Weighted Sobolev Spaces. (Kufner, Alois)

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Alois Kufner TEUBNER-TEXT
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1XT
Weighted
Sobolev Spaces TEUBNER-TEXT
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zur Mathematik TEUBNER-TEXT
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Assoc. Prof. RNDr. Alois K u f n e r , CSc.
Born 1934 in Plzen. Studied at the Faculty of Mathematics
and Physics at Charles University, Prague, from 1953 to
1958. Since 1958 at the Mathematical Institute (Department
of Partial Differential Equations), Czechoslovak Academy
of Sciences, Prague. Simultaneous teaching at various Uni-
versities, since 1977 at the Technical University of Plzen.
Fields of interest: Functional analytic methods in the
theory of partial differential equa-
tions; function spaces.
Books: Fourier Series (with J. Kadlec), Pra,r 2 and London 1971.
Geometry of Hilbert Spaces (in Czech , Prague 1973 and 1975.
Function Spaces (with 0. John and S- -ufcik) , Prague and
Leyden 1977.
Nonlinear Analysis, Function Space nd Applications
(ed. with S. Fucik), Leiy g 1979.
Nonlinear Differential Equations, Amsterdam - Oxford -
New York 1980.
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Dr. RudigerThiele, Halle
Alois Kufner
Weighted Sobolev Spaces
The book deals with some properties and applications of the Sobolev
spaces with weights, the weight function being dependent on the dist-
ance of a point of the definition domain from the boundary of the do-
main or from its part. The introductory part starts with the funda-
mental definitions and some motivating examples and proceeds by go-
ing throu'gh the auxiliary results : weight functions, definition do-
mains, Hardy inequality. Part I is devoted to the study of propert-
ies of Sobolev spaces with power-type weights; here the relation to
the classical Sobolev spaces, conditions guaranteeing the density of
smooth functions, imbedding theorems and some other problems are de-
alt with. Part II studies analogous problems for weights of a more
general type, while the brief concluding Part III concerns applica-
tions of weighted spaces to the solution of the Dirichlet problem
for an elliptic linear differential operator.
1
Das Buch befasst sich mit einigen Eigenschaften der gewichteten Sobo-
levschen Raume, wobei die Gewichtsfunktion von der Entfernung des
Punktes des Definitionsgebietes von dem Rande oder von einem Teil
des Randes dieses Gebietes abhangt. Zunachst wird nach den grundle-
genden Definitionen und motivierenden Beispielen der Hilfsapparat
behandelt : die Gewichtsfunktionen, das Definitionsgebiet, die Har-
dysche Ungleichung. Der Teil I ist der Untersuchung von Eigenschaf-
ten der Sobolevschen Rau-.ie mit einem Gewicht vom Potenztyp gewidmet;
es werden hier behandelt : die Zusammenhange mit den klassischen So-
bolevschen Raumen, die Bedingungen, die die Dichtheit glatter Funk-
tionen garantieren, die Einbettungssatze und kurz auch weitere Fra-
gen. Der Teil II beschaftigt sich mit ahnlichen Fragen im Falle von
Gewichten allgemeineren Typs,und der abschliessende Teil III ist der
Anwendung gewichteter Raume zur Losung des Dirichletschen Problems
fur einen ell ".ptischen linearen Dif ferentialoperator gewidmet.
L'ouvrage traite de certaines proprie"te"s et des applications des es-

paces de Sobolev avec poids,1a fonction de poids dependant de la di-
stance entre le point du domaine de definition et la frontiere ou
une partie de la frontiere de ca domaine. Dans les parties initiales
on examine, apres quelques exemples de motivation et les definitions
fondamentales, les elements de l'appareil auxilliare : fonctions de
poids, domaine de definition, inegalite de Hardy. La Part I est con-
sacree a. 1'etude des proprietes des espaces de Sobolev avec un poids
de type puissance; on etudie leur rapport aux espaces de Sobolev
classiques, les conditions garantissant la densite des fonctions lis-
ses, les theoremes d'immersion et, brievement, quelques autres pro-
blemes aussi. La Part II traite des problemes analogues pour le cas
de poids d'un type plus general et la Part III, assez concise, des
applications des espaces avec poids a la resolution du probleme de
Dirichlet pour l'operateur differentiel lineaire elliptique.
B HacTonmew KHnre paccMaTpMBaioTCH HeKOTopue cBoPtcTsa H npnrieHeHMfl

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OT paccTOHHMH TOHKM 06/iacTM onpefleêHMB flo rpaHnqu M/IM flo sacTH rpa-
HHUbi 3TOM ofijiacTH. Bo BCTynHTe/ibHux paafle-nax CHasa/ia jqaioTcn ocHOBHbie
onpefleêHMH H MOTMBMpyramne npMnepbi,a 3aTeM npeflBapMTeJibHO npeflOCTaB-nR-
eTCH BcnonoraTe^bHbiM annapaT, a HMBHHO: BecoBan (fryHKMMH, o6JiacTb
onpefleJiGHMfl, HepaeeHCTeo XapflM. HacTbl nocBnmeHa MayneHMio CBOMCTB
npocTpaHCT8a C. J\. Co6o/ieBa c Becon cTeneHHoro Tnna; aaecb paccna-
TpMBaraTCR CBR3b c K/iaccMsecKMMM npocTpaHCTsaMM C. J\. Co6o/ieBa, yc/io-
BMA, o6ecneHHBarau4Me nôTHOCTb MHOwecTsa râflHHx <J)yHKi4MM, Teoperibi
B/ioweHwn a TaKwe KpaTKo n flpyrne Bonpocu. HacTbll M3ysaeT aHa/iorMMHue
Bonpocbifl/inBecoB 6o/iee o6mero Tuna, a aaK/iioHMTe/ibHan nacTblll
nocBRiêHa npMneHeHHio BecoBux npocTpaHCTB K peweHHio aaflasn AnpHX/ie fl/in
3/i^nnTMsecKoro JiHHBHHoroflMiJxJiepeHqHa^bHoroonepaTopa.
2
C O N T E N T S
Preface 4
1. introduction 5
2. Motivation 7
3. Weight 15
4. Domain 21
5. Hardy inequality 32
I. Power-type weights 47
6. Some elementary assertions 47
7. Density of smooth functions 55
8. Imbedding theorems 65
9. Miscellaneous 89
II. General weights 103

10. Several elementary results 103
11. Density of smooth functions 106
12. Imbedding theorems 119
III. Applications 128

13. Formulation of the problem 128
14. Power-type weights 134
15. General weights 144
References 149
P R E F A C E
Sobolev spaces with weights have been intensively studied for

more then twenty years and the domain of their employment has been
constantly expanding - it now covers purely theoretical results
concerning the structure of these spaces as well as applications in
the theory of partial differential equations and even numerical me-
thods of solution of boundary-value problems.
The growing significance of these spaces is reflected by the
number of papers devoted to them as well as in the fact that in some
books the reader can find special chapters devoted to the problems
of weighted spaces - see for example J. NECAS [l], H. TRIEBEL \l]
or S. M. NIKOL'SKlI [l] . However, until now there has been no sur-
vey publication available that would make it possible for the wider
public to get acquainted with the whole range of theoretical results
and that would draw their attention to the possibilities of their
application.
The present text, obviously, will not fill the gap. It repre-
sents a certain compromise between the desire to collect and make
accessible as many results scattered in the literature as possible,
and the time possibilities of the author. Consequently, this book
perhaps offers a certain local view at the scope of problems of the
weighted spaces, a view that is local in the sense that the author
first of all included here the results obtained in cooperation with
other authors or by himself.
The author's pleasant duty is to express his thanks to all who
helped him in preparing this text : Dr. Miroslav KRBEC, Dr. Bohumfr
OPIC, CSc, and Dr. Jifi RAKOSNfK, CSc, for useful comments and opi-
nions that helped to improve the text, Dr. Jifi JARNfK, CSc, for the
English translation, Mrs. Ruzena PACHTOVX, for her excellent typing,
and last but not least to the TEUBNER Publishing House, Leipzig, for
their fruitful and considerate collaboration.
Prague, March 1980
4
1. I n t r o d u c t i o n
In this text we shall deal with weighted Sobolev spaces, which

will be denoted by
(1.1) \P'p(a;o) ,
where
k is a nonnegative integer, i.e. k e IN ,
p is a real number, 1 4 p < « ,
ft is a domain in IRN with a boundary 9ft ,
a is a vector of nonnegative (positive almost everywhere)
functions on ft , which will be called a weighty i.e.
(1.2) 0 = {oa = aa(x) , x e ft , |a| 4 k} ,
a is a multiindex, i.e. a € INN or equivalently
(1.3) a = ( a x , a 2 , . . . ,a N ) , ct± € INQ ,
(1.4) |a| = a, + a 2 + ... + a N .
The space (ft;a) is defined as the set of all functions

u = u(x) which are defined a.e. on ft and whose generalized (in
the sense of distributions) derivatives Dau of orders |o| 4 k
satisfy
(1.5) ||Dau(x)|paa(x)dx
It is a Banach space if equipped with the norm
5
d.6) N u | K| kP p ao - ( I (|D°u(x)|Paaa(x)dx)
' ' lal <k I
For k - 0 we introduce the following convention: we write
(1.7) W0,P(fl;o) = LP(fi;a)
and denote
l|u|l =
1/P
(1.8) p,a (j|u(x)|pa(x)dx)
so that
1|u|l
^"(lallkl|Dau||-//P
In order to be able to follow our exposition on weighted spaces,
the reader is assumed to be familiar with the theory of "classical"
Sobolev spaces
(1.10) W^â) ,
which represent a special case of weighted spaces V T ^ ' ^ J U C ) : they

result from setting
a (x) = 1 for lal <_ k .
The norm of a function u € (ft) will be denoted by
<!•") IHIk.p"
More information about the spaces (n) can be found for example
in S. L. SOBOLEV [l] ; J. NECAS [l] ; R. A. ADAMS [l] ; A. KUFNER, 0.
JOHN, S. FUCfK [1] .
In what follows we shall establish some properties of weighted

Sobolev spaces and deal with some applications of these spaces. In
both cases we shall give a certain personal choice of properties and
applications - the limited extent of this text prevents us from pre-
6
senting an exhaustive exposition since a study covering the very wi-
de and rich domain of applications of weighted spaces alone would
require at least one whole book. Therefore the author confined him-
self to a very limited choice of problems; the results presented we-
re mostly obtained in cooperation with other authors. Let us add
that much material about weighted spaces is found in the books by
H. TRIEBEL flj (Chap. 3 ) , [2], [3], in the books by R. A. ADAMS [l]
and S. M. NIKOL'SKlI [l] (Chap. 10), in a survey paper by A. AVANTAG-
GIATI [l] and elsewhere.
Before proceeding to our study of the properties of weighted

Sobolev spaces, let us introduce several examples, which demonstrate
the importance and usefulness of these spaces.
2. M o t i v a t i o n
The usefulness of the spaces Lp(ft;a) introduced by the for-

mula (1.7) is perhaps sufficiently evident: it suffices to consider
the special case p = 2 , ft an interval Ja,bQ and the weight of
a e
the form (x-a) (b-x) , a, 6 £ IR , and to recall the application
of the corresponding weighted space in the theory of orthogonal poly-
nomials.
However, we shall be concerned above all with weighted Sobolev

spaces w '^(fl;a) for k ^ 1 . For this reason, let us start from
the analogy of these spaces with the "classical" Sobolev spaces
(ft) and from the application of these spaces in the theory of
boundary-value problems for partial differential equations.
7
Let us consider a simple differential equation
(2.1) - Au + u - f on ft ,
where A is the Laplace operator, and let us investigate the homo-

geneous Diriahlet problem for the equation (2.1), that is, let us
put
(2.2) u| 3 Q - 0 .
After multiplying the equation (2.1) by the function u , integra-

ting the resulting identity over ft and using Green's formula, we
obtain - by virtue of the relation (2.2) - the integral identity
(2.3) I J(|H-) dx + |u2dx - jfudx .

i
" 1 ft i ft ft
The left hand side of this identity represents the square of the
1 2
norm of the function u in the Sobolev space W " (ft) , so that the
relation (2.3) can be written also in the form
I M I ? . 2 - J fudx .
ft
And it is this relation which is at the same time the starting point
of the theory of weak (generalized, variational) solutions of boun-
dary-value problems for elliptic equations: to a linear elliptic dif-
ferential operator *C (of the second order, to simplify our argu-
ments) we shall assign a bilinear form
a(u,v)
1 2
defined for u , v from a certain subspace V c w * (ft) (the sub-
space V being determined by the boundary conditions), and instead
of solving the boundary-value problem for the equation £u = f we
consider the identity
(2.4) a(u,v) - < f,v > ,
which should be fulfilled for all functions v €v (the symbol
< .,. > stands for the duality between the space V and its
8
adjoint V* ) . A fact which is essential for the existence of a solu-
tion of the problem (2.4) - roughly speaking - is the equivalence of
the expression a(u,u) with the square of the norm of the function
u :
(2.5) a(u,u) * ||u||^ >2 .
Now let us start from these facts (the reader can become acquainted
with them for example in J. NECAS [i] or K. REKTORYS [l] ) and let us
have a look at how they can be transferred to those problems in which
weighted Sobolev spaces are involved.
2.1. EQUATIONS WITH PERTURBED ELLIPTICITY. Instead of the equation

(2.1) we shall now consider a slightly different equation
(2 6) (p (X) } + 0
' " Jl A i % O< X >% " f on
° •
where p. = p.(x) , i = 0,1,...,N, are given nonnegative functions
defined on ft . (An important case is for example
e.
p±(x) = [dist(x,3ft)] , e±€ IR .)
We shall again study the homogeneous Dirichlet problem for the equa-
tion (2.6), that is, we shall consider the boundary condition (2.2);
using the same procedure as for the problem (2.1), (2.2) we arrive
at the integral identity
N r
f a„ 2 o f
(2.7) I ](!£-) P±(x)dx + ju^p0(x)dx = jfudx
i=1 1
a n ft
which corresponds to the identity (2.3); however, the left-hand side

now represents the square of the norm in the weighted space
W1,2(ft;p) :
l l U l l l , 2 , p 'w h e r e P= {P0'P1"-->PN' '

We say that the equation (2.6) degenerates or has a singularity on
9
the boundary 3ft (at a point x Q ) , if p.(x) -*- 0 or p. (x) -*• « ,
respectively, for x •*• x Q € 3fi . Thus the equation (2.6) is a typi-
cal representant of the class of equations with perturbed ellipti-
eity.
Consequently, if £ is a linear differential operator (again

of the second order for the sake of simplicity) with perturbed elli-
pticity, then we can still associate it with the corresponding
bilinear form a(u,v) . If there is a suitable weight a such that
a(u,u) * | |^| I 1,2,0 '
then we can try to solve the problem (2.4); now we have, of course,
V c w1,2(fl;a) .
Thus we should obtain an analogue of the theory of weak solutions

for the equations whose coefficients degenerate or have a singula-
rity.
We have just shown one of the possibilities offered by the

weight spaces: they make it possible to enlarge the class of equa-
tions which are solvable by functional-analytical methods. A typical
representant of this direction of applications of weighted Sobolev
spaces is I. A. KIPRIJANOV (see e.g. [l] ) . The same topics are stu-
died by S. M. NIKOL'SKlI (see e.g. [2] ) and by a numerous French
group (P. BOLLEY, J. CAMUS [l] ).
Let us point out that in the above case the weight a is de-
termined by the equation and it cannot be chosen arbitrarily.
2.2. ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS. Let us turn back again to the equation

(2.1) solving now the nonhomogeneous Dirichlet problem. Hence the
boundary-value problem considered is
- Au + u = f on ft ,
10
As we wish to solve this equation via the theory of weak solu-
tions, which involves the Sobolev space
W1,2(ft) ,
we have to satisfy two important conditions:
^ 12
(i) g is the trace of a function g € w ' (ft) on the boun-
dary 3ft , that is
(2.9) g £ W*'2(3n) ;
(ii) f is a continuous linear functional over the space

,2
wj (ft) , that is
(2.10) f 6 W_1'2(ft) .
[Let us mention the fact that W ' (ft) is the closure of the set
C*(ft) - see Sec. 3.7/]
In practice we naturally face even such problems, which fail

to satisfy one or both conditions (2.9), (2.10): for instance, it
may happen that the function g has such a singularity at a point
x e 3ft that
g f L2(3ft) ,
and then a fortiori the condition (2.9) is not fulfilled, either.
(Conditions of this type can occur in problems from mechanics which
involve a big isolated load on 3ft .)
In such a case the "classical" theory of weak solutions cannot

be applied. Nonetheless, we can for example make an attempt to find
a suitable weight a so that g is the trace of a function g e
1 2
6" W * (ft;a) and then find out whether the theory of weak solutions
can be extended also to the case of the weighted space
(2.11) W1,2(ft;a) ,
that is, whether for some weights a there exist analogues of the
known existence and uniqueness theorems for the (weak) solution of
the boundary-value problem. Naturally, we require analogues which
11
make use of the weighted space (2.11). A similar method can be used
if the condition (2.10) is violated.
Here we have another possible application of the weighted spa-

ces: We study boundary-value problems with "classical" elliptic ope-
rators, but we ask whether there are weights for which it is possible
to extend the theory of weak solutions to the corresponding weighted
space (ft;a) . In contradistinction to the applications suggested
in Sec. 2.1, the weight o is not a priori given in this latter ca-
se.
We shall deal with the applications just introduced again later
in this text.
»
2.3. UNBOUNDED DOMAINS.
Let us now consider an unbounded domain
ft ; for instance, let ft be the exterior of the unit ball in RN
It is well known that - when solving boundary-value problems - it is
in this case necessary to give not only conditions on 8S2 , but also
conditions at infinity, which prescribe the behaviour of the solution
u(x) for |x| -*• • . These conditions can again be described in a
very convenient form in terms of weight functions, for example by
means of functions of the form
(1 + |x|) e , e e OR ;
it is evident that the condition
| |u(x)|2(l + |x|)edx < -

|x| >1
characterizes the behaviour of the function u(x) for large x .
This represents the third possibility of application of weighted

spaces, namely, to the study of functions defined on unbounded do-
mains, above all such functions which solve certain boundary-value
problems. A typical representant of this direction is L. D. KUDRJAVCEV
12
whose monograph [lj represents actually the first systematic exposi-
tion of properties of certain weighted spaces and of their applica-
tions. At the present time, there is a number of groups and indivi-
duals working in this field - apart from KUDRJAVCEV and his succes-
sors let us mention for example B. HANOUZET [l] , A. AVANTAGGIATI, M.
TROISI [l] , as well as R. A. ADAMS [2] .
2.4. GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE DOMAIN. Let us consider a domain

ft whose boundary 8ft has various " singularities" as for example
corners or edges. The reflection of these geometric features of the
domain ft may be found in the properties of solutions of the boun-
dary-value problems on ft : in the vicinity of a corner or an edge
the solution u of the boundary-value problem may have a singularity
which can be often very suitably characterized by an adequate weight.
This weight is most usually a power of the distance from the "singu-
lar set" on 8ft .
On behalf of a number of papers devoted to these problems let

us mention the paper by V. A. KONDRAT'EV [l] , and from the most re-
cent results the paper by B. KAWOHL [l] . The singularity of a solu-
tion need not originate only in the geometric features of the domain,
but it can be caused also for example by "alternating" the boundary
conditions. This concerns mixed problems, where the "singular" por-
tion of the boundary 8ft may be that on which one boundary condition
(say, the Dirichlet one) turns into another (say, the Neumann one)
- see again B. KAWOHL [l] and, for example, J. KADLEC, A. KUFNER [l] .
The whole above-mentioned approach has a theoretical aspect, that is,
the description of qualitative properties of solutions of boundary-
-value problems. On the other hand, it may have a "practical" aspect
as well: weighted spaces have recently proved useful, for example,
in connection with the approximate solution of boundary-value prob-
lems by the finite element method.
13
We have just given several examples of possible applications of
the weighted spaces. There are certainly more of them, for the weight
a makes it possible to characterize a function u e (ft;a) more
precisely above all in the vicinity of those points where some of the
functions a vanish or, on the contrary, increase to infinity.
However, in order to be able to exploit fully all possibilities

offered by the weighted spaces, we have first of all to get acquain-
ted with their structure. In accordance to the theory of "classical"
Sobolev spaces we have the possibility of studying the following
problems, which are of foremost importance:
(i) density of smooth functions,
(ii) equivalent norms,
(iii") imbedding theorems,
(iv) compactness of imbedding operators,
(v) traces of functions from weighted spaces on the boundary
3Q ,
(vi) spaces with "fractional" derivatives, i.e., spaces

,p
w (ft;a) for k ^ 0 not necessarily integer,
(vii) extension of functions beyond the boundary of the domain
a ,
(viii) dual spaces,
(ix) interpolation of weighted spaces.
In this text we confine ourselves only to some of the problem

fields suggested above. Above all, we shall deal with the problems
sub (i) - (iii) and partially sub (v). Naturally, it will be necessa-
ry to specify some of the data - this means above all the type of the
weight function a and the conditions on the domain Q . This will
be done in the next sections.
14
3. W e i g h t
In Chap. 1 we have introduced the weighted space
without making too many assumptions about the domain ft and the
weight a = {a ; |a| 4 k } . Now we shall introduce several important
restrictions.
3.1. ASSUMPTION. In what follows we restrict ourselves mostly to

such weights a whose all components a = 0 (x) - see (1.2) - co-
incide, i.e. we shall assume
(3.1) a (x) = a(x) for every a , |a| 4 k .
This assumption can sometimes mean an essential restriction;

later we shall reconsider some cases, when the functions a (x) are
a
different for different a .
It is evident that the weight functions a(x) which satisfy

0 < c. 4 a (x) 4 c 2 for x € ft
give nothing new - the space (ft;a) is then identical with the
"classical" Sobolev space (ft) . Consequently, we shall be inte-
rested above all in such weight functions a which either vanish
somewhere in ft or, on the contrary, increase to -infinity. For this
reason we introduce an assumption expressing the relation between
the weight function a and the domain ft :
N
3.2. ASSUMPTION. We assume the domain ft c IR to be bounded. Furt-
her, let M be a manifold of a dimension m ,
0 4 m 4 N - 1 ,
(3.2)
M C 3ft ,
15
and let us denote-
(3.3) d(x) = d^Cx) = dist(x.M)
for x e Q , where the last symbol stands for the distance of the
point x from the set M .
In most cases, the manifold M will be the boundary 3J2 ; never-

theless, we shall deal in more detail with the case
M
= fx0} ' x Q e 8ft ,
as well, while the case of the general set M of a dimension m ,
0 < m < N-l , will be mentioned only incidentally. With respect to
the type of the weight function a we shall distinguish two types
of weighted spaces.
3.3. POWER - TYPE WEIGHTS. Let e be a real number and let us de-
note
(3.4) a(x) = [d M (x)] e ,
where M c an and dM is given by the formula (3.3). The weight a

from (3.4) will be called a power - type weight; the corresponding
Sobolev weighted space (G;a) will be denoted by
(3.5) W^^dê) ,
or briefly
(3.5*) \P>P(Q;a,e)
if it is clear which set M c 3ft is considered. Thus
(3.6) W^^dê) = {u = u(x) :
||Dau(x)|pd^(x)dx < - for all a, |a| 4 k } .
Using moreover - in accordance with the formula (1.7) - the symbol
(3.7) LP(ft;dM,e)
16
for the set of all functions u = u(x) satisfying
=
(3.8) llulU ,e (J|u(x)|PdJ(x)dx)
then the weighted space Vrc,p(fi;dM,e) can be equipped with a norm

by the formula
1/P
3.4. GENERAL WEIGHTS. Let s = s(t) be a continuous positive func-

tion defined for t > 0 and such that either
(3.10) lim s(t) = 0

t+0
or
(3.11) lim s(t) - » .
t-*o
Moreover, let us denote
(3.12.) a(x) = s(dM(x)) ,
where M c 3a and d.. is given by (3.3). The corresponding weighted

space (8;a) will be denoted by the symbol
(3.13) Wk'p(J2;s(dM)) ,
or more briefly by
(3.13*) W^P^sCd)) .
Hence
(3.14) Wk'P(ft;s(dM)) = {u = u(x) :
I|Dau(x)|ps(dM(x))dx < » for all a, |a| 4 k } .
Similarly as in Sec. 3.3, the symbol
(3.15) Lp(fl;s(dM))
stands for the set of functions u = u(x) , which satisfy
- 17
1/P
(3.16) ll u Mp s .(d^) =
(f|u(x)|PS(dM(x))dx)
The weighted space ; s (cU.) ) can be equipped with a norm by
<3-> "u||k)P;s(dM)=(|ay|D-u||^(dM))1/P.
3^5. REMARKS. (i) The spaces (S2;dM,e) are special cases of

the spaces w^'^C^sCd..)) ; we obtain them by setting
s(t) = t e .
The reason why the spaces with power-type weights were pointed out
here is above all the fact that we shall study them in more detail
than the spaces with general weights.
(ii) Later on, some conditions concerning the monotonicity of
the function s(t) for small t > 0 or some other conditions will
be added to the conditions (3.10) and (3.11).
(iii) For the weights a given by the formulae (3.4) or (3.12)
(and even for some more general weights) the space Lp(ft;a) can be
regarded as a special case of the space
Lp(S,I,y) ,
where (S,E,y) is the so-called measure space (that is, S is a set,
I is a a-algebra of subsets of the set S and y is a measure on
Z ) . The properties of the abstract spaces Lp(S,z,y) - see e.g.
N. DUNFORD, J. T. SCHWARTZ [l] or K. YOSIDA [l] - imply the following
result:
3.6. THEOREM. The Sobolev weighted space w 'p(8;s(cL.)) - and in

,P
particular the space w (fl;dM,e) - is a separable Banach space.
P r o o f : The space (fl;a) with a = {a , |a| <, k} can

be identified with a closed subspace of the Cartesian product
18
X - n L*(Q;a a)
ja| 4k
so that a function u € (ft;a) is associated with the vector

function v e X fv = {v ; lal < k} , v € Lp(ft;a )"| which satis-
Qt 01 01 *™
fies
v = Dau
a
- see the formula (1.5). The spaces Lp(ft;a ) being separable Banach
spaces, the same holds for X and hence for W^'p(ft;a) as well.
3.7. NOTATION. Let u = u(x) be a function defined almost every-

where on ft . The symbol
supp u
will denote the support of the function u , that is the closure (in
the Euclidean norm) of the set
{X 6 ft , U(X) f 0} .
Further, we denote by
(3.18) C~(ft)
the set of all functions u infinitely differentiable in ft , which

satisfy
supp u c ft .
Thus any function u € C*(ft) vanishes in a certain neighbour-

hood of the boundary 3ft , and consequently, it belongs to
W^CJ^sCdjj)) , which means
(3.19) C~(ft) c Wk'p(ft;s(dM)) .
This enables us to introduce a certain important subspace of the spa-
ce W^P^sCc^)) .
3.8. THE SPACE w£,p(ft;a) . The symbol
19
(3.20) W^'P^sCc^)) or W^teê)
will stand for the closure of the space C~(8) in the norm (3.17)
or (3.9), respectively.
Since ^'^^^(cL.)) is a closed subspace of the Sobolev weigh-

ted space w '^(a^Cd-.)) , Theorem 3.6 immediately yields the follo-
wing result.
3.9. THEOREM. The space WJ'P^sCdj.)) - and in particular the

, )
space Wv * (fi;dM,e) - is a separable Banach space.
3.10. REMARK. Let us denote by
(3.21) C°\fi)
the set of all functions u = u(x) infinitely differentiable in G ,

a
whose all derivatives D u are bounded and uniformly continuous in
fi .
Since we work with the weight s(d-.(x)) , it is useful to intro-

duce the set
(3.22) C~(Q)
as the set of all functions u € C*(a) which fulfil

(3.23) supp u P)M = 0 .
Consequently, the function u € CM(&) vanishes in a certain neigh-

bourhood of the set M , and thus it belongs to w ^(^^(d^)) ,
which means
(3.24) C~(G) C W ^ P ^ s ^ ) ) .
Now, if we denote the closure of the set C~(fl) in the norm (3.17)
by the symbol
(3.25) wJj'Pttns^)) ,
then the assertion of Theorem 3.9 holds for the space WjJ'P^sCdj.))
20
- and in particular for the space WTj,*)(a;dM,e) . [Let us note that
using the notation (3.22) we have
c
o(8) = c
Ia ( n ) and
"5 , P •]
4. D o m a i n
Until now we have assumed the domain Q only to be bounded.

