Class -12 Term -2

Surface
chemistry
 Surface Chemistry
The phenomenon of
substance
attracting and
retaining the molecules
of a on the surface of an another substance is
called adsorption .

The substance which adsorbed is called

adsorbate and thesubstance upon which adsorption takes
place is called adsorbent .

it water Vab ours are adsorbed the surface of

ri silica gel
Iii ) Ammonia gas in contact with chair coat .

Note
• The reverse boo cess of adsorption
is carted desorption
•
The adsorption of gases on

the surface of metal is called

occlusion
e.g th gas on palladium metal
Absorption
the phenomenon of the molecules of a
entering
substance inside an another substance is called absorption
The substance which is absorbed is called
absorb ale and the substance inside which absorb lion
takes place is called absorbent

Difference between Adsorption and Absorption

Adsorption Absorption
•
It is a
surface phenomenon •
It is a bulk phenomenon .

•
Adsorbed species is accumulated •
Substance is uniformly
in the surface distributed throughout
the bulk
• It is a fast process •
It is a slow process .

Rate decreases
of adsorption Absorption takes place
•
•

gradually at same speed .

 Nok
.
adsorption and absorption both takes place
when
simultaneously called sortition e. g cotton + ink .
.

is
•
Desorption the process
of removing an adsorbed
substance i. e adsorbate from the surface of adsorbent .

Tubes Of Adsorption
Physical Adsorption Chemical Adsorption
It arises because It is caused chemical
of van
by
•
•

der Waals bond formation

forces .

Enthalby of adsorption is Enthalpy of adsorption

•
•

low ( 20-40 KJ/ Mol ) is high C 80-240 KJIM I

.

•
It is reversible in nature •
It is irreversible in
nature
•
It is non-specific in nature ◦

It is specific in nature .

No activation energy is Activation energy is

◦
•

required
required .

•
No compound formation .

surface compounds are

takes place formed .

•
Multi molecular layers on • Uni molecular layer is
adsorbent is formed formed .

•
In increases with decrease •
First increase and the

em decreases with increase

temperature in temperature .

1-

f- Constant +

↑
↑

~
34m ""
"
>
Temperature →
,

Temperature

similarity Both are directly proportional to

surface area i. e increases with increase in

surface area .
 Mechanism Of Adsorption
As the molecules of the adsorbate
are held on the surface the adsorbent
of . entroby
decreases i. e As is ve -

for the process of adsorption to occur is a must be

-
ve .

As As is -

Ye
,
then 9 will be
.
-
ve when

/ AH / 7 / TAS / and AH is -
ve

Hence for Adsorption is

,
the
process of .
It -4€
So
adsorption is exothermic in nature .

Factors affecting extent of adsorption

E- Nature of Adsorbate and Adsorbent
In general , the more
liquefiable a
readily is , the will it
gas more be absorbed

easily liquefiable gases such as NHS HU Uz, SO Rozek , , >

are
readily adsorbed than the permanent gases such as ,

,
N
02 , thy etc Higher the critical temperature of the gas
,
.

greater is the extent of adsorption .

the amount
of adsorption of gas on same
charcoal follows the order
man
of
502 CTC 157°C ) > CHU CTC 83°C) >
H2 ( To -120°C )
= =
=

A
gas is adsorbed in different amount on different adsorbent
g H2 is strongly adsorbed on nickel surface while it is
e.

weakly adsorbed on alumina surface under identical condition .

Kai Surface Area :

Increase in the surface area
of adsorbent ,

increase the total amount of the gas adsorbed

because number
of sites adsorbing increases Thus ,

finely divided metals Cpt, Ni ) and porous substance

( charcoal gel ) are best solid adsorbents .
Cea
Temperature Adsorption is
exothermic process (
an
taking
place with evolution of heat ) therefore in accordance
,

with Le -
Chatelier 's Principle ,
the magnitude of adsorbh :
-
on should increase with fall in temperature .

This actually happens except in

chemisorption where extent
of adsorption first increases
and then decreases with increase in temperature
6.*
Adsorbing power of adsorbent : -

increases by the increase in the

The extent
of adsorption
adsorbing bowery
adsorbent . It is done by
rubbing the surface
of
adsorbent and by removing the molecules which are
already adsorbed .

↳ Effect
of Pressure An increase
in pressure
is
of adsorbate
gases , the extent
of adsorption increases .

iilAt low pressure , the extent

of adsorption increases
rapidly with pressure
Hit At medium pressure the ,
-

extent adsorption is found

of
to be directly proportional
to the pressure
in At
high pressure ( closer to Im
the saturation pressure of
gas ) the adsorption tends to ← Adsorption increases
rabidly in beginning
achieve a
limiting value
Pressure →
>

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm :

a graph which
show the relationship b/w magnitude
of adsorption
and pressure at constant temperature

Em → amount
of gas adsorbed per gram
adsorbent .
 At intermediate
At low pressure At
high pressure
pressure

Im ✗ b Em ✗ b°
'

Imap Yn
intermediate rate

mon
at pressure
of - - -
-

obtained fractional power ↑ ""

we a

of P
,
so Em ;
-
Eth
,
✗ Hln kph
→
¥ =
,
Pressure

p →
Ps
both sides
Taking log
log Im =
log K +
in lngb
Thus a graph between 1cg Im and log P gives a
straight line
with slope equal to Yn "

Yh
slope
Limitations ↑ "
-

It is limited
-

applicable only to
-
-
_
• .

