Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

4th Edition in SI Units

Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Robert H. Turner
McGraw-Hill, 2012

Chapter 4
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED
SYSTEMS

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Recap
• Chapter 2 – consider various forms of energy and energy transfer,
and develop a general relation for the conservation of energy
principle or energy balance.
• Chapter 3 – determine the thermodynamics properties of
substances.

Chapter 4
• Chapter 4 – apply the energy balance relation to systems that do not
involve any mass flow across their boundaries; that is, closed
system

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 Objectives
• Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work commonly
encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines
and compressors.
• Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of
the conservation of energy principle for closed (fixed mass)
systems.
• Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
• Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at
constant pressure.
• Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in
internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
• Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes in
their internal energy and enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems
that involve heat and work interactions for general pure
substances, ideal gases, and incompressible substances.
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4.1 Introduction to Conservation of Energy
“crossing boundaries”
The First Law of Thermodynamics:
“Conservation of Energy”

How can Change in

energy go energy or “changing over time”
in and out what forms
of the The units could be:
of system?
system can
-heat change
-work
-energy in -ke
mass -pe
flowing in or -u (internal
out energy)
-fw (flow
work)
Worth to note that:
In thermodynamic books, the
equation is usually written as:

Because +Q is assumed to be
heat going in from
surrounding to the system
Because -W is assumed to be
work done by the system
(Wout)

To avoid confusion, we use:

Where if Q, W or E:

In is +ve
Out is -ve

Work done by a system is “work out”

Work done on a system is “work in”
4.2 Energy Analysis of Closed System
For a closed system, there is no mass going
in or out of the system.

There still could be heat and work into or out

of the system.

Therefore we can simplify the equation:

Conservation of energy simplifies to:

Where:

A process during which the system remains

nearly in equilibrium at all times.
4-3 Boundary work, Wb
One type of work possible in a closed system
is “boundary work”.

Frequently encountered in compressors,

automobile engines, piston-cylinder devices,
etc.

If we have a moving boundary then, we will

have boundary work.

If piston move up: expansion

If piston move down: compression

Expansion Take note:

Expansion= Wb “Work out”
Compression Compression= Wb “Work in”
 4-3 Boundary work, Wb
We know:
Work= force x distance
If we change into integrals, where:

Path Area,c x distance

dependant = volume
Therefore, we get:
Wb= boundary work
P=Pressure
dV= differential volume
Wb is the integral of pressure with respect to volume from
point 1 to point 2. Integral is the area under PV curve.

Example of a PV diagram, from a process 1 to 2.

Boundary work is the area under PV curve.
The net work done during a cycle is the difference
between the work done by the system and the work done
For a cycle: on the system.
Path A is expansion (work out) while Path B is
compression (work in)
A1. Boundary work, Wb: Constant Volume Process
For constant volume process:
There is no change in volume, since boundary is not moving
therefore there is no work done for boundary work, Wb.

From the PV diagram, we can see there is no area

under path (process) AB, thus no work done.
Constant volume process can be applied in problems:
• “rigid tank”, “isometric”

A2. Boundary work, Wb: Constant Pressure Process

For constant pressure process:
When there is no change of pressure, boundary work, Wb
can be calculated using:

Take note:
Expansion= Wout
Compression= Win

Wb is the area under the path 1-2 in PV graph.

Can be applied in problems:
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• “isobaric”, ”weighted piston”, “piston not attached to shaft”
A3. Boundary work, Wb: Isothermal Compression of an Ideal Gas
Isothermal compression of an ideal gas:
When ideal gas is compressed in an isothermal
way, that the temperature does not change.
Ideal gas equation:
In isothermal,
temperature is constant
Gas constant, R is
In close constant
system,
mass is
constant
Since m, R and T is constant, equation becomes:

Using the boundary work equation:

Since C= PV, we can substitute back into Wb eq:

Take note:
For PV, you can use either , because .
We can use volumes,V or for a closed system where
(mass=constant) we can use specific volumes. 10
A4. Boundary work, Wb: Polytropic Process
Polytropic process is when: Note:
Wb for polytropic process equation,
doesn’t require to be ideal gas.
Rearrange:
If it is ideal gas, then:
Integrate to obtain Wb:
We know that PV=mRT
Therefore:
Substitute mRT into PV in the
equation, we get:

Thus, Wb of polytropic process for ideal

Take note that
gas will be:
C can be

Substitute to get:

Simplify to get Wb for polytropic process:

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A5. Boundary work, Wb: Spring Piston
Consider a spring piston: So how will it look on PV diagram?

Spring can move “up” or “down”

I: Wb done due to boundary expansion
X is displacement.
II: Wb done due to spring compression
We know, force in spring, Fs:
So Wb for spring piston is the area under
k is spring constant the PV graph:
Fs will increase linearly with X, if Ac
(cross-section area) is constant.
So: Thus, Wb for expansion in piston cylinder
P will increase linearly with X with a spring is:
P will increase linearly with V

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Ans:
Wb=166 kJ

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Ans:
Volume tank= 0.01 m3
P2=Psat= 3.1698 kPa
Q=0.25 KJ

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