Since the main tool that we are going to use when studying the pro-
perties of the Sobolev weighted spaces is the method of local coordi-
nates , we have to specify the requirements on Q in more detail.
4.1. NOTATION. Given a point x £ <RN , x = (x. ,x 2 ,... .x^^) , we

shall write
(4.1) x -= ( X ' > X N ) ,
where
(4.2) x' = (x1,x2,...,xN_1) , x' € IRN"1 .
4.2. DEFINITION. A bounded domain 8 is said to be of class fc

(notation:
(4.3) a c er° ),
if the following conditions are fulfilled:
(i) There exists a finite number m of coordinate systems
(4.4) <3i**ui> > y± - <Y±1'Y±2"~9YiX-l)

a
and the same number of functions a. = i(y;[) defined on the closu-
res of (N-l)-dimensional cubes
(4.5) A ± = {y'±; |y ±j | < 6 for j = l,2,...,N-i}
21
(i » l,2,...,m), so that for each point x e 3ft there is at least
one i€ {l,2,...,m} such that
(4.6) x = <yi,yiN) and y±N - a ^ y p -
(ii) The functions a. are continuous on closed cubes A. .
(iii) There exists a positive number 3 < 1 such that the sets
Bj^ , defined by the relation
(4.7) B ± - {(yi»y iN ); y[ € A ± , a ± (yp-3 < y ± N < a ± (yp+B} ,
satisfy
(4.8) u ± - B ± c\ JJ = t ( y i . y i N ) ; y± * A ± , a ± ( y p - 3 <
< yiN < a i ( y p }
and
(4.9) r± - B ± O 3ft » { ( y i » y i N > j y i * A ±f y i N - ^ ( y ^ . ) }
(i - l,2,...,m).
4.3. DEFINITION. A domain ft c R N is said to be of class t°'K

(notation:
(4.10) ft € e°» K , 0 < K <, 1 ) ,
if ft £ t and if, moreover, the functions a. from the items (i),

(ii) of Definition 4.2 satisfy the Holder condition on A. with the
exponent * (and with a constant A > 0 ) , that is, if
(4.11) l a i<yp " ai<zi>l <. A|y^-z!_|K
holds for y' z' e A ± . (i = l,2,...,m).
If, in addition to the above assumptions, the functions a± have

we
derivatives of an order n which are continuous on A^ , write
(4.12) ft € tn •
If the derivatives Dsa± for |3| » n satisfy the Holder condition

on A. with an exponent K , we write
22
(4.13) a e fcn'K .
4.4. PARTITION OF UNITY. The system
1 B 1» B 2 ' '••» B nJ '

where B± are the sets given by the formula (4.7), form a covering
of the boundary 3G . Let us denote by BQ such an open set in IR
that
m
—
BQ c « and fi: - B Q v U U± ,
where U. are the sets defined by (4.8). Then the system
(4.14) {B0,B1,...,Bm}
forms a covering of the closure n of the domain ft .
Let us denote by
a partition of unity corresponding to the covering (4.14), that is,

let
(4.15) *±€ C~( IRN) , supp 4>± 6 B i , 0 4 (J>i(x) 4 1 ,
m
I <j>i(x) - 1 for x € n .
i=0
As
m
3ft « U r. ,
i-1 3-
where r. » B. n 3ft [see (4.9)], and $0(x) • 0 for x € 3ft , we
have
m
(4.16) I <f>.(x) - 1 for x € 3ft .
i«l *
4.5. REMARKS. (i) Definition 4.2 or 4.3 together with the partition
t n a t ifc
of unity {•0»*1» • • • >$m] implies makes it possible to apply
the method of local coordinates: Instead of investigating a function
23
U € (ft;a) in the domain ft , we investigate the function
(4.17) v ± = u* ±
in the "cylinder" U. - see Fig. 1. This procedure is successively
applied to each i € {l,2,...,m} , while for i = 0 we base our argu-

ment on the fact that B c ft , so that our special weight functions
c - dfl or a » S^^M) satisfy the inequality
0 < c x <, o(x) <, c 2 , x e BQ ,
and, consequently, for v = u<j> we can use the results which hold
for the classical Sobolev spaces W^ ,P (B ) . Finally, we exploit the
fact that the last property of the functions <j>. in (4.15) yields
u(x) « I v.(x) for x €ft.

i-0 x
(ii) The function is defined on T.
a. , but we can extend it
N—1
(continuously) to the whole space |R and consider a "half-spa-
ce"
24
(4.18) G ± = {y = <Yi,y iN ); y'± e JR**"1, y ± N < a ± ( y p }
instead of the cylinder U. . The domain G. is not bounded - and

hence does not satisfy the fundamental assumption on the domains G
(see Assumption. 3.2 or Definition 4.2). However, this fact is of no
consequence for we shall work with functions whose supports are of
the type shown in Fig. 1 and, consequently, are bounded.
Let us note that some of the subsequent assertions will be for-

mulated for unbounded domains of the type (4.18). Naturally, if a
certain Sobolev weighted space on such a domain is involved, then we
shall consider only functions with bounded supports.
Now, let us present an elementary but important result for the

domains of the type (4.18):
4.6. LEMMA. Let a = a(x') be a function defined on IR N_1 and sa-

tisfying the Holder condition with the exponent K , 0 < K 4 1 and
with a constant A , A > 0 :
(4.19) |a(x') - a(y')| £A|x'-y'| K
for all x', y' e IR**"1 .
Further, let
G = {x = (x',^) e |RN; x' e IRN-1, XJJ < a(x')} ,

(4.20) G 1 = {x = ( X ' > X N ) e |RN; x' 6 IRN_1, a(x')-l < x^ < a(x')} ,
r = {x = (x'.Xjj) 6 |RN; x'e IRN-1, XQ = a(x')}
and let us denote

r(x) = dist(x,r) ,
(4.21)
p(x) = p(x' f x N ) = ^ ( x ' ) - ^ ! .
Then
|1/K
(4.22) [ 4 ^ ] - r(x) - P(X) f°r X6G
l *
25
P r o o f : We have G. c G and r = 3G . As r(x) is the dis-
tance of the point x from the boundary r of the "half-space" G
and p(x) is the distance of the point x from r "in the direction
of the x^-axis", we have evidently
r(x) 4 p(x)
which proves the second inequality in (4.22).
Now let z = (z',a(z')) e r . The set
C(z) = {(x',^) € |R N ; ^ < a(z') - A|z'-x'|K}
is a cusp with its vertex at the point z 6 r . W e shall show that

(4.23) C(z) c G :
The Holder inequality (4.19) yields a(z')-a(x') 4 A|z'-x'|K and
hence
a(x') ^ a(z') - A|z'-x'|K for all x' € IRN_1 .
Now if x 6 C(z) , then taking into account the definition of the cusp
C(z) we obtain
a(z') - A|z'-x'|K > xj, ,
which together with the preceding inequality yields

a(x') > Xjg , that is, x € G .
Let us now fix a point x e G. and choose a point z e r in

the following way: z = (x',a(x')) . Let us consider the cusp C(z) .
We introduce the notation
S = 8C(z) O G1 ,
that is,
S = {(y',yN) e |RN ; y N = a(x') - A|x'-y'|K,
a<y')-i < y N < a(y')} ,
and
d(x) = dist(x,S) .
It follows from (4.23) that
d(x) 4 r(x) ;
26
thus it suffices to prove the inequality
(4.24) d(x) £ [ 4 ^ ]
To this aim, let us denote R = [p (x)/(l+A)] 1 ' K (the point x

is fixed) and consider the closed ball
B(x,R) = {y; |x-y| 4 R} .
For y e B(x,R) the inequalities |x'-y'| 4 |x-y| 4 R and
K
l^-y.,1 4 |x-y| 4 R 4 R hold and, consequently,
yN-a(x')+A|x'-y'|K = y^x^xâ^')+A|x'-y'| K 4
K K
4 lYjj-a^l - (a(x')-xN) + A|x'-y'| 4 R - p (x) + ARK =
= (1+A)RK - p(x) = 0 .
Hence
y N 4 a(x') - A|x'-y'|K , that is, y e CJX) .
c
In other words, B(x,R) C(z) , which implies d(x) ^ R . This proves
(4.24) and, consequently, (4.22) as well.
4.7. REMARK. If the function a from Lemma 4.6 satisfies the Lip-
schitz condition
(4.25) |a(x') - a(y')| 4 A|x' - y'|
for all x', y' e IR**"1 , then K = 1 in (4.19) and thus Lemma 4.6
yields
(4.26) cp(x) 4 r(x) 4 p(x) for all x e G.
with the constant c = (1+A)~ . Thus in this case the distance r(x)
and the distance "in the direction of the Xj^-axis" are equivalent.
4.8-. COROLLARY. Let us consider one fixed set U. from Definition

e U we
4.2 - see (4.8). For y = (Y^Y^) i evidently have (for 3
small enough)
d (v) =
(4.27) 9a <*ist(y,8n) = dist(y,ri)
where r. is given by the formula (4.9). So we again have the situa-
27
tion from Lemma 4.6 with r(y) = dist(y,r.) and the above lemma gi-
ves the following result:
If fl e ? 0 , K , then
iN
( 4.28) [ ^ A ) 4 d ao (y) < a.(yp - y ± N
provided y e u. . In particular, for 8 e £ ' the quantities

d 3Q (y) and a ± (yp - y ± N
are equivalent.
4.9. DOMAINS WITH THE CONE PROPERTY. The cusp C(z) introduced in
the proof of Lemma 4.6 is a cone provided K = 1 - cf. (4.25). Its
vertex is the point z e r

and its axis is parallel to the x^j-axis.
6
le is unbounded; if we introduce a bounded cone with a height
This cone
h > 0 ,
C h (z) = { ( X ' > X N ) € |RN; a(z')-h < ^ < a(z'),

|x'-z'| < icaCz')-^)} ,
then
C h (z) c G
in virtue of (4.23), while the whole cone
C*(z) = { ( X ' > X N ) e IRN; a(z') < x^ < a(z')+h,
|x'-z'| < j^-aCz'))}

c
[which is symmetric with u( z ) with respect to the vertex z J lies
outside G :
C*(z) O G = 0 .
We say that a domain ft c JRN has the inner-cone property (outer

-cone property) if there is a cone
K = € ,RN;
h,C l<xf'V ° < *N < h ' |X
'! < CX
N}
(with h, c positive constants) with the following properties: for
every point x e an there is a cone C with its vertex at the
28
K can be
point x , which is congruent with the cone h c (i-e-» C x
transformed to K, by means of translation and rotation) and satis-
h,c •*
fies
C c n or C n J J = 0 , respectively
(i.e. the whole cone C lies inside ft or outside H , respective-
ly).
The considerations from the beginning of this section imply that
the domain G from (4.20) with the function a satisfying the Lip-
schitz condition (4;25) has the inner-cone property as well as the
outer-cone property. Applying the same argument to the domains Ui
from Definition 4.2, we conclude that a domain
0 1
a « fc '
also has the inner-cone property as well as the outer-cone property.
it suffices to choose h > 0 in K. sufficiently small and c =
= 1/A , where A is the constant from the Lipschitz condition.
More information concerning domains with the cone property are
found e.g. in the books by R. A. ADAMS [l] (Chap. 4, Sec. 4.1 - 4.9)
and H. TRIEBEL [l] (Chap. 4, Sec. 4.2.3).
There is another type of domains which is closely connected with

the cone property. We shall introduce it in the next section.
4.10. DEFINITION. Let 12 be a bounded domain in 1RN and let x

be a point of its boundary 3fi . The domain Q. is said to be of class
#(x ) (notation:
(4.29) a € <$(x0) ) ,
if the following conditions are fulfilled:
(i) 0 € t° ;
(ii) there is a bounded (open) cone K with its vertex at the
point x , such that
(4.30) K n n = 0 .
29
4.11, REMARKS. (i) The considerations of Sec. 4.9 immediately im-
ply that
S 0 ' 1 c 4<x0) ,
and this inclusion holds for every point x 6 3fi .
(ii) If a 6 <#(*0) » then a € £ ° . It is evident that the
coordinate systems (y',Y N ) and the corresponding sets B. , U.
and r. - see (4.4) and (4.7) - (4.9) - can be chosen in such a way
that they fulfil the following conditions:
(a) The point x belongs to one and only one of the sets r.
(let it be, say, r. ) and its distance from the sets U. for j =
= 2,3,...,m is positive.
(b) The point x is the origin of the coordinate system
(y' y 1 N ) and the y N-axis is the axis of the cone K from the con-
dition 4.10 (ii).
In what follows, if we consider a domain a € $/(x ) , then we

a priori assume that the above conditions (a), (b) from 4.11 (ii) are
fulfilled.
The domains of class 4.(x0) will be useful above all if the

weight function s(d^(x)) is considered, where
M
- (V
and hence
(4.31) dM(x) = |x - x Q | .
Let us now briefly deal with the distance just mentioned.
4.12. LEMMA. Let Q e J&(x0) and let us consider the set
ux + rx = {(yi.y 1H ); Y[ « V a^yp-e < y1N < a l ( y p }

€ u anc
Let y = (YI^Y-IM) i ^ let us denote
(4.32) y* = (y{,y*N) , Y** = (yi,a 1 (yp) ,

where
30
(4.33) a (
'IN ^ * I N ^ i y i > •
Then there exist -positive constants c. , c~ such that for alt

the following inequalities hold:
(4.34)
|y*l
and
(4.35) c2(|y I + a i < y p - yi N ) i lyl i ly + a x (yp - y 1 N
The proof is left to the reader. It is a consequence of elemen-

tary geometrical considerations, which exploit the properties of the
cone K from Definition 4.10
(cf. Fig. 2 ) .
Let us only remark that
the coordinates of the point
x in the coordinate system K"1
(y
l , y lN ) a r e (0»°> » s o
that - provided the notation
from (4.31) is observed - we
have Fig. 2
lyl - ly- x 0 l =
V^ •
Thus the meaning of the inequality (4.35) is that the distance ^(y)
anc tne
is equivalent to the sum of distances ^MCY ) ^ |y~y I J
latter of them is actually "the distance of the point y from 3Q
in the direction of the y IN axis".
The constants c, , c 2 from Lemma 4.12 are also determined by

the cone K . Using the notation from Fig. 2 we have (for 0 < o) < y)
1
s i n to sin -^
The smoothness of the distance

d3fi(x) = dist(x,3G)
31
is - roughly speaking - the same as that of the boundary 9ft of the
domain ft . Nevertheless, there exists a function which is infinitely
differentiable in ft and at the same time equivalent to the distance
d
3ft *
This is a consequence of the following lemma, whose proof can be
found f o r example i n J . NECAS [2] (for ft e ^ ' ^ o r H. TRIEBEL [ l ]
(Chap. 3 , S e c . 3.2.3).
4.13. LEMMA. Let ft C JR . Then there exists a positive function
p € C°°(ft) and positive constants c., c 2 , c such that for all
x e ft the estimates
c
(4.36) l d 3 Q <*> i ' W ic2d30(x)
and
(4.37) |D a p(x)| < Ca[p(x)]1-Ia|
hold.
5. H a r d y i n e q u a l i t y
The Hardy inequality is an indispensable tool if we desire to

deduce imbedding theorems for weighted Sobolev spaces. We shall first
introduce the classical Hardy inequality, which will be useful in the
case of spaces with power-type weights W^'p(ft;dM,e) , and then the
generalized Hardy inequality, which will be used for spaces with more
general weights W^'V(Visid^)) .
Our starting point is the following assertion:
5.1. THEOREM (G. H. HARDY, J. E. LITTLEWOOD, G. P0LYA [l] , Theorem

330). Let
32
1 , e^p-1.
Further, let f = f(t) be a function defined on ]o,»[ and such
that
f|f(t)|Pt£dt <
0
Then the following inequality holds:
(5.1) f[F(t)]Pt£-Pdt < ( " F | + T r )) PP f|f(t)|PtEdt ,

0 0
where
t
(5.2) F(t) = f|f(s)|ds for e < p-1
0
and
(5.3) F(t) = ||f(s)|ds for e > p-1 .

t
This immediately implies
5.2. THEOREM. Let

1 < p < oo 9 e ^ p-i .
Let u = u(t) be a function differentiable almost everywhere in

Jo,°°Q and such that
f|u'(t)| p t E dt < »
0
Further, let u satisfy the conditions
(5.4) u(0) = lim u(t) = 0 for z < p-1 ,

t+0
(5.5) u(«) = lim u(t) = 0 for e > p-1

t->»
Then the following inequality holds:

(5.6) j|u(t)|Pt£-Pdt < ( T I 4 + l r ) P J|u'(t)|ptedt .
0 0
P r o o f : In Theorem 5.1 let us choose f(t) » u'(t) . If the

condition (5.4) is fulfilled, then
t t
|u(t)| = ||u'(s)ds| 4 ||u'(s)|ds = F(t)
0 0
and in virtue of (5.2) the inequality (5.6) is a consequence of the
inequality (5.1). If the condition (5.5) is fulfilled, then
00 OO
|u(t)| - |ju'(s)ds| ^ j|u'(s)|ds = F(t)

t t
and the proof follows the same lines as above, with the condition
(5.3) instead of (5.2).
The inequality (5.6) will be called the {classical) Hardy inequa-

lity. Let us now introduce one easy consequence of this inequality.
5.3. LEMMA. Let the assumptions of Theorem 5.2 be fulfilled and let
c be a positive number. Then the inequality
e-p+1 7
(5.7) |u(0)| p ^. p + 1 + J|u(t)|p(t+c)c"pdt 4
0
i (Ti4nT) P |l u ' (t) l P(t+c)edt

0
holds.
P r o o f : I t s u f f i c e s to apply Theorem 5.2 to a function v

defined as follows:
€
u(0) for t [o,c] ,
v(t) = {
u(t-c) for t e 3c,»[ .
34
5.4. REMARK. According to (5.4) we have u(0) = 0 for e < p-1
and the first term on the left hand side of the inequality (5.7) then
vanishes.
5.5. AN ALMOST HISTORICAL REMARK. The value

e = p-1
is in a certain sense a singular value for the Hardy inequality (5.6).
Thus it is natural to ask what can be said about a function u =
= u(t) , if its derivative u'(t) is known to fulfil
||u'(t)| p t p_1 dt < * .

0
This case is dealt with in a paper by J. KADLEC, A. KUFNER [2] : it is
shown that the function |u(t)| p is integrable with a weight of the
p
type t |log t|~ . Here we go beyond the class of power-type weight
e
functions t ; thus we can ask for which weight functions a, (t) and
aQ(t) we can prove inequalities of the type
b b
(5.8) j|u(t)|po0(t)dt 4 c ||u'(t)|pa1(t)dt .
a a
The inequality (5.8) will be called the generalized Hardy inequality.
We can meet various generalizations of the Hardy inequality (5.6) in
literature since about 1964 - apart from the above-mentioned paper
J. KADLEC, A. KUFNER [2] see also V. R. PORTNOV [l] , F. A. SYSOEVA
[l] , G. TOMASELLI [l] , A. KUFNER [l] , V. N. SEDOV [l] , B. MUCKENHOUPT
[l], C. BENNETT [l] and others. In this chapter.we shall give a proof
of the inequality (5.8), following the main ideas of the paper A. KUF-
NER, H. TRIEBEL [l] .
5.6. ASSUMPTIONS. In the classical Hardy inequality we distinguish

two cases of the power-type weight function t e , namely, either with
e < p-1 or with e > p-1 . We shall distinguish two possibilities as
35
well in the generalized case; nevertheless, let us first introduce a
common assumption.
Let -» < a 0 for t e ] a , b [ .
(i) Case A: Let
(5.10) lim X(t) = -;

t+b
further, let us denote

X(a) = lim x(t)
t-*-a
i ntne
and define weight functions cr-i* <*n following way:
1-p
(5.11) a x (t) = e ( 1 -P> X ( t >[x'(t)]
-P
(5.12) a Q (t) = e x W x ' ( t ) [ e x ( t ) - e X ( a ) ]
fwe admit even x (a) = -» ; then we naturally set e ^ a ' = o ~] .
(ii) Case B: Let

(5.13) lim x(t) = -» ;
t->a
further, let us denote

X(b) = lim x(t)
t+b
a
d define weight functions i »a 0 i nthe followin
9 way:
1-p
( 1 A t)
(5.14) 0l(t) = e P- ) < [x'(t)]"
"P
(5.15) a (t) - e-^h'Wle-*™ - e"*;
[we admit even X (b) = ~ ; then we naturally set e *' = o J .
5.7. REMARKS. (i) The case B can be reduced to the case A: if

X = X(t) is the function from the case B, then the function
36
(5.16) X (t) = - X(-t) , t 6 ]-b,-a[ ,
satisfies all the conditions of the case A, with the interval Ja,bQ
replaced of course by the interval ]~b,-a£ - We shall refer to the
transformation (5.16) later.
(ii) The condition (5.10) will be essential for our arguments.
Nonetheless, it can be avoided provided D < « : Indeed, if -. (::) -
= lim X (t) < ~ , then the function X = X (t) CcLn be suitable ext-cin--
t*b
ded to the interval [b,b+lQ in such a way that the extended func-
tion x satisfies all the assumptions of Sec. 5.6 (Case A) with res-
pect to the new interval ]a,b+l[ ; in particular, it then holds
lim x(t) = » .
t+b+1
- We can proceed similarly also if a > - <*> and the condition (5.13)
is not fulfilled.
5.8. MUTUAL RELATION OF THE FUNCTIONS A , c^ , a Q . In Sec. 5.6

the weight functions an 9 a-, were given simultaneously in terms of
the function x . However, it is also useful to know how the function
X "is determined by the weight functions or how it is possible to
express an in terms of a-, or vice versa. We shall now establish
some formulae, assuming that
1 (t) = oJ-P'(t) = e ^ V c t ) = (eUt>)
By integration we obtain
37
(5.19) fa}- p '(s)d S = e X(t > - eX (a)
a
and this allows us to express the function X in terms of the weight
function a, :
t
(5.20) X(t) = log f~c + |aJ"P'(s)dsl
a
with a constant c ^ 0 .
From the formula (5.12) in virtue of (5.18) we then immediately

obtain the following expression for the weight function aQ in terms
of the weight function a, :
t ^ -p
(5.21) aQ(t) = aJ"P'(t)QaJ"P'(s)dsJ
a
The formula (5.12) can be written also in the form
I 1-P
U V w 1-p dt [e
0> J
and this - after integration and with regard to the condition (5.10)
- yields the relation
(5.22) f 0o(s)ds = _ i _ p ( t ) - e *<a)-] 1 - p .

t
Comparing the formulae (5.11) and (5.12) we see that
, 1 (t)=,J-P(t)[e»< t >-e*(f ( 1 - P ) ,
which in virtue of (5.22) immediately yields the following expression
of the weight function a, in terms of the weight function aQ :
b p
(5.23) ax(t) = (p-l)PaJ"p(t)Qa0(s)dsj .
t
(ii) Case 5: Analogously as in (i) we deduce the following for-

mulae, which correspond to the formulae (5.20), (5.21) and (5.23),
38
respectively:
b
(5.24) X(t) - - log [c + joJ"P'(s)dsj ,
t
(5.25)
t
t
I.
aQ(t) - a*"P'(t) £ JaJ~P'(s)ds] -'
t
% P
-P
(5.26) ax(t) - (p-l)PaJ"P(t)[ |a0(s)ds] .
The following assertion is an analogue of Theorem 5.1:
5.9. LEMMA. Let 1 < p < » and let the functions a, , aQ be gi-
ven by the formulae (5.11), (5.12) {case A) or by the formulae (5.14),
(5.15) (case B). Let f « f(t) be a function defined on Ja,bQ and
such that
b
||f(t)|pai(t)dt < « .
a
Then the inequality

b b
P
P
(5.27) f[F(t)] a 0 (t)dt < (gB.) JlfOOlÔOdt
a a
holds> where
t
(5.28) F(t) = j|f(s)|ds in the case A,
a
and
b
(5.29) F(t) = j|f(s)|ds in the case B.
t
P r o o f : (i) Case A. The function F(t) from (5.28) is

well defined for the Holder inequality yields
39
F(t) = J|f(s)|a*/p(s)a~1/p(s)ds 4
a
t 1/p t 1/p'
4 H ||f(s)|pai(s)dsj [ |ai"P'(s)ds]
a a
[for the notation, see (5.17)] .
For e > 0 let us now introduce functions f and F by the

e e
following rules:
f (t) for a+ e <_ t <_ b-e ,
fe(t) - { ~ "
0 for a < t < a+e or b-e < t < b
[if a = - oo then we replace a+e by a finite value a' , a' < b ;

similarly for b = oo J ,
t
F e (t) = f|fe(s)|ds
a
As
P E ( t ) ] P - ( §5 LFe(s)]Pds = p J[te(s)]P-1|fe(s)|ds .
a a
then by the Fubini theorem and by means of the formula (5.22) we

obtain the relation
b b t
J[F£(t)]Pa0(t)dt = p ([([F£(s)]p-1|fe(s)|ds]a0(t)dt =
a a
b b
p |[F£(s)]P"1|fe(s)||a0(t)dt ds =
a s
Estimating the last integral by means of the Holder inequality and

using the formulae (5.11) and (5.12), we conclude
40
f [F£(t)]Pa0(t)dt - j E . f { F e (s)[e^ S ). - e*<a>J "* •
a a
• L e X < S ) x ' ( » a 1 / P } P " 1 {|fe(s)|[eX(s)x'(s):-(P-1)/P} ds<
b 1/p' b 1/p
= P-L [ f C F £ ( s ) ] P ° 0 ( s ) d s ] [(|f £ (s)| p a 1 (s)ds]
a a
This easily implies the inequality (5.27) for the functions f , F .

