Exercise:6

1. Infer the impact on the Rate of heat transfer when adjusting the flow rate:

● With higher flow rates, more fluid comes in contact with the heated tube per unit time,
generally increasing heat transfer.
● The specific increase depends on several factors, including:
○ Fluid properties: Higher density, viscosity, or thermal conductivity can enhance heat
transfer.
○ Flow regime: Laminar flow has lower heat transfer compared to turbulent flow, which
promotes mixing and heat exchange.
○ Boundary conditions: Fixed tube temperature vs. constant heat flux will affect the
heating process.

2. Evaluate the effect on the Rate of heat transfer when altering the orifice diameter:

● Changing the orifice diameter affects the flow rate. A larger diameter generally allows
higher flow, potentially increasing heat transfer as explained above.
● However, consider these additional factors:
○ Pressure drop: Larger diameters might decrease pressure drop, impacting flow
characteristics and heat transfer.
○ Flow regime: Increased flow rate could transition the flow from laminar to turbulent,
significantly impacting heat transfer.

3. Convert mmHg to meters of water column and articulate its equivalence:

● Knowing the context is crucial. Are you measuring pressure drops across the system? If so,
the conversion is:
○ 1 mmHg ≈ 1 torr ≈ 0.136 meters of water column

4. Define the concept of residence time:

● In your experiment, residence time represents the average time a fluid particle spends
flowing past the heated tube.
● Longer residence times allow more heat exchange between the tube and the fluid, potentially
increasing the heat transfer coefficient.

5. Examine the relationship between residence time and the rate of heat transfer:

● There's generally a direct relationship between residence time and heat transfer rate.
● Longer residence times allow for more effective heat transfer, but this needs to be balanced
with pressure drop and energy efficiency considerations.