not
zero.
Range of a Projectile
Range is the horizontal distance traveled by
the projectile between the launching position
and landing position, on the assumption that
it returns to the same level at which it is fired.
Range of a Projectile
Range depends not only on the
projection speed but also on the angle
of projection.
Projectile Motion

- Projectile motion also exhibits

time and speed symmetries. In
addition, there are always two
angles giving the same range
for a given initial velocity.
These two angles are
complementary.
Ranges of Different Projectiles
x-component y-component
Fluid Mechanics
Pressure
Pressure – force per unit area.
Problem

Calculate the pressure of force

with a magnitude of 4 newtons
applied to an area of 2 square
meters. Express your answer
in (a) atm and (b) mm Hg.
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure – the pressure
exerted by the weight of the atmosphere.

Note: The pressure increases as height decreases.

Problem

What is the atmospheric

pressure at an altitude of 5.5
km?
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure – the pressure
that a confined fluid exerts on all parts
of the container in contact with
it or on any object immersed in the fluid.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Note: The pressure increases as depth
increases.
Problem

What is the difference in the

blood pressure between the
top of the head and the bottom
of the feet of a 1.5 m person
standing erect? The density of
blood is 1060 kg/m3.
Problem
At least how high above the vein
must an intravenous (IV) bag be
hung in order for the fluid to flow
into the vein? Assume that the
gauge blood pressure in the vein is
12 mm Hg and that the blood and
the fluid in the IV bag have the
same density.
Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s Principle states that the pressure
applied to a confined fluid at rest is
transmitted without change to every part of
the fluid and to the walls of the container.
Problem
A hydraulic press has pistons of
area 0.005 m2 and 0.35 m2,
respectively. A force of 25 N is
applied to the smaller one. Find
the pressure exerted on the
smaller piston and on the big
piston. What is the lifting force on
the bigger piston?
Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ Principle states that the
buoyant force on a submerged object is
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
the object.
Archimedes’ Principle
Principle of Floatation
Problem

A 50-kg block with a density

of 500 kg/m3 is put into the
water. Calculate the buoyant
force on the block.
 Principle of Floatation
 If the density of the object is less than the density
of the liquid, its weight is less than the weight of
the fluid displaced. Buoyant force is greater than
the weight of the object. The object will rise until
the buoyant force equals its weight. Thus, the
object will be partially submerged.
 If the density of the object is greater than the
density of the liquid, buoyant force is less than its
weight. The object will sink.
 If the density of the object is equal to the density of
the liquid, buoyant force is equal to the weight of
the object. The object will float.
Principle of Floatation
Problem

What % of the volume of ice

is submerged in water? Ice
3
has a density of 900 kg/m .
Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics – study of fluids in motion.
Assumptions: (1) the fluid is ideal, (2) the
flow is steady
Continuity Equation
Continuity equation – an expression of
conservation of mass, means that the mass
passing through one section of the pipe in
time interval Δt must pass through any
section of the pipe in the same time
interval.
Problem
Atheriosclerosis is a disease that is
characterized by thickening of the arterial
wall. In this condition, a deposit forms on
the arterial wall, reducing the opening
through which blood flows. Suppose that
because of this disease, the area of the
clogged artery is 0.8 m of the area of a
normal artery. If the blood is moving at
0.40 m/s in the normal artery, find its
speed at the clogged portion of the
artery.
Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s Principle states that an
increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure
or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
Bernoulli’s Principle