Moreover, we have
b b
P
p
J [F£(t)] a0(t)dt < (g?-) flf^^lâ^^dt <
a a
b
< [J^f (|f(t)|Pal(t)dt
a
and by the Fatou lemma we obtain the inequality (5.27).
(ii) The case B is proved either directly by analogous arguments

or by reducing it to the case A according to Remark 5.7 (i).
From Lemma 5.9 we easily deduce the main result of this Chapter,
which is an analogue of Theorem 5.2:
5.10. THEOREM. Let 1 < p < « and let the functions a, , oQ be

given by the formulae (5.11), (5.12) {case A) or by the formulae
(5.14), (5.15) {case B). Let u = u(t) be a function different-table
almost everywhere on Ja,b£ and such that
b
||u'(t)|pa1(t)dt < • .
a
Further, let u fulfil the condition
(5.30) u(a) = lim u(t) = 0 in the case A,

t+a
41
(5.31) u(b) = lim u(t) = 0 in the case B.
t+b
Then the inequality
b
P b
p
(5.32) ||u(t)| a0(t)dt < (gEj) J|u'(t)1*^(t)dt
a a
holds.
P r o o f : In Lemma 5.9 let us choose f(t) «• u'(t) . If the

condition (5.30) is satisfied, then
t t
|u(t)| = |Ju'(s)ds| <f|u'(s)|ds = F(t)
a a
and the inequality (5.32) is - in virtue of (5.28) - a consequence
of the inequality (5.27). If the condition (5.31) is fulfilled, then
b b
|u(t)| = |Ju'(s)ds| <. ||u'(s)|ds = F(t)
t t
and we can proceed analogously as above, using of course (5.29).
5.11. EXAMPLES. (i) Let us choose a = - «> , b - • . Let a ,8

be positive numbers and let us choose the function X so that
ta for t > 1 ,
X(t) =
< , ,8
-|t| p for t < -1 .
a
In the case A the weight functions n »ai nave tne
form
at a-l e -(p-l)t* fQr t > , 9
a (t
o > " f RB
B | tl B-i e (P-i)|t| for t « _x ,
al-pt(a-l)(l-p)e-(p-l)t° for fc > x >
6
6| l-p lt| (8-l)(l-p) e (p-l)|t| fQr t K .,
In the case B it suffices to replace p-1 by the value 1-p in the

exponent of the number e .
42
(ii) The function X(t) from the above example can be used in
the case A as well in the case B, for it fulfils both the conditions
(5.10) and (5.13). Naturally, if we choose a • 0 , b < • and X
in such a way that
X(t) - - t"° |log t|3
in a certain neighbourhood of the point t = 0 with a > 0 , 3
real, then this function can be used - unless we specify its beha-
viour for t -• b - only in the case B.
(iii) Let -«<:a 0 , p'(t) > 0 for t €]a,b[ ,

(5.33)
lim p(t) » o , lim p(t) » » .
t-*a t-j-b
Then the function

(5.34) A(t) = log p(t)
can again be used in the case A as well as in the case B; we have
(5.35) o Q (t) = p~P(t)p'(t) , a 2 (t) = rp'(t)] l l P

in the case A and
(5.36) aQ(t) = pP""2(t)p'(t) , a x (t) - p 2 p " 2 [p' (t)] 1-p
in the case B.
5.12. THE CLASSICAL HARDY INEQUALITY. Choosing in the example 5.11

(iii) a » 0 , b = <*> and
(5.37) p(t) = t a with a = 1 ^ t * ^ > °»
and taking into account (5.35) or (5.36), we obtain the following

expressions for the weight functions a, and a :
43
where the values e < p-1 correspond to the case A while the values
e > p-1 correspond to the case B.
Thus, when choosing the function A according to (5.34) and

(5.37), the inequality (5.32) yields the classical Hardy inequality.
However, not even the generalized Hardy inequality can help us

to solve the "singular" case of the classical Hardy inequality, that
is, the question of the weight function a0 (or even the "generating"
function A ) , if a = 0 , b=« and the weight function a-, is
chosen in the form
(5.38) a]L(t) = tP"1 .
The corresponding functions A and an would have to be determined

by the formulae (5.20) and (5.21) or by (5.24) and (5.25) in the ca-
ses A and B, respectively. These formulae involve the integral of the
function a,"^ (t) , and since a-, from (5.38) fulfils
ai-P'(t) . t(P-i)d-P') . i t
the above-mentioned integrals have no sense.
In spite of this, it is possible to establish the Hardy inequa-

lity even for a, of the form (5.38). Naturally, this cannot be
achieved on Jo,~[ but on ]o,l[ , as follows from the following
example.
5.13. EXAMPLE. Let us choose a = 0 , b = 1 and
a±(t) = t p _ 1 |log t| e + P , 3 real.
If 3^-1 then the corresponding weight function oQ can be deter-

mined by means of the formula (5.21) (for 3 < -1 - the case A) or
by means of the formula (5.25) (for 3 > -1 - the case B ) . In both
cases we have
44
and the corresponding Hardy inequality is
1
(5.39) j|u(t)| p £ |log t|3dt 4
0
* (Tifer ) J | u ' < t ) | P t P ~ 1 I1***!8**" •

0
This inequality holds provided
u(0) = lim u(t) = 0 in the case $ < -1 ,
(5.40) ^°
u(l) = lim u(t) = 0 in the case $ > -1 .
t*l
Thus the special choice 3 = -p yields the desired extension
of the classical Hardy inequality even to the singular case e = p-1 .
Let us note that the inequality (5.39) was established and used by
J. KADLEC, A. KUFNER [2] . We shall come back to this inequality again
later.
5.14. ITERATED HARDY INEQUALITY. Let the function A fulfil the

condition (5.10) as well as the condition (5.13), that is, let
A(a) = - * , A(b) = * . Then the formulae (5.11), (5.12) as well as
(5.14), (5.15) reduce to a simpler form and in both cases we have
a1(t) = a 0 (t)[A'(t)]"p ,
so that the inequality (5.32) assumes the form

b p b p
(5.41) (|u(t)|Pa0(t)dt < (gE.) ( |H^tl| 0() (t)dt.
a a
Introducing a special differential operator D by
V = £•
we can show by repeated application of the Hardy inequality (5.41)
(and, naturally, under the corresponding assumptions on the function
u ) that for an arbitrary k e IN the inequality
45
(5.42) J|u(t)|PaQ(t)dt 4 ( J y ||Dû(t)|Pa0(t)dt
a a
holds.
It is evidently possible to derive the iterated Hardy inequality

even if only one of the conditions (5.10), (5.13) is fulfilled. In
this case, its form will naturally be more complicated.
46
I. POWER - TYPE WEIGHTS
6. S o m e e l e m e n t a r y a s s e r t i o n s
We s h a l l now d e a l w i t h t h e w e i g h t e d s p a c e s
V^'P^dê) ,
which were introduced in Sec. 3.3. We shall show their place in com-
parison with the classical Sobolev spaces (fi) , which will enable
us to establish certain properties of the weighted spaces. Before
that, however, let us introduce an important notation.
6.1. DEFINITION. Let X , Y be two normed linear spaces. We say

that the space X is imbedded into the space Y , and denote this
fact by the symbol
(6.1) XQ Y ,
if
(i) X is a subspace of the space Y ;
(ii) there is a constant c > 0 such that
(6.2) ||u|| Y < c||u||x
for all elements u e X .
N
6.2. LEMMA. Let ft be a bounded domain in CR and to , r\ real
numbers. Then
(6.3) LP(J2;dM,aJ) Q LP(Ji;dM,n)
holds for n ^ a) .
P r o o f : As the domain ft is bounded, the function

ot
[dM(x)] for a ^ 0 is bounded as well:
[dj.(x)3a ^ c for x € ft .
47
Setting a = r|-w , we have
[ d M< x >] n 4 c C d ^ x f f for x e ft ;

after multiplying this inequality by the number |u(x)| p and inte-
grating over ft we obtain
(6.4 ) IlulI , c1/p|lull ,
This inequality is a special case of the inequality (6.2), and hence

the imbedding (6.3) holds.
N
6.3. THEOREM. Let Si be a bounded domain in IR . Then
( 6 . 5) W^Cft) Q ^ ^ ( f l j ^ e ) for eÔ
and I
( 6 . 6) ^ ( Q j ^ e ) Q W^Cn) for e 4 0 .
P r o o f : The inequality (6.4) applied to n = e>=0> w = 0

a
and to D u instead of u (| ct | 4 k ) immediately yields
that is
W ^ C n ^ . O ) C ^^(ftjdê) for e >_ 0 .
As
this proves the imbedding (6.5). - The imbedding (6.6) can be proved
analogously if we choose n = 0 , u = e in Lemma 6.2 for e 4 0 .
6.4. REMARK. The inclusions in (6.5) and (6.6) are strict for £ ^
^ 0 , that is, the two spaces occurring in the same formula are gene-
rally different. This is demonstrated by the following examples: Let
ft be a sector of the unit sphere in IRN , generated by a cone with
its vertex at the origin 0 (see Fig. 3 ) . For the set M C 8ft let
us choose just the origin 0 ; hence
48
(i) Let E > 0 and let us define the function u in the fol-
lowing way:
u(x) = |x|" N / p for x e a..
Then u £ L p (a) , since

Fig. 3
||u|| p = f|u(x)|pdx = f|x|"Ndx = const |r'1dr = « ,

G fl 0
but u € Lp(fl;d-.,e) , since

1
=
IMIê f l u < x ) | P l x | £ d x - f|x|"H+edx - const jr"1+edr <
Thus
LP(n) j iPim^z)
and the inclusion in (6.5) is strict.
(ii) Let e < 0 and let us define the function u in the fol-
lowing way:
-N- £
P
u(x) . |x| for x 6 a .
Similarly to part (i) we prove
u e LP(ft) but u tf LP(ft;dM,e) ,
which proves that the inclusion in (6.6) is strict as well.
,P
Consequently, the weighted Sobolev spaces w (ft;cL,,e) for
e > 0 are richer and for e < 0 poorer than the corresponding clas-
,p
sical Sobolev spaces w (a) . Moreover, the example (i) from Sec.
6.4 shows that the inclusion in (6.5) cannot be converted. Neverthe-
less, for some e > 0 it is possible to imbed the spaces
,p
w (8;cL.,e) into a certain Sobolev space:
49
4 Kufner
N
6.5. PROPOSITION. Let G be a bounded domain tn |R , p > 1 .
Then there exist numbers e > 0 and q € [l,pQ such that
(6.7) W ^ P ^ d ^ e ) QW^Cfl) for 0 < e <, e Q .
P r o o f : Let v e Lp(fl;dM,e) . Using the Holder inequality

with p. = p/q , p' = p/(p-q) , where 1 < q < p , we obtain the
estimate
J|v<x)|*dx = | | v ( x ) | ^ / P ( x ) . ^ / P ( x ) d x <
< ((|v(x)|Pd^(x)dx)q/P(fdê<J/(P-<3)(x)dx)
Thus the function v belongs to Lp(fl) if and only if the inte-

gral
(6.8) {<^00dx with n = p|

a
converges. As there evidently exists e > 0 such that the integral
in (6.8) is finite for n " " e0<3/(P~q) » we obtain an estimate
l|v||q<c||v||p;dM(e
for e e [o.ej .
If we successively insert v • Dau , |a| 4 k , we obtain an estimate
and this is the imbedding (6.7).
6.6. REMARK. Let us turn back again to the integral (6.8). If we

denote the 6-neighbourhood of a set M for 6 > 0 by the symbol
0T(M,6) , that is,
(6.9) CT(M,6) = {x € IRN-M; dist(x,M) < 6} ,

then the convergence of the integral
50
(6.10) J = | d£(x)dx
CT(M,6)
is a sufficient condition of the convergence of the integral (6.8).
However, we are able to establish criteria of convergence of the inte-
gral (6.1o):
(i) Let M be a connected (N-l)-dimensional subset of the

N-l
hyperplane IR given by the condition J L = o . For x = (x'^xê
N and
e |R we can thus put ^ W = 1^1 instead of the integral J
we can consider the integral
IN ' n d X "
!'•
0
which converges for n > -1 • Taking into account the actual form of
the number r\ - see (6.8) - we see that it suffices to choose e
and q in Proposition 6.5 so as to satisfy

(6.11) ^-a o , which gives the
following condition for the parameters e and q in (6.7):
(6.12) -£S < N .

v J
p-q
(iii)Now it is already clear how to proceed if M is a connec-
ts- 1
ted m-dimensional subset of the hyperplane IR given by the condi-
tions x m + 1 = x m + 2 = ... = x N _ 1 = XJJ = o (o < m < N-l) . Denoting
* **s N *
x = (x ,x ) e IR , where x = (x ,x 2 ,... ,x ) , we can put ^M^X^=
= |x | (the last expression is the Euclidean distance in the space
IR ) . Introducing suitable "cylindrical" coordinates with "cylin-
51
ders" over spheres (with center at the origin and with variable ra-
dius r ) in the space IR , we can consider the integral
6
« N-m-1;
[r"r" "l A dr
0
instead of the integral J , and the condition of convergence,
n+N-m > o , leads to the following condition for the parameters
and q in (6.7) :
(6.13) -^*
p-q < N-m .
This inequality includes the inequalities (6.11) and (6.12) as

special cases for m = N-l and m = o , respectively, and hence Pro-
position 6.5 can be equipped with the following supplement:
N
6.7. COROLLARY. Let ft be a bounded domain in IR , M c Sfl ,
dim M » m , 0 < m ^ N-l , p > 1 . Then the imbedding (6.7) holds
for all e and q such that
(6.14) 0 4 e < (N-m)(p-l) ,
(6.i5) i < , < aggS •
P r o o f : The latter inequality in (6.15) follows from (6.13),

the latter inequality in (6.14) guarantees that the number
(N-m)p/(e+N-m) is greater than one. Consequently, under the condi~
tions (6.14), (6.15) the integral (6.8) is really convergent.
6.8. REMARK. The condition (6.13), guaranteeing the convergence of

the integral (6.10), is merely a sufficient condition of the integral
(6.8). In general, it is not a necessary condition: the integral (6.8)
may sometimes converge even for values n smaller than the value
(m-N) ; this depends on the geometric character of the domain a in
the vicinity of the set M . We can illustrate this fact by the follo-
wing example:
52
Let x. £ 3ft , choose M = {x } and denote by B(x ,r) the
ball with the centre x and a radius r . If the measure of the
intersection ft O B ( x , r) behaves for r -»• 0 in the same way as r
(this is the case, for example, if there is a bounded cone with its
vertex at the point x , which lies wholly in ft ) , then the situa-
tion is similar to that described in (ii) of Remark 6.6 and the inte-
gral (6.8) is finite for r\ > -N . On the other hand, if the domain
ft is such that
meas(ft O B ( x ,r)) = r T with x < N
(this is the case, for example, if ft is a cusp with its vertex at
the point x ) , then the integral (6.8) will be finite even for some
n 4 -N . In that case also the upper bounds of the numbers e and
q , for which the imbedding (6.7) holds, are greater than those given
in (6.14) and (6.15).
By means of Theorem 6.3 and Proposition 6.5 we can now easily

deduce some other results concerning the properties of weighted Sobo-
lev spaces w '^(ft;dM,e) . Indeed, if we know that a" weighted space
is (for e < 0 and for certain e > 0 ) imbedded into a suitable
classical Sobolev space (ft) , then it suffices to apply the im-
bedding theorems for the latter spaces and to combine the above-men-
tioned imbedding with the imbeddings (6.6) or (6.7). Since
w^cn) Q x ,
where X can (under some additional assumptions on ft and with re-
gard to the values of the parameters k ,q - see e.g. A. KUFNER,
0. JOHN, S. FUCfK [l] , Chap. 5) be the space Ls(ft) or the space of
y
Holder continuous functions C ' (ft") or the space of traces L (3ft)
etc., we obtain similar imbeddings for weighted spaces as well, which
provides us with the first information about the structure of these
spaces.
The reader is recommended to formulate some of the above-mentio-
53
ned results and to determine the assumptions on a , M ,e , k , p ,
under which the assertions are valid. In what follows we will not use
the detour via classical Sobolev spaces when studying the structure
of the spaces "'^(J^cLê) but we will exploit certain specific
properties of the weight functions. However, in the conclusion of
this chapter let us introduce one more elementary result.
6.9. PROPOSITION. Let a be a bounded domain in IRN , M c 3J2 ,

m N_1 1 < Let
dim M = m , ° 4 4 » P > * » < 5 3 q ( f i ; d M , u ) .
P r o o f : Making use of the Holder inequality with p. = p/q

p' = p/(p-q) , we obtain the estimate
||v<x)|«d-(x)dx = ||v(x)|%^P(x).d^- e ^ / P(x)dx <
i (flv(x)|P4(x)dx) q/P ((d ] < 0) P-^)/(P-^(x)dx) (P " q)/P .
Hence a function v € ljP(Q;dM,e) belongs to Lq(fi;dM,oj) pro-

vided the integral
fd£<x)dx with n = Êf

ft
converges. This is ensured - in the same way as in Remark 6.6 - by
the inequality
n > m-N ,
and this inequality holds in virtue of the assumption (6.16). Under
our assumptions we have
54
and this is the imbedding (6.17). The imbedding (6.18) is obtained
in the same way as in Proposition 6.5.
7. D e n s i t y of smooth, f u n c t i o n s
7.1. INTRODUCTION. If the domain fl is bounded, then each smooth

function from the set C°°(^) - see Sec. 3.10 - belongs to the Sobo-
p
lev space w ' (fi) , that is,
C°°(^) C W ^ d D .
Theorem 6.3 then yields that
(7.1) C°°(fi) C W^'P^djj.e) for e > 0 .
Here the assumption e > 0 is essential. Indeed, if we choose N=l ,

and M
ft = jOfJ-L = {0} » then the function u(x) = x belongs to
C~([0,l]) , but
u rf W1,P(J2;dM,c) for e 4 -1 .
Consequently, the inclusion (7.1) is not generally valid for e < 0 .

For e j> 0 we can make the relation (7.1) more precise; let us show
it first for M - aa .
7.2. THEOREM. Let ft € £° , M = 3fi .and let us denote <^(x) =

» d(x) . Then the set C (8) is dense in <a;dfe) for z > 0 ,
that is9
(7.2) Wk»p(a;d,e) = C w (a)
holds9 where the closure of the set C (IT) on the right hand side
refers to the norm (3.9).
55
P r o o f : Let u £ V» ,p(fi;d,e) . Let us introduce the local
coordinates y = (y',y-N) from Definition 4.2 and denote
v± = u + i
£see Sec. 4.5 (i), formula (4.17)3 • Using the notation from Fig. 1
we evidently have v. e w ^(U^d^-.e) , where the set M , to which
the distance d^. refers, is taken to be the part r. of the bounda-
ry aa . Let us fix i , 1 o 0 let us define functions v.. = 4 X ^ i -N^ i
by
v (v =
(7.3) ix > v±(y-Xh) = v ± (y[,y iN -X)
[let us recall that v ± (y^,y iN ) - o for y ± N < a ± (yp-e 3 •
First we prove that

(7.4) v. -* v. for X -J- 0
,p
in the norm of the space w (U.;dM,e) . To this aim let us fix a
multiindex a , |a| 4 k , and denote by g the function Dav. and
=
9X(y) 9 (y-Xh) . Introducing the integrals
J(x) - j |g(y) - g(y-xh)|pd£(y)dy ,

U
i
J
!<*> - { |g(y)<^/p(y) - g(y-xh)d£/p ( y -xh)| pdy ,
u
i
(7.5)
J2(X) = ( |g(y-Xh)|p|d£/p(y-Xh) - d^/p(y)|pdy =
u
i
- f |g(y-xh)l p 4(y-xh)|[^ xh) ] - i| dy ,

u.
1
we evidently have
(7.6) J(X) 4 2 P " 1 [J 1 (X) + J2(X)] .
The function g(y)dJ:'p(y) belongs to L P (U ± ) since g = Dotvi €
p P
e L (U.;cL,,e) . The functions from L (U.) being p-mean continuous
56
(see A. KUFNER, O. JOHN, S. FUCfK [l] , Chap. 2, Sec. 2.4), for a gi-
ven n > 0 there exists a number X. > 0 such that
(7.7) J X (X) < 2 " p n p

for A < X1 .
For 6, y € |R , 6 < y let us denote
(7.8) U±(6,y) = {y € IRN; y[ € A±, Y^-a^) e J 6 > U J-} .
then, in particular, U. = U.(-3,0) . We write the integral J 2 (X)

as the sum of the integral over U.(-6,0) and the integral over
U ± - U±(-6,0) = U±(-B,-6) , denoting the former by J2]U) »the lat_
J € U
ter by 22(X) *Let v
* be fixe<
*> let us
denote r = d (y) and
let V be the body resulting by translating the open ball B(y,r)
in the negative direction of the y. -axis:
v y = u {B(z,r); z = (y:,z iN ), z i N < y i N } •

As the hypersurface r. is described by the function z > N = a.(zf) ,
it must lie outside the body V , and hence for X > 0 (X small)
we have
d^y-Xh) = dist(y-Xh,ri) ^ dist(y-Xh,3Vy) = r = d ^ y ) ,
that is,
d
M<y> , r **iY) i£/p
-s-=i—r^-r- < 1 and 1 - -r-V—nrr < 1 .
d^y-Xh) = L ^(Y-^h) J
Consequently,
J21U) 4 { |g(Y-Xh)|pd^(y-Xh)dy =
U±(-6,0)
[ |g(Y)|Pd^(Y)dy .
U±(-6-X,-X)
As for small 6 the measure of the "strip" U. (-<5-X,-X) is suffi-

p
ciently small, and as g e L (U.;dL^,e) , it is possible to find such
6 > 0 that
J 21 (X) < 2"1-P,P .
57
Let us f i x such a 6 . Then
e / p p
i r <Vy> i i
and s i n c e
uniformly on U.(-&,-6) , there exists a number x2 > 0 such that

for x < A2 ,
J 22 (X) < 2"1-PnP
J
as w e l l . Hence a l s o J 2 (X) = 2i(x)+J22^ < 2
~PTIP » wnich
together
with (7.6) yields
J(A) = | | g - g J | P H c < n P for x < min(x1,X2) ,

M'
that is, g -* g for x -*• 0 in Lp(U.;d_^,e) . Consequently, as g
has been an arbitrary derivative (of an order |a| 4 k ) of the func-
tion v. , this proves the relation (7.4).
The function v. is defined outside a as well, namely, in
the domain U.(0,x) . From the inclusion v. €
(U
i ; d M' e ) We find
(after substituting z = y-xh ) that

v €
iX ^ ^ ^ i ^ - B . X ) ; c£, e ) ,
where the function ^(y) now is the distance of the point y from
the hypersurface r. which results by translating the hypersurface
r. by x in the direction of the y. -axis.
Let now 0 < y < X . If y e U.(-p,y) , then ^ ( Y ) >,ci > ° »

and by the text following Sec. 3.1 we have
V €
iX ^^î^û)) -
The function v. can be regularized in the following way: For y e
e U.(-$,]i) and for sufficiently small x > 0 let us introduce a
function R v. (R is a mollifier):
(7.9) <RTviX)(Y) = ~^N f K(y-z;x)vix(z)dz ,

KT
|z-y|<x
58
where
|2
exp — L | J — _ for | z| < x ,
K(Z;T) = { M 2 -^ 2
for | z | >^ x
and
K(z;l)dz
|z|<l
The function R v. belongs to C (U.) and satisfies
(7.10) lim R v.. = v..

T lX lX
T+0
in the space Wk,p(Ui) (see A. KUFNER, 0. JOHN, S. FUCfK [l] , Chap.

5, Theorem 5.3.7). However, in virtue of the imbedding (6.5) the con-
,p
vergence (7.10) holds even in the weighted space w ( U . ;£-.,£) ,
which together with (7.4) implies that the function
w. = R v,,|
for sufficiently small T > 0 and X > 0 approximates the function

v. ; moreover, w. e C°°(J7) and supp w. c U.+r. (i = l,2,...,m) .
In virtue of Remark 4.5 ( i ) , the function v Q = u<J> can be

approximated directly by the function
W R e
0 - TV0 C
"^>
,P
in the norm of the space w (G) as well as in the norm of the spa-
ce (fl;d,e) , since supp v c B and B Q c ft .
The functions (J> ,<(»1,... ,<J» form a partition of unity on H ,
and therefore the function
w = w + w. + ... + w € C°° (J2)
u +u
is the desired function which approximates the function u = 0 i+
...+u in the norm of the space Vv 'p(Q;d,e) . This completes the
proof of Theorem 7.2.
7.3. REMARKS. (i) Theorem 7.2 is also valid for e = 0 . Conse-

quently, we have proved in particular that
59
(7.ii) w ^ c n ) = c°°(ft)
for fie^° (see A. KUFNER, O. JOHN, S. FUCfK [l] , Chap. 5, Theorem

5.5.9).
(ii) In the course of the proof of Theorem 7.2 we have several
times essentially exploited the fact that e ^ 0 . This seems to in-
dicate that the method used cannot be applied to the case of negative
values of e . On the other hand, the example introduced in the con-
clusion of Sec. 7.1 excluded solely the values e 4 -1 . W e shall see
later that this is not incidental: we shall show (as a special case
of the theorem on density for general weights in Part II) that the
identity (7.2) holds even for e > -1 .
(iii) The idea of the proof of Theorem 7.2 is taken from J. NE-
CAS [l] (Chap. 6, Theorem 2.1). The same theorem is there proved for
a slightly different weight, which in our terminology would corres-
pond to the weight <^(x) for ft e t 0 ' 1 and M = 3ft .
We shall now prove an analogue of Theorem 7.2 for M = {x } ,

x e 3ft . We shall proceed more rapidly, for the proof is very simi-
lar to that of Theorem 7.2.
7.4. THEOREM. Let ft 6 <6(xQ) , x € 3ft (cf. Definition 4.10).

Let M = {x } , that is, ^M^) =
I x_x
n I * ^-en
T t ie
^ s e t c
(**) ^s
dense in (ft;d.,,e) for e ^ 0 , that is,
(7.12) Wk,P(ft;dM,e) = C°° (ft) ,
where the closure of the set C°°(s7) on the right hand side refers
to the norm (3.9).
P r o o f : Let u e W^,p(ft;dM,e) , let us introduce the local

coordinates from Definition 4.2 and denote
60
As Q, e &(x ) , the conditions (a), (b) from Sec. 4.11 (ii) are ful-
filled. Therefore, choosing i = 2,3,...,m , we have from condition
k,p
(a) not only v± € W (U i ;d M ,e) but even v ± e W k , p (U ± ) . Following
Remark 7.3 (i) we find functions w. e C°° (?T) , supp w. c U.+r. ,
which approximate v. in the norm of the space (U.) and - sin-
ce the weight function in U. is immaterial for 1^2 - even in
,P
the norm of the space Vv (U.;d^,e) . In the same way as in the con-
clusion of the proof of Theorem 7.2 we also find a function w e
€ C (Q) that approximates the function v .
Thus we have only the case i = 1 left. We have v e

£ W ^ P c u ^ d ^ e ) , where, of course, ^ ( Y ) = |Y| . As in (7.3) let
us put
v lx (y) = vx(y-Xh) , X > 0 ,
and let us consider the integrals (7.5) with g = Dav . We shall

show in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 7.2 that (7.7) holds.
Further, let us denote by B. the intersection of the ball

o
B(x ,6) with the domain ft . We write the integral J?( x ) as the
u
sum of two integrals, over B and over -i~ B 6 » denoting them by
J2, (X) and J 22 (X) , respectively. We have
^(y) Ivl
C that iS
VY-Ah) = J^XKI i l • >
. r ^w IE/PIP : :
according to Lemma 4.12, formula (4.34), and hence
J 2 1 ( X ) ; 4 C 2 | |g(y-Xh)|p|y-Xh|edy = J |g(y)|p|y|edy ,
B B
6 6X
r N i
where B = {ye \R ; y+Xh € B } . The measure of the set B is

small for small 6 > 0 , and therefore 6 can be chosen so that
P P :
J 2 (X) < 2~ ~ n • This 6 being assumed fixed, we estimate ^2^)
61
e/P|P.
' ^ s ^ J ' - W pi'Hk
y £U B
i- «
In the same way as in the proof of Theorem 7.2 we thus arrive at the
conclusion that bh XX -*• 0 in L^>(U1;d^,e) , that is,
g -»• g with
v, -> v with X -*• 0 in W '^(U.;d^,e) . By regularization we con-

struct a function w. = R v. € C*° (?f) , which approximates the func-
tion v and hence also the function v. , and then we complete the
proof in the same way as that of Theorem 7.2.
7.5. REMARK. Until now we have proved the density of the set C (If)
in the space W^'^Cfi ;cL., e) - for e ^ 0 - for the case M = 3fi and
M = {x } , x e 9ft . Nonetheless, we can see from the proofs of
Theorems 7.2 and 7.4 that the method can be applied to more general
sets M c. 3Q . indeed, it suffices to assume that Q € £ (z) for
every z e M and that the corresponding cones K = K(z) from Defi-
nition 4.10 (ii) are mutually congruent for all z G M . The class
of domains of this type will be denoted by
(7.13) <£(M)
and we shall write
fl € <£(M) .
Roughly speaking, we thus have (£ (M) = p|_d£(z) and the result
Z€ M
corresponding to Theorems 7.2 and 7.4 can be formulated as follows:
7.6. PROPOSITION. Let £2 € & (M) . Then the set C* (ii") is dense
in V^'P^dê) , that is, (7.12) holds.
Let us now consider the case

e < 0 .
d
In this case the function M (x) tends to infinity with x -• x € M ,
and this eventually may have an unfavourable effect on the integrals
62
of the type / |u(x)| p d^(x)dx . If w e desire to
fl'
larity of the function dJ: in M , w e cannot always assume that the
limit of the function u e J^yP(s^dê) for x -* x € M (if it at
all exists) is nonzero. This is demonstrated by the following exam-
ples:
7.7. EXAMPLES. Putting N = 2 , let us choose the rectangle Q=
= {x = ( x . , x 2 ) ; -1 < x. < 1, 0 < x 2 < 1} for the domain Q . Let
u £ C°°(Q) and assume that
(7.14) lim u(x) = a ^ 0 .