◦
range of pressure
It is applicable only for
¥8 } intercept logk =

physical adsorption .
>
log P →

Application of Adsorption
Adsorption chromatography
•

•
Air pollution Mask
•
Separation of Noble Gases
Ion
Exchange method
In metallurgy
Purification of
•

•
water .

Removal
of moisture and Humidity
•

colloidal state :
A state matter in which size
of of
particle is 1hm to 1000hm that can pass through
filler paper but not animal membrane is
through
called colloidal State .
Components of Colloidal State

Dispersed Phase
The substance dissolved in a medium is
called dispersed phase . It is like solute in solution .

Dispersion Medium
medium in which the dispersed phase
The
particles are dissolved is called dispersion medium It is .

like solvent in solution .

Classification of colloids

On the basis of physical state Phase and

of Distressed
•

Dispersion medium .

• On the basis
of nature
of interaction

e.
g Starch ,
Gum , Gelatine eg Felon Asis Ay Ag
 Based upon size
of particles
•

Mechanism of Micelle formation

is sodium salt
soap
of higher fatty acid and
may be represented Roo Na
by
.

When soap is dissolved in water it dissociate into RCOO -

and Nations .

COO Na
C. 17 Hgs
the RCOO -

ions form anagg -

regale of spherical shape

-

with their R part towards

the centre of the sphere and the Coo
-

bart towards the

circumference of the sphere The is called Micelle

.

aggregate
Cleansing Action of soap :
when cloth in
a
dirty come
contact with soap solution then Rcoo
,
-

arrange themselves
around it in such a way that
•
R part of it is in the dirt or oil
•
[ 00 part
-

is outside the dirt or oil .

The Coo part interact with water As result the oil

-

.
a
,
droplet pulled away from the dirty surface of the cloth ,
and
goes into water which is washed away with the
excess
of water Hence the
.
dirty clothes washed
away .

Kraft temperature
which formation
The tap .
above of micelles
takes place .

Critical Micelle Concentration ( CMC ) :

The minimum cone .

above which micelle formation takes place .

Preparation of colloids
r•
Bredig 's Arc Method This :
method is used to make the
colloidal solution silver
of gold ,

platinum etc .

An electric arc is set

up b/w two metallic electrodes
suspended into ice cold
water in a vessel The heat
of
.

the arc converts the metal

into vapours which are condensed
in the ice cold water in
the
resulting
formation of small sized colloidal particles .

r• Pelplizatiou large size particles

The process of converting the

of a precipitate into small

size colloidalparticles in
the presence
of a suitable
electrolyte is called
Replication and the electrolyte
used is called bebtising agent .

Cause -

suitable electrolyte is added in a precipitate

when a

the particles
of ppt adsorb one particular type of ion from
the electrolyte on its
surface and get dispersed due to repulsion
Condensation Method :
Method in which small size particles
can m ) are converted into colloidal size particle

Purification of Colloidal Solution

Dialysis The process of

separating the particles of colloids from
those
of crystalloid by means of
water
diffusion through
a suitable membrane .

Principle
colloidal particles
.

can't pass through a

membrane while the ions

% electrolyte can pass through
Electrodialysis
→
The
ordinary Process
of dialysis
is slow to increase the
speed of purification
of
dialysis is carried out
by
applying electric field .

Physical Properties of colloids

◦

Heterogeneous in Nature
•
Quite stable due to the presence of same type
of charge on colloidal particles -
 -

Can be filtered through ordinary filter paper but not

through animal membrane .

•
Colloidal particles can't be seen by naked eye /
ordinary microscope .

Colour the colloidal 801h depends upon the wave tengu

of
◦

the scattered colloidal particles which in

of light by ,

turn depends upon the size and the nature of

particles .

Colligate've Property : Colloidal som do not show colligate've

property to remarkable extent as the molar mass
'

of these particles is very high So colligati.ve .

properties are very small .

Brownian Movement The continuous

zigzag movement
of
colloidal particles in all possible direction in a colloidal
'

solution is called Brownian movement depends Ubon .

size colloidal particles

.
→
of
→ Viscosity of dispersion medium

cause it is due to the kinetic motion of

dispersion medium particles .

Importance : -

◦
responsible for the stability of
colloidal solution particles
 Tyndall Effect :

beam
when a
strong
of light pass through
colloidal solution ,
becomes
the path of light
visible due to the scattering of light ,
is called
tyndall effect .

in
is blue in colour projection of light
g. Sky
e. ,

cinema hall .

Tyndall effect is observed when

• There is a large difference .

in refractive index of
dispersed phase and dispersion medium .

The diameter the dispersed phase particle is not

of
•

much smaller than the wavelength of light used .

Electrical Properties
The stability of a colloidal solution
is due to the
charge on colloidal particles ( + ve ox ve )
'
-

There is repulsive force between the colloidal particles

due to which they are not together to coagulate

The charge on the colloidal particles is due to

preferential adsorption .
→ when colloidal Solh
of AGI
→ when colloidal son of AGI
is prepared by is prepared by adding Ag NO,
adding KI .

Ai Ast

±÷i;"
* *
Agt Agt Ast
.

I
At
-

I
I
-
At
Aging
_

Zeta potential
Potential difference btw

fixed layer and mobile

layer is called Zeta

potential .

Electrophoresis
In this process ,
when
electricity
is passed in a U -
tube

having a colloidal Solh ,

then

only colloidal particles

start to more towards
the
ofsbositirely charged
electrode This movement of
.

colloidal particle is called

electrophoresis .

Coagulation : -

The process of collecting together of

colloidal particles so as to change them into large
sized precipitate particles in the presence electrolyte
of an
is called coagulation It is also called
.

flocculation .

0+0+0 →

precipitate
colloidal
particles