x-»-0
Then there is 6 > 0 such that
Kl
|u(x)| ^ ^ for x e Q 6 ,
where Q = { x e Q ; - 6 < x < 6 , 0 < x 2 < 6 } .
(i) Let us choose M = {x = ( x . , x 2 ) ; -1 < x < 1, x 2 = o} .

x
Then ^(x) = 2 for x e Q , and since
6
ia |P
j|u(x)|pd£(x)dx L | | u ( x ) | p x | d x > l ^ l 26Jx^dx 2 ,
Q Q6 0
it is evident that
(7.15) u £ L P (fi;d M , e ) for e 4 -1 .
(ii) Let us choose M = {(0,0)} . Then d M ( x ) = / x.+x 2 = r ,
and since
• |P 66
e+1
f|u<x)|?c£(x)dx > f |u(x)|Pr e dx > | ^ | nf r dr
Q Qs 0
(where the polar coordinates r , <
f> are u s e d ) , it is evident that
(7.16) u £ L P (fi;d M ,e) for e 4 -2 .
Consequently, if a smooth function u e C<X,(Q) should belong to
the corresponding space (J2;dj4,e) with e 4 -1 or e 4 -2 ,
63
respectively, then necessarily
lin u(x) = 0 , x € M .
x+xQ
7.8. REMARK. (i) Generalizing the result of the preceding example,

we immediately conclude:
If a function u e C°°(J2) should belong to the space

k,P
W (fi;d,e) , where M c 3Q , dim M = m and
(7.17) e 4 m - N ,
then necessarily u(x) = 0 for x € M .
Thus it is evident that Proposition 7.6 cannot be extended to

the case e 4 m-N . Nevertheless, we can then ask whether a statement
of the type
(7.18) WÔ^djj.e) = C~(fi)
holds for such e's , where C„(fl) is the set introduced in Sec.
3.10 - see (3.22). We shall show later that a result of the type
(7.18) really holds.
(ii) In particular, let us mention the case M = 3fi . Then
C*(a) = C~(ft) and (7.18) asserts that
W ^ P ^ j d ^ e ) = cjj(fi) for e 4 -1
(we have dim M = N-l and hence m-N = -1 ) . On the other hand, in
Sec. 3.8 we have introduced the space W7 , p (a;cLe) precisely as the
c
closure of the set !!(n) • This would mean
(7.19) W^Pcosdê) = W^>P(fi;d]sl,e)
for M = 3fl and for e 4 -1 . Later we shall actually prove the re-
lation (7.19), and not only for e 4 -1 , but for e > kp-1 as well.
(iii)
Let us recall that the identity (7.19) holds for classi-
N
cal Sobolev spaces, that is, for e = 0 , only if Q = IR :
vP>pW = w£'p(G) <=> a = [RN .
64
8. I m b e d d i n g t h e o r e m s
8.1. INTRODUCTION. The imbedding theorems for the classical Sobolev

spaces usually assume the form
W^PCG) (^ Wr,q(fl) ,
where
<3 > P » r < k , (k-r)p < N
and
q = p
Here two parameters are involved, namely k and p , which can be
varied.
When considering weighted Sobolev spaces (G;cL.,e) we have
three parameters: the numbers k ,p and e . We shall vary only two
of them, namely k and e , leaving the parameter p > 1 without
change. All imbedding theorems for weighted Sobolev spaces will have
the form
W1'P(ft;dM,£) q, LPCfl^Ti)
or, more generally,
W ^ P ^ d ^ e ) Q W^Pcs^d^n)
with r 4 k, and our aim will be to find the relation between the
numbers £ and n •
We shall first deal with the case M « 3fl .
8.2. THEOREM. Let

a e t°'K , o < ic ic(p-l).
Then
(8.2)
W 1 * p (0;d M ,e) C ^ L P ^ d ^ n ) ,
where
e - icp for ic(p-l) < e <, tcp ,
(8.3) n r e> K
f ~ P f° P•
65
P r o o f : First, let u e C (ft) . Let us introduce the local
coordinates y = (Y.5»YiN) from Definition 4.2 and let us denote
v
i = u *i
[see Sec. 4.5 (i), formula (4.17)]. We have u 6 W k,p (U ± ;d M ,£) , where
the distance cL. is measured from the part r. of the boundary 8G .
Let us now estimate the number
(8-4) M ^ i l l ^ H . n " f|vi(x)|P<^1(x)dx = f |vi(y)|Pd^(y)dy =

' **' a u.
« i <yi)
^ a±<yi>-B
where r\ is given by the formula (8.3).
If e e]K(p-l),KpQ , then n = e-icp € J - K , O ] , that is, n 4
4 0 ; then the first inequality in (4.28) yields
d£<yi,y iN ) i (i7A) n A Ca i (yi)-y i N ] n / K -

, e/K-p _e/>c-p
- fraj) ^(yp-y^l
If e > 0 and the second inequality in (4.28)
yields
aJCYi-Yifl) i Oi<*i>-r±J n • ^ ( y p - y ^ f " P -

Hence
e/K-p
(8.5) ^(y[.yiN> i ^ [ a ^ y ^ - y ^
for all e > ic(p-l) , where c Q = max(l, (l+A)e/l<:~p) , and (8.4) im-
plies
<8-6) lîH^ni
*1(yp
i c o( d *i f i v i(yi-yi N >i p [ a i<yi)-yiN] e " ^ u . -
66
p
- c o | dyi(|v i (y£,a i (yp-t)|Pt e/K -Pdt =
*i °
oo
= c0J dyf||v i (y^,a i (yp-t)| p t e/K - p dt

A
i °
(we have used the substitution t =a.(y')-y iN and the fact that
supp v. C U.+r. and hence v.(y?,a.(yf)-t) = 0 for t ^ g ) . The
inner integral in the last term in (8.6) can be estimated by the Hardy
inequality (5.6), naturally with e replaced by — and u(t) re-
placed by the function f(t) = v.(y',a.(y')-t) (y? e h. is fixed).
The inequality (5.6) may be used, since we have — > p-1 in virtue
of the condition (8.1) and, moreover, f(t) = 0 for t ^ e so that
the condition (5.5) is fulfilled. Hence
00
(iv^yâ^yp-^lPt^^Pdt <
0
K * 0
In the last integral it again suffices to integrate from 0 to B ;

a and
after using the substitution t = i(yp~y- N integrating the re-
sulting inequality with respect to y' over A. , we obtain - in
virtue of (8.6) - the estimate
A± a.Cyp-g
K
p
with c. - c.( £ ,.)
1 0 Ve-K(p-1)-'
Since — > 0 , the first inequality in (4.28) yields
[>i<n>-yiJ e/K i u«> e/,e a£<ri'ris>
67
and (8.7) implies
_ f l 33V.
I V. |*
(8-8) | |v±| | P ; d M > n < c2J |î-(y) | d£(y)dy =
f,3V. iP
where c 2 = c (1+A)
As v. = u<(>. , where u as well as <f>. belong to C°° (a) , we

have
<8-*> H-iHi,p;d 1 | .«i<'Ill»ll 1 , p .a M . € .

where the constant c. > 0 depends only on the function <j>. , and
from (8.8) and (8.9) we finally obtain the estimate
<8-10> M-illp^.nî^Mi.p^.e
1/p
-i = C c
2 Cc i *
The inequality (8.10) holds for i = l,2,...,m . On the other
B
hand, it also holds for the function v = u<f> , since supp <J>0 C 0
and 17 C fi ~ see Remark 4.5 (i). As

m m
u
- I u *i1 - I vx ,
i-0 -- i=0
(8.10) finally yields the estimate
cxi) lHlplVliaj0llv1llplVnic|N|ltP|di|>..
which holds (with a constant C = co+ci+*••+cm independent of the

function u ) for every u e C (J2) .
,p
Now let u e W (J2;dM,e) . By the assumption (8.1) we have E>
> 0 , and hence Theorem 7.2 implies that the set C°°(IF) is dense in
,p u a se< uence of
W (ft;dM,£) . Let us denote by ^ n ^n=l 3 functions
u € C° (a) that converges to the function u - its existence is a
consequence of the density of the set C°° (J2) . Then every u satis-
68
fies the estimate (8.11). Passing here to the limit with n •*• • , we
1,p
find that the estimate (8.11) holds for u6 W (£2;dM,e) as well,
and this completes the proof of the imbedding (8.2).
Let us now consider the space WQ*P(ft;cLê) . This space - again

equipped with the norm (3.9) - is a subspace of the space
V ^ ' P ^ d ^ e ) , and thus
(8.12) W^'P^dÔ Q w ^ P ^ d ^ e ) .
This imbedding together with the imbedding (8.2) immediately yields

the following result.
8.3. COROLLARY. Let all the assumptions of Theorem 8.2 be fulfilled.
Then
(8.13) wJ,P(J2;dM,e)C; LP(Ji;dM,Ti) ,
where j\ is given be the formula (8.3).
However, this result can still be extended:
8.4. THEOREM. Let ft € fe°'K , 0 < K 4 1 , M « 3ft . Let 1 Kp .
Proof:. If e > K(p-l) , then the assertion of Theorem 8.4
is included in Corollary 8.3. Thus we can assume that
(8.17) e < tc(p-l) .
69
Since the set C~(fi) is dense in W ^ ' P ^ d ^ e ) , it suffices
only to establish an estimate of the form (8.11) for functions
u € C~(fi) .
Let u be such a smooth function and let us proceed similarly as in
the proof of Theorem 8.2: Denoting again v. = u<j>. , we arrive at the
formula (8.4), now with n given by the formula (8.16). Under the
condition (8.17) we have n < 0 and the first inequality in (4.28)
then yields
^ ^ i » v i N > ± (ITA)" K
[ai<yi>-vi^n/K •
Consequently, substituting t = ^ ( y p - y ^ , we obtain the following

analogue of the formula (8.6) from (8.4):
(8.18) IJvJlP >n < c 0 JdyJ ||vi(yi,ai(yI)-t)|Pt,'/Kdt ,

A
i °
where c - (l+A)~ n ' K . Again we estimate the inner integral on the
right hand side of the inequality (8.18) by the Hardy inequality
(5.6), more precisely by its variant with the condition (5.4), since
with regard to the choice u 6 C*(fi) we also have v.(yf,a.(y')-t) -
= 0 for small t ^ o . According to the formula (8.16) for n we
have to distinguish two cases:
(i) If 0 < e < ic(p-l) , then £ = ^ - p ; therefore we use

the Hardy inequality (5.6) for -| instead of c , the assumptions
from the condition (5.4) being fulfilled since the condition (8.17)
implies — < p-1 .
(ii) If e ^ O , then - = e-p ; therefore we can use the Hardy

inequality directly for e ; again the assumption e < p-1 from the
condition (5.4) is fulfilled since (8.17) holds and ic(p-l) < p-1 .
Thus in both cases we have the estimate
f|v i (yâ i (yp-t)| p t T,/K dt <
70
Again we can integrate only from 0 to 3 in the last integral;
after substituting t = ^(y^'y-M and integrating the resulting
inequality with respect to y' over A. we obtain - with regard to
(8.18) - an estimate
n f I 3Vi |P nA+P
(8.i9) ll*ill£,d1I.n*ci] l ^ ( y ) l î(yp-yiN] *
with o x - o 0 p P | a + 1|"P .
If 0 < e < ic(p-l), then —+ p = —> 0 and the first inequali-

ty i n (4.28) y i e l d s
&i<yi)-y 1 J l , / , C 4 p - C a i ^ p - y i N ] e / K i (Â) £/K d^(y) ;

if e 4 0 , then —+ p = e and the second i n e q u a l i t y i n (4.28)
yields
&i<yi)-y i N ] n / K + p - [*i<yi>-y iN 3 e<=£<y> •

Consequently, in both cases these inequalities together with (8.19)
imply an estimate
iKii^.n W i^<y>i%<y>*y =
u
i
r 9V.
with c 2 = c- max(l,(1+A) e ' K ) . However, this last estimate is an

analogue of the estimate (8.8), and therefore the proof can be com-
pleted in the same way as that of Theorem 8.2.
,p
8.5. REMARK. The imbedding of the space W (fi;d M ,e) into a sui-
p
table weighted L -space was in Theorem 8.2 established only for
71
e > ic(p-l) - unlike the imbedding of the space WQ,p(J2;dM, e) , where
we had only one "singular point" e - ic(p-l). Nevertheless, even the
p
imbedding of the space W * (ft;dM,e) can be extended to the case
e 4 ic(p-l) .
Indeed, let us denote
e* - K(p-l) + a) , u > 0 .
Then e* > e and by Lemma 6.2 we have
(8.20) W1'P(ft;dM,£) <5W1'P(£2;dM,e*) .
The number e* already satisfies the assumption (8.1), and hence

according to Theorem 8.2 we have
(8.21) W 1 ' p («;d M ,c*) g 1 ^ ( 8 ^ , n * ) ,
where n* =» e*- for e* < KP , that is, for w 4 K , and

n* - - p - - 1 + — for b> > < .
The imbeddings (8.20) and (8.21) immediately imply the following

consequence of Theorem 8.2.
8.6. COROLLARY. Let ft € Z°'K , 0 < K < 1 , M « 3ft . Let 1 E) QLp(fi;dM,n) ,
where
- K + u) for 0 < (o 4 K ,
n
" f - 1 + ^ /or a) >, >
(o) > 0 aribitrarj/).
8.7. REMARKS. A sketch of the function n = n(e) , defined by the

formula (8.16), offers many pieces of useful information (see Fig.4).
(i) The graphs of the functions n = n(e) for K < 1 and for
72
Fig. 4
K = 1 are essentially different: for K = 1 the graph is the

straight line
(8.24) n = e - p ,
while for K < 1 it is a piecewise linear curve. We will come back
to the case K = 1 later once more; let us now concentrate ourselves
on the case
(8.25) 0 < K < 1 .
(ii) The definition of the norm in the space w '^(a;cL e)
immediately implies the imbedding

W^P^jdê) ^^(Qjdê) ,
and similarly for Wv'P(Q;cLe) . If we use, moreover, the imbedding

(6.3) from Lemma 6.2, we obtain the following (trivial) assertion:
The imbedding
W ^ P ^ d ^ . e ) C^LP(fi;d11,n)
73
holds for all n ^ e •
We see from Fig. 4 that for x\ = n(e) defined by (8.16) the last
inequality is fulfilled for all e such that
Consequently, Theorems 8.2 and 8.4 give no new result for such e . In
other words:
0 K
(iii) If ft € fc ' , 0 < K < 1 , M = 3ft , then the imbeddings

( 8 . 2 ) or ( 8 . 1 5 ) are nontrivial only for e satisfying
(8.26) K(P-1) < e < ^
or
(8.27) ZJSE < e < ^ , e f K(p-l) ,
respectively.
(iv) The reader will easily deduce analogous assertions on
triviality or nontriviality of the imbedding (8.23).
8.8. THE CASE K = 1 . Domains corresponding to this case are $2 e

€ fc- * . Imbedding theorems for such domains (and for M = 8fi ) are
established in J. NECAS [2]. Let us summarize these results, which
are special cases of those included in Theorems 8.2 and 8.4 and in
Corollary 8.6. Let us recall that now n = e-p .
(i) Let SI € t 0 ' 1 , M=3fi, 1 p - 1
then
(8.29) W1'P(J2;dM,e) Q LP(ft ;dM> e-p)
and if
(8.30) e i p - 1
then
(8.31) w J ' P ^ d ^ e ) C;LP(fi;d^1,c-p) .
If
74
(8.32) e 4 p -1
then
(8.33) W 1 , p (n;d M > £ ) QLP^jdjj.-l+u)
holds with an arbitrary u> > 0 .
(ii) The imbeddings (8.29) and (8.31) are nontrivial for every
e satisfying the conditions (8.28) and (8.30), respectively. This
can be seen from Fig. 4 as well.
(iii) Let u € W ^ P ^ d ^ e ) , k :> 2 . Using the imbedding (8.29)

a
for the functions D u , |a| = k-1 , we obtain the imbedding
V^'P(fi;d11,e) $ Wk"1'P(J2;dM,E-p) ,
which holds for e > p-1 . Using again the imbedding (8.29) but now
with e-p instead of e and for the functions D u , |$| = k-2 ,
we obtain the imbedding
Wk"1'P(fi;dÎ,e-.p) q w ^ ' P ^ d ^ e ^ p ) ,
which holds for e-p > p-1 , that is, for e > 2p-l .
We can continue in the same way. Combining all the imbeddings

thus obtained, we finally arrive at the following assertion:
(iv) Let n € £0,1 , M=3fi, l (k-r)p - 1
then
(8.35) ^ ^ ( Q j c ^ . e ) C; W r ^ ( f i ^ , e-(k-r)p) .
(v) It can be proved quite analogously that if

(8.36) e * {p-1, 2p-l, ..., (k-r)p-l}
then
(8.37) wJ' p (Q;d M > e)?^' p (Q;d M l e-(k-r)p) .
Thus, in the case of K = 1 , the repeated application of Theo-

rems 8.2 and 8.4 leads to relatively simple formulae. We can proceed
analogously even in the case 0 < < < 1 . However, the corresponding
formulae are then considerably more complicated, as is seen even from
75
the following example, where we choose k = 2 .
8.9. EXAMPLE. (i) Let (2 € fc0,K and u £ W2,P(fi;dM, e) . Applying

Theorem 8.2 to the derivatives |— (i •» 1,2,...,N) instead of the
function u we obtain the imbedding
(8.38) W2'P(fi;dM,e) Qw 1 ' P (fi;d M ,n) ,
which holds for e > <(p-l) and for n given by the formula (8.3).
Applying again Theorem 8.2, this time to u but with T\ instead of
e , we obtain the imbedding
(8.39) W1'P(fi;dM,n) gLP(fi;dM,a>) ,
which holds under the following conditions:

n - icp for K ( P - 1 ) < n 4 KP »
(8.40) n > K(P-D , a) = {
— - p for n > KP .
Comparing the conditions under which both the imbeddings (8.38) and
(8.39) hold we obtain finally the following result: The imbedding
2 P P
W ' (ft;dI4,e) C^L (fi;dM,u))
holds for
2
e > K (p-1) + , K p+Kp .
K
,p
(ii) Choosing u e W (ft;dM,e) , after applying twice Theorem
8.4 we analogously obtain an even less lucid result: The imbedding
P
Wjjttlê) (J L (fl;dM,o,)
holds for
e i {.c(p-l), K2(p-l)+icp}
and for co given by the formulae
76
r 2
K e - ptc(l+ic) for e 4 0 ,
ice - P < ( 1 + K ) for 0 4 e 4 , K2p+ p - 1 .
Then
(8.42) W1'P(fl;dM,£) (J L ^ O ^ e - p ) .
P r o o f : Taking into account Theorem 7.4 on the density we

can carry out all our considerations for u G C (17) , passing then
,p
to the limit in order to cover functions u e W (J2;dM,e) .
With regard to the above, let u 6 C°°(J2) , let us pass to the

anc
local coordinates y • (Y.j»Y-N) * denote
v
i
as in the proof of Theorem 8.2.
A) Let us first consider i = 2,3,...,m . Since the functions

v. are non-zero only on U.+r. , it is sufficient to integrate over
U. only. However, according to the condition (a) from Remark 4.11
the points y e U. satisfy
0 < c
l - d M ( y ) = c2 '
where c. , c 2 are fixed constants. Consequently, v. € Lp(fi;dM,o>)
for an arbitrary u E IR . Choosing in particular w = e-p , we easily
obtain an estimate
(8.43) | |v. | | p ; d M > e . p < c 3 | | v ± | | p ; < V e < c 3 | |v. | | 1 > p ; d M f C .
77
and since the properties of the function $. imply
(8.44) l|v i ll 1 , p 5 a M > 6 .'.c 4 ||«|| l f P s d M f e
[see e.g. (8.9)], we finally have an estimate of the type (8.10):

(8.45) I|v.II , < cc|lul L ,
This estimate holds for i = 2,3,...,m , and for i = 0 as well,

B and
since supp v C 0 B7C A •
B) Let now i = 1 ; we desire to estimate the value of
(8.46) 11^11* e_p " f|v1(x)|PdS-P(x)dx =

a
= | |v1(y)|Pd^-P(y)dy =
U
l
= f dYi \ IVy^y^lX'^yiNîN >

A a
i i(yi>-^
where
according to the condition (b) of Remark 4.11. By Lemma 4.12, formula

(4.35), there exist such positive constants c g , c_ that
(8.47) d£-P(y) < c6[|y**| + a^yj) - y 1 N ]e "P ,
(8-48) [|y**| + a^yj) - y 1 N ] E < c?d£(y) ,

1 * * 1
where |y [ depends only on y' 6 A, .
From (8.46) and (8.47) we conclude
*i<yi>
JdyJ f |v1(yI,y1H)|P[|y"|+.1(yI)-y11i]«-PdyflN
1
• c ef <3yijl v i<yi. a 1 (yi)- t )l p ny**l+t] £ -Pdt

a
i °
78
= c j dyjJlv^yJ.a^yp-OlPEIy^l-HO'-Pdt
A
l °
(employing the substitution t = a;i(Y{)~Y1N and
using the fact that
v 1 (y^,a 1 (yp-t) = o for t ^ 3 ) . Now if we fix y£ e &1 , then
1 * * 1
|y I is a nonnegative constant. The inner integral in the last term

in (8.49) can be estimated by means of the inequality (5.7) from Lem-
ma 5.3, choosing c = |y | and using the fact that the condition
(5.5) is fulfilled. Further, omitting in (5.7) the first left hand
side summand - which cannot make the left hand side larger - we have
the inequality
00
(8.50) J|v1(yi,a1(y;)-t)|P[|y**|+t]e-Pdt <

0
^ (i=^)1lfeyi-*i<yi)-t)l p Lly"l+t] e dt ,
1N
0
where it is sufficient to integrate from 0 to 3 in the last inte-

a
gral. After substituting t = i(Yi)~yiN » integrating the resulting
inequality with respect to y' over A. and exploiting the estimate
(8.48) we finally obtain
1
l1 'P^.e-p = 8
J I3V1N I M
r
lN
with c 8 = c6(p/(e-p+l))pc7 . And, since I I v i I I i,p;<a ,e =

4 cJ|u||
4 1, p; ,a^, e holds as well, the estimate (8.45) holds also for
i = 1 .
m m
As u = £ u.<J>. = [ v. , the estimate (8.45) yields an estimate
x 1
i=0 i=0 x
<8"51> IMlp;d M , £ -p i j 0 l l - i l l p ; d M ( e - p ^ C | | u | | 1 > p ; d M > £ ,
79
which already implies the imbedding (8.42).
The assertion, which now corresponds to Theorem 8.4, is
8.11. THEOREM. Let ft 6 ^ ( x Q ) , x Q G 8ft , M = {xQ} , 1 < p < «.

Let
(8.52) e + p - 1 .
Then
(5.53) wJ'P(ft;dM,e) C^L^ftjdê-p) .
P r o o f is analogous to that of Theorem 8.10. With regard to

the density of the set C~(ft) in the space W*p(Q;cL_,e) it suffi-
ces to consider functions u € C~(ft) . The estimate (8.45) holds
again for i=2,3,...,m as well as for i = 0 , provided we denote
v
i - Vi
again.
For i = 1 we arrive at the estimate (8.50) (naturally with
the constant (p/|e-p+l|)P ) in the same way as in the proof of Theo-
rem 8.10. For £ < p-1 we establish this estimate again by means of
the inequality (5.7) from Lemma 5.3, naturally under the condition
(5.4); this condition can be used since u € C~(ft) and hence
v.(y'a (y')-t) = 0 for small t ^ 0 . The rest of the proof follows
the same lines as that of Theorem 8.10.
8.12. REMARKS. (i) The imbeddings (8.42) and (8.53) have the same
form as the imbeddings (8.29) and (8.31) - the only difference is in
the set M . Thus it is evidently possible to formulate a corollary
of Theorem 8.10 corresponding to Corollary 8.6 - it will be an ana-
logue of the imbedding (8.33) - and to extend the assertions of Theo-
rems 8.10 and 8.11 to k ^ 2 - see Sec. 8.8 (iv):
(ii) Let ft 6 <£(x0) > M .= {xQ} , 1 Q . If 0 4 r < k , then

W^C^dê) ^""^(Sij^.e-Ck-Dp)
holds provided e > (k-r)p-l , while
W ^ ' P ^ d ^ e ) Q W^^'PCfi^.e-Ck-r)?)
holds provided e £ {p-l,2p-l,...,(k-r)p-l} .
(iii) The conditions (8.41) and (8.52) imposed on e in Theo-

rems 8.10 and 8.11 also coincide with the conditions (8.28) and
(8.30). However, for M = {x } the range for e can be extended.
To this end, it is, however, necessary to impose some additional
assumptions on the domain G .
8.13. DEFINITION. Let Q € <£(xQ) , x Q e 8S2 . If the function

a. = a.(y') , which (in terms of the local coordinate systems
(y' y-N) ) describes the boundary 3fi in a neighbourhood of the
point x , satisfiesj moreover, the Lipschitz condition - that is
the condition (4.11) for i = 1 and with the exponent K« 1 - we
say that fi is of the class & * (XQ) an(
* write
0 e ^0,1(x0) .
8.14. A MAPPING OF THE SET \J . Let U± be the set (4.8) from

Definition 4.2, that is
Ux = {y = (yJ,y1N); Y[ 6 V a^yp-B < y 1N < a^yj)} .
Let us introduce a mapping T : T(y) = z by the formulae

(8.54) z = < « i , » 1 K ) ; z{ - y j . * 1 H = yi H -»i<y£) •
The mapping T maps the set U. onto a rectangular parallelepiped

Q = {z = ( z i» z 1 N ); z' e A, , -3 < z.N < 0} and the point x € an
whose coordinates in the y-system are (0,0,...,0) is mapped onto
the origin of the z-system again.
81
If ft € <& * (x ) , then the mapping T as well as its inverse
mapping T~ satisfy the Lipschitz condition. This leads to the fol-
lowing consequences:
(i) If d M (y) = |y| , then the function dJ1(T"1(z)) - | T " 1 ( Z ) |

=
is equivalent to the distance dM(z) Iz I » that is, there exist po-
sitive constants c. , c 2 such that
c
(8.55) i d M ( z ) ^ dM(y) - c
2dM(z)
holds for all z € Q (that is, y € Ux ) .
(ii) If a function v = v(y) belongs to the space Lp(U.,;dM,e)

,p
or W (U ;dê) , then the function
w = w(z) * v(T~ (z))
p ,P
belongs to L (Q;dM,e) or W (Q;d M ,e) , respectively, and the cor-
responding norms are equivalent, that is, there exist positive con-
stants c, , c. , c 5 , c 6 such that
(8.56) c 3 | |w| l p ; d M > e ( Q ) e(Q) Sl|v|l1>p;dM>£(Ui) ic6||w||1>psdM>((Q)
holds for all functions v € Lp(U]L;dM,e) or v € W 1 , P (U 1 ;dM, e) ,

respectively [we equip the norms with indices Q or U. in order
to indicate the integration domain; in view of (i), the weight func-
d
tions 5( z ) - iz I G an
<3 ^M^y) " l v | £ » respectively, are tne
same
for both w and vJ .
Now we are ready to extend the validity of Theorem 8.10:
8.15. THEOREM. Let fl € ^ 0 » 1 (x () ) , X Q e 3ft , M - {xQ} , 1 p - N .
Then the imbedding (8.42) holds.
82
,p
P r o o f : Let u € W (fi;d^,e) and let us denote v. = u<fr.
Then the estimate (8.45) again holds for i = 2,3,...,m as well as
for i = 0 , since the arguments used to establish it were independent
of the value of the number e .
Thus let us choose i = 1 and denote

w x (z) = v 1 (T" 1 (z)) ,
where T is the mapping from Sec. 8.14. We will estimate the numbe-
<8-59> Mw.MP, _ p ( Q ) = f|w1(z)|Pd-P(z)dz =

Q
•r ||w1(z)|P|z|£-Pdz .
Q
The function v.. = vi(y( JY-JM) vanishes outside U, , that is for

y' £ A, and for y-N 4 a.(y')-3 ; hence the function w. =
=w.(z' z ,) vanishes for z' ft A, and for z 1 N 4 -3 • Thus in (8.59)
we can integrate over the whole halfspace z < 0 and, after intro-
ducing spherical coordinates (0,r) , where 0 is a point on the
surface of a unit halfsphere E while r is the distance from the
origin, we can rewrite (8.59) in the following form:
pe-pJH-1.
H"lll!?;dM,E-p(Q) " f*> f|v l( e.r)|
The inner integral on the right hand side can be estimated according
to the Hardy inequality (5.6), which must of course be usel for e +
+ N - 1 înstead of e . Since w1(0,r) = 0 for large r , we employ
the condition (5.5) which is fulfilled, for (8.58) implies e+N-1 >
> p-1 . Hence
(8.60)
,P?|3wi
flw^S.DlPr'-Pr^dr < (T_E_T)P( | _ ^ l ( e > r ) | t *«-!,* .
0
Integrating this inequality with respect to 0 over E and passing

back to the Cartesian coordinates (y.' ,y 1N ) we finally arrive at the
83
following estimate:
r i 3W ,P
(8.6D H*ill|.a1I.«-p(Q) i c i 5 r » ) W**i
Q
N r 3W i
i c i X J ayl(y)l ^ ( y ) d y ^ c iH w ill?, P : d M ,e( Q ) •

Q
As a consequence of the inequalities (8.56) (with e-p instead of

e ) and (8.57) we obtain from the above inequality an estimate
HVlllp;dM>e-p(U1) * ^ I K I ll.p^.eOV '

However, this is the estimate (8.43) for i = 1 , so that, via (8.44),
we again arrive at the estimate (8.45) for i = 1 . Now the imbedding
(8.42) follows from (8.45) in the same way as in the proof of Theorem
8.10 - see the formula (8.51).
The validity of Theorem 8.11 can be extended similarly; here we

need not assume ft £ <£ ' (x_) , it suffices to require ft € <£(xQ) .
8.16. THEOREM. Let ft € & (xQ) , x Q e 3fi , M = {xQ} , 1 < p < « .

Then the imbedding (8.53) holds for all e € IR .
P r o o f : Again it is sufficient to establish an estimate of

the form (8.45) for a function v. = u^. , where u € C~(ft) . Thus we
have to estimate the number
(8.62) llvjlj.. e_p - f |v1(y)|P|y|«-Pdy .

u
l
Since u e C*(a) , we have v1(y) = 0 y f U1 . If we define v1
for
N
to be zero outside Si , we can integrate in (8.62) over DR -K , where
K is the cone with its vertex at the point x , introduced in the
condition (ii) of Definition 4.10 (now continued to infinity along
the y. N -axis). Passing to the spherical coordinates (©,r) , we can
rewrite (8.62) in the form
84
(8.63) II^NP >e.p = ]de f l v . ^ . D l V - P r ^ d r ,
™ E 0
where E is the surface of the unit sphere (with its centre at the
point x ) except the points of the cone K . The inner integral in
(8.63) is again estimated by the Hardy inequality, which can now be
used for all e+N-1 j p-1 , that is for
(8.64) e j p - N ,
since v1(e,r) = 0 for large r as well as for small positive r .
We obtain the estimate (8.60) (with the function v. instead of w, )
and, integrating over E and passing back to the Cartesian coordina-
we nave tne
tes (YI>YIN) estimate (8.61) (for v1 instead of w., ) ,
which is the estimate (8.43) for i = 1 . Hence the estimate (8.45)
for i = 1 and e f p-N follows. However, we deduced this estimate
for e = p-N (N > 1 !!) already in the proof of Theorem 8.11. Theorem
8.16 is therefore completely proved.
8.17. REMARKS. (i) We have worked with domains ft CIR N . For N = 1

both the "singular values" e = p-1 , excluded in the assumptions of
Theorem 8.11, and e = p-N , met in the course of the proof of Theo-
rem 8.16, coincide. Consequently, Theorem 8.16 is not valid for N=l .
(ii) If the cone K from the condition (ii) of Definition 4.10

degenerates and reduces to a segment [o,c] on the y 1N ~axis (we can
then say that the domain ft has the (outer) segment property at the
point x € 8ft ) , then Theorem 8.11 cannot be proved, since in the
course of its proof we exploited the formulae (8.47) and (8.48), and
these formulae were based on Lemma 4.12. Nevertheless, the method of
the proof of Theorem 8.16 can be used, and hence proving Theorem 8.16
we actually proved also the following proposition:
(iii) Let ft € £ , let ft have the (outer) segment property

at a point x e 8ft and let M = {x } . Let 1 . Then the
85
-imbedding (8.53) holds for all z f p-N .
(iv) The reader will easily check that the proof of Theorem
8.16 can be applied even if u e C°°(fi') , u(x) = 0 for x from a
neighbourhood of the point x , that is, for u € C*(ft) (see Remark
3.10). Indeed, estimating the inner integral in (8.61) we used only
the fact that v.(0,r) = 0 for small positive r , and thus the
assumption u e CQ(fi) was unnecessarily restrictive. If we recall
the definition of the space WjJ'^(n ;d„, e) - see (3.25) - we can also
formulate the following proposition:
(v) Let n € fe , let fi have the (outer) segment property

at a point x 6 3ft and let M = {*0} . Let 1 < p < ~ and
(8.64) e ^ p - N.
Then
W
M , P ( f i ; d M' e ) QLP(fi;dM,e-p) .
It is seen from the imbedding theorems established till now that

in the case M = 3ft - and hence dim M » N-l - we have a distinguis-
hed value e = «(p-l) [see (8.1) and (8.14)] and, in particular,
the value
e - p - 1
for fi € £ ' . I n the case M =» {xQ} - and hence dim M = 0 - the
distinguished value is
e = p - N
[see (8.58) and (8.64)]. Thus a question arises whether for more ge-
neral sets M C 31! , dim M = m , a similar role will be played by
the value
(8.65) » e - p + m - N .
This conjecture is also corroborated by the following example.
8.18. EXAMPLE. For the domain fi CIR let us choose the rectangular
parallelepiped Q = ] -1,1Q * ]-1.1 [ * ] 0,1[ and for the set M C 3Q
86
let us choose the segment M = {x = (x x2,x ) ; -1 < x < 1, x«
= x, = 0} . Then
dM(x) = d M (x 1 ,x 2 > x 3 ) = A\+x\ .

Let
u 6 W 1 ' P (Q;d M , c )
and let the support of the function u be included in the closed pa-
rallelepiped CT = [-6,6] x [-6,6] x [0,6] , 6 < 1 , that is,
supp u C Q^" .
(Such functions appear when using local coordinates - for example,
the functions v. = u<j>. in the above proofs were of this type.) We
will estimate the number
(8.66) IMl]p ; d , c - p - (|u(x)|Pd£-P(x)dx .

M>
Q
Defining u to be zero for x 3 ^ 1 and | x 2 | ^ 1 , we can integrate
in (8.66) over the infinite parallelepiped J-l,l[ * J-00,0^ x Jo»°°r
and after passing to the cylindrical coordinates (x.,$,r) - that is
= r
x 2 = r cos <j> , x_ = r sin <f> , and hence <*M(x) - we can rewrite
(8.66) in the form
1 7T
(8.67) I Ml£;d ,e-p - (<**! (*• (|u(x1,*>r)|Pre-Prdr .

M>
-1 0 0
The inner integral is estimated as usual by the Hardy inequality
(5.6) (with e+1 instead of e ) , so that after passing back to the
Cartesian coordinates we finally obtain the estimate
(8
'68) Nu||P ; < cj||^(x)| d£(x)dx<
M'
M
Q
^ l ^ K l l x - ^ l ^ l|x7W| P )^Cx)dx
Q
< 1c^P^Hul
= M |P ,M,e
''l,p;d
where c - (p/|e-p+2|)p . This estimate holds:
87
(a) for e+1 > p-1 , that is for e > p-2 , if we employ the
condition (5.5) [this is possible as u(x1,<J>,r) = 0 for large r ] ,
(b) for e+1 ^ p-1 , that is for e ^ p-2 , if we employ both

the conditions (5.5) and (5.6) [to this aim it must be assumed in
addition that u(x-,<f>,r) = 0 also for r = 0 , so for example u €
e c-(Q) 2 •
The estimate (8.68) thus yields the imbeddings
W1»P(Q;dM,e) Q L ^ Q j d ^ e - p ) for e > p-2 ,

W
M , P ( Q ; d M ' e ) S^CQjdM.e-p) for e
* P"2 •
Here the distinguished value is
e =p - 2,
which is the value (8.65) since N = 3 , m = 1.
The reader can easily construct a similar example for general

m , N . It suffices to choose an m-dimensional hyperplane in tRN-l
- {x € |RN; XJJ = 0} for M and the halfspace IR^ = {x e tRN; ^ > 0}
for a , and to consider functions u with supports in IR~~N . We then
+
arrive at our "magic" number p+m-N . This enables us to formulate

the following conjecture; to have its precise formulation it would
be necessary to specify the conditions concerning the geometric pro-
perties of the domain fl , above all those of the set M C 3fi .
8.19. CONJECTURE. LetfiC IRN , M C 3A , m = dim M , 0 4 m 4 N-l .

Then for
e >p +m - N
we have the imbedding
. V ^ ' P ^ d ^ e ) QLP^djj.e-p)
and for
e f p +m - N
we have the imbedding
88
Let us point out that the above propositions have only an orien-
tation character. Theorems 8.1, 8.4 induce some gaps in these propo-
sitions; nonetheless, to remove them is only a question of routine.
M i s c e l l a n e o u s
9.1. EQUIVALENT NORMS. In the classical Sobolev space w£,p(fi) ,

the quantity
,I/P
|u|ll
^=l|0Ul|D°u||p)'
where the sum is taken only over the derivatives of the k-th order,
is equivalent to the usual norm ||u||. , where the sum is taken
K,p
over all derivatives up to and including the order k .
For u G VTc,p(fi;d- , e) let us define
" " " " ^ V (,.{-.' |Dan|l ?.-M.«) 1/P -

This quantity is generally merely a seminorm, since, for example,
constant functions (for M = 3J2 and e > -1 ) have the seminorm
(9.1) equal to zero. Now we shall show that under certain conditions
the quantity (9.1) is a norm on the space w£,p(a;cL.,e) , being equi-
valent to the norm | |u| I, , from (3.9).
K
»P5 a M > £
It is seen from the proof of Theorem 8.4 (which employed argu-
ments from the proof of Theorem 8.2) that, if we assume u £ C*(Q) ,
we need not pass to the function v. = u<j>. and can deduce an estima-
te of the form (8.8) immediately for the function u :
89
} |u(y)| p d£(y)dy < c j l ^ — ( x ) | P <^(x)dx 4
1N
a
(x)| d^(x)dx
that i s ,
(9.2) ( |u(y)|Pd 1 T ;(y)dy < c 2 | | | u | | | P ) p ; d ^

M
U. *
l
with n from formula (8.16). This inequality holds for i = 1,2,...

..,m ; however, it holds as well even if we integrate over B- on
the left hand side: indeed, it suffices to employ the inequality
|u(x)|Pdx < c 3 ( I ( ||H-(x)|Pdx + I J |u(x)|Pdx)
i=lB D= l B U
0 ' 0^ j
(see e.g. A. KUFNER, 0. JOHN, S. FUCfK [l], Chap. 5, Theorem 5.11.2),
multiply the integrands by the corresponding powers of the function
d^(x) - which is possible in view of the fact that 0 < c. 4 ^ ( x ) 4
4 c5 holds on B - and then to estimate the integrals over B D
Ho. by means of (9.2).
As a result we obtain the inequality
(9 3)
- ll«l"?,- I l .n i e « l l | u " l ?.P.V '
which holds for u 6 C~(n) - and in virtue of the density of this
p
set for u € W ' (fl;d ,e) with M = 3ft as well - provided that e f
+ tc(p-l) and that n is given by the formula (8.16).
For e with I E I < •££_ we have e > n - see Remark 8.7 (ii)
- and hence according to (6.3)
IMIp;dM,eiC7llUHp;dM,n '
in virtue of (9.3) we have for such e
Mlp;dM,£^8HHHl,p;dH,£.
that is,
90
On the other hand, the converse inequality
ll|u|||1)P;d < IMI1>p;d

c
M PI
is an immediate consequence of the definition of the norm in the spa-

,p
ce W (ft;dM,e) • Thus we arrive at the following result:
9.2. PROPOSITION. If ft € fc°»K , 0 < K < 1 , M=3fi, 1 < p < » f
an
e ^ <(p-l) and |e| < T^— , then the norms ||-lli A d
' ' = 1-K ll,1
l,p;a,e
,p
|||-|||i D#< j are equivalent on the space W (ft;dM,e) •
If Q G& * , then these norms are equivalent for all z ^ p-1 .
9.3. REMARKS. (i) In the same way it can be proved on the basis of
the norms
Theorem 8.16 that for n e ^^xn^ » x
o e 3f2
* M =
{xnl
and ar& eauivalent on
II - I I l , p ; d ,e HI-IHl,p;d >e • W^ P (fi;d M ,e)
for all e e IR .
(ii) The assertions concerning the equivalence of norms can be

also extended to the case of the space (ft;dM,e) , where k >, 2 ;
0 K
with the corresponding formal complications in the case of n € C '

0 < K < 1 , and M = 3ft - see Example 8.9.
9.4. THE SPACE Hk,P(fl;dM,e) . (i) For k € IN , 1 < p < « , Mc

c an and e € JR let us define
(9.4) Hk»P(fl;dM,e) = {u = u(x) ;
||D a u(x)| P d M " (k "l a l )p (x)dx < - for |a| <, k} ,

Q
,p
introducing the norm on the space H (ft;d ,e) by the formula
1/P
<9'5> HUll(H),k,p;dM,e= [^f^ll^ll^.c-^l-Dp]
91
,P
(ii) The space H (ft;dM,e) belongs to the class of weighted
spaces (ft;a) mentioned in the introductory Chap. 1, that is,
with a weight o = {a = a (x), x e ft, |a| 4 k } - see (1.2); here
(9.6) aa(x) = d£- ( k -M>P ( x )
and hence u e Hk,p(ft;dM,e) if and only if Dau e iP(Q;a^9e-(k-|a|)p)

for |a| 4 k .
(iii) As e-(k-|a|)p 4 e for |a| 4 k , we have by (6.3)

(9 7)
- IMIp:dM,eic||u||p;dMje_(k_M)p,
that is, for u e Hk,p(ft;dM,e) we have Dau € ^ ( C j ^ e ) for |a| 4

4 k and
(9.8) Hk'P(fi;dM,e) gkWk'P(ft;d]sl,e) .
9.5. REMARK. An imbedding of the type (9.8) would hold even if we

did not choose the functions a in the form (9.6) but more generally
in the form o (x) = d^^'Cx) with u)(a) <_ e , lal <_ k . Neverthe-
a — —
less, the special choice (9.6) enables us to put the space
Hk '^(ft;dê)
p in an even closer connection with the spaces
(n;d-.,e) and WV'p(ft;dM,e) . To this aim we shall use the imbed-
ding theorems from Chap. 8. In order to avoid technical complications,
we shall assume for the moment that one of the following possibilities
occurs:
(9.9) ft £ t0'1 , M = 3ft or ft e <£(xQ) , M = {xQ} .
Then the imbedding theorems have the same form and hold under the sa-
me conditions for e - cf. Sec. 8.8 (i) and Theorems 8.10 and 8.11
- and we can formulate
9.6. PROPOSITION. Let the conditions (9.9) be fulfilled and let

(9.10) e > kp - 1 .
92
Then
(9.11) W ^ P ^ d ^ e ) = H k ' P (Q;d M ,e)
and the norms (3.9) and (9.5) are equivalent. - If

(9.12) e 4 {p-l,2p-l,...,kp-l} ,
then
(9.13) W ^ ' P o n d ^ e ) Q Hk'P(fi;dM,e) .
P r o o f : (i) Let u e (ft;cL.,e) . According to the re-

sults of Sections 8.8 (iv) and 8.12 (ii) we have - provided the con-
dition (9.10) is fulfilled -
(9.14) ^ ( Q ^ . e ) qw^P^dê-Oc-Dp)
for r = 0,1,...,k-1 ; that is, for |&| = r we have Dû e

e Lp(J2;dM,£-(k-r)p) and
(9.15) l[° B «llp s a M .«-Oc-| B |>pi c lll»Mlc,p;d M .e '
However, this means that u € H ,P(fl;dM,e) and
(9 16)
- llUll(H),k,p;dM,eiC2llUllk(P;dM>E >
that is,
(9.17) Wk'P(fi;dM,e) QH k ' P (fi;d M , e ) .
Now the relation (9.11) follows from (9.17) and (9.8), and the equi-
valence of the norms is a consequence of the formulae (9.16) and
(9.7).
(ii) Let u 6 WQ'P(fi;dM,e) . Then according to Sections 8.8 (v)
and 8.12 (ii)
W^P^dê) C;wJ»P(a;dM>e-(k-r)p)
for r = 0,1, ,k-l , provided the condition (9.12) is fulfilled.
Now we obtain the imbedding (9.13) in the same way as in part (i).
The assertion on the imbedding (9.13) is weaker than (9.11).

However, the relation (9.13) can be amended as well:
93
9.7. THEOREM. Let Q € £ 0 , 1 , M = 3ft . Let e satisfy the condi-
tion (9.12). Then
(9.18) w£'P(fl;dM,£) = Hk'P(fi;dM,e)
and the norms (3.9) arcd (9.5) are equivalent.
P r o o f : With regard to the imbedding (9.13) it suffices to

prove
(9.19) Hk'P(ft;dM,e) <£ w£'P(n jd^, O .
Let u £ Hk,p(fi;dM,e) . Then u € ^ ^ ( n ; ^ , e) by (9.8) and the

assertion on the equivalence of the norms follows from (9.7) and
(9.16). For small h > 0 let us now introduce a function u, by
u
(9.20) h(x) = u
(x)Fh(x> » x € n ,
where the function F. is defined as follows:

For the constant c and the function p = p(x) from Lemma 4.13
and for a fixed function f = f(t) e C°°([o,»[) such that 0 4 f(t) 4
4 1 , f(t) = 0 for t 4 1/4 and f(t) = 1 for t ^ 3c1/4 put
Fh(x) = f\^-] , x 6 n.
Further, let us denote
(9.21) nh = {x e n; d^x) 4 h} .
Then the properties of the function f together with Lemma 4.13 imply
that the function F. has the following properties (see also J. KAD-
LEC [l] , Lemma 3):
(A) Fh € CQ<B) ;
(B) Fh(x) = 1 for x £ Q - nh ;

(C) 0 4 F h (x) 4 1 ;
(D) |D a F h (x)| 4 cah"lal .
Evidently also u h € vr,p(ft;dM,e) . Let us show that
(9
-22) i1™ l | u
" u
hHk(P;d • 0 .
The formula (9.20) implies
94
(9.23) u - u h = u ( l - Fh) ,
and hence
D a (u-u, ) = (1-F, )D a u + 7 c 0D
B
F,Da_6u
h h ae
liletilal
for |a| 4 k , that i s ,
(9.24) I | D ° ( u - V I| p ; d M > £ < I I (l-Fh)Dau| l ^ ^ +
+ T C JiD6F.Da"6u|| ,
l<l4<|a| °6 h
P;dM'e
Let us now estimate the individual summands on the right hand side
of (9.24); taking into account the property (B) we conclude that
u-u, = 0 in ft-Q, , hence it always suffices to integrate over Q,
First of all, |l-F,(x)| 4 1 and hence
(9.25) ||(l-Fh)Dau||p.d e < ( |Dau(x)|Pd*(x)dx ;
further, the property (D) yields
|D3Fh(x)|P 4 cPh"l B l p 4 CPdI~leIP(x) for x € nh .
As d^ e l p (x) 4 c 0 d^ (k "l a " 3 l )p (x) in virtue of the boundedness of

the domain 9. , we have
(9.26) I |D B F h D a " e u| I e - f |DeFh(x)|P|Da-Bu(x)|Pd^(x)dx <

"h
a e (k a 3 )p
= 3 J |D
' - u(x)|Pd^
' M -| - l (x)dx
However, the last integrals in both (9.25) and (9.26) converge to ze-
ro with h -*• 0 , for then also meas n. -• 0 and D a u € Lp(fi;dM,e)
(|a| 4 k) or D a " 3 u € Lp(fi;dM,e-(k-|a-B|)p) (1 4 |3| 4 | a | ),. respec-
,p
tively, in virtue of the inclusion u 6 H (ft;dM,e) .
Thus we have proved the relation (9.22), and so for a given
n > 0 there is h > 0 such that
I I u-u, I I. _ , < n/2 . Let us
11
h' k,p;dM,e
fix this h . In virtue of the property (A) the support of the func-
tion u, satisfies
95
supp u, C ft ;
thus the function u_ can be approximated by the function
w = RTuh € CQ(Q) ,
where R is the mollifier; this approximation is possible not only
in the norm of the space Vv'P^) but even in the norm of the space
Vv 'P(ft;cLÊ) - see the end of the proof of Theorem 7.2. Hence we ha-
Ve alSO
IIV^Hk.p;^.. * n/2 'that iS' l|u-w|| k(P;dM>t < " >
provided x > 0 is sufficiently small. Since w e C_(ft) , this means
k,p
that our function u e H (ft;dM,e) belongs to W ^ ' P ^ d ^ e ) , that
is, (9.19) holds.
9.8. REMARKS. (i) The condition (9.12) played an essential role

only in the proof of the imbedding (9.13), while the proof of the
converse imbedding (9.19) required no conditions upon £ . Thus we
have in fact proved that the imbedding (9.19) holds (for M = 3Q )
for all e € IR .
(ii) The condition ft 6 6 ' was involved in Proposition 9.6

and Theorem 9.7. Nevertheless, the reader can easily verify that the
above results can be modified for the case a 6 £ » , 0 < K < 1 ,
and M = 3ft . Let us sketch the situation for k = 1 ; the case k ^
^2 is only technically more difficult.
,K
For a e 6 and M = 3J2 let us define the space
1
H '^;^^) by
(9.27) H^P^dÔ = {u = u(x); | £ - 6L P (fi;d M ,£),
u e Lp(fi;dM,n), i = 1,2,...,N} ,
where n = TI(E) is given by the formula (8.16). Then
H ^ P ^ j d ^ O C ; W1'P(fi;dM,£) for |E| <, &-
[an analogue of the formula (9.8) - it follows from Lemma 6.3J ,
W 1 ' P (Q;d M ,E) <5 H1,P(fi;dM,£) for e>ic(p-l) ,
96
ffJ'PdljÔQH1'15^;^^) for e + <(p-l)
[analogues of the formulae (9.17) and (9.13) - they follow from Theo-
rems 8.2 and 8.4],
H1'P(fi;dj.1,£) C;V7^P(J2;dM,e) for | e | 4 fH_
[an analogue of the formula (9.19) - it is proved in the same way as

Theorem 9.7 via Lemma 4.13].
(iii) If e = rp-1 , where r e {l,2,...,k} , then the condi-

tion (9.12) is not fulfilled and hence it is not possible to prove
the relation (9.13). Nevertheless, defining the space
as the space (Q;a) , where the functions a are chosen in

accordance with (9.6) only for |a| = k-r+1, k-r+2, ..., k-1, k ,
while fox* |a| = 0,1,...,k-r we choose
0a (x)=<^-^|0|)P(x).Clog_H_]-p
with a suitable constant R > 0 , we can prove that the following

analogue of the relation (9.13) is valid for ft € & * and M = 3ft:
(9.28) H^P(ft;dM,rp-l) = ^ ^ ( Q ; ^ , rp-1)
(see Sec. 12.11).

(iv) Comparing the relations (9.11) and (9.18) we see that they
both hold simultaneously for e > kp-1 . However, this means that for
e > kp-1 and M = 3ft we have
(9.29) W ^ P C Q ^ . e ) = w£'P(ft;dM,E) .
In this way we have at least partially kept our promise from Remark
7.8 (ii) - see the formula (7.19). Now we shall show that the identity
(9.29) holds for e 4 -1 as well.
9.9. AN ESTIMATE. (i) Let a function f = f(t) belong to

1,P
W (ft;dM,e) with 9. = ] 0,1 [_ , M = {0} , 1 < p < - and e 4 -1 ,
that is,0let
x J.
(9.30) J|f(t)|Ptedt < - , J|f'(t)|Ptedt <

0 0
hold. The Holder inequality now yields the estimate
t+h t+h
|f(t+h) - f(t)| = I [ f'(s)ds| = I f f'(s)s e/p -s" e/p .dsl
t t
t+h 1/p t+h (p-l)/p
< ( \ |f'(s)|psedsj ( J s-'/fe-^ds)
t t
for h > 0 . The last term converges to zero with h -»• o uniformly
with respect to t ; hence the function f is uniformly continuous
and the limit
lim af(t) = a n
t-*o
exists. The assumption a f 0 leads to a contradiction with the
first condition in (9.30) (we have e 4 -1 i), and hence necessarily
aQ = 0 :
(9.31) lim f(t) = 0 .
t->0
(ii) We use the above result for u e W^P^dê) with M =
a
• 3ft and e^-l . If we denote v • D u for |a| 4 k-1 and pass
to the local coordinates ( Y ^ Y I N ^ » then the function
w(y[,t) = v(y^, ai (yp-t)
,P
is an element of the space W (Q;d M ,e) , where Q = A. * ^0,&£ and
^(yjtt) * t . Choosing y' e A. fixed, we conclude that the func-
tion f(t) » w(y',t) satisfies the relations (9.30) and hence also
(9.31), that is, lira w(y!,t) - 0 .
1
t-*0
If we apply the Hardy inequality (5.6) with a parameter co ins-
tead of e , co < p-1 , to the. function f(t) = w(y' t) (the value
of the parameter u> is not specified at the moment), then the con-
dition (5.4) is satisfied and, finally, similarly as in Sec. 9.1, for-
mula (9.2), we obtain an estimate
98
f |v(y)| P cl£-P(y)dy = J dy£ J|w(y»,t)|Pt""Pdt «
U. A± 0
i c ifl|¥< x )| P d Sw d x i ^lll^llli.psd,,.. •
Here v = Dau , |a| 4 k-1 . If we choose u = e - (k-|a|-l)p then

the condition w < p-1 is satisfied since e 4 -1 , and we finally
arrive at an estimate
H DaU Hp;d 1| ,,-(k-|„|)pi c 3lll DBn llll.p;d M .«-(k-|.|-l)pi
£c4lMlk,p;dM(C •
However, this coincides with the estimate (9.15), and hence we again
obtain the imbedding (9.17), now, of course, for e 4 -1 . Taking
into account the imbedding (9.19), which holds for all £ , we have
the imbedding
(9.32) W^P^d^.e) gw^'P^dê) for z < -1 .
However, this means that the identity (9.29) holds not only for e >
> kp-1 but for e^-l as well, which completes the proof of the
following proposition:
9.10. PROPOSITION. I/M=3fl, 1 kp-1 ,
then
(9.29) W^CB^c) = W^»p(fl;dM>e) .
In particular, for z satisfying (9.33) the set C^(n) is dense in
9.11. EXAMPLE. Let us illustrate the result from Theorem 9.7 by a

concrete example with k = 1 , £ = 0 . For this £ the condition
(9.12) is obviously fulfilled, W^'P^dÔ is the classical Sobo-
,p k,p
lev space wJ (J2) and H (fi;d14,£) is the set of all functions
99
u such that |H_ £ Lp(fl) (i = 1,2,...,N) and u € L^^d^-p)
[that is, ^- 6 Lp(ft) ] . Thus Theorem 9.7 asserts that a function

M
u e W1>p(fl) belongs to wj»p(fl) i/ and only i/ ~ € LP(fl) .
In this way we have obtained another characterization of the spa-

,p
ce W (ft) , which can be characterized also by the following pro-
perty:
" ul = 0 in the sense of traces ".
Consequently, the weighted spaces make it possible to characterize

spaces of functions " with zero traces on 8fi ". Therefore, let us
conclude this chapter by briefly mentioning the problems of traces of
functions from the weighted spaces.
9.12. THE SPACE LP(9ft ;dM,u>') . Let n € £° ** , M C 3fl and let a

5L
-*—
function u = u(x) be defined almost everywhere on 3Q . If we pass
to the local coordinates (Yi'Y-w) » t n e n t n e functions v.(y!) =
= u(y',a.(y')) are defined.almost everywhere on A. (i = l,2,...,m).
We shall say that the function u belongs to Lp(3n;cL.,a>) , if

the norm
1/P
(9.34) | lU' 1 3«;p;d ,oj • [| J |u(y[,ai(yp)|%(y?,ai(yp),
M
is finite.
T-F M = fto . 1-h^n t^ f v ' a (\r,,\} = O anH fhp snanp T.P
has sense only for w = 0 .
9.13. TRACES. If u € c°°(H) , then it has sense to consider the

function u| . If u e V*,p(fi;d^,e) , then the symbol u| need
not have sense in general.
Thus we shall say that a function v e Lp(3fi;d^,w) is the trace
100
of a function u 6 (ft;d ,e) , if there exists a continuous linear
,p
map T of the space w (fi;dM,e) into L p Oa;d M> <o) such that
(i) v = Tu ,
(ii) Tw = w| for w 6 C°° (Q) .
As an illustration we present without proof a result on the tra-

ces of functions from W1,P(fi;dM,e) ; see J. NE£AS [2] and A. KUFNER
9.14. THEOREM. Let a e £0yl , 1 p-N , u = e-p+1 .
hold. Then
W1'P(P.;dM,e) C;LP(3ft;dM,a,) ,
that -isj there exists a map T from Sec. 9.13 such that
Tu C
ll ll3n;P;dM,u^ IHI1)P;dM)e
for all u 6 W1,p(fl;dM,e) .
9.15. EXAMPLE. (J. NECAS [2]). The condition e < p-1 in (9.35)
is essential, for the function
u(x) = u(x1,x2,...,xN) = ( t gg t .
, N ,p
defined for x e Q = ] o , ± [ , belongs to W (Q;d ,p-l) with M=
p
= Qfl {XÔ} , but does not belong t o L (8Q;cL.,0) since
lim u ( x ) = -oo .
,p
The spaces W (ft) are sometimes called the spaces " with zero
traces " since " u| = 0 ". It is not possible to transfer this cha-
racteristic to the weighted spaces. The considerations from Example
101
7.7 and above show that the argument " u(x) •+ 0 with x -*- x Q e M "
is logical for e 4 -1 and M = 3ft , when the identity (9.29) holds.
On the other hand, this last identity holds for e > p-1 as well
(we assume k = 1 ; see Proposition 9.11), and in that case the trace
has generally no sense, as the following example demonstrates.
9.16. EXAMPLE. Let N = 2 , ft = J -10,10 [ x ] 0 ,10 [ , k = 1 , 1<

< p < • and e = p . Further, let g = g(x.,x2) be a function from
C*(R ) such that g(x 1 ,x 2 ) = 1 for x.+x2 4 1 and g(x ,x2) = 0
2 2
for x i + x 2 Z= ^ . The function
u(x 1 ,x 2 ) = g(x 1 ,x 2 )x 2 ,
,p
where 0 > r > -1/p , belongs to W (ft;cL.,p) with M = 8ft ; but
as lim u(x ,x~) » «> for x. e ]-l»l£ » the trace of the function
X
2" J *°
u on the set r = {(x 1 ,x 2 ), -1 < x < 1, x 2 = 0} C 9& does not
exist,
9.17. REMARK. For a function u from a classical Sobolev space

,p
w (ft) it is possible to define not only the trace of the function
Tu but also the traces of the derivatives T(Dau) for |a| 4 k-1 :
a p
for such a we have T(D u) e L (3ft) .
Naturally, the situation is different in the case of weighted
spaces (ft;dM,e) . As follows from the considerations in Sec. 9.9,
from Proposition 9.10 and from Example 9.16, in the case M = 3ft we
have for u 6 Wk,p(ft;dM,e) that T(Dau) = 0 (M^k-l) for e 4 -1
a
while for e > kp-1 the traces T(d u) need not have, sense at all.
However, neither is the existence of traces of all derivatives Dau
(lal^k-1) guaranteed for £ £ ]-'l,kp-l] : it can be shown that
a P
(9.38) T(D u) € L (3ft) for |a| < k Q ,
where kQ € N satisfies
(9.39) kp-l-e 4 k Q p < (k+l)p-l-e
( s e e S. M. NIKOL'SKlI [ l ] , Chap. 10, S e c . 10.1).
102
II. G E N E R A L W E I G H T S
10. S e v e r a l e l e m e n t a r y r e s u l t s
Now we shall deal with the weighted spaces

W^P^sCd^) ,
which were introduced in Sec. 3.4. Our main aim is to find analogues
of some properties of the spaces v r ^ P ^ d ^ e ) . Let us recall that
s = s(t) is a positive function, defined and continuous for t > 0
It is the behaviour of the function s for small positive t which
is of the main importance.
The following lemma is an analogue of Lemma 6.2:
10.1. LEMMA. Let n be a bounded domain in RN , let s. , s 2 be

two •positive continuous functions on Jo,»E and let there exist a
constant c > 0 such that
(10.1) sx(t) 4 cs2(t) for t > 0 .
Then
(10.2) LP(fi;s2(dM)) (;LP(fi;S1(dM)) .
P r o o f : Setting t = cL-00 in (10.1), multiplying the re-

sulting inequality by the number |u(x)| p and integrating over n
we obtain the inequality
This implies the imbedding (10.2).
10.2. THEOREM. Let ft be a bounded domain in RN . If

(10.4) lim s(t) = 0 ,
t+0
then
103
(10.5) w*'P(a) Q i
1T-F
J
(10.6) lim s ( t ) =
t-*-0
then
(10.7) w^Ca^d
P r o o f : First let us consider a function s with the pro-

perty (10.4). Since s is continuous and the domain a is bounded,
we have s(dM(x)) <_ c for x e a . Thus we can use Lemma 10.l for
s1(t) = s(t) , s2(t) = 1 and for D u instead of u , obtaining
in this way the inequality
il"llk,p;Sl(dM)^1/Pll"Mk>p;S2(dii) .
that is,
Wk'P(fi;s2(dM)) <; W k,p (n;s 1 (d M ))
Moreover,
2 M
for s2(t) = 1 , which proves the imbedding (l0.5). - The imbedding
(10.7) is proved analogously: the property (10.6) implies that
s(dL.(x)) ^ c for x € a , and hence Lemma 10.1 with s.(t) = 1 ,
s2(t) = s(t) can be applied.
The weighted Sobolev spaces (a;s(d.)) are, according to

our results, richer than the corresponding classical Sobolev spaces
(a) provided the function s is of the type (10.4), but they
are poorer for s of the type (10.6). We could now make an attempt
to establish an imbedding of the form (10.7) also for functions s
of the type (10.4), that is, to formulate a certain analogue of Pro-
position 6.5.
N
10.3. PROPOSITION. Let a be a bounded domain in IR , p > 1 ,
104
<3 € E 1 » P C » and let s be a function satisfying the conditions
(10.4) and
(10.8) f[s(dM(x))]-c5/(P-<3)dx < - .

a
Then
(10.9) Wk»P(fi;s(dM)) C^Wk»q(fl) .
P r o o f : Let v e Lp(fi;s(d )) , q < p . If we use the Holder

inequality with p 1 = p/q , p' = p/(p-q) , we obtain the estimate
J|v<x)|*dx = (|v(x)|<3[s(dM(x))]'J/P.[s(dM(x))3-^/Pdx «
< (f|v(x)|P S (d M (x))dx) q/P (([s(d M (x))3-^(P-^dx) (P " q)/P .
Consequently, if the condition (10.8) is fulfilled, then ||v|| 4

c v t h a t is q
= ll l I -s(d_ } » » iPiSiisid^)) C^ L (a) . Inserting here suc-
a
cessively v = D u , I a I 4 k , we obtain the imbedding (10.9).
10.4. REMARKS. (i) The difference between Proposition 10.3 and Pro-
position 6.5 consists in the fact that to determine general conditions
on the function s which would guarantee the validity of the condi-
tion (10.8) is not so easy in this case as it was in the case s(t) =
e
= t . This is the reason why we do not go into further details; let
us only recall that Proposition 10.3 could be further generalized -
- for example in the sense of Proposition 6.9.
(ii) In the same way as in the case of the power-type weights,
we can here use the imbeddings from Theorem 10.2 and Proposition 10.3
in order to investigate the properties of the weighted spaces
w *p(fl;s(cL.)) via the properties of the classical Sobolev spaces -
- see the text after Remark 6.8. We recommend the reader to consider
some of these possibilities and to formulate the corresponding re-
sults on the weighted spaces.
105
11. D e n s i t y of s m o o t h f u n c t i o n s
11.1. INTRODUCTION. I f the domain a i s bounded, then C°°(a)C

(ft) and t h e imbedding ( 1 0 . 5 ) immediately i m p l i e s t h a t
(11.1) C°°(fi)C Wk'p(S2;s(dM))

holds provided the function s satisfies the condition (10.4).
The condition (10.4) is satisfied, for example, by the function

s(t) = t e with e > 0 ; now we shall show that the analogy between
the functions s from (10.4) and the functions t£ (e > 0) is clo-
ser: we shall prove an analogue of Theorem 7.2, which gives a more
precise result than the relation (11.1).
11.2. THEOREM. Let 0. e t° , M = an , and let us denote ^(x) =

= d(x) . Further, let s = s(t) be a continuous positive function on
_]o,»[ such that
(11.2) lim s(t) = 0 ,
t+0
and let s be nondecreasing in an interval Jo,c[ , c > 0 . Then
the set C (ft) is dense in (ft;s(d)) , that is,
(11.3) W ^ ^ f i ^ d ) ) = C°°(fl) ,
holds, where the closure of the set C (fi) on the right hand side is
taken with respect to the norm (3.17).
P r o o f is analogous to that of Theorem 7.2: Let u €

(ft;s(d)) , let us pass to the local coordinates y = iY'iyY*™)
from Definition 4.2 and denote
vx = u* ± .
Then v. € w ^ ^ U . ;s(d)) , where the distance d is measured from

r. = 3Q O uT . For X > 0 let us define a function v.. by the for-
mula (7.3); we desire to prove that v. -* v. with X -> 0 in the
norm of the space W ^ ^ U . ;s(d)) .
106
To this end, let us fix a multiindex a , |a| 4 k , denote g=
= Dav. and g (y) = g(y-Xh) . Introducing the integrals
J(x) = J |g(y)-gx(y)|ps(d(y))dy ,
U
i
J 1 (X) = I |g(y)s1/p(d(y))-g(y-Xh)s1/p(d(y-Xh))|pdy ,
U
(11.4) i
J 2 <*> = { | g ( y - ^ h ) l p l s l / p ( d ( y ) ) - s l / p ( d ( y - x h ) ) | p =
i
- I | g(y -xh)|P S (d( y -Xh))j[ i fîy 1/P - xfdy .

i
we evidently have the relation (7.6) again. The function
g(y)s1^p(d(y)) belongs to LP(U.) since g € Lp(U.;s(d)) , and
hence the estimate (7.7) is valid, that is, J,(X) < 2 P n P for X<
< X. . Let us keep the notation (7.8) and, in the same way as in the
proof of Theorem 7.2, let us rewrite the integral J 2 (X) as the sum
As
of integrals J 2l (X) and J 22 (X) • d(y-Xh) >, d(y) for y e U ±
and as the function s = s(t) is nondecreasing for small t > 0 , we
also have
s(d(y-Xh)) >, s(d(y)) ,

that is,
L1 _ f s(d(y)) |1/P.
T
(11.5) I [s(d(y-Xh))J
Thus we have
J 21 (X) 4 J |g(y-Xh)|Ps(d(y-Xh))dy =
U±(-6,0)
J |g(y)|Ps(d(y))dy
U±(-6-X,-X)
and there exists 6 >0 such that J 21 (X) < 2~ ~ P n P . Since
uni
lim [l - rs/fl((-xn))1 I= ° f°rmly on
U±(-e,-6) , we also have
J 22 (X) < 2 " 1 " p n P for X < X 2 . Hence, finally, J(X) =
107
= I |9~9XI lp.scd) < n ? ' which means g -»• g with X -• 0 in
p a
L (U.;s(d)) . Since, moreover, g = D v. , we finally obtain the rela-
tion (7.4), now of course in the norm of the space W^ P (U.;s(d)) .
The function v. is defined outside of ft as well, namely, in

the domain U. (0,X) . It follows from the properties of the function
s that v ± € w ,P(U.(-3,p)) for 0 < y < X ; thus the proof can be
completed in the same way as that of Theorem 7.2, that is, mollifying
the functions v. and the function v = u<f> we find that the sum
of functions w. = R v., I— and w^ = R vrt belongs to C°°(JT) and
l x iX ' ft 0 T O '
(for X > 0 and T > 0 sufficiently small) approximates the func-
tion u in the norm of the space
We shall now prove an analogue of Theorem 11.2 for the case M =
= {x } , x 6 9ft . To this end we need another property of the func-
tion s - a certain "homogeneity"; this property will be exploited
also later when dealing with the imbedding theorems.
11.3. PROPERTY (H). We say that a positive continuous function s =

= s(t) , which is defined on the interval Jo,»Q , has the property
(H) if it satisfies the following condition: For every pair of posi-
tive constants c., , c 2 there exists a pair of positive constants
C.1 *, 2C 0 such that c, < — < c implies
1= T = 2n
c
c < scy. <c

c
l - S(T) - U2 *
11.4. THEOREM. Let ft € &(x ) , x Q € 3ft . Let M = {xQ} , that is,

d (x) = d(x) = |x-x | . Further, let s = s(t) be a continuous posi-
tive function on 20*°°L. that has the property (H) and satisfies
,P
(11.2). Then the set C°° (ft") is dense in W^ (ft;s(d)) , that is,
Wk,P(ft;s(d)) = C°°(ft)
holds, where the closure of the set C°° (sT) on the right hand side is
108
taken with respect to the norm (3.17).
P r o o f is analogous to that of Theorem 7.4: Introducing the

functions v. = u<|>. for a function u € (ft;s(d)) , we have to
deal only with the case i = 1 , since the cases i = 0 and i = 2,
3,...,m are solved in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 7.4.
- The function v. belongs to YT,p(U,;s(d)) , where d(y) = |y| .
Let us keep the notation from the proof of Theorem 7.2 and introduce
the integrals (11.4). These integrals are estimated in the same way
as in the proof of Theorem 7.4. Since
a(y> = ,lyl , < c
d(y-Xh) |y-Ah| = c l
in virtue of Lemma 4.12, formula (4.34), and since the function s
has the property (H), there exists a constant C~ such that
s(d(y)) = s(|yl)
s(d(y-Ah)) s(|y-Ah|) = ^2
that is,
P
I _ fs(d(y)) il/p
T
I1 [s( d (y-^ h ))J
[cf. the estimate (11.5)!]. Hence
J
2 i ( x ) = c 2 J l g ( y - x h ) l P s d y - x h D d y = { |g(y)l p s(|y|)dy
B B
6 6A
(for the notation, see the proof of Theorem 7.4), and the proof can
be completed in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 7.4.
Now we shall deal with the case that corresponds to the case
e < 0 for power-type weights, that is, with the weight functions s
satisfying
(11.6) lim s(t) = - .
t+0
In our considerations we shall follow the ideas of 0. V. BESOV, A.
KUFNER [lj . It is seen from the considerations of Chap. 7 that in the
case s(t) = t £ it is the value E = -1 which is a certain "criti-
cal" value [see e.g. Sec. 7.1, Example 7.7 (i)], that is, the value
109
that decides whether the integral J c t e dt is finite or not. We shall
0
introduce a similar criterion o^ integrability also for general
weights:
11.5. DEFINITION. Let s = s(t) be a positive continuous function

defined on J 0,»£ . Let the function s be nonincreasing in an in-
C an( let
terval 3 ° > L * (11 • 6) hold. We say that the function s is
of the type I, if
c
(11.7) |s(t)dt < « ,
0
and of the type II, if
c
(11.8) |s(t)dt = » .
0
11.6. REMARK. The effect of the integral from (11.7) or (11.8) upon
the behaviour of functions from the weighted space is corroborated
by the following argument, which actually repeats the considerations
from Sec. 9.9: Let a function f = f(t) belong to W1,p(fl;s(d))
with fl = ]o,c[ , M = { 0 } , 1 < p < » , that is, let
c c
(11.9) ||f(t)|ps(t)dt < » , ||f'(t)|ps(t)dt < » .
0 0
The Holder inequality now implies the estimate
t+h t+h
|f(t+h)-f(t)| = I | f'(x)dx| = | | f'(T)S1/P(T)'S~l/P(T)dT| <,
t t
t+h 1/p t+h (p-D/p
< ( J |f'(x)|Ps(x)dx) ( ( s-1/(P-1>(x)dx)
t t
for h > 0 . If the function s satisfies (11.6), then the last term
converges to zero uniformly with respect to t with h -*• 0 , and
hence the function f is uniformly continuous. Consequently, the
110
limit
(11.10) lim f(t) = a
u
t+0
exists. On the other hand, if the function s , moreover, is of the
type II, then the assumption a ^ 0 leads to a contradiction with
the first condition in (11.9), and consequently,
(11.11) lim f(t) = 0
t+0
holds for the functions s of the type II.
Now we shall study special domains in RN as well as special

(weighted) function spaces, as was mentioned in Remark 4.5 (ii). The
reason is to simplify our arguments.
11.7. CONVENTION. (i) For y c (RN we shall write y = (y',yN)

N—1 T n e
with y' = (y,,y2>•••»YN_i) € R • domain Q will be chosen
to be the rectangular parallelepiped Q :
Q = A x Jo,lQ ,
where A is the (N-1)-dimensional cube J —1,1Q ~ . The distance
will be measured from the set
M = {y = (y',yN) ; Y ' e A , y N = o} ,
so that
V * - yN
for ye Q .
(ii) We shall deal with a function s = s(t) of the type I or
II, where we put c = 1 . Thus s(d-.(y)) = s(y N ) .
(iii) The symbol
(11.12) V*'P{Q;s)
will denote the set of functions u (Q;s(d )) that, moreover,

satisfy the condition
(11.13) supp u D (9Q-M) = 0 .
In the space (Q;s) we introduce a norm by the rule
111
(11 14
- > 11-llk.p,.- (|0|<kl|Dau|lp;s)1/P
where
(11.15) M u l l p ; s - (}|u(y)|Ps(y)dy
Q
1 l/p
= (jdy' J|u(y',yN)|Ps(yN)dyN)
A 0
is the norm in the space Lp(Q;s) = Lp(Q;s(dM)) .
(iv) The symbol
(11.16) v£'P(Q;s)
denotes the closure of the set C~(Q) in the norm (11.14).
11.8. LEMMA. Let the weight function s be of the type I. Then
(11.17) V ^ P ^ s ) = c"(Q) ,
where the closure of the set C (Q) on the right hand side is taken
in the norm (11.14).
,p
P r o o f : Let u e V (Q;s) and n > 0 . We use three steps
to construct a function v € C°°(Q) such that

u V
(11-18) H - llk,p;s « " •
However, first of all we shall extend the definition of the function

u = u(y',y ) by zero for y' £ A and for y„ >^ 1 - this is possible
with regard to the condition (11.13). Now the function is defined for
all y € IR+ , that is, for y' € tRN_1 and y > 0 .
Step 1. Let R' be a mollifier, considered, of course, only for

functions of (N-l) variables [jsee also (7.9), now for y' instead
of y , of course], and let us apply the operator R' to the func-
tion u(y',y ) (y > 0 arbitrary but fixed). Then the functions
(R'u)(y',y ) for almost all y belong to C*(A") [and, with regard
to the condition (11.13), even to C*(A) ~\ and converge with 6 •* 0
P
to u(y',y ) in \T' (A) . If we denote the unit ball in IR by
112
B(l) , then
(11.19) ||(R;u)(y',yN)-u(y',yN)|pdy' <
A
< c I dz'j|u(y'-6z',yN)-u(y',yN)|Pdy'
B(l) A
(see e.g. A. KUFNER, O. JOHN, S. FUCfK [l] , Chap. 2, Sec. 2.5). After
s an<
multiplying this inequality by the number (y»j) * integrating
with respect to y N from 0 to 1 we obtain an estimate
l l R 6 u " u l l p ; s ^= c | dz,
{lu(y'-fiz'»yN>"u(y''yN>lPs(yN)dy »
B(l) Q
p
and since the function w(y) = u(y)s (y„) belongs to L P (Q) , thus
being p-mean continuous, we have | |R'u-u| | -* <*> with 6 •+ 0 . W e
can proceed analogously for the derivatives of the function u , which
finally yields the following result: for n > 0 there is 6 > 0 such
that
(11.20) M u - R 6 u Mk,p;s <
1•
Step 2. Let us fix such a 5 , denote R'u = u and for h > 0 let
us define the function u. = u, (y' ,yN) on |R as follows:
H.21) \(y',yN) = j^£r { (t-yn)16"1 ^ »<y\t>dt

3x
max(h,yN) N
,p
The function u belongs to V (Q;s) and consequently, in
virtue of Theorem 10.2, formula (10.7), to (Q) as well. There-
fore, for h ^ 0 there also exist - in the sense of traces - func-
tions
W dy
N
P
(j = 0,1,...,k-1) and they belong to L (A) .
The function u, is defined on A * _]-«»,»Q as well; for y N >
> h we have
S
(H.22) h ^ ' » y N ) " a <y'>y N >
[jthis follows from (11.21) via integration by parts], while for y N <
a .__„.___ 113
is a
< h , ^ h (y',y N ) Polynomial in
YN f ° r every fixed y' :
k-l (y N -h) j
u
(11-23) h(y''vN> =
I w^^(y') .
n W n
j=0 j!
Hence the function u, is an extension of the function u for yN 4
4 h , which for yN = h coincides with the original function not
only in the function values but also in the values of the derivatives
with respect to yN up to and including the order k-l . This yields
,P
u_ e V (Q;s) and, in virtue of (11.22), for a given n > 0 there
is a number h > 0 such that
(11-24) M-"hMk,p;s<! •
Step 3. Let us fix such an h and denote u, = w . The function
w = w(y',yN) is smooth in the variable y' ; hence, if we regularize
it with respect to the variable y N , that is, if we put
1
(R T w)(y\y N ) = ± JK(zN;l)w(y',yN-TZN)dzN
-1
for T > 0 and for a fixed y' e A [see (7.9), naturally with N =
= 1 2 y then R w e C°°(Q) . Now the Minkowski (integral) inequality
implies that
(11.25) M"-VHp;s -
1 1/p
=
(|l< | K ( z N ; 1 ) [ > ( y ' ' y N ) - w < y ' » y N - ^ 2 N ) ] d 2 N l P s < y N ) d y ) 4
Q -1
1 1/P
< 7 |K(zN;l)[||w(y',yN)-w(y',yN-TZN)|ps(yN)dy] 4
-1 Q
4 c sup I Iw-w I I ,
X P , S
0<X<:T
where w (y',yN) = w (y',y -X) . The same procedure may be applied

to the derivatives of w and hence it suffices to prove that
w w for x
(11.26) ll - JL.e •*• ° •»" ° :
A p, S
then in virtue of (11.25) there will exist x > 0 such that
114
I|w-R xw| |,K,p;s < n/3 , and this inequality together with the inequa-
lities (11.24) and (11.20) already yields the inequality (11.18) with
the function v = R w e (^(Q) . S o we have only to prove (11.26). Let
us denote
J(X) = | |w-wj |P ; s = J X (X) + J 2 (X) ,
where
A
J X (X) = {dy'||w(y',yN)-w(y',yN-X)|Ps(yN)dyN 4
A 0
X
4 2p*1{{dy'||w(y',yN)|ps(yN)dy +
A 0
X
+ jdy'j|w(y',yN-X)|PS(yN)dyN} =
A 0
= 2 " {J 11 (^) + J l2 ( x )l »
P 1
1
J 2 (X) = |dy'||w(y',yN)-w(y',yN-X)|ps(yN)dyN <
A X
1
2 P " 1 {jdy'||w(y',y N )s 1/p (y N )-w(y',y N -X)s 1/p (y N -X)| p dy N
A\ XX
1
+ fdy'f|w(y',y N -X)| p |s 1/p (y N -X)-s 1/p (y N )| p dy N } =
A X
- 2 P ~ 1 {J
J 9 .(X) + J„(X)} .
21 v ' "22 v
Then J u ( \ ) •*• 0 with X •*• 0 since Pf
w e L*iQ;s) and the measure
of the integration domain A * ]o,x£ converges to zero, and
J 2 ( X ) -*-0 as a consequence of the p-mean continuity of the function
p is
ws ' . As w = u, and the function w in the integral J l2 (A)
given by the formula (11.23), we have
X X
J 12 (X) = J||\(Y',yN-X)|Ps(yN)dyNdy' < c(s(yN)dyN ,
0A
w
where c is given by the norms of the functions u f r o m (11*23)
115
in the space L p (A) , and thus again J 2] (X) -*• 0 with X -*• 0 in vir-
with x as
tue of (11.7). Finally, J 22 (X) ~* ° "* ° well, for
, .s^y^-s^y^X),*
(11.27) J 22 (X) < |w(y',y )|PS(y ) ^1 /- 2 dy .
I N N | s P(y N ) I
We conclude: J(X) -> 0 with X -»- 0 , that is, (11.26) holds.
For the weight functions of the type II we shall now prove - in

a little simpler way - the following result:
11.9. LEMMA. Let the weight function s be of the type II. Then
(11.28) V k ' P (Q;s) = C~(Q) ,
where the closure of the set C n (Q) on the right hand side is taken
in the norm (11.14).
P r o o f : Let u e V ' p (Q;s) and r\ > 0 . We shall construct

a function v e C*(Q) such that (11.18) holds.
Let us extend the definition of the function u by zero for
y„ < 0 , that is, put
*/ < * r U(y# ' y N> f

° r y
N >
° •
u(y',yN) - {
o for y N <o.
The function u extended in this way has the same differential pro-
perties as the original function u : Indeed, we have
a
(11.29) D u(y',0) = lim Dau(y',y ) = 0
¥°
for a satisfying |a| 4 k-1 and for y' € A , that is, the func-
tion u has zero traces on M , as well as its derivatives Dau of
orders |a| 4 k-1 . This follows from the considerations of Remark
11.6: If we fix a multiindex a , |a| 4 k-1 , and a point y' e A ,
a
then the function f(t) = D u(y',t) fulfils the conditions (11.9)
and the relation (11.29) coincides with the relation (11.11).
Now we shall use the symbol u also for the extended function
116
u and for X > 0 we put
U
A(y'»yN) = u
<y''Y N ~ A ) *
Then
J<X) = ||u-uJ|P ; s < 2P"1{J1(X) + J2(X)} ,

where
J X (X) = ||u(y',y N )s 1/p (y N )-u(y',y N -X)s 1/p (y N -X)| p dy ,
Q
J 2 <X) = f|u(y',yN-X)|P|s1/P(yN-X)-s1/p(yN)|pdy .
Q
/p
The function us being from L P (Q) it is p-mean continuous, and
hence ff, (X) -»• 0 with X -> 0 . Substituting YN~X = t in J ? ^
and employing the fact that u(y',t) - 0 for t e ]-X,oQ , we obtain
an estimate analogous to (11.27) for J 2 ^ » naturally, with the func-
tion u, instead of w and the variable t instead of y N . Conse-
J x
quently, o( ) "** ° with x •+ 0 as well, which means u -*• u in
L (Q;s) . We can proceed analogously also for the derivatives Dau ,
|a| 4 k ; finally, we find X > 0 such that
dl-30) ll»-»xHk,p;. < f *

Let us fix such a X . Then u (y) = 0 for y e A * ] o , x Q ; it
is even possible to choose X so that
supp u x C Q
in virtue of the condition (11.13). If we denote by w = R u the
regularization of the function u - see the formula (7.9) - then
we have
(11.31) supp R T U X C Q
C
for x > 0 sufficiently small (x < X ) , and hence R u e Q(Q) •
The function R u approximates the function u, in the norm of the
,P
space w (Q) and, in virtue of (11.31), in the norm of the space
,p
V (Q;s) as well (it is sufficient to choose for example T 4 j X ).
Thus there exists x > 0 such that ||u -R u ||. < n/2 , and
A X A Jt,pjS
this together with the inequality (11.30) proves our lemma: (11.18)
117
holds with the function v = R u
11.10. REMARK. Let us consider a domain n e & * and the local

coordinates y = (y',y-N) from Definition 4.2. Then the set U.
from (4.8) is transformed to the parallelepiped Q from Sec. 11.7
by a suitable transformation - see Sec. 8.14. If, moreover, u e
£ w '^(Q;dM,s) , where M = 3a and s has the property (H) (see
p
Sec. 11.3), then u<j>. e vr» (U.;s(d)) (<|>. belongs to the partition
of unity corresponding to the chosen local coordinates) and in virtue
of the property (H) it is possible in the space W^,P(U.;s(dM)) to
consider the weight function
s(a i ( y p-y i N ) , (yi,yiN) e o.

instead of the weight function s(cL.(y)) . The mapping T transforms
k,p
the function u<t>± to the function v € V (Q;s) , where V k,p (Q;s)
is the space from Sec. 11.7, and the norms of the functions u$. and
v will be equivalent.
In this way, from Lemmas 11.8 and 11.9 we obtain the following
result:
11.11. THEOREM. Let fleg0'1, M = 3fl and let us denote dM(x) =

= d(x) . Further, let s = s(t) be a continuous -positive function
on Jo,»Q with the property (H) and such that
(11.32) lim s(t) = « ,
t-*0
and let s be nonincreasing in an interval ]o,cQ , c > 0 .
(i) If the function s is of the type I, then the set C (fi)

is dense in (fi;s(d)) , that is,
(11.33) \^tP(Q;s(d)) = C°°(n) .
(ii) If the function s is of the type II, then the set CQ(fi)
,p
is dense in Vr (G;s(d)) , that is,
118
(11.34) V^'P^sCd)) = C~(Q) .
11.12. REMARKS. (i) Let us recall the space w£ ,p (a ; s(d)) , which

was introduced in Sec. 3.8 just as the closure of the set C (ft) ;
then we obtain the following result from part (ii) of Theorem 11.11:
For 0. e £ * , M = 3Q and a function s of the type II we have
(11.35) \^'P(Q;s(d)) = w£'P(fi;s(d)) .
(ii) As the power function s(t) = t e is of the type II for

e 4 -1 , we can specialize the above result in the following way:
For e 4 -1 we have
U*>VW;a,z) = w£'P(fi;d,£) .
Cf. Sec. 7.7 (ii) and Proposition 9.10.
(iii) The power function s(t) = t G is of the type I provided

0 > e > -1 . The assertion (i) of Theorem 11.11 - together with Theo-
rem 11.2, whose assumptions are fulfilled for s(t) = t E with e > 0
- thus states that
(11.36) Wk,P(fi;d,e) = C°°(fi) for G > -1 .
In this way we have completed the assertion of Theorem 7.2 in the

sense of Remark 7.3 (ii).
12. I m b e d d i n g t h e o r e m s
12.1. INTRODUCTION. In this section our aim is to establish imbed-

ding theorems of the type
(12.1) WljP(fi;s1(dM))(; LP(S2;s0(dM))
where s. , s are suitable continuous positive functions on Jo,«£
119
we shall be primarily interested in the problem for which pairs of
functions s. , s the imbedding of the type (12.1) holds.
Our main tool being the Hardy inequality (5.32), it is evident
that the functions s , s will be the functions a. , a Q from
Theorem 5.10. Consequently, let us introduce the following c o n -
v e n t i o n which will be kept throughout this chapter: By the
cases A and B we shall understand the cases A and B from Sec. 5.6;
hence, if the functions s. , s are given by the formulae (5.11),
(5.12) (we write, of course, s instead of a ) , we write it in the
form
(s
(12.2) l's0) 6 (A)
and we say that the case (A) occurs for the weight functions s. ,
s Q ; the symbol
(s
(12.3) l's0) 6 (B)
has the analogous meaning with the functions s. , s Q given by the

formulae (5.14), (5.15).
We shall proceed analogously as in Chap. 8, and for this reason
our explanations will be more concise. First, we shall present imbed-
,p ,p
ding theorems for the special spaces V (Q;s) and V (Q;s) from
Sec. 11.7.
12.2. LEMMA. he t continuous positive functions s. , s on Jo,00^

satisfy (s.,s ) £ (B) and let the function s, be such that the
,p
set c"(Q) is dense in V (Q;s-) . Let 1 <*p < « . Then
(12.4) V 1 » P (Q;s 1 ) (; L P (Q;s Q ) .
,P
P r o o f : Our aim is to prove that all u e V (Q;s.) sa-
tisfy an estimate
p
's0 -LiP*3!
with a constant c > 0 independent of u . With regard to the density
of the set C°°(Q) and to the condition (11.13) it suffices to prove
120
(12.5) for such functions u € C (Q) that u(y',l) = 0 .
Let u be such a function and let us estimate the number
1
JL
(dy'f|u(y',yN)|PSo(yN)dyN
0
A 0
Choosing y' 6 A fixed, we can estimate the inner integral by the
Hardy inequality (5.32) (with J a,bQ = ] 0,1 Q ) , since the conditions
(5.31) are fulfilled. We obtain the inequality
1
P1 P
p
f|u(y',yN)| s0(yN)dyN < [J^] J|f^ ( y,y N )| s l( y N )dy N .
0 0
Its integration with respect to y' over A yields the estimate
M-ll^^fcftrril^llîWlNlS.,,.,-
However, this already is the inequality (12.5) with c- - ,
As V ,p(Q;s-) is a subspace of the space V ,p (Q;s 1 ) , Lemma

12.2 immediately implies
12.3. COROLLARY. Let all the assumptions of Lemma 12.2 be fulfilled.
Then
(12.6) v J ' P ( Q ; S l ) <5 L P ( Q ; s 0 ) .
However, the imbedding (12.6) can be extended even to (s1,sQ) €
€ (A) :
12.4. LEMMA. Let continuous positive functions s. , s on ]0,«Q
S S e A an et
satisfy ( T> 0) ^ ^ ^ ^ ' 1 < P < °° . Then
P P
(12.7) vJ' (Q; Sl ) C ; L ( Q ; S Q ) .
P r o o f : With regard to the density it suffices to consider

u € C™(Q) ; then we obtain the estimate (12.5) in the same way as in
the proof of Lemma 12.2, using the Hardy inequality (5.32) under the
121
condition (5.30), which is fulfilled for (si»s0) e (A) and u
€
6 C°(Q) .
12.5. REMARK. From Theorem 11.2 and Lemma 11.8 it is seen under which
conditions on s1 the assumption of density< of the set C (Q) in
P
the space V ' (Q;s ) , which is required in Lemma 12.2, is fulfilled:
it suffices to assume that s. is nondecreasing in a neighbourhood
of zero and that lim s.(t) = 0 (Theorem 11,2), or that s. is non-
l
t+0
increasing in a neighbourhood of zero, lim s. (t) = °° and s. is of
l X
t+0
the type I (Lemma 11.8).
12.6. EXAMPLE. If we choose s^t) = t P _ 1 -log B + P £ (p > 1 , 0 < t

< 1 ) , then the estimate (12.5) for 8^-1 assumes the form
l u N p ; S o 4 T 1 frr I H I i . p ; . ,
1 8 1
with the function s^Ct) ~ ^ ^-0<3 T ' Consequently, for this choice
of the weight functions, the following imbeddings hold:
V 1 ' P (Q;s 1 ) Q LP(Q;S()) for 3 > -1 ,

v P(Q;s ) LP
o' i C (Q;S0) for 8 t -l
(see Example 5.13).
Now it is already easy to prove imbedding theorems for general

,p
weighted spaces W (fi;s(d)) :
12.7. THEOREM. Let Q € £ 0 , 1 , M = 3ft and let us denote dM(x) =

= d(x) . Let continuous positive functions s, , s on 3°»°°L have
the property (H) (see Sec. 11.3), let (s,,s0) 6 (B) and let the set
1,p
0°(Ji) be dense in W (Q;s (d)) (see Remark 12.5). Let 1 < p < «
Then
(12.8) W1'P(fi;s1(d)) C, LP(Q;s0(d)) .
P r o o f : Again it suffices to prove an estimate
122
(12 9)
- I H I P ; s 0 ( d ) i c ll u lli,p;s l( d)
for u e C°°(J2) .
Let us pass to the local coordinates y = (y',y-N) and denote
v. = u<(>. (i = 1,2, ,m) . We will estimate the number
(12.10) ||v±||P.s (d)= f|vi(x)|Ps0(d(x))dx =

0
a
• ( dyi f IV y i> y i N >l P V d ( y i' y iN» d y iN •
As ft e t ' , the distance d(y' y. ) is equivalent to the function

a.(yp-y. N (see Remark 4.7). As s has the property (H), there
exists c > 0 such that
c
•0«<y» i o 8 o la i ( yi>-yiH ) • y e D
i •
Using these facts, we obtain from (12.10) by the substitution
e
H v iHp;s 0 (d) W ayif|vi(yi.«i(yi)-t)|P.0(t)dt .
A. 0
The inner integral for a fixed y' e A. can be estimated by the Hardy
inequality (5.32) (with Ja,b£ = ] o , p Q ) under the condition (5.31),
which is fulfilled since v. (yf ,a. (y?)-t) = o for t = B . Integra-
ting the resulting inequality with respect to y' over A. , passing
back to the variable y.N and using the fact that s. also has the
property (H) and that ft € £ ' , we finally arrive at an estimate
I"*±""?,.,<*>*
A. a i ( y l )-3
,
f I|3V.
dV
i I r>
< c
1 fe<y)| S
l < d ( y ) ) ^ clHvx1l?,p;«,W i
u_.
^c2IMI?>p;Si(d) •
123
This is an analogue of the estimate (8.10), and since the same esti-
mate can be established also for v Q = u<J»0 , we obtain - similarly
as in the proof of Theorem 8.2 - the estimate (12.9), which implies
the imbedding (12.8) in virtue of the density of the set C°° (?T) .
Theorem 12.7 again immediately implies
12.8. COROLLARY. Let all the assumptions of Theorem 12.7 be fulfil-
led. Then
(12.11) wJ'P(J2;Sl(d)) g LP(n;SQ(d)) .
Nevertheless, this imbedding holds for (s.,s ) e (A) as well;

the proof follows the same *lines as that of Theorem 12.7, only using
the condition (5.30) in the Hardy inequality (5.32). Let us give the
precise formulation of this result:
12.9. THEOREM. Let fl G 8T0'1 , M = 8ft , let us denote ^(x) =

= d(x) . Let continuous -positive functions s1 , s on ]o,»£ have
the property (H), let (s,,s ) € (A) and 1 < p < « . Then the im-
bedding (12.11) holds.
12.10. REMARKS. (i) We deliberately formulated the imbedding theo-

rems for the spaces W ,p(ft;s (d)) . The idea of the extension of
the results from Theorems 12.7 and 12.9 to the case of the spaces
W^PcJ^sCd)) and w£,p(n;s(d)) with k ^ 2 is simple, for it re-
quires merely a repeated application of the Hardy inequality. How-
ever, it is here where technical complications arise - see Sec. 5.14.
For this reason we have left the formulation of the corresponding
theorems to the reader.
(ii) The restriction ft £ £ * was not necessary, either.
' 0 K
For example, Theorem 11.2 on the density holds for n e <C * with
0 < K < 1 as well, so that the above introduced methods can be used
124
,p
to establish imbedding theorems, for the spaces W (fl;s,(d)) with a
function s. satisfying the assumptions of Theorem 11.2, and in the
same way it is possible to deduce imbedding theorems for the spaces
W0,p(fi;s.(d)) . Of course, for 0 < < < 1 technical complications
arise again. They are connected with the fact that instead of the
equivalence of the distances ^ M ^ Y ) an<* a
-(y')~Y- N more complicated
relations (4.28) are to be used, which require some subtler conside-
rations - compare, for example, Theorems 8.2 and 8.4 with the asser-
tions of Section 8.8 (i). Thus, for example, it is possible to show
,K
that for fl e £ , 0 < < < 1 , and M = 3fi , the imbedding
W1'P(fi;s1(d))g LP(fl;s*(d)) ,
* K
s s
where 0 (t) = 0(t ) » holds instead of the imbedding (12.8).
(iii) Our previous considerations were restricted to the case
M = 3J2 . Naturally, it is also possible to deduce imbedding theorems
,p
for the spaces W (ft;s(d )) with a more general set M - see Chap.
8. Taking into account the fact that in the case M = 3fi - that is,
dim M = N-l - an important role was played by the integrability of
the function s(t) in the neighbourhood of zero (see Sec. 11.5), we
can expect that in the case dim M = m , 0 < r m < N - l , a similar ro-
le will be played (with regard to the use of special transformations
*
of coordinates) by the integrability of the function s (t) =
= s(t)t in a neighbourhood of zero.
12.11. ONE APPLICATION OF THEOREM 12.9. Let us consider a space with

a power-type weight
(12.12) w£'p(fl;d,rp-l) ,
where d(x) = d^(x) , M = aa , fi e &°* , r is a natural number,
1 4 r 4 k . Applying the imbedding (8.31) successively to Dau with
| oc | = k,k-l, ... ,k-r+l , we obtain
125
D a u € LP(fl;d,rp-l) for |a| = k ,
a P
D u e L (Q;d,(r-l)p-l) for |a| = k-1 ,
(12.13)
etc.,
D a u e LP(G;d,p-l) for |a| = k-r+1 .
Now we can no more use the imbedding (8.31), for we have met with the
"singular value" £ = p-1 . Nevertheless, it is possible to use the
imbedding (12.11), where we choose s.(t) = t p ~ , and according to
the results of Example 12.6 (with 3 = -p ) we then have s^t) =
p
= t log -r . Thus we have
(12.14) D a u e Lp(ft;^ log"p ^) for |a| = k-r .
And, since the choice s (t) = t Y logB -r corresponds to the function

Y p
s (t) = t log -r provided y ? p-1 , we obtain for such pairs of
s, , s by a repeated application of the imbedding (12.11):
(12.15) D a u 6 LP(a;d~1_:ip log"P ^) for |a| = k-r-j
(j = 0,1,...,k-r).
However, the space of functions u determined by the conditions
(12.13) through (12.15) is precisely the space H*'p(ft;d,rp-1) , which
was introduced in Sec. 9.8 (iii), and hence we have proved - via the
imbeddings (8.31) and (12.11) - that
w£'p(n;d,rp-l) (;H^p(a;d,rp-l) .
The converse imbedding can be proved by a method analogous to

that used to prove the imbedding (9.19) (for details, see J. KADLEC,
A. KUFNER [2]) . Thus we have actually proved one part of the analogue
of the assertion of Theorem 9.7 for e = rp-1 , namely, for the case
when the condition (9.12) is not fulfilled.
12.12. EXERCISE. In Theorems 12.7 and 12.9 we in fact assumed that

both the functions s. , s Q have "the property (H). Prove: If
(s-.s ) € (A) or (s-,s ) € (B) and if the function s.. has the
126
property (H), then the function sQ has this property as well.
In the conclusion of this chapter let us present without proof

an assertion on the equivalence of certain norms, which is an analogue
of Proposition 9.2. The proof employs an imbedding of the type (12.11)
and Lemma 10.1 in analogy to Sec. 9.1 and can be found in a paper by
B. OPIC [l] .
12.13. THEOREM. Let ft € £ 0 , 1 , M = 3ft , let us denote d^x) =

= d(x) and for u e W^^ft ;s (d)) , 1 N|u|l|k)p;s(d) - (|o{=kl|o'u||P;s(d))
Let continuous positive functions s. , s have the property

(H), let (s.,s ) e (A) or (s ,s ) e (B) and let at least one of
the following conditions be fulfilled'.
(i) There exists c > 0 such that

(12.17) sx(t) 4 csQ(t) /
holds in a neighbourhood of the origin.
(ii) The function s.. (t) has a continuous derivative and there
exists c > 0 such that
(12.18) sj- p (t)|s((t)| p 4 cs0(t)
holds in a neighbourhood of the origin.
Then the quantities ll-ll k ) P ; S (d) °-nd III • Hlk,p;s (d) aTe
,p
equivalent norms on the space Wv (ft;s,(d)) .
127
III. A P P L I C A T I O N S t
13. F o r m u l a t i o n of the p r o b l e m
13.1. INTRODUCTION. In this concluding part we shall briefly deal

with the problem of existence and uniqueness of a weak solution of
the Dirichlet problem for the linear elliptic operator on a domain
As we shall deal with the linear operator, we shall work with

the spaces (ft; a) , where
P = 2 ;
in this case we thus have Hilbert spaces.
In order to avoid technical difficulties, we shall now always
consider solely real functions, defined on the domain ft .
13.2. THE DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR. On a domain ft C R n let us consider

a formal linear differential operator % of an order 2k, given by
the formula
(13.1) (fcu)(x) = 7 (-l)lalDa(a _<x)DBu(x)) .
a
|a|,fs|<k *
We assume that the coefficients a of the operator j£ satisfy
(13.2) a . e L°°(ft) .
otp
The operator <£ is assigned a bilinear form a = a(u,v) by

the formula
(13.3) a(u,v) = T [a _(x)Dav(x)Deu(x)dx .
We shall assume that the operator St? is elliptic3 which means
the following: there exists a positive constant c such that all
functions u e W7' (ft) satisfy
(13.4) a(u,u) ^ c| | u | | ^ 2 .
128
13.3. REMARKS. (i) The definition of ellipticity involves only the
classical Sobolev spaces; on the right hand side of (13.4) we have
the square of the norm of the function u in the space
This reflects the fact that we are interested in the applications of
weighted spaces in the sense of Sec. 2.2.
(ii) The restriction of our considerations to functions from
w£'2(n) in (13.4) reflects the fact that it is the Divichlet problem
we intend to study. Since Wv' (ft) is the closure of the set C*(a)
in the norm (1.11) (with p = 2 ) , it is sufficient that (13.4) be
fulfilled for C~(n) .
(iii) With regard to the equivalence of various norms on the
space W?' (ft) - see Sec. 9.1 - it is possible to replace the norm
||u|| 2 on the right hand side of the inequality (13.4) by the norm
|||u|||. 2 - see (9.1) for p - 2 and e = 0 .
13.4.DIRICHLET PROBLEM. Let fi C » N » M C ^ and let us consider

the spaces
Wk'2(fi;s(dM)) and w£' 2 ( n ^ c ^ ) ) ,
where s = s(t) is the weight function from Sec. 3.4, and the space
W^'2(n;s"1(dM)) ,
where s"1(t) - l/s(t) .
Given a function u e w ' (8;s(cLJ) and a continuous linear
2 1
functional F € (w£* (S^s"" ( d ^ ) )* , we say that a function u €
(fi;s(dM)) is a weak solution of the Dirichlet -problem (for
the differential operator <£ from Sec. 13.2), if
>2
(i) u-uQ € W^ U;s(d M )) ;
(ii) for all v 6 c"(fi) we have
(13.5) a(u,v) = < F,v > ,
where a(u,v) is the bilinear form (13.3) and the symbol < F,v >
stands for the value of the functional F from the dual space
,2 1
(W^ (0;s" (d M )))* at the "point" v .
129
13.5. REMARKS. (i) The concept of the weak solution of the Dirich-
let problem in the weighted Sobolev space just defined is a direct
generalization of the concept of the weak solution in the classical
Sobolev space (ft) : choosing s(t) = 1 we obtain the concept
of the weak solution as introduced for example in J. NECAS [l] (Chap.
3, Sec. 2.3), K. REKTORYS [lj (Chap. 32, Def. 32.1) or S. FUCfK, A.
KUFNER pL] (Chap. 3, Sec. 15..2). This confirms that Definition 13.4
is reasonable.
(ii) The just mentioned accordance between the presented defi-
nition and the "classical" definition of the weak solution makes the
sense of the conditions (i) and (ii) from Sec. 13.4 clear: For smooth
data, that is, for sufficiently smooth coefficients a , and for a
functional F given in the form
(13.6) < F,v > = |f(x)v(x)dx

ft
with a smooth function f , the relation (13.5) implies (by virtue of
the Green formula) that
£u = f on ft ,
while the condition (i) from Sec. 13.4 means (roughly speaking) that
on 3ft the derivatives of the solution u in the direction of the
1 1
outer normal 3 u/3n , i = 0,1,... (in the sense of traces) assume
the prescribed values g. , where g. = 31u /Sn 1 . In the case of the
classical Sobolev spaces w ' (ft) these boundary conditions have
sense for i = 0,1,...,k-1 ; in the case of the weighted spaces
2
W*' (ft;s(d )) the situation naturally can differ considerably, for -
- as is shown e.g. by Remark 9.17 - the traces need not have sense
at all, or they can have sense only for some i's - for instance i=
= 0,1,...,k-1 , where k is determined from the formula (9.3 9) -
- or they can vanish identically, so that there is nothing to pres-
cribe.
130
In this part we desire to decide for which weight functions s =
= s(t) the existence of a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem in
a weighted space w '^(J2;s(d^)) can be guaranteed. As was already
said in Remark 13.5 (i), there exists at least one such weight func-
tion - namely, the function s(t) = 1 .
The main tool which can be used to obtain existence theorems for
a weak solution of the boundary-value problem for the classical Sobo-
lev spaces is the so-called Lax-Milgram theorem (see e.g. J. NECAS
[lj, Chap. 1, Sec. 3.1, or K. REKTORYS [lj , Chap. 33, Theorem 33.1).
In the case of the weighted spaces, a generalization of this theorem
is used. We present it without proof:
13.6. LEMMA. (J. NECAS [l] , Chap. 6, Sec. 3.1). Let YL^ , H 2 be two
Hilbert spaces. Let b(u,v) be a bilinear form defined on the Carte-
sian product H x H ? , and let there exist positive constants c. ,
c.y , c« such that
(i) for all u e H and v e H2 we have
(13.7) |b(u,v)| < cx||u||R ||v||H ;
(ii) for all u £ H. we have

(13.8) sup |b(u,v)| >, c U |u| | ;
H
IMIH.c,||v|| .
INI,,*1 " 2
1
*
Let h be a continuous linear functional from the space H2 .
Then there exists precisely one element u € H such that
(13.10) b(u,v) = < h,v >
holds for all elements v € H 2 , and there is a positive constant c
such that
(13.11) ||u||H < c||h||H* .
131
13.7. REMARKS. The condition (i) of Lemma 13.6 states that the form
b(u,v) is continuous on H. x H, • A form b(u,v) satisfying the
conditions (ii) and (iii) of Lemma 13.6 - that is, the relations
(13.8) and (13.9) - is said to be (Hx,H2)-elliptic.
Let us now choose the form a(u,v) from 13.3 for the form
b(u,v) . Using the boundedness of the coefficients a Q see (13.2)
- and the Holder inequality, we successively obtain the following
estimate:
|a(u,v)| < T ||a || f|D|5u<x)Dav(x)|ax =
_
, , I , H a aBll-fl D B u ( X ) s ! i ( d M ( X ) ) H D a V ( X ) S " , S ( < l l M < x >>l d x i
l«|.lB|<k 'a
i
|«|.f 6 |- , , a - l l J | D 6 U | l 2 - ( d « ) , | D O V " 2 ' ; 1 / S ( d M> 4
i C lll U llk,2;s(d M )'li V Hk > 2;l/s(d M )
(with the constant c = II | a olio,)* However, this means that the
form a(u,v) from (13.3) is continuous on H- x H- provided the
Hilbert spaces H. , H 2 are chosen in the following way.
(13.12) H x = W^»2(ft;s(dM)) , H 2 - ^^(fijs'^d^)) .
Definition 13.4 involved a continuous linear functional over the

space W?* (a;s~ (cL.)) . The method used to establish the above esti-
mate enables us to prove a result which will - to a certain degree -
- throw light upon the structure of the dual space
(wj^^s"1^)))* :
13.8. LEMMA. Let functions g e L (G^d^)) , | a | 4 k , be given.

Then the formula
(13.13) < G,v > = 7 fg (x)Dav(x)dx
l«T<*i
Jt 2 —1 *
defines a continuous linear functional G 6 (W£' (ft;s (dL.)))
132
P r o o f : The Holder inequality yields
l< G » v >l i I }|ga(x)sS5(dM(x))| |Dav(x)s"J$(dM(x))|dx 4
< , I l|gall l|Dav|| _x < c||v|| _

|o|ik a
2;s(d||) 2;s l (d^) k,2;S X (d^)
for v e W^'2(n;s"1(dM)) (with the constant c = V ||g o || 2 ; S (d M ) ) *
However, this means that G is a continuous linear functional and

that - under the notation from (13.12) -
(13.14) ||6||_, < c||v||
H H
2 2
holds.
13.9. REMARKS. (i) The functional G from (13.13) can be written

also in the following way:
(13.15) G - 7 (-l)|o|Daga ,
o
where the derivatives of the functions g e L (8;S(GL.)) are meant
in the sense of distributions. Indeed, using the Green formula in the
integral in (13.13), we have
< G,v > - ff 7 (-l)la

lDag M(x)|v(
'~'D (x)lv(x)dx
(ii) In Remark 13.7 we have shown that the form a(u,v) from
(13.3) is continuous on H. x H 2 , where H. and H2 are given by
the formulae (13.12). If we succeeded in proving that this form is
also (H1,H2)-elliptic , then we could apply Lemma 13.6 in order to
prove an existence result for a weak solution of Dirichlet problem
in the weighted space Vv* (a;s(d-.)) . Consequently, in what follows
we shall seek conditions on the function s guaranteeing that under
the choice (13.12) the form a(u,v) from (13.3) is (H , H 2 ) - e l l i p t i c .
First we shall deal with the power-type weights.
133
14. P o w e r - t y p e w e i g h t s
14.1. INTRODUCTION. Now we choose s(t) = t e and we shall work with

,2
the spaces W^C^dê) and w£ (ft;dM,e) . Since s"1 (t) = t"e ,
the spaces H. , H 2 from (13.12) now assume the form
(14.1) H x = w£'2(ft;dM,e) , H 2 = w£' 2 (ft ;dM,-e) .
Until now we have made no restrictions concerning ft , M C 3fl

and e . Let us point out at the very beginning that our main tools
will be imbedding theorems of the type
(14.2) wJ'2(J2;dM,e) (J L2(ft;dM,e-2) .
Consequently, we can assume that the domain ft C 1R » the set M (^ 8ft

and the number e £ IR are such that the -imbedding theorem (14.2)
holds.
The reader can make this assumption clear to himself by going
through the considerations of Chap. 8 - see for example Sec. 8.8 (i)
where it was proved that the imbedding (14.2) holds for
(14.3) ft € £ 0 , 1 , M = 9ft , e J 1
(we have p = 2 ) , or Theorem 8.16, where the same result was proved
for
(14.4) ft e <£(xQ) , x Q £ 3ft , M = {xQ} , e € IR
(if N = 1 then we have to assume e ^ 1 ) , or the considerations of
Sec. 8.19 for more general cases.
Existence theorems for a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem
in the space w * (ft;dM,e) were obtained by J. NECAS [2] under the
conditions (14.3) and by A. KUFNER [3] under the conditions (14.4).
Their arguments can be transferred almost word for word to the case
of the conditions given above, for they are based on the imbedding
(14.2) and on estimates of the derivatives of the weight functions
of the type
134
(14.5) |Da4(x)| < lelc^-l"! ,
which can be deduced either directly or via Lemma 4.13.
Let us now roughly sketch this procedure, which yields the
(H ,H2)-ellipticity of the form a(u,v) from (13.3) provided the
spaces H , H2 are chosen according to (14.1).
14.2. SEVERAL ESTIMATES. Let a(u,v) be the form from (13.3) and
let u 6 c"(fi) . Setting v = ud^ , we have
(14.6) a(u,udM) = a(ud M / 2 ,ud M / 2 ) + J(e) ,
where
(14.7) J(e) - I fa QDa(udJ)Deu-Da(ud^/2)DP(ud^/2)]c

J
I a I y I 3 I <X 0
(for the sake of simplicity we omit the integration variable x in

the integrals). As
(14.8) D»(ud*) = D u u . ^ + I CYyuD*a£ .
where the sum is taken over the multiindices y , 6 with y+6 = a

and |6| ^ 1 (c . being fixed constants), the quantity J(e) is a
linear combination of terms of the form
(14.9) Jx = fa a e D Y uD 6 d M D e u ,
Q
y+6 = a , | 6 | >, 1 and

2
(14.10) J2 - ( a ^ u D ^ V u D ^ / ,
a
y+6 = a , CD+T = 3 , | $ | + | T | = * • These terms are e s t i m a t e d s i m i -
l a r l y as i n Remark 1 3 . 7 : ( 1 3 . 2 ) and ( 1 4 . 5 ) imply
a B
I*! I £ HaoeIIJ«|cJ|D*u|a£-l l|D u|dx-
= c1|e|f|û|<*A/2~WV»l^/2 <*
and the Holder inequality yields
135
lJll 4Cllel-HDYull2;dir,-2|6|llD3-ll2;dM,e •
As 1 31 <, k , we have \\v*u\\2.*te = HuHk,2;d ,e " F u r t h e r , Y «
= ot-6 , and t h e r e p e a t e d a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e imbedding theorem ( 1 4 . 2 )
yields
HDT«H2;dI|.«-2|«| - I l D ° ~ ' « l l 2 ; d M , c - 2 | 6 | i =2 N »' • | . | , 2 ; V «
[see e.g. the formula (8.37), where we put p = 2 , |a| instead of

k and r = |a|-|6| ; with regard to (8.36) we have to exclude cer-
tain values of e • i] . As |a| < k , we have ||DYU||2 , 21 61 =
-Î^Hk.a^.c ^ d hence
(14.IX) I.JJ i c 3 | « | - | | u | | ^ 2 ; ^ t .
In the same way we also estimate J2 provided |6|+|T| - l ; if

161 >, 1 as well as | T | ^ l , we have to use the estimate (14.5) for
two terms; we then obtain
(14.12) |J2| i o 4 | | | 2 - | | u | | ^ 2 ; d M > e .
Hence
(14.13) |J(e)| < (c5|e| + c ^ 2 ) | | u| l£>2;cU, e •
where the constants c 5 , cg are independent of u and e .
As the operator £ from (13.1) is elliptic, the inequality

(13.4) holds and hence
(14.14) a(ud£/2;ud£/2) > c||ud^/2||2 2 - c Y [|Da(ud£/2)|2dx .
Applying the formula (14.8) we obtain
||D a (u4 / 2 )| 2 dx > (|D a u| 2 4dx-

a n
- 2 I |cY6l(|Dau|4/2|DYu||D54/2|dx-
136
- I |c Y a O a ) T |f|D^|.|D S d^/ 2 ||D u u|.|D^/ 2 |dx ,
a
where the sums are taken over all multiindices y , 6 or y , 6 ,
u) , x , respectively, with y+6 = CO+T = a . The integrals in both
the sums can be estimated in the same way as the expressions J, ,
2 2
J 2 by means of (c7|e|+Cg£ )M u lli c o-d_ * H e n c e (14-14) yields
the estimate
(14.15) |a(ud£ /2 ,uc£ /2 )| » C=-c9\c\-cloe2-,\\u\\l>2;ê .
Now the relation (14.6) together with the estimates (14.13) and
(14.15) implies
|a(u.ud£>| > |a(ud^ /2 ,ud^ /2 )| - |j(«)| >
» (c-CnUI-cê2)!^!!2^.^^ .
And, since the same reasoning can be used to prove that
M ^ H k . 2 ; ^ ; - , i <^l 3 l'l +c 14« 2 >ll u llk.2 S d M ,« •

we arrive at the following result: For u 6 C*(fi) and v = udJl we
have
<14.16) ||V1?(U>V)| > cU)||u||k 2 ,
where
c C e
" llll
i
l~ C l2 e
(14.17) c(e) =
/l+c l 3 | e |+c l 4 £ 2
Moreover, it is evident that for v 6 C Q (a) 3t*~e we

and u - vcU
can quite analogously establish the estimate
(14.18) ^£&*U_»8(e)||*||
where c(e) has a form similar to that of c(e) from (14.17). Thus
we can formulate the following result:
137
14.3. LEMMA. Let % ê the elliptic linear differential operator
of an order 2k from Sec, 13.2, let H. and H2 be the Hilbert
spaces from (14.1). Then there exists an open interval I containing
zero and such that for e £ I the bilinear form a(u,v) from (13.3)
is (H -yYL~)-elliptic.
P r o o f : The function g(e) = c-c..|e|-cl2e - see (14.17) -

* * *
has two symmetric zero points e and -e (e > 0) . If we exclude,
moreover, the values for which the estimate (14.16) cannot be deduced
[these are the values for which the imbedding (14.2) cannot be used],
we obtain an open interval I.C J-e , e Q , on which the function
g(e) and hence also the function c(e) from (14.17) are positive.
Now let e € I, and u € C*(fl) . The estimate (14.16) now im-
plies that there exists a function w 6 H 2 =• WV' (a;cL-,-e) such that
'H2
|a(u,v)| >, c(e)||u||H
[we put w = v/||v||„ , where v is the function from (14.16)J,

Then, a fortiori,
(14.19) sup
sup |a(u f v)| >, c(e)| |u| | H
l|vTl H <i
holds for every u € C (fl) and, in virtue of the density, for every
u € H x = W^» (ft;dM,e) as well. Thus we have proved that (13.8) with
Cy = c(e) (and with the form a instead of b ) holds.
Denoting by I2 the interval, containing zero, for which the
estimate (14.18) has sense and for which C ( E ) > 0 , then we analo-
gously obtain, from (14.18) the estimate (13.9) with c 3 = c(e), ze
e i2 .
The desired interval I is then given by the formula
(14.20) i = ixn i2 ,
which proves the lemma.
138
We proved already in Remark 13.7 that the form a(u,v) is con-
tinuous on H. x H , . Hence all the assumptions of Lemma 13.6 are
fulfilled and we can prove the main result of this chapter:
14.4. THEOREM. Let % be the elliptic linear differential operator

of an order 2k from Sec. 13.2, I the interval from Lemma 14.3,
2
£ 6 1 , u Q e ^^(fljdjj.e) and F € (w£' ( Q ^ . - e ) )* = H* .
Then there is one and only one weak solution u € w ' (Q;cL.,e)
of the Dirichlet problem; further> there is a positive constant c
such that
(14.21) | |u| l k , 2 ; d M > e < C(| |UQ| l k > 2 ; d M > e + I |F| 1^) .
P r o o f : Let us use the notation (14.1) and denote
(14.22) G = Y (-l)lalDa(artftDeu ) .
As u £ W^» (ft;d^,e) , we have Dû G L (B;d^,e) ; we have ga «

8 2 »
Y a„0D u n € L (fi;dM,e) as well since a a 6 L (a) , and by Lem
|$f<k ae ° ^ ae
ma 13.8 or Remark 13.9 (i) we have G 6 H2 and < G,v > = a(u v) .
Denoting
(14.23) h = F - G ,
then h € H2 as well and by Lemma 13.6, whose assumptions are ful-
filled for the form a and for e e I , there is precisely one ele-
ment w e H such that
a(w,v) = < h,v >
for all v £ C*(fi) and
(14.24) ||w|| < c||h|| *
H H
l 2
Put
(14.25) u = uQ + w .
Then u-u = w € H 1 = W^'2 (^dê) , and hence the condition (i) from
139
Definition 13.4 is fulfilled. Moreover, for all v e C Q (n) we have
a(u,v) = a(u +w,v) = a(u ,v) + a(w,v) = < G,v > + < h,v > =
= < G,v > + < F-G,v > = < F,v > ,
which means that the condition (ii) from Definition 13.4 is fulfilled
as well. Consequently, the function u is a weak solution of the
Dirichlet problem and it is uniquely determined. - The inequality
(14.21) follows from (14.25), (14.24) and (14.23), since by (13.14)
G from (14.22) satisfies
'l°llH.î|(iy"-..nMl2,a1|..^2M«ollk.2,aiI.. •
We see that Theorem 14.4 guarantees the existence and uniqueness

of a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem for an elliptic operator
% in a weighted space w* (Q;dM,c) for e e l . Since the inter-
val I contains zero, Theorem 14.4 includes also the assertion on
the weak solvability of the Dirichlet problem in the classical Sobo-
lev spaces W * ' 2 ^ ) = M^'2 (Q;d^90) (see Remark 13.5 (i)).
An important role is here played by the interval I . While
Lemma 14.3 asserts its existencey the considerations of Sec. 14.2
help us to make an idea how to find its actual form. We shall now
present several examples in which we shall give (more or less accu-
rately) the limits of the interval I for certain particular opera-
tors *£ and weight functions dM .
14.5. EXAMPLES. Let N = 2 , let us choose the square ] 0,1 [ * ] 0,1 [

and the line segment {x = (x , x 2 ) ; x £ [o,lJ, x 2 = o} for the do-
d x x
main fi and the set M , respectively. Hence M( ) = 2 •
(i) If SC is the Laplace operator, that is, ^ u = -Au , then

,
a(u s ff3u 3v , 3u 3v ) j„
' v) - J IxT 33T + 3x7 33ETjdx
and a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem for the operator -A
140
exists in the space
W1'2(fi;dM,e) for |e| < 1
that is, I = J-l,l[ .
(ii) If *£ is the biharmonic operator, that is, «£u = A u

then
2., „2
K u , v ) . f [ 3 l u ^T] + 2-3-U
J hx 3a v. a v a 3x.3x_
3x.3x 3x 0 3x '
h 3xi x
i 1... 0-rt0.~ O A - OA.^ 0*>>j OA~
and a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem for the operator A

exists in the space
W2,2(fi;dM,e) for |e| < 1 ,
that is, the interval I is the same as in the example (i).
14.6. EXAMPLES. Let N = 2 and n e <£(*0) , where x £ 38 and

where the cone (the wedge) K from Definition 4.10 (ii) is given by
the angle u (see Fig. 5 ) . Let us point out that we admit even the
case when the cone K degenerates to a line segment, that is, the
case u) = 0 ; then ft has the segment property at the point x
- see Remark 8.17 (ii).
Fig. 5 Fig. 6
141
Thus cLjCx) = lx"x0l • T n e estimates of the interval I given
below can be deduced by introducing polar coordinates r , 4> , where
we choose r = | x-x | and measure the angle <f» from one of the si-
des of the wedge K .
(i) If % is the Laplace operator, then there exists a weak
solution of the Dirichlet problem for the operator -A in the space
W^Cajd^s) for |e| < ^ ,
that is, 1=1- ^ - , ~^- [ -
(ii) Let Yi > 0 , i = l,2,...,m , Y 1 + Y 2 + '-- + Y m = 2ir w

" ' and
let us divide the domain n by means of rays starting at x and

forming angles y. with one another into m parts n.,n2»•••»ftm
(see Fig. 6 with m = 4 ) . Let a. , i = 1,2,—,m , be positive
constants, and let us define the operator £ in the following way:
where a(x) • a. for x G n. (i = 1,2,... ,m) . Thus Xu = -a.Au

on fl. and
a(u v)
' - I a4 (% v % %H •
i
Then there exists a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem for the
operator X in the space
I o o„ min(a.,...,a )
W1'2(J2;dM,e) for |e| < ^ - — - ^ -5» .
»~M» ' ' ' 2ir-u)raax(a., ... ,a )
(iii) In the example (ii) let us choose m = 2 and write y
instead of y. . Then y2 = 2TT-UJ-Y - I f £ is the operator from
the example (ii) (for m = 2 ) , then there exists a weak solution of
the Dirichlet problem for the operator SC in the space
W1,2(fi;dM,e) for |e| < - — 7 — \ r-
»~M» ' ' ' max(Y,2ir-a)-Y)
(we have o < y < 2TT-(O ) . - Here it is of interest that - unlike the
142
example (ii) - the interval I does not at all depend on the cons-
tants a. , a 2 , which determine the operator % , but only on the
geometric features of the domains Q. , a~ .
(iv) If % is the biharmonic operator - see Example 14.5 (ii)

, then there exists a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem for
2
the operator A in the space
^^(flj^.e) for e e l ,
+3 i ^ -1 l) [_ •
where 3°. «*» h
I = JO, min l^ 77
2, §(/l+3—-
*•
TT- ))C
(2ir-u>) '
This
estimate for the
*• (2ir-u>) '
interval I is not optimal; estimates for negative e*s can be
found as well.
14.7. REMARKS. (i) The assertion on the existence of a weak solu-

tion of the Dirichlet problem in the space w * (8;cL.»e) can be
transferred also to other boundary-value problems. For instance, let
us consider the mixed boundary-value problem
-Au = f on fi , au + b 3u
— = g on 3fi ,
where 3ft = M+M, meas N-1 M > 0 ; a(x) i 0 on M and b(x) = 0 on

M . Then there exists a weak solution of this mixed boundary-value
problem in the space
W1'2(fi;dM,e)
for e with |e| sufficiently small. The condition meas N _ 1 M > 0
is here essential. See J. KADLEC, A. KUFNER [l] .
(ii) The assertion on the existence of the Dirichlet problem

can be under certain conditions transferred even to nonlinear diffe-
rential operators. See e.g. V. BENCI, D. FORTUNATO [l] or D. GIA-
CHETTI, E. MASC0L0, R. SCHIANCHI [lj .
143
15. G e n e r a l w e i g h t s
15.1. INTRODUCTION. Now let H , H 2 be the Hilbert spaces from

(13.12) with the weight function s from Sec. 3.4. According to Re-
mark 13.7 the bilinear form a(u,v) from (13.3) is continuous on
H x H 2 . Hence it is evident that under the assumption that this
form is (H yK~)-elliptic it is possible to repeat the proof of Theo-

rem 14.4 word for word in the more general case of the space
w*-2>'(^^(dj.))
' . Thus Lemmas 13.6 and 13.8 immediately imply:
15.2. THEOREM. Let )£ be the elliptic linear differential operator
of an order 2k from Sec. 13.2, let a(u,v) be the corresponding
bilinear form (13.3), u Q € W*'2 (ft; s (dM)) and F &

2 1
€ (W^' (n;s" (dM)))* = H* . Let the form a(u,v) be
2 2 1
(w£' (fi;s(dM)) , M^' ^;*' ^)))-elliptic.
Then there exists one and only one weak solution u e

9
€ w^ (G;s(cLJ) of the Dirichlet problem; further^ there exists a
positive constant c such that
HoMk^sCdL,) i c ( IKH k ) 2 ;s(d M )+ l | p | '*> •

M M n~
15.3. REMARK. Now it remains only to describe the class of those

functions s = s(t) which satisfy the crucial assumption of Theorem
15.2, namely, the (H ,H2)-ellipticity of the form a(u,v) . Using
the analogy with the methods used in Chap. 14, we see that imbedding
theorems of the type
(15.1) W^ 2 (fi; Sl (d M ))C; L2(fi;s0(dM)) ,
which were dealt with in Chap. 12, or more precisely, theorems on

equivalent norms on the space W1 '2 (fi;s.(d )) of the type of Theorem
12.13, which can be obtained from the imbedding (15.1), will play an
important role.
144
We shall now roughly describe the assumptions we have to intro-
duce, and the procedure that allows us to establish criteria of the
(H ,H2)-ellipticity of the form a(u,v) . W e will not go into minor
details; we will follow the paper by A. KUFNER, B. OPIC [lj where
the necessary detailed information can be found.
15.4. ASSUMPTIONS. (i) We shall assume that n £ Z0'1 and that

either M = 3ft or M C 3fl , dim M = N-l . To this assumption we
are led by the fact that in Chap. 12 the imbedding theorems of the
form (15.1) were established precisely for such domains ft and sets
k 2
M - possibly with the use of special spaces V ' (ft,s..) ; see Lem-
mas 12.3 and 12.4, Corollary 12.8 and Theorem 12.9.
(ii) As we start from the spaces WV' (ft;s(d)) and

d we
Wv* (ft;s ( M)) » make use of the imbedding (15.1) in the follo-
wing way: First, we choose the function s for s1 and determine
the corresponding s - let us denote this pair by (sv,sk-l^ *
where s, = s . Then we choose the function s. . f°r s
i an<
* again
determine the corresponding function s , which will be denoted by
s, _ 2 • Continuing in this way, we actually obtain a success-ion of
-imbeddings
w
«5 , 2 (°;B<V> • ^ 2(n ; s k (< v>^ w T 1,2(fi ; s k-i (d M ) ><;
( j w ^ ' ^ s ^ c a ^ x ; ...c;L2<o;s0(dM» ,
and, in order that these imbeddings may hold, we have to assume that
all the pairs (s.,s._.) , j = k,k-l,...,2,1 , satisfy the assump-
tions of Lemmas 12.3 and 12.4 (or Corollary 12.8 and Theorem 12.9)
and Theorem 12.13. Hence (s.,s. ,) € (A) or (s.,s. .) € (B) - see
Sec. 12.1, both s. and s._. have the property (H) - see Sec.
11.3 - and they satisfy either the inequality (12.17) or the inequa-
lity (12.18) (with p = 2 ) . Since all the weight functions s. ,
j = 0,l,...,k-l , are determined by the function s, = s , we shall
145
write the fact that all the above assumptions are fulfilled, simply
by
(15.2) s e (P) .
However, as we also work with the space WV* (fl;s~ (<*M)) » w e a
PPlY
the same procedure also to the function s(t) = l/s(t) , and thus we
have to require
(15.3) | € (P) .
(iii) Now we could try to find out, whether for a given func-
tion s , satisfying all the necessary assumptions, the form a(u,v)
is really (H,H2)-elliptic. However, we shall use a certain trick
instead, which will enable us to reduce the investigation of the
functions s to the investigation of certain powers; the rest will
then be analogous to the case of the power-type weights.
So let e e E , E f 0 , and let us define a function co = oi(t)

by the formula
(15.4) to(t) = s 1/£ (t) .
Then s(t) = u)£(t) and s"1 (t) = oT£(t) .
Now we shall introduce the conditions under which the form

a(u,v) is (w£» 2(fi;a)e(dM)), w £ ' 2 (fl;u>~£ (d^) )) -elliptic.
15.5. SEVERAL ESTIMATES. We shall need another additional assumption;

here we will formulate it only for k = 1 , when only a pair of func-
tions is involved, either s. , s with s. = s or s. , s with
s, = 1/s . The modification of this assumption to the case k > 1
brings along mainly technical difficulties; the details can be found
in the above-mentioned paper by A. KUFNER, B. OPIC [lj .
Let there exist a set SCIR and a positive constant c = c(S)
such that for e e S and for almost every x € fi the estimate
£ 2 e 2
(15.5) [w(dM(x))] " [;a)'(dM(x))D dM(x)J 4 c(S)p(x)
146
holds, where u' is the derivative of the function w = a>(t) ,
|3| = 1 and where p(x) can be chosen either equal to s (cL.(x))
or to S;L(dM(x)) = sCd^Cx)) .
If this assumption (or its generalization for k > 1 ) is ful-

filled, we arrive in the same way as in Sec. 14.2 at an estimate
which is an analogue of the estimate (14.16): For u € C~(n) and
v = ua)G(dM) we have
(15-6) ||v|la(U'V:>l >o(0||u||
where c(e) is of the form (14.17) again:.
Similarly, under the assumption that on a certain set SC K

an estimate of the type (15.5) holds - naturally for the pair s., ,
s - we arrive at the following analogue of the estimate (14.18):
For v e c"(ft) and u = vo)~E(dM) we have
(
(15.7) MJ? *'*?I £C(0||*||
Now we conclude in the same way as in Lemma 14.3: Let I_ be

an 'interval for which the inequality (15.6) has sense and >on which
c(e) > 0 . Further^ let I~ be an interval on which (15.7) holds and
c(e) > 0 . Finally^ let
i = i 1 n i2 n s n s ,
where S , S are the sets from the assumption (15.5) and its modi-
fication for 1/s , respectively. Them
If 1^0, then for eel the form a(u,v) is
2 e 2 e
(W^' (ft;a) (dM)), w£' (fi;uT (dM)))-elliptic.
15.6. REMARK. Since w £ (t) = s(t) and co"e (t) = l/s(t) , we have
proved the (H ,H2)-ellipticity of the form a(u,v) and hence also
the weak solvability of the Dirichlet problem. For some more special
147
weight functions s = s(t) it is of course possible to deduce the
conditions of the (H H )-ellipticity immediately; let us present one
example.
2 9fi
15.7. EXAMPLE. Let us choose the domain QQ 1R , the set M C
and the operator % as in Example 14.5 (i). Further, let us choose
s(t) = t £ log71 | - s^r/t) •

where R > 1 is fixed, e, n £ K • If we denote c = 1/log R , then
the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace operator -A has one and only
one solution in the space
for all pairs e , n satisfying one of the following conditions:

0 < n < £ - , -nc Q < c < | ;
" 33- < n <, 0 , 0 < e < j + nCQ ;
- 3 ^ < n < 0 , - i < c < nc 0 .
15.8. REMARK. Until now we have always assumed the domain ft to be

bounded. However, B. OPIC [l} proved an analogue of Theorem 12.13
even for certain unbounded domains. Since it is the investigation of
the (H ,H )-ellipticity of the form a(u,v) for which the equivalent
norms are used, it is again possible to prove an analogue of Theorem
15.2 for certain weight functions s and certain unbounded domains.
We refer to A. KUFNER, B. OPIC [lj; here we present the following
example only as an illustration: If N=2 , (2 = ]o,l[ x ]0,*[. , M =
= {x = (x , x 2 ) ; x £ [o»l]> X 2 = 0 1 (that is, d
M(
x
) = x
2^ and
s(t) = e A t % X € IR ,
then the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace operator -A has one and
l 2 *^M
only one solution in the space W * (fi;e ) for \x\ < 2-n .
148
R E F E R E N C E S
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151
J. KURZWEIL
Nichtabsolut konvergente Integrate
Dieses Buch enthalt eine moderne Darstellung der Theorie nichtabsolut
konvergenter Integrale. Dabei wird die Methode der Integralsummen be-
nutzt, welche seit B. Riemann bekannt ist. Es wird gezeigt, dafc es
sich bei dem betrachteten Integral urn das Perronsche Integral handelt.
Eine kleine Modifizierung der Definition fuhrt zum Lebesgueschen Inte-
gralbegriff. Vektorfunktionen und Vektormafte werden ebenfalls behan-
delt.
Bd. 26, 184 Seiten, 1980, M 18,--
IV. MAZJA
Ejnbettungssatze fiir Sobolewsche Raume
Teil I: Das erste Kapitel dieses Buches enthalt eine moderne Darlegung
klassischer Fakten aus der Theorie der Sobolewschen Raume. In den Ka-
piteln 2 und 3 werden Bedingungen fiir die in die Normen der Raume ein-
gehenden Mengen und Matte hergeleitet, die notwendig und hinreichend
fiir die Giiltigkeit der Einbettungssatze sind. Die Resultate werden in
der Terminologie isoperimetrischer Ungleichungen formuliert, die Mafte
und Kapazitaten in Zusammenhang bringen.
Bd. 21, 204 Seiten, 1979, M 19,50
Teil II: Im zweiten Teil dieses Buches werden Kriterien fiir die Ste-
tigkeit und Vollstetigkeit der Einbettungsoperatoren Sobolewscher
Raume in Raume summierbarer oder beschrankter Funktionen untersucht.
Die Ergebnisse stellen grofttenteils notwendige und hinreichende Be-
dingungen an das Definitionsgebiet der Funktionen dar. Betrachtet wer-
den Beispiele von Gebieten, fiir welche die Einbettungsoperatoren
"pathologische" Eigenschaften haben. Es werden Anwendungen auf das
Neumann-Problem fiir stark elliptische Operatoren angegeben. Das letzte
Kapitel ist Raumen von Funktionen gewidmet, deren erste Ableitungen
Mafie sind.
Bd. 28, 188 Seiten, 1980, M 18,--
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Projektionsverfahren und die naherungsweise Losung sing. Gleichungen
Das Buch ist der Theorie der Projektionsverfahren zur naherungsweisen
Losung von Operatorgleichungen und ihrer Anwendung auf verschiedene
Klassen von Differential- und Integralgleichungen, Integrodifferen-
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kations- und mechanische Ouadraturverfahren fiir Fredholmsche und sin-
gulare Integralgleichungen sowie Faltungsgleichungen betrachtet.
Bd. 12, 225 Seiten, 1977, M 18,--
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Weighted Sobolev Spaces. (Kufner, Alois)

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LEIPZIG

Weighted Sobolev Spaces

L'ouvrage traite de certaines proprie"te"s et des applications des es-

B HacTonmew KHnre paccMaTpMBaioTCH HeKOTopue cBoPtcTsa H npnrieHeHMfl

II. General weights 103

III. Applications 128

Sobolev spaces with weights have been intensively studied for

Prague, March 1980

In this text we shall deal with weighted Sobolev spaces, which

(1.2) 0 = {oa = aa(x) , x e ft , |a| 4 k} ,

a is a multiindex, i.e. a € INN or equivalently

(1.3) a = ( a x , a 2 , . . . ,a N ) , ct± € INQ ,

(1.4) |a| = a, + a 2 + ... + a N .

The space (ft;a) is defined as the set of all functions

It is a Banach space if equipped with the norm

For k - 0 we introduce the following convention: we write

(1.7) W0,P(fl;o) = LP(fi;a)

which represent a special case of weighted spaces V T ^ ' ^ J U C ) : they

In what follows we shall establish some properties of weighted

Before proceeding to our study of the properties of weighted

The usefulness of the spaces Lp(ft;a) introduced by the for-

However, we shall be concerned above all with weighted Sobolev

where A is the Laplace operator, and let us investigate the homo-

After multiplying the equation (2.1) by the function u , integra-

(2.3) I J(|H-) dx + |u2dx - jfudx .

2.1. EQUATIONS WITH PERTURBED ELLIPTICITY. Instead of the equation

which corresponds to the identity (2.3); however, the left-hand side

l l U l l l , 2 , p 'w h e r e P= {P0'P1"-->PN' '

Consequently, if £ is a linear differential operator (again

a(u,u) * | |^| I 1,2,0 '

Thus we should obtain an analogue of the theory of weak solutions

We have just shown one of the possibilities offered by the

2.2. ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS. Let us turn back again to the equation

(ii) f is a continuous linear functional over the space

In practice we naturally face even such problems, which fail

In such a case the "classical" theory of weak solutions cannot

Here we have another possible application of the weighted spa-

it is evident that the condition

| |u(x)|2(l + |x|)edx < -

characterizes the behaviour of the function u(x) for large x .

This represents the third possibility of application of weighted

2.4. GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE DOMAIN. Let us consider a domain

On behalf of a number of papers devoted to these problems let

However, in order to be able to exploit fully all possibilities

(vi) spaces with "fractional" derivatives, i.e., spaces

In this text we confine ourselves only to some of the problem

In Chap. 1 we have introduced the weighted space

3.1. ASSUMPTION. In what follows we restrict ourselves mostly to

(3.1) a (x) = a(x) for every a , |a| 4 k .

This assumption can sometimes mean an essential restriction;

It is evident that the weight functions a(x) which satisfy

(3.3) d(x) = d^Cx) = dist(x.M)

In most cases, the manifold M will be the boundary 3J2 ; never-

(3.4) a(x) = [d M (x)] e ,

where M c an and dM is given by the formula (3.3). The weight a

if it is clear which set M c 3ft is considered. Thus

(3.6) W^^d^e) = {u = u(x) :

||Dau(x)|pd^(x)dx < - for all a, |a| 4 k } .

Using moreover - in accordance with the formula (1.7) - the symbol

then the weighted space Vrc,p(fi;dM,e) can be equipped with a norm

3.4. GENERAL WEIGHTS. Let s = s(t) be a continuous positive func-

(3.10) lim s(t) = 0

where M c 3a and d.. is given by (3.3). The corresponding weighted

I|Dau(x)|ps(dM(x))dx < » for all a, |a| 4 